{"id": 6, "summary": [{"text": "syncopacma taeniolella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lotus corniculatus , lotus uliginosus , medicago and trifolium species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of an irregular blotchy rather small mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "soon the larvae leave the mine , and start mining from between few spun leaves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found in may and june . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syncopacma taeniolella", "paragraphs": ["syncopacma taeniolella ( silver - barred sober ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nanimalia eumetozoa arthropoda hexapoda insecta lepidoptera gelechioidea gelechiidae anacampsinae syncopacma meyrick 1925 syncopacma taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - telphusa acrophylla meyrick , 1911 - gelechia taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - isis von oken by oken , lorenz , 1779 - 1851 volume 32 , 1839 : title page : p . 201 - n . 56 - germany\nthe pale fascia on s . taeniolella can be straight or , more often , slightly inwardly curved .\nconfused with syncopacma larseniella and s . cinctella . care required . very subtle differences .\nrarely the white fascia on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few dots in s . taeniolella . if checking of the underside of the forewing fails to show any obvious and strong white fascia then dissection is recommended to exclude other syncopacma species .\nlarva : spins leaves together and feeds within the spinning . syncopacma cinctella also utilises common bird ' s - foot - trefoil and s . larseniella has been known to use it on rare occasions .\nreadily separated from other syncopacma species with a white fascia by the presence of a similar , usually slightly thinner fascia on the underside of the forewing and a white spot or a broken line on the underside of the hindwing . see photograph of upperside and underside of the forewings in the images section and the comparable markings of s . larseniella under that species .\nthe moth can be separated from other\nsyncopacma\nspecies showing white fascia , by checking the underside of the forewing where a thinner white fascia is positioned and a further broken white line or spot on the underside of the hindwing . occasionally the white fascia on the on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few spots and can be straight or slightly curved inwards .\nreasonably common in the southern half on england , this species becomes scarcer further north into england and wales , and has occurred in small numbers in scotland and ireland .\n) , the larvae feeding between spun shoots or leaves during may and june .\n, but can be distinguished by the whitish fascia on the underside of the forewing , absent in those species .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 02 09 : 41 : 15 page render time : 0 . 5663s total w / procache : 0 . 6041s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 13 ( 19 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on rough ground in england , south of a line from shropshire to the wash , becoming less common northwards ; rarely in wales , scotland and ireland . in hampshire recorded in both vice - counties , sometimes commonly ; on the isle of wight , although it almost certainly still occurs there , no recent record has been received . wingspan 11 - 14 mm . the most likely confusion species are s . larseniella and s . cinctella , neither of which has a fascia on the underside of the forewing nor a costal spot on the underside of the hindwing ( mbgbi vol 4 part 2 ) . larva feeds on bird ' s - foot trefoil , clover , black medick and spotted medick , living between leaves spun together with silk .\nwidespread but rather local , occasionally locally common , across much of england , lowland wales and eire . very local in northern england , only a few scattered sites in scotland * and unrecorded from northern ireland and isle of man . it appears to be restricted to coastal localities in the more northerly parts of britain .\n* details of two scottish records ( in vc83 and vc101 ) shown on the national vc maps are unknown to this scheme , the only location with details being the outer hebrides . additionally the national vice county map has a dot for vc113 ( the channel islands ) , but no supporting data was received with the complete channel islands dataset when updated in 2012 .\nthe diagnostic white marks on the underside of the forewing and hindwing can be a little variable in extent but are clearly visible in the photograph above .\nlotus corniculatus ( common bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , see plant distribution map . very occasionally on lotus pedunculatus ( greater bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , trifolium spp . ( clover ) or medicago spp . ( medick ) . it was once reported from helianthemum nummularium ( common rock - rose ) by p sokoloff in the benhs journal of 1980 : 8 .\nin europe alsp found on chrysapsis micrantha , dorycnium , medicago minima ( bur medick ) , tetragonolobus maritimus , trifolium medium ( zigzag clover ) and trifolium pratense ( red clover ) .\nrough ground , quarries , vegetated coastal dunes , chalk grassland and limestone pavement .\nadult : easily disturbed on warm days and swept from amongst the larval foodplant . comes to light .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n- azores , balearic is . , canary is . , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus , greece , latvia ,\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncommon birds ' - foot trefoil , sometimes clover spp . or medick spp . .\nfor the county , we have a total of 10 records from 9 sites . first recorded in 1859 .\nvc64 . ellington banks mod , 13 . 7 . 2005 conf . heb ( chf , jcw , spw ) . new vice - county record .\nvc63 . brockadale nr , 6 . 7 . 2013 , gen . det . heb ( dwi ) . new vice - county record .\nresident . a local species in southern england , becoming very local north of the midlands .\ndiscovered at llanymynech rocks in the north - east of the county in 2012 .\nspinning . eggs laid on foodplant ? larva feeds between spun leaves . pupa is reddish brown in a slight cocoon in the detritus ."]}
{"id": 8, "summary": [{"text": "the little wife underwing ( catocala muliercula ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from massachusetts and connecticut south to florida and west to texas and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 54-70 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on myrica cerifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala muliercula", "paragraphs": ["larva . the foodplant , location , date and general appearance all seem to indicate muliercula .\ngall , l . f . 1984 . the evolutionary ecology of a species - rich sympatic array of catocala moths . ph . d . dissertation , yale university .\nschweitzer , d . f . 1982 . field observations of foodplant overlap among sympatric catocala feeding on juglandaceae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 4 ) : 256 - 263 .\nschweitzer , dale f . 1991 . the hickory feeding catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) fauna in the absence of carya ovata in southern new jersey . ent . news 102 ( 4 ) : 165 - 172 .\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\ngall , l . f . 1991a . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . i . experiments on larval foodplant specificity . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - 194 .\ngall , l . f . 1991b . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ii . sampling for wild larvae on their foodplants . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 195 - 216 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guen\u00e9e . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nthe black bands of the hindwings tend to be very wide and there is considerable dark scaling along the inner margins . the hindwing fringe is very dark as is the general ground colour of the forewings .\ncourtesy of steve walter , floyd bennet field ( jamaica bay area of new york ) july 6 .\nsteve writes ,\nthe little wife is one of the signature species of jamaica bay - - but this one was 11 days ( seems to be a magic number , or times 2 ) earlier than the previous early date here . the little underwing was new for jamaica bay - - and i had 6 of them . funny how that happens .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\napril 18 , 2009 , courtesy of steve daniel , tentative id by steve and bill oehlke .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence .\nthere are almost certainly no really effective barriers . these moths will enter cities and even breed in them . they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .\nfor forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded ( includes wooded residential ) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all . in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized ( although they are often sparse ) . however , use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .\nwhere the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure , although these moths can persist in smaller areas . it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults , unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence . if habitat ( usually forest ) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares , infer presence throughout .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\npeacock , j . w . , d . f . schweitzer , j . l . carter , and n . r . dubois . 1998 . laboratory assessment of the effects of bacillus thuringiensis on native lepidoptera . environmental entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 450 - 457 .\nsargent , t . d . 1976 . legion of night : the underwing moths . university of massachusetts press , amherst , ma . 222 pp . and 8 plates .\nschweitzer , dale f . 2004 . gypsy moth ( lymantria dispar ) : impacts and options for biodiversity - oriented land managers . natureserve , arlington , virginia . natureserve explorer . online . available : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarvae feed exclusively on plants in the genus morella , such as wax myrtle and northern bayberry .\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 04 / 13 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 3 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list ) ( more of this species )\na little wife underwing moth in somerset co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2004 ) . photo by lance biechele . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nlittle wife underwing moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 6 / 2014 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth collected on the eastern shore in maryland . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth caterpillar in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 9, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena sexmaculata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by champion in 1891 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena sexmaculata", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : the coproporus sp . shown is one of the smallest insects photographed . it is very similar to a hydroscapha sp . skiff beetle . a better photo is needed for a positive i . d ."]}
{"id": 13, "summary": [{"text": "bosara longipecten is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of areas at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,600 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 7 \u2013 8 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "bosara longipecten", "paragraphs": ["bosara dilatata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia , sulawesi and in new guinea .\nbosara emarginaria is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo and in sri lanka , the north - eastern himalayas and hong kong .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1693 .\nthis is a small species with , in the male , a prominent crest of scales protruding anteriorly from the subbasal region of the forewing costa , itself rather bowed .\nturner may prove to be a further synonym , extending the range of the species to queensland ( holotype , anic , canberra , examined but not dissected ) .\nborneo , peninsular malaysia ; sulawesi ( ssp . pelopsaria ) ; new guinea ( ssp . hydrographica ) ; ? queensland ( see note above )\nthe original material , taken by a . r . wallace , may have been from the lowlands . the species has not been recorded in recent surveys .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1675 .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . mus . , 9 : 153 .\nthis is the smallest of the grey species and has the hindwing fasciated in a similar manner to the forewing . on both wings there are unevenly sized black dots in the spaces just distal to the postmedial .\nthe species is infrequent , but has been taken from the lowlands to the upper montane forest zone at 1780m ."]}
{"id": 20, "summary": [{"text": "neofriseria baungaardiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by huemer and karsholt in 1999 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in greece , southern spain and portugal . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "neofriseria baungaardiella", "paragraphs": ["neofriseria baungaardiella huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 170 , 33 ; tl : gekenland molivos lesvos\nneofriseria caucasicella sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 50\nneofriseria kuznetzovae bidzilya , 2002 ; shilap revta lepid . 30 ( 119 ) : ( 239 - 243 )\nneofriseria turkmeniella ; bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303 ( note )\nneofriseria sceptrophora ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 10 ; [ nhm card ]\nneofriseria hitadoella karsholt & vives , 2014 ; shilap revta lepid . 42 ( 168 ) : 651 ; tl : spain , huelva , los bermejales , niebla\nneofriseria turkmeniella piskunov , 1987 ; vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; tl : turkmen ssr , distr . mary , badkhyz state reserve\nneofriseria caucasicella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 168 , 33\nneofriseria sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 - 17 [ key ] , 48 ; ts : lita peliella treitschke\nneofriseria peliella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria singula ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria pseudoterrella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 171 , 33 ; [ fe ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33\ngelechia pseudoterrella rebel , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 51 ; tl : spain\ngelechia sceptrophora meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : asia minor , kasikoparan\nlarva on atraphaxis spinosa , a . badghysi , a . pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham , 1896 gelechia suppeliella , sp . n . , distinguished from peliella , tr . ent . mon . mag . 32 : 250 - 251\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , britain , germany , denmark , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european central european south taiga , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 28, "summary": [{"text": "scoparia vinotinctalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , where it has been recorded from the nilgiri plateau . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scoparia vinotinctalis", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder scoparia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av scoparia sj\u00e4lv\nscoparia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811 . enligt catalogue of life ing\u00e5r scoparia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa \u00e4r tillh\u00f6righeten ist\u00e4llet fam [ . . ]\nscoparia ustimacula c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875\nscoparia rotuellus ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )\nli , w . c . ( 2012 ) . one new species of the genus scoparia haworth , 1811 from china ( lepidoptera : crambidae , scopariinae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 40 ( 157 ) 73 - 75 .\nscoparia is a grass moth genus ( family crambidae ) of subfamily scopariinae . some authors have assigned the synonymous taxon sineudonia to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) , where all grass moths were once also included , but this seems to be in error .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nas of 2012 , there were about 231 species . species occur on every continent except\n, 1984 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 4 . r\u00e9vision des types d\u00e9crits de la r\u00e9gion pal\u00e9arctique occidentale , description de dix nouveaux taxa et \u00e9bauche d ' une liste des esp\u00e8ces de cette r\u00e9gion . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1985 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 5 . quatre nouveaux taxa d ' afghanistan . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1986 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 6 . dix nouveaux taxa , dont trois genres , de chine et du nord de l ' inde . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .\n, 1998 : notes on the scopariinae from taiwan , with descriptions of nine new species ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nauthors : hampson , george francis , sir , bart . , 1860 - 1936 bell , thomas reid davys scott , francis burgess , 1885 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , faroe islands , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 31, "summary": [{"text": "the gold spangle ( autographa bractea ) is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe , across western siberia and the altai mountains , the northern caucasus , northern turkey and northern iran .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its wingspan is 42 \u2013 50 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown and gray with large rhomboid golden marks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings and body are lighter grayish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the moth flies from july to august depending on the location , and migrates long distances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the larvae feed on a wide range of plants including hieracium , tussilago farfara , plantago , crepis paludosa , taraxacum , urtica , lamium , stachys and eupatorium cannabinum . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "gold spangle", "paragraphs": ["gold spangle ( autographa bractea ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nchamaecyparis pisifera \u2018gold spangle\u2019 is a fairly fast growing , upright conical selection of sawara cypress with bright gold foliage that grows as a combination of typical short sprays , thread - leaf and contorted branchlets . the degree of gold or yellow is also quite variable . as a very vigorous grower , these trees benefit from periodic shearing to maintain tidiness . after 10 years of growth , a mature specimen will measure 7 . 5 feet ( 2 . 5 m ) tall and 4 feet ( 1 . 3 m ) wide , an annual growth rate 8 inches ( 20 cm ) or more .\nthree well known forms of c . pisifera are : ( 1 ) c . pisifera f . filifera ( threadbranch sawara cypress featuring drooping , whip or cord - like branches covered primarily with scale - like adult leaves ) , ( 2 ) c . pisifera f . plumosa ( plume sawara cypress featuring feathery , airy and ferny branches covered with part adult / part juvenile leaves ) and ( 3 ) c . pisifera f . squarrosa ( moss sawara cypress featuring branches with soft , needle - like juvenile leaves ) . genus name comes from greek chamai meaning dwarf or to the ground and kyparissos meaning cypress tree . specific epithet comes from the latin word pissum meaing pea and ferre meaing to bear in reference to the very small rounded cones . \u2018gold spangle ' is an upright broad - pyramidal form that features bright yellow thread - like foliage . it typically starts out as a low - growing shrubby plant , but will rise to 10 - 12 ' tall over the first 10 - 15 years , eventually maturing to as much as 25 - 35 ' tall .\nmuch of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .\nhint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]\nbeccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / cat\u00e1logo de las plantas hu\u00e9sped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monograf\u00edas tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeograf\u00eda y entomolog\u00eda sistem\u00e1tica ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnolog\u00eda para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hern\u00e1ndez was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hern\u00e1ndez , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .\nbrummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .\nkartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .\nkitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .\nkitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .\nletourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .\nmabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .\nnye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .\nrawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .\nrobinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neasily grown in average , medium moisture , well - drained soils in full sun to part shade . best in part shade . prefers moist , fertile soils . avoid wet , poorly - drained soils . shelter from strong winds . pruning is rarely needed . winter burn may occur in some full sun locations .\n, commonly known as sawara cypress , is a large , pyramidal , evergreen conifer that grows in the wild to 50 - 70\u2019 ( infrequently to 150 ' ) tall with a trunk diameter to 5 ' . in cultivation , it more typically matures to a much smaller 20 - 30 ' tall . it is naive to the japanese islands of honshu and kyushu . fine - textured medium green needles are tinted white beneath . cones are small ( 1 / 4\nacross ) and ornamentally insignificant , appearing glaucous green during summer before turning black - brown when ripe . reddish brown bark peels in strips . species plants are rarely sold in commerce , but a large number of more compact cultivars including some dwarfs are available for purchase .\nno serious insect or disease problems . some susceptibility to juniper blight , root rot and certain insect pests such as bagworms .\ndwarf cultivars for rock gardens , foundation plantings or specimen . yellow foliage accent for the landscape .\nthe garden wouldn ' t be the garden without our members , donors and volunteers .\noccupying waste ground , gardens and moorland , this species is widespread and fairly common in the north of britain , but less so in the south , where it is thought to be mainly a migrant .\nthe moth flies during july and august , and can be attracted to light .\nthe caterpillars feed on a range of plants , overwintering in this stage before pupating in late spring .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 06 : 44 : 47 page render time : 0 . 2337s total w / procache : 0 . 2715s\n* click on your approximate section of the country to see a detailed map .\nusda zone : 5 ( - 10 to - 20 f / - 26 . 1 to - 23 . 3 c )\ngrowth size : intermediate : 6 to 12 inches ( 15 - 30 cm ) per year / 5 to 10 feet ( 1 . 5 - 3 m ) after 10 years .\nthis cultivar originated as a branch sport found in the early 1900s on a specimen of ch . pisifera \u2018filifera aurea\u2019 at koster brothers nursery , boskoop , the netherlands . it was later introduced to the nursery trade by a . mesman nursery , also of boskoop .\n13 norfolk records , the first at dilham in 1958 ( g . ford ) .\nrecorded in 9 ( 13 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1958 . last recorded in 2015 .\nautographa bractea in norfolk [ 1958 ] rev . guy a . ford . ent . rec . 88 . 1976 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nfeatures bright yellow , thread - like foliage all year on arching stems that forms an irregular mound .\nour current selection tops 400 varieties . to include plants we offered previously in your search , select\ncurrent & retired\nbelow .\ndescription : wingspan 40 - 50 mm . forewings brown with a darker median area above the dorsum . there is a large prominent metallic spot in the median area of the wing ; this spot can vary in size between different individuals . hindwings pale fuscous with darker veining and a darker terminal band .\nstatus : widely distributed across all counties but more commonly encountered in down , armagh and parts of fermanagh . it has also been recorded on rathlin island .\necology : an attractive species that has a preference for open habitats including woodland clearings , damp meadows by streams and roadside verges . adults are active from dusk onwards and are attracted to light and flowers . the larvae feed from september to may on a variety of low - growing plants . it overwinters as a larva .\nthe northscaping netps plant search engine has determined that the netps account you have tried to access is inactive at this time . you may wish to contact the nursery or garden center to inquire about the status of their plant finder tool . or , there may be a technical problem with the account .\nnetps error information : error action : [ default ] , error code : [ account . 102 ] , error info : [ netpsid request to database returned ! = ' active ' ]\na resident that is widely distributed but not a common moth in derbyshire . this plusia has been recorded in all areas of the county . it is not common and is primarily an upland species with greatest population in the north . it is quiet rare in the southern lowlands and records could relate to vagrants or immigrants .\n\u2013 the diagnostic feature is the large white mark ( like a warped triangle ) in the centre of the dark bronze coloured forewing . as with all the plusias , several thoracic tufts are striking features .\nby continuing to use the site , you agree to the use of cookies . more information accept\nthe cookie settings on this website are set to\nallow cookies\nto give you the best browsing experience possible . if you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click\naccept\nbelow then you are consenting to this ."]}
{"id": 47, "summary": [{"text": "epihippus is an extinct genus of the modern horse family equidae that lived in the eocene , from 46 to 38 million years ago .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "epihippus is believed to have evolved from orohippus , which continued the evolutionary trend of increasingly efficient grinding teeth .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "epihippus had five grinding , low-crowned cheek teeth with well-formed crests .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a late species of epihippus , sometimes referred to as duchesnehippus intermedius , had teeth similar to oligocene equids , although slightly less developed .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "whether duchesnehippus was a subgenus of epihippus or a distinct genus is disputed .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is an early species of a horse . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "epihippus", "paragraphs": ["what made you want to look up epihippus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\n, which was slightly heavier and equipped with more robust grinding teeth than its ancestors . epihippus also continued the trend toward enlarged middle toes , and it seems to have been the first prehistoric horse to spend more time feeding in meadows than in forests .\nalthough still a primitive horse the teeth of epihippus show a trend more towards the grinding of grasses over the slicing of plant vegetation like leaves . \u202d \u202cthis is a reaction to the changing ecosystems of the eocene which saw the beginning of a reduction in forests with their subsequent replacement by grassy plains . \u202d \u202cthis process would go on throughout the forthcoming oligocene and miocene epochs , \u202d \u202csteadily driving horses towards the modern forms we know today . \u202d \u202ctoday epihippus is widely regarded as being the direct descendent of orohippus . \u202d\n\u2026from the middle eocene , and epihippus , a genus from the late eocene , resembled eohippus in size and in the structure of the limbs . but the form of the cheek teeth\u2014the four premolars and the three molars found in each half of both jaws\u2014had changed somewhat . in eohippus the premolars and\u2026\nname : epihippus \u202d ( \u202cupon horse\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : ep - e - hup - pus . named by : otrhniel charles marsh\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1877 . synonyms : duchesnehippus\u202d ? classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cmammalia , \u202d \u202cperissodactyla , \u202d \u202cequidae , \u202d \u202chyracotheriinae . species : e . \u202d \u202cintermedius , \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202cgracilis , \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202cuintensis . diet : herbivore . size : around\u202d \u202c60\u202d \u202ccentimetres high at the shoulder . known locations : canada and usa . time period : lutetian to bartonian of the eocene . fossil representation : well over thirty individuals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nfull reference : r . a . stirton . 1940 . phylogeny of north american equidae . university of california publications in geological sciences 25 ( 4 ) : 165 - 198\nfull reference : o . c . marsh . 1871 . notice of some new fossil mammals from the tertiary formation . american journal of science 2 ( 7 ) : 35 - 44\nsee also black 1979 , granger 1908 , hanson 1996 , macfadden 1980 , marsh 1871 , marsh 1874 , mccarroll et al . 1996 , peterson 1919 , scott 1945 , stirton 1940 and westgate 1990\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 7 . 80 x 10 . 05 , m2 8 . 25 x 10 . 75 , m3 8 . 40 x 10 . 41 , m1 7 . 68 x 5 . 43\nfull reference : o . a . peterson . 1931 . new species from the oligocene of the uinta . annals of carnegie museum 21 ( 2 ) : 61 - 78\nsee also macfadden 1998 , peterson 1931 , rasmussen et al . 1999 and scott 1945\nn . a genus of fossil horses from the upper eocene of north america , having four toes in front and three behind .\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe modern day horse of today is the result of over 55 million years of evolution . the fossilised remains of eohippus who is also known as the ' dawn horse ' or ' hyracotherium ' , is considered to be where the horse , or ' equus ' , as we know them today , originated from . eohippus not only developed into equus , but it also led to a whole family tree of other equine species .\neohippus was the size of a small dog at around 14 inches or 3 . 2hh .\nteeth - eohippus had three incisors , one canine , four pre molars and three grinding molars on each side of the jaw .\nteeth o three incisors , one canine , four pre molars and three molars , starting to change to give greater chewing and grinding action .\nfront legs o able to stand on one central toe with the side toes still partly functioning and the forelegs much longer than before .\nhind legs able to stand on one toe still with the side toes still partly functioning . hind legs becoming much longer .\nbody becoming heavier and more powerful to enable them to flee from any predators .\nfront and hind legs : one single toe that becomes the hoof . the side toes have now formed into splint bones on either side of the cannon bone and the pads have developed into the frog on the sole of the hoof .\nneck strong and more slender allowing pliohippus to balance and easily reach for forage .\nhind legs muscular and strong giving the horse great power , speed and endurance .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nduring the miocene , north america saw the evolution of\nintermediate\nhorses , bigger than hyracotherium and its ilk but smaller than the equines that followed . one of the most important of these was\n. parahippus can be considered a next - model miohippus , slightly bigger than its ancestor and having long legs , robust teeth , and enlarged middle toes . merychippus was the largest of all these intermediate equines , about the size of a modern horse with an especially fast gait ."]}
{"id": 54, "summary": [{"text": "otolithes ruber , commonly known as the tigertooth croaker , is a fish native to the indian and western pacific oceans and the bay of bengal . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "otolithes ruber", "paragraphs": ["nerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india .\nnerocila sundaica ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) parasitizing otolithes ruber from nagapattinam , southeast coast of india . - pubmed - ncbi\nsilver teraglin , otolithes ruber . source : dinh d . tran , fimsea / http : / / ffish . asia . license : cc by attribution\nsanthoshkumar s , cbt rajagopalsamy , p jawahar , n jayakumar and p pavinkumar . growth and mortality characteristics of otolithes ruber ( schneider , 1801 ) exploited off thoothukudi coast , tamil nadu . 2017 ; 5 ( 4 ) : 1746 - 1749 .\nabstract : a detailed analysis was undertaken to study the growth and mortality characteristics of the otolithes ruber in thoothukudi coast from july 2006 to june 2007 . the growth parameters l\u221e , k and t 0 were estimated as 37 . 28 cm , 0 . 27 and - 0 . 58 respectively . the k value of o . ruber was relatively low which inferring slow growth rate of this tropical demersal fish species . the estimated total instantaneous mortality co - efficient ( z ) of o . ruber was 2 . 45 and the fishing mortality co - efficient ( f ) was 1 . 74 . the species are slightly over exploited in this region .\n( of otolithes argenteus ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithes rubber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of johnius ruber bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nseveral nerocila species appear to have little or no host specificity . however , in india , nerocila sundaica was found to be attached to the pectoral fin or on the body of the fish otolithes ruber . during october 2013 , the parasitic prevalence reached 42 . 2 % and the mean intensity was equal to 1 . the infected host fish ' s size ranged from 12 . 5 to 17 . 2 cm . moreover , slight tissue damages were also observed in the host fish .\n( of otolithoides ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus ruber ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from . . .\ndescription found in coastal waters . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 ; 9772 ) . occurs at temperatures ranging from 26 to 29\u00b0c ( ref . 4959 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of otolithus argenteus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus orientalis seale , 1910 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus tridentifer richardson , 1846 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus versicolor cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nang , p . o . ; wong , c . k . ; lin , t . p . ; ma , w . c . ; hung , s . ( 2005 ) . biological monitoring in sha chau and lung kwu chau marine park . submitted to agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\nfound in coastal waters ( ref . 30573 ) . feeds on fishes , prawns and other invertebrates ( ref . 5213 , 9772 ) . generally marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - tigertooth croaker , fr - grande verrue tigre , sp - bombache tigre mayor .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ntrewavas , e . 1977 ,\nthe sciaenid fishes ( croakers or drums ) of the indo - west pacific\n, transactions of the zoological society of london , vol . 33 , pp . 253 - 541 figs 1 - 61 pls 1 - 14\ncuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1830 , vol . 5 , pp . 499 pp . pls 100 - 140 , levrault , paris\nhuber , m . 2010 ,\nneotrapezium sublaevigatum ( lamarck , 1819 ) .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : feb17128 - 761e - 4080 - 93fa - fe18297e4c8f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdd525c0 - 5ce5 - 454f - ac8f - 6386507c43d2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 303497\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - 2018 . all rights reserved . journal of entomology and zoology studies\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrameshkumar g 1 , ramesh m 1 , ravichandran s 2 , trilles jp 3 , shobana c 1 .\nunit of toxicology , department of zoology , school of life sciences , bharathiar university , coimbatore , 641 046 tamil nadu india .\ncentre of advanced study in marine biology , faculty of marine science , annamalai university , parangipettai , 608 502 tamil nadu india .\numr 5119 ( cnrs - um2 - ifremer - ird ) , equipe adaptation ecophysiologique et ontogen\u00e8se , universit\u00e9 montpellier 2 , cc . 092 , place e . bataillon , 34095 montpellier cedex 05 , france .\npmid : 26688655 pmcid : pmc4675587 doi : 10 . 1007 / s12639 - 014 - 0439 - 1"]}
{"id": 55, "summary": [{"text": "speyeria hydaspe , the hydaspe fritillary , is a species of orange-brown butterfly found in the western portions of the united states and canada .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "a small fritillary , it usually has cream-colored underwing spots , but the vancouver island subspecies has silver spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it is similar to s. zerene and s. atlantis , but may be distinguished by the smooth and even appearance of its postmedian spotband .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the caterpillars feed on violets including viola glabella .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "a single brood flies from july through september and feeds on flower nectar .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they may be found in moist forests , in clearings and subalpine meadows . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "speyeria hydaspe", "paragraphs": ["the core of hydaspe ' s distribution is the pacific northwest , ranging north to central bc and the mountains of southern alberta , and south to colorado and california ( scott 1986 ) . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills of saskatchewan ( layberry et al . 1998 ) , so it should be watched for on the alberta side of the hills .\ndiagnosis : the upperside of both wings is a rich orange brown , much darker at the base , with heavy black markings . the hindwing underside disc is a rich maroon colour , sometimes with a lavender tint , and often extends well into , or completely fills , the submarginal band between the spots . the spots on the hindwing below are variable ; they may be silver but are more commonly yellowish . wingspan : 44 to 60 mm .\nrange : in canada , this species flies from the rocky mountains of alberta westward to vancouver island and north as far as mt . hoadley in british columbia . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills of saskatchewan .\nsimilar species : the dark maroon underside distinguishes this species from other greater fritillaries .\nearly stages : the larvae are black with dark spines on the back and orange - brown spines on the sides .\nabundance : this fritillary can be abundant along the pacific coast ( howe , 1975 ) , but tends to be only locally common farther east .\nflight season : june to august is their normal flight period , being most numerous in july .\nhabits : this is a moist woodland species in the western part of its canadian range , but it also occurs in drier areas in central british columbia . it is usually found in forest clearings with other fritillaries on flowers .\n( skinner , 1911 ) was recently shown to be invalid ( kondla , 2001 ) . the slightly darker coastal populations might be a different subspecies but more study is needed .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nupperside orange - brown with dark bases and heavy dark markings . underside light brown to dark maroon with violet tinge . hindwing submarginal band slightly paler than rest of wing ; spots cream - colored , bordered with black , and may or may not be silvered .\neggs are laid near host plants . unfed , first - stage caterpillars hibernate ; in the spring they eat leaves .\nviolets including viola adunca , v . glabella , v . nuttallii , v . orbiculata , and v . purpurea .\nbritish columbia east to alberta , south to southern california , idaho , montana , and new mexico .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\none yearly flight peaking in mid july to mid august , depending on altitude and snowpack .\nhas a maroon - brown underside with creamy - white in place of the usual silvery - white discs . subspecies\nthe mature larvae are black and spiny , and lack pale markings ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . in the us , first - instar larvae hibernate without feeding ( scott 1986 ) . this species prefers cool / moist coniferous forests of the mountains to the dry grasslands inhabited by most other\nsp . ) ( guppy & shepard 2001 ) , and adults are attracted to yellow composite flowers ( bird et al . 1995 ) .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na bright - orange , medium - sized frit , strongly purplish below ( and in our area , nearly unsilvered ) , limited to mid - elevations on the sierran west slope where it is common at lang , occasional at washington and only an infrequent stray at donner . a species of mixed - mesic forest , commonly seen along roadsides and in successional stands where it visits pink dogbane , giant hyssop , milkweeds , yerba santa , etc . it frequently co - occurs with s . callippe juba and s . zerene , but generally below s . egleis , mormonia and atlantis . one brood , june - september . host plants violets ; species undetermined .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\ndeschutes national forest , deschutes co . , or 8 / 2 / 06 .\nmt . hood , clackamas co . , or 8 / 8 / 06 ."]}
{"id": 57, "summary": [{"text": "rhagastis rubetra is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from indonesia ( kalimantan , nias , sumatra ) north through malaysia ( sarawak , peninsular ) to thailand and possibly southern china ( tibet ) . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "rhagastis rubetra", "paragraphs": ["rhagastis rubetra rothschild & jordan , 1907 , novit . zool . 14 : 95 . type locality : [ indonesia , sumatera utara , ] nias .\nrhagastis rubetra rothschild & jordan , 1907 , novit . zool . , 14 : 95 . rhagastis mjobergi clark , 1923 , proc . new engl . zool . club , 8 : 69 .\nforewing upperside similar to rhagastis velata but ground colour ranging from pale grey to grey - green ( olive - green in rhagastis velata ) ; the intensity of the dark markings varies considerably from almost absent to strongly present . labial palp segment 2 strongly narrowed towards the base ( as in rhagastis acuta and rhagastis hayesi ) . however , although similar to rhagastis acuta , rhagastis hayesi and rhagastis velata , distinguishable from the first two species by the fore upperside ground colour and from the last by the shape of the labial palp segment 2 .\nrhagastis mjobergi clark , 1923 ; proc . new england zool . cl . 8 : 69\nsynonymized with rhagastis castor as a subspecies by inoue , 1990 , tinea 12 : 255 .\ntransferred to rhagastis by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 792 ( key ) , 798 .\nrhagastis rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 675 [ key ] , 791 ; ts : pergesa velata walker\ntransferred to rhagastis by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 792 ( key ) , 793 . erroneously included in rhyncholaba by de freina , 1976 , atalanta 7 : 241 . transferred back to rhagastis by d ' abrera , [ 1987 ] , sphingidae mundi : 200 .\nan unmistakable species with the olive - green forewing overlain by broad , dark red and partially merged transverse bands . dorsal scaling of antenna brown or black from near the base to near the hook . labial palp segment 1 apical cavity distinct ; segment 2 not narrowed towards base . outer row of forebasitarsal spines simple . forewing upperside ground colour olive green ; transverse bands dark red , broad , irregular and partially merged . forewing underside ground colour bright pink . hindwing upperside median band flushed with pink . hindwing underside ground colour bright pink . uncus weakly dilated apically , slightly sinuate . gnathos narrow , obtusely pointed . valve with about 6 very large stridulatory scales . harpe slender , horizontal , slightly spatulate in dorsal view , weakly upcurved apically . aedeagus similar to rhagastis olivacea , the left process short and broad .\nin the male genitalia , valve with 2 - 3 large stridulatory scales . aedeagus without apical free processes , left side with an oblique row of small teeth .\ndiagnosis . this is a darker , greyer species than its congeners , with straighter forewing margins and distinctive dark patches discally and associated with the submarginal . geographical range . nias , sumatra , peninsular malaysia , borneo . habitat preference . four specimens have been taken in lowland forest in brunei .\nne . himalaya , china , taiwan , burma , sumatra , java , borneo . see [ maps ]\npergesa aurifera butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 7 [ ne . himalayas ]\npergesa olivacea moore , 1872 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1872 ( 2 ) : 567 ; tl : simla , nw . himalayas , 7000ft\npergesa velata walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1853 ; tl : darjeeling\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\npics of moths | description british moths - poplar hawkmoth - laothoe populi 2 . jpg | steves moths | pinterest | moth , insects and animal"]}
{"id": 58, "summary": [{"text": "zamarada differens is a moth of the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in subtropical africa and is known from central african republic , chad , comoros , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the fore and hindwings of this species are yellow-greenish and it has a wingspan of 20 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "zamarada differens", "paragraphs": ["children zamarada undescribed sp . 1 , zamarada polymnia , zamarada pringlei , zamarada prionotos , zamarada psammites , zamarada crystallophana , zamarada crysopa , zamarada consecuta , zamarada bathyscaphes , zamarada crystallophana cf . 1 , zamarada adiposata , zamarada psectra , zamarada varii , zamarada vulpina , zamarada tosta cf . , zamarada aclea , zamarada polyctemon , zamarada transvisaria , zamarada ascaphes , zamarada pulverosa , zamarada pulverosa cf . , zamarada purimargo , zamarada pyrocincta , zamarada rubrifascia , zamarada scintillans , zamarada sp . 1 , zamarada taborae , zamarada viridiceps , zamarada erugata , zamarada ignicosta subsp . ignicosta , zamarada hemimeres , zamarada glareosa , zamarada gamma , zamarada flavicincta , zamarada flavicaput , zamarada fessa , zamarada excavata , zamarada exarata , zamarada ilma , zamarada euerces subsp . euerces , zamarada eroessa , zamarada phaeozona , zamarada erna , zamarada acosmeta , zamarada dorsiplaga , zamarada differens , zamarada dentigera , zamarada denticatella , zamarada densisparsa , zamarada delosis , zamarada deceptrix , zamarada euterpe , zamarada pandatilinea , zamarada inermis , zamarada odontophora , zamarada opposita , zamarada ordinaria , zamarada perplexa , zamarada nebulimargo , zamarada metrioscaphes , zamarada metallicata , zamarada melpomene cf . , zamarada melpomene , zamarada medianata , zamarada jansei , zamarada iobathra , zamarada euerces subsp . phygas , zamarada ignicosta subsp . pyrilampes , zamarada plana subsp . denticincta\ngarlacz r . 2001 . species of the genus zamarada moore in nigeria with notes on their geographical distribution ( rhopalocera , geometridae , ennominae ) . - lambillionea 101 ( 4 ) : 610\u2013616 .\nfletcher d . s . 1974 . a revision of the old world genus zamarada ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 22 : 1\u2013498 , pls . 1\u2013123 .\nzamarada - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\njahrg . 1 ( 1907 - 1908 ) - internationale entomologische zeitschrift . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncameroon , afrique occid . [ dentale ] , johann - albrechts h\u00f6he station , 1896 , leg . l . conradt .\noberth\u00fcr c . 1912 . vii . r\u00e9vision des phal\u00e9nites d\u00e9crites par guen\u00e9e dans le species general des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( tome ix ) \u2013famille 11 . - etudes de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie compar\u00e9e 6 : 1\u2013355 , pls . 1\u201364 coloured + 1\u201369 black and white .\nthe fore and hindwings of this species are yellow - greenish and it has a wingspan of 20 mm . . . .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nliberia , nimba , grassfield , vi\u2013vii . 1967 , leg . a . f . forbes - watson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthis website has been revised , please click here for the new website pages ."]}
{"id": 65, "summary": [{"text": "jocara breviornatalis is a species of snout moth in the genus jocara .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by augustus radcliffe grote in 1877 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the u.s. states of texas , oklahoma and florida . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "jocara breviornatalis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for breviornatalis definition . you find here breviornatalis meaning , synonyms of breviornatalis and images for breviornatalis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\njocara breviornatalis - urdu meaning and translation of jocara breviornatalis , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of jocara breviornatalis and more .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word breviornatalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word breviornatalis and , of course , breviornatalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word breviornatalis .\njocara cacalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )\njocara is a genus of snout moths . it was described by francis walker in 1863 .\njocara walker , 1863\nat markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms . retrieved may 25 , 2017 .\njocara suiferens dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . natn . mus . 45 ( 2006 ) : 649 ; tl : peru , pampaconas river\njocara ( epipaschiinae ) ; hampson , 1896 , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1896 ( 4 ) : 460 ; [ globiz ] ; [ nacl ] , 79\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndeuterollyta conspicualis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 359 , ( 12 ) pl . 7 , f . 16 - 17 ; tl : brazil\ndeuterollyta francesca jones , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1912 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : castro , paran\u00e1 , brazil\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 66, "summary": [{"text": "archinemapogon yildizae is a moth of the tineidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by ko\u00e7ak in 1981 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except ireland , the benelux , the iberian peninsula and most of the balkan peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of birch woodlands .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on bracket fungi ( fomes or piptorus species ) growing on betula . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "archinemapogon yildizae", "paragraphs": ["a rare species , with a british distribution only in the central scottish highlands , although occurring elsewhere in europe and further east .\nthe larvae feed on bracket fungus , either fomes or piptorus which grows on birch ( betula ) .\nadults , though at large from may to july are generally only encountered as a result of rearing from larvae .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 21 : 44 : 48 page render time : 0 . 2157s total w / procache : 0 . 2551s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) in birch woodland in the scottish highlands . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 14 - 21 mm . larva feeds on bracket fungi growing on birch .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15"]}
{"id": 73, "summary": [{"text": "tyrrhenaria ceratina is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicidae , the typical snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to corsica . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "tyrrhenaria ceratina", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about tyrrhenaria ceratina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tyrrhenaria ceratina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nm . charrier * , a . nicolai * . ( in review ) plan national d\u2019actions de tyrrhenaria ceratina , escargot terrestre end\u00e9mique de corse . national recovery plan , ed . ministry of ecology , of energy , of sustainable development and of the ocean\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii ) ver 3 . 1\nfalkner , m . , falkner , g . , von proschwitz , t . & charrier , m .\nworldwide . it is today restricted to a very narrow distribution area which is highly fragmented , suggesting a genetic impoverishment and unforeseeable events . moreover , 40 % of the population is located on a 0 . 0051 km\u00b2 area surrounded by the airport and the beach . these facts justify the maintenance of the species in the category critically endangered ( cr b1ab ( i , ii , iii ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii ) ) .\nthe corsican snail is only found near ajaccio , in a biotope restricted to a small geographic area named\ncampo dell ' oro\n( which really occupies only 0 . 02 km\u00b2 ) , located near the airport , delimited at the east side by the joint delta of the two rivers gravona and prunelli and at the west side by a marina .\nthanks to human assistance and biotope management ( natura 2000 site ) providing protected areas appropriate for snail colonization , the population is considered to be stable . the population size is estimated to be between 7 , 500 and 10 , 000 individuals among which 3 , 800\u20135 , 200 are mature individuals ( estimated information from samplings made in 2009\u20132010 , m . charrier , pers . comm . , 2011 )\nthe main threats to this species are urbanisation and land use around the town of ajaccio , leading to habitat fragmentation and habitat loss , as well as leisure activities on the sand beach .\nfalkner , m . , falkner , g . , von proschwitz , t . & charrier , m . 2011 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nshuttleworth , r . j . 1843 . \u00fcber die land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken von corsica . - mittheilungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in bern 1843 ( 2 / 3 ) : 9 - 21 .\nshell looks like helix , yellowish brown with 4 - 5 reddish brown bands , irregularly striated and weakly reticulated , 3 . 5 - 4 convex whorls , last whorl slightly descending , aperture inside shiny and with distinct bands , margin straight and sharp , parietal side sometimes with a weak whitish layer , usually no umbilicus .\nsandy and periodically flooded habitats in the coastal plain , in a broken masaic terrain of isolated shrubs of genista salzman - nii , avoids too densely vegetated areas and open areas devoid of genista spots . the snails bury inside the soft and sandy soil ( up to 60 cm deep ) in periods of heat and appear usually only at night and during rainfall , unable to survive in compact soils . reproduction from end of august to mid - october , up to 20 eggs are laid inside a cavity in the sand , covered by mucus , juveniles hatch after 15 - 16 days and 2 - 3 weeks later appear at the surface . maturity is reached after 2 - 4 years , life span 6 - 10 years .\nreferences : moquin - tandon 1855 : 184 , westerlund 1889 : 449 ( h . tristis ) , germain 1930 : 188 , falkner et al . 2001 : 65 , charrier et al . 2005 , gargominy et al . 1999 in urltoken ( 02 . 2011 ) , urltoken ( 2010 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 628 ( range map ) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na . nicolai , p . vernon , r . lenz , j . le lannic , v . briand , m . charrier . ( in press ) well wrapped eggs : effects of egg shell structure on heat resistance and hatchling mass in the invasive land snail cornu aspersum . journal of experimental zoology a , n\u00b0 : jez - a - 2012 - 03 - 0030\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , v . briand , m . charrier . ( 2012 ) the composition of body storage compounds influences egg quality and the reproductive investment in the land snail cornu aspersum . canadian journal of zoology 90 ( 9 ) : 1161 - 1170\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , c . bertrand , m . charrier . ( 2012 ) quantitative assessment of haemolymph metabolites in respect to the physiological state in two populations of the land snail helix pomatia . physiological and biochemical zoology 83 ( 3 ) : 274 - 284\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , c . bertrand , m . charrier . ( 2011 ) adjustment of metabolite composition in the haemolymph to seasonal variations in the land snail helix pomatia . journal of comparative physiology b 181 : 457 - 466\na . nicolai , j . filser , v . briand , m . charrier . ( 2010 ) seasonally contrasting life history strategies in the land snail cornu aspersum : physiological and ecological implications . canadian journal of zoology 88 : 995 - 1002\na . ansart , a . nicolai , p . vernon and l . madec . ( 2010 ) do ice nucleating agents limit the supercooling ability of the land snail cornu aspersum ? cryoletters 31 ( 4 ) : 329 - 340\na . nicolai , p . vernon , m . lee , a . ansart and m . charrier . ( 2005 ) supercooling ability in two populations of the land snail helix pomatia ( gastropoda : helicidae ) and ice - nucleating activity of gut bacteria . cryobiology 50 : 48 - 57\na . nicolai . ( 2010 ) the impact of diet treatment on reproduction and thermo - physiological processes in the land snails cornu aspersum and helix pomatia . joint - supervision phd thesis university rennes 1 , france / university bremen , germany , urltoken\na . nicolai , r . lenz . roman . ( 2007 ) weinbergschneckenzucht auf der schw\u00e4bischen alb \u2013 ein beitrag zur regionalentwicklung . horizonte 30 : 3 - 4\na . nicolai , r . lenz . ( 2006 ) die \u201calbschneck\u00ae\u201d - zucht auf der schw\u00e4bischen alb . \u00a9interessengemeinschaft albschneck , snail farming instruction manual , ed . region aktiv , baden - w\u00fcrttemberg , germany\nl . williams * , a . nicolai * . ( 2005 ) monitoring of rare species 2005 and study of tourism impact in the nalychevo nature reserve . research report , wwf russia ( * contributed equally )\na . nicolai , j . filser , r . lenz , c . bertrand , m . charrier . ( 2011 ) adjustment of metabolite composition in the haemolymph to seasonal variations in the land snail helix pomatia . 4th international symposium on the environmental physiology of ectotherms & plants at rennes , france ; society for experimental biology annual main meeting at glasgow , united kingdom\na . nicolai . cold and heat resistance in cornu aspersum . ( 2009 ) national congress of snail farming at ile de r\u00e9 , france\na . nicolai . ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 ) the impact of diet treatment on reproduction and thermo - physiological processes in the land snails cornu aspersum and helix pomatia . scholarship seminar series , federal foundation for environment of germany\nr . lenz , a . nicolai . the roman snail as a member of the ark of taste of slow food . ( 2006 , 2008 ) terra madre , international congress at turin , italy\nr . lenz , a . nicolai . ( 2007 ) albschneck\u00ae - roman snail farming in the svabian alps . regional agriculture exposition , m\u00fcnsingen , slow food exposition , stuttgart , germany\nr . lenz , a . nicolai . ( 2006 , 2007 ) ecology of the roman snail and its farming in the svabian alps . ark of taste market , slow food , beurren , germany\na . nicolai . ( 2006 ) the impact of diet treatment on reproduction in the land snail helix pomatia and roman snail farming as contribution to regional sustainable development in the svabian alps . umr - cnrs 6553 ecology / biology , university rennes 1 , france\na . nicolai . ( 2006 ) roman snail population management in the svabian alps \u2013 a contribution to regional sustainable development . uft , university bremen , germany\na . nicolai , p . vernon , a . ansart , m . lee , m . charrier . ( 2003 ) eco - physiological research in helix pomatia : supercooling capacity and potential role of intestinal bacteria as ice - nucleating agents . 3rd international congress of european societies of malacology at la rochelle , france poster presentation a . nicolai , s . fournier , v . briand and m . charrier . ( 2007 ) allocation of energy to reproductive success in cornu aspersum before and after hibernation . international congress of malacology at antwerp , belgium\nkeyword search - try again , but check your spelling , and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don ' t have it today , create a ' want ' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100 , 000 booksellers worldwide , for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 79, "summary": [{"text": "chroicocephalus is a genus of medium to relatively small gulls which were included in the genus larus until recently .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some authorities also include the saunders 's gull in chroicocephalus .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the genus name chroicocephalus is from ancient greek khroizo , \" to colour \" , and kephale , \" head \" . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "chroicocephalus", "paragraphs": ["the black - headed gull ( chroicocephalus ridibundus - linneus 1766 ) is a bird belonging to the order of the charadriiforms ( charadriiformes ) , to the family of the larids ( laridae ) , to the genus chroicocephalus and to the species chroicocephalus ridibundus .\nchroicocephalus maculipennis : lakes , rivers and coasts of s south america and falkland is .\nchroicocephalus brunnicephalus : mts . of s - central asia ; winters to arabia , india and se asia\ngrzegorz jagodzi\u0144ski added the polish common name\nmewa \u015bmieszka\nto\nchroicocephalus ridibundus ( linnaeus , 1766 )\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : chroicocephalus ridibundus - z\u00fcrichhorn 2010 - 10 - 05 17 - 14 - 50 . jpg\n.\nvalter jacinto marked\nfile : \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f ( \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f ) \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 ( \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nchroicocephalus ridibundus linnaeus , 1766\npage .\nthe name of the genus \u201cchroicocephalus\u201d comes from the old greek \u201cchroia , chroa\u201d meaning colour , colour of the skin . therefore , the scientific term refers to a bird whose head ( in greek \u201ckephale\u201d , latinized \u201ccefalo\u201d ) can have a certain colour , which , in the case of the black - headed gull refers to the \u201chood\u201d present in the summer livery of brown chocolate colour .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 427 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 291 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 563 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 724 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 640 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 201 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nblack - headed gulls are not fussy eaters . they like everything , from worms to bird eggs to fish . furthermore , they also profit from all kinds of human sources of rubbish such as garbage barrels . not all black - headed gulls earn their meal in an honest way . they steal worms from shorebirds and fish from terns . nor are people always safe . should your ice cream or french fries fall on the ground , it quickly disappears in the beak of these master thieves . you find black - headed gulls almost everywhere . they are a common shorebird , land - bird and city - bird .\nclassification from xeno - canto bird sounds selected by mich\u0430el fr\u0430nkis - see more .\n: ahh . . . yes , these regionally specific range descriptions vary . . .\nvalter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f ( \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f ) \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 ( \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e ) . jpg\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nzoom h6 sennheiser me - 62 tern - like call from open ocean location in troms county . thanks to karl - birger strann for solving this mystery !\nmore than 50 birds competing for pieces of bread thrown by kids from a bridge .\noriginal recording of a flock of recently ( less than month earlier ) fledged juveniles on lake shore at night .\na non breeding individual probably male was seen and heard , while it was flying and doing agressive displays against others individuals in the island of burano . recording distance was 5 meters .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\ncheck - list of north american birds - list of the 2 , 078 bird species known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 52 ) , maintained at urltoken\nioc world bird list , master list v2 . 9 , website ( version 2 . 9 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 04 . 02 , website ( version 02 - apr - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe term \u201cridibundus\u201d , relevant to the species , comes from the latin and means \u201claughing scornfully\u201d and refers to the vocalizations emitted by this species which can be very noisy especially when the flocks are eating , also by dusk or during the night . the most common call is formed by a single or repeated , with many variants , grating \u201ckrreearr\u201d and by a short and sharp \u201ckek\u201d or \u201ckekekek\u201d .\nthe black - headed gull is amply distributed in europe , asia and on the eastern coasts of canada . it is a partial migrant as it retires from the most nordic and iced zones in winter and keeping sedentary in other zones .\nthe adult black - headed gull ( starting from the second year of age ) , presents in summer a dark chocolate coloured hood interesting the face and the head in a characteristic way .\nthe dark brown eye has a thin periocular ring of red skin and an outer periocular ring of white feathers . the white feathers of this last do not complete the round as they miss at the level of the median commissure of the eye itself .\nthe neck , the chest and the belly are white as well as the tail . the dorsal part of the body ( back and almost all the wing ) is of pale grey colour . the outer border of the wing , for a belt starting from the alula and including the outer primaries , is white . this drawing is very useful for recognizing the species when flying . the tips of the primary rectrices and of the outer secondary rectrices are black ; in the terminal black of the most median primaries is present a white \u201cspot\u201d evident also when the wings are closed . the bill and the legs , in this season , are red .\nin winter the livery is different . the most impressive difference stays in the absence of the dark hood ; at its place , on the head , remain only two blackish - grey vertical stripes ( at times , so much light to be reduced to two spots ) on each side of the head , one of them reaches the eye and the other gets to the zone of the auricular hole , both leaving from the zone of the apex of the head . in winter , the legs and the bill are red or brown - red ; the tip of the bill is black .\nnimble flyer with its about 1 m wingspan . in summer the head is dark chocolate \u00a9 giuseppe mazza\nthe young of the year exhibits a livery with the presence of abundant brown - reddish colouration on the head as well as on the wings . also the grey - blackish colour is quite present on the feathers of the back and on the coverts and rectrices of the wings where it forms scaly drawings . the tail , always on the young of the year , has a terminal black band . during the first winter after the birth , the young presents a strong reduction of the reddish colouration even if it keeps a certain dark spotting on the wings and the strike of the tail . the colouration , during the first summer after the birth , will be similar to that of the first winter with the addition of the hood which will not be complete like that in the adult specimens as in the chocolate brown is preent a variable quantity of white . starting from the second year of life , the adult livery will be complete . this bird has a length of about 40 cm ( 37 - 44 ) and a wingspan of about 94 - 110 cm , weighs about 220 - 350 g and there is no evident sexual dimorphism ; it is a very skilful and nimble flyer .\nthe black - headed gull has practically an omnivorous alimentation and has often the habit of stealing the food from other birds and also from its conspecifics ( kleptoparasitism ) . in the humid and marine zones it actively looks for fishes , aquatic insects and generally small animals but its adaptative and opportunistic capacities render it able to take advantage from the most varied alimentary sources thus being practically able to nourish of whatever alimentary leftover found in the dumpings and in the urban areas .\nthe reproductive range of this species of gull is very ample , extending from the southern point of greenland to the whole iceland , continuing through most of europe and of central asia and reaching the kamchatka peninsula in russia and north - eastern china . it is rarer in america .\nthe reproductive territories are reached by early spring ( february - march for europe ) ; first by the males who occupy the territories where to build the nest and then by the females who will have to chose the partners . usually , the mating is preceded by the regurgitation of food done by the male in favour of the female . the formed pairs become territorial and defend the zone where the nest will be located ; the defended surface will be of some square metres .\nthe nest is formed by cup of vegetal material fairly well built ; the eggs ( 1 - 3 per brood ) are spawned between april and may . the eggs have a brown - mustard colouration and are spotted of brown ; the brooding lasts 22 - 26 days . the pullets , which since already the first days of life have open eyes and are able to get off from the nest , are nourished with fish and other food regurgitated by the parents . the newborns have a brown - reddish colouration with yellowish reflections and are totally spotted of black . this mimetic colouration along with the capacity of hiding and of flattening on the ground at the least sign of danger helps them in the defence from the predators . the reproductive colonies may count from few pairs to thousands of specimens . the adults tend to get back , for the reproduction , to the colonies where they were born ."]}
{"id": 80, "summary": [{"text": "elachista unifasciella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from sweden to the pyrenees , italy and greece and from great britain to russia and turkey .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9 \u2013 10 millimetres ( 0.35 \u2013 0.39 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to july in one generation per year .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on avenula pubescens , brachypodium sylvaticum , dactylis glomerata , holcus mollis and milium effusum .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "first , they create a long , somewhat blistered , slightly transparent corridor .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "later , they mine the basal leaves lying on the ground .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they are light yellow with a light brown head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "larvae can be found from autumn to the end of may . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista unifasciella", "paragraphs": ["vingbredd 9\u201310 mm . en vackert , kontrastrikt tecknad gr\u00e4sminerarmal med brunsvarta framvingar , p\u00e5 mitten f\u00f6rsedda med ett kr\u00e4mf\u00e4rgat tv\u00e4rband som vidgar sig n\u00e5got mot bakkanten . fransarna \u00e4r vita vid spetsen utanf\u00f6r en svartaktig delningslinje . arten liknar ganska mycket lundskaftingminerarmal elachista gangabella , men denna art saknar de ljusa fransarna vid vingspetsen . denna karakt\u00e4r \u00e4r oftast sv\u00e5r att se , i synnerhet p\u00e5 slitna djur . arten \u00e4r avbildad av traugott - olsen & nielsen ( 1977 ) .\nnotes : rare ( proposed as a future red data book species ) on grassland in southern england , north to worcestershire . in hampshire known only from leckford , but not recorded in the county since 1986 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 9 - 10 mm . formerly lumped with e . obliquella and very similar to several other elachista species with worn females of e . bisulcella in particular frequently misidentified as this species . larva mines leaves of cock ' s - foot and false - brome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nif you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 14 : 23 : 03 page render time : 0 . 1530s total w / procache : 0 . 1905s\nden \u00e4r funnen i centraleuropa inklusive england . i danmark \u00e4r den funnen i ett brett band fr\u00e5n nord\u00f6stra sj\u00e4lland till s\u00f6dra jylland . dess nordgr\u00e4ns g\u00e5r genom sk\u00e5ne , d\u00e4r den har p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffats p\u00e5 flera platser . den rapporterades som ny f\u00f6r landet 1965 genom fynd i sk\u00e5ne , g\u00e4rdsl\u00f6v 20 . vi . 1964 ( i . svensson leg . ) d\u00e4r den fortfarande av allt att d\u00f6ma finns kvar . ca 1990 p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffades den ocks\u00e5 i b\u00f6keberg norr om svedala . arten \u00e4r lokal och i allm\u00e4nhet s\u00e4llsynt , men h\u00e4r och d\u00e4r kan den vissa \u00e5r antr\u00e4ffas i n\u00e5got st\u00f6rre numer\u00e4r .\nendast k\u00e4nd fr\u00e5n en handfull lokaler i sk\u00e5ne d\u00e4r den lever i m\u00f6rk lundskog . arten lever troligen p\u00e5 flera gr\u00e4sarter exempelvis hund\u00e4xing ( dactylis glomerata ) . fj\u00e4rilens milj\u00f6er \u00e4r i dagsl\u00e4get inte hotade och n\u00e5gon minskning har inte kunnat p\u00e5visas . dock \u00e4r utbredningsomr\u00e5det litet , antalet lokaler f\u00e5 och arten \u00e4r l\u00e4tt igenk\u00e4nlig , varf\u00f6r m\u00f6rkertalet f\u00f6rmodligen \u00e4r litet . antalet lokalomr\u00e5den i landet skattas till 5 ( 3 - 8 ) . utbredningsomr\u00e5dets storlek ( eoo ) skattas till 4600 ( 400 - 4600 ) km\u00b2 och f\u00f6rekomstarean ( aoo ) till 20 ( 12 - 32 ) km\u00b2 . - 2005 . det finns inga tecken p\u00e5 betydande populationsf\u00f6r\u00e4ndring . de skattade v\u00e4rdena som bed\u00f6mningen baserar sig p\u00e5 ligger alla inom intervallet f\u00f6r kategorin n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . de skattade v\u00e4rdena f\u00f6r utbredningsomr\u00e5de och f\u00f6rekomstarea ligger under gr\u00e4nsv\u00e4rdet f\u00f6r starkt hotad ( en ) . detta i kombination med att utbredningsomr\u00e5det \u00e4r kraftigt fragmenterat och antalet lokalomr\u00e5den \u00e4r extremt f\u00e5 g\u00f6r att arten uppfyller kriterierna f\u00f6r kategorin n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . ( b1a + 2a ) .\nbokskogsgr\u00e4sminerarmal finner man i bokskogar , som dess namn anger , helst i partier som \u00e4r omv\u00e4xlande beskuggade av tr\u00e4den . larven g\u00f6r l\u00e5ngstr\u00e4ckta minor i blad av hund\u00e4xing dactylis glomerata . i litteraturen anges ocks\u00e5 lundskafting brachypodium silvaticum som v\u00e4rdv\u00e4xt . larven lever i maj i minan d\u00e5 den f\u00f6rpuppar sig . fj\u00e4rilen kl\u00e4cks i mitten av juni och flyger ca en m\u00e5nad .\nmed g\u00e4llande lagar skyddas till stor del de sk\u00e5nska bokskogarna , men man b\u00f6r utse n\u00e5got eller ett par referensomr\u00e5den f\u00f6r att kunna f\u00f6lja artens utveckling .\nl\u00e4nsvis f\u00f6rekomst och status f\u00f6r bokskogsgr\u00e4smal baserat p\u00e5 sammanst\u00e4llningar och bed\u00f6mningar av gjorda fynd .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nemmet , a . m , et al . 1996 in the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland . volume 3 . colchester , england .\ntraugott - olsen , e . & nielsen , e . schmidt , 1977 . the elachistidae ( lepidoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . fauna ent . scand . , vol . 6 . klampenborg .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : bengt \u00e5 . bengtsson 2002 . \u00a9 artdatabanken , slu 2005 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin autumn the larva makes a long , somewhat blistered , slightly transparent corridor . in spring it mines the basal leaves that lie on the ground . these mines are swollen , clouded green , opaque , and the mined tips of the leaves are puckered and shrunken , filled with frass ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\nrather thick , light yellow ; head light brown . see steuer ( 1973a ) for an illustration of the characteristic sclerites in the pronotum , prosternum , and anal shield ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nsee patocka ( 1999a ) and patocka and turcani ( 2005a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nadult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : britain including durham , north hampshire , south essex and south northumberland ( nbn atlas ) .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , european turkey , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , luxembourg , poland , ? romania , russia - central , slovakia and sweden ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthere are 2 county records of 2 individuals from 2 different sites . first recorded in 1978 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 1 records from 1 sites . first recorded in 1991 .\nvc63 . warren vale , rawmarsh , 5 . 7 . 1991 ( heb ) ."]}
{"id": 100, "summary": [{"text": "chetone angulosa is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1854 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in central america and northern south america , including venezuela , guatemala , belize , panama and costa rica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chetone angulosa", "paragraphs": ["chetone angulosa ( walker , 1854 ) = pericopis angulosa walker , 1854 = chetone heliconides boisduval , 1870 = pericopis irenides butler , 1872 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ndistribution : ( species ) c . america & northern s . america ; ( form\nmethod of identification : adult illustrated in colour by seitz ( 1925 ) pl . 62 , fig . b2 ( form\nnotes : this seems to be a very distinctive species , although the identification requires confirmation .\nthis information is based an ongoing project dedicated to the inventory and dissemination of information on lepidopteran larvae , their host plants , and their parasitoids in a costa rican tropical wet forest and an ecuadorian montane cloud forest .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license ."]}
{"id": 108, "summary": [{"text": "istiblennius edentulus , the rippled rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is also commonly known as the rippled blenny , smooth-lipped blenny , toothless blenny , or coral blenny .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "males of this species can reach a maximum of 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) tl , while females can reach a maximum of 13.2 cm ( 5.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "istiblennius edentulus", "paragraphs": ["taxon concept istiblennius _ edentulus last modified 2013 - 11 - 25 10 : 42 : 21 . 399\nistiblennius edentulus is of no interest to the fisheries industry , but is commercially collected for use in the aquarium trade ( burgess et . al 1990 ) .\nalticops edentulus , alticops oryx , blennius cinereus , blennius edentulus , blennius truncatus , istiblennius edentululus , istiblennius enosimae , istilbennius edentulus , salarias atratus , salarias atrimarginatus , salarias azureus , more . . . salarias diproktopterus , salarias fluctatus , salarias garmani , salarias gilberti , salarias insulae , salarias marcusi , salarias melanocephalus , salarias quadricornis , salarias rechingeri , salarias sindonis , salarias sumatranus , scartella enosimae , scartichthys basiliscus , scartichthys enosimae hide . . .\na rippled rockskipper , istiblennius edentulus , at wooli , new south wales , april 2015 . source : ian shaw / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for istiblennius edentulus . however , its range does overlap several marine protected areas ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .\nspringer , v . g . and j . t . williams , 1994 . the indo - west pacific blenniid fish genus istiblennius reappraised : a revision of istiblennius , blenniella , and paralticus , new genus . . smithson . contrib . zool . 565 : 193 p\nspringer , v . g . and j . t . williams , 1994 . the indo - west pacific blenniid fish genus istiblennius reappraised : a revision of istiblennius , blenniella , and paralticus , new genus . smithson . contrib . zool . 565 : 1 - 193 . ( ref . 9962 )\nspringer , v . g . & williams , j . t . 1994 ,\nthe indo - west pacific blenniid fish genus istiblennius reappraised : a revision of istiblennius , blenniella , and paralticus , new genus\n, smithsonian contributions to zoology , vol . 565 , pp . 1 - 193 figs 1 - 73\nistiblennius edentulus is found throughout the indo - west pacific , including south africa , east africa , madagascar , mascarenes , and seychelles , north to the red sea and persian gulf , east to western australia , new south wales , lord howe and rapa islands , new caledonia , wake atoll , the marquesan , line , and pitcairn islands , north to the tuamoto and ogasawara islands , and southern japan ( forster and schneider 1801 , myers 1991 ) .\ngreek , istios = sail + greek , blennios = mucus ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 0 - 1 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 32\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa to the line , marquesan , and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe and rapa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 ) ; 13 . 2 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 19 - 21 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 21 - 23 . males darkly dusky with 5 - 6 pairs of bands on body and pale stripes on dorsal fin ; develop a crest . females paler in color , bands broken into spots posteriorly , dorsal fin spotted ( ref . 4404 ) .\nintertidal ( ref . 31184 , 48636 ) . adults are common in areas with large rubble pieces which are often used to built breakwaters or to support jetty - pylons ( ref . 48636 ) . they hide in cracks or holes when not feeding . they jump out of the water in energetic skippings to another pool when pursued ( ref . 2158 , 48636 ) . may remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds ( ref . 31184 ) . they breathe air when out of water ( ref . 31184 ) . feeds on filamentous algae ( ref . 89972 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 2954 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nwilliams , j . t . & smith - vaniz , w . f .\nthis is a widespread species that is locally abundant with no known threats and occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\naustralia ; bangladesh ; cambodia ; china ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french polynesia ( marquesas ) ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; united arab emirates ; united states minor outlying islands ( wake is . ) ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( williams , j . t . pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nwilliams , j . t . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2014 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na pale greenish grey rockskipper with dark greyish divided bars on sides that extend onto the dorsal - fin base , vertical orange wavy lines in the spaces between the bars , and a pale - edged grey bar through the eye across the upper lip . females have orange - brown spots on rear of body and on dorsal and anal fins . video of rippled rockskippers in a tide pool in shirahama , japan .\ninhabits the edge of rocky shorelines in relatively protected areas where wave action is not severe .\nallen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .\nallen , g . r . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 1994 . fishes of cocos ( keeling ) islands .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\ncastelnau , f . l . de 1875 . researches on the fishes of australia . intercolonial exhibition essays . 2 . pp . 1\u201352 in ,\nforster , j . r . & schneider , j . g . in bloch , m . e . & schneider , j . g . 1801 .\nfrancis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , s . j . newman , g . e . a . mitsopoulos , m . j . travers , c . l . skepper , j . j . gilligan , g . r . allen , h . j . choat & a . m . ayling . 2014 . checklist and new records of christmas island fishes : the influence of isolation , biogeography and habitat availability on species abundance and community composition .\nhobbs , j - p . a . , s . j . newman , g . e . a . mitsopoulos , m . j . travers , c . l . skepper , j . j . gilligan , g . r . allen , h . j . choat & a . m . ayling . 2014 . fishes of the cocos ( keeling ) islands : new records , community composition and biogeographic significance .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\nogilby , j . d . 1899 . additions to the fauna of lord howe island .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhadorn , r . & fraussen , k 2003 ,\nthe deep - water indo - pacific radiation of fusinus ( chryseofusus ) subgen . nov . ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae )\n, iberus , vol . 21 , no . 1\ndaniels , g . 1978 ,\na catalogue of the type specimens of diptera in the australian museum\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 31 , no . 11 , pp . 411 - 471\nmckeown , k . c . 1948 ,\na reference list of types of coleoptera in the australian museum .\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 22 , no . 1 , pp . 95 - 139\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d707bc53 - 9254 - 4f27 - a573 - 76d44a42e5eb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94f6eb0c - fac9 - 433c - b609 - 77a9c8f340a1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 592863\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nneotype usnm 292529 , tahiti , society islands ( original type locality huanaine island ) .\ncastelnau , f . l . de 1875 . researches on the fishes of australia . intercolonial exhibition essays . 2 . pp . 1\u201352\nholotype whereabouts unknown ( qm 1 . 862 labelled type , with 2 specimens , both too large to be holotype and holotype presumed lost ) , lord howe island .\n. paris : levrault vol . 11 506 pp . pls 307 - 343 .\nlectotype mnhp a . 2003 , mauritius . paralectotype ( s ) mnhp 7067 ; mnhp a , 2002 ; mnhp a , 2005 ; mnhp a , 2007 ; mnhp a . 2304 ; mnhp 846 .\ndirk hartog island ( 26\u00b008 ' s ) to cartier island ( 12\u00b033 ' s ) , wa and lizard island , qld ( 14\u00b039 ' s ) to sydney , nsw ( 33\u00b048 ' s ) ; tropical , indo - west - central pacific .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353\ndavie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nmcculloch , a . r . 1929 . a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part iii .\nallen , g . r . 1985 . fishes of western australia . book 9 . pp . 2207 - 2534 526 pls\nintertidal ( ref . 31184 , 48636 ) . adults are common in areas with large rubble pieces which are often used to built breakwaters or to support jetty - pylons ( ref . 48636 ) . they hide in cracks or holes when not feeding . they jump out of the water in energetic skippings to another pool when pursued ( ref . 2158 , 48636 ) . may remain out of water under rocks or seaweeds ( ref . 31184 ) . they breathe air when out of water ( ref . 31184 ) . feeds on filamentous algae ( ref . 89972 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 112, "summary": [{"text": "adamussium is a monotypic genus of bivalve molluscs in the large family of scallops , the pectinidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) is the only species in the genus though its exact relationship to other members of the family is unclear .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in the ice-cold seas surrounding antarctica , sometimes at great depths .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "adamussium colbecki is a large , slow-growing scallop that lives on the seabed .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the shell consists of a pair of ribbed calcareous valves which enclose the soft body and are joined by a ligament at a hinge .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it feeds on microscopic green algae and is sometimes present in great numbers .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is able to move around by flapping its valves and to dart backwards to escape threats .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the species is an important member of the antarctic seabed community as the upper valve often acts as a substrate for seaweeds , sponges and other organisms .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "in addition , juveniles bind themselves by threads to the upper valve of older shells , using these as a base for several years as they grow .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the adult scallops have been used in research to study the accumulation of heavy metals in marine organisms . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "adamussium", "paragraphs": ["saving by freezing ? oxygen consumption rates of adamussium colbecki in a latitudinal context .\nproductivity and age of the antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) in the ross sea .\nkaryology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki , with some comments on the karyological evolution of pectinids .\ncharacterization of superoxide dismutases in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki . | iris universit\u00e0 degli studi di padova\nworms - world register of marine species - adamussium colbecki ( e . a . smith , 1902 )\nwe next demonstrated that adamussium shells were almost pure carbonate and therefore can be used as a caco 3 biomass proxy . mean caco 3 biomass from adamussium varied from 4987\u20136806 kg ha - 1 at our localities . the mean caco 3 biomass per hectare for both cibicides and adamussium was not significantly different across our localities .\nantarctic scallop - adamussium colbecki ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\norganophosphate - resistant forms of acetylcholinesterases in two scallops - - the antarctic adamussium colbecki and the mediterranean pecten jacobaeus .\nkaryology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki , with some comments on the karyological evolution of pectinids . - pubmed - ncbi\noxidative responsiveness to multiple stressors in the key antarctic species , adamussium colbecki : interactions between temperature , acidification and cadmium exposure .\norganophosphate - resistant forms of acetylcholinesterases in two scallops - - the antarctic adamussium colbecki and the mediterranean pecten jacobaeus . - pubmed - ncbi\noxidative responsiveness to multiple stressors in the key antarctic species , adamussium colbecki : interactions between temperature , acidification a . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nnearshore population characteristics of the circumpolar antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) at terra nova bay ( ross sea ) / marco nigro .\nin situ video recordings allowed the analysis of the swimming behaviour of adamussium , providing evidence of the role of such behaviour as an escape reaction to predators .\nec , explorers cove ; bos , bay of sails ; hg , herbertson glacier ; top and bottom refer to top and bottom valves of adamussium colbecki .\na . attached cibicides . b . cibicides traces . c . attached cibicides with traces pooled . top = top valves ; bot = bottom valves of adamussium colbecki .\npresents results of scuba diving studies of distribution , density and size structure of population of adamussium colbecki in north - west ross sea carried out in summer season of 1991 - 92 .\npresents results of scuba diving studies of distribution , density and size structure of population of adamussium colbecki in north - west ross sea carried out in summer season of 1991 - 92 . 650 07\nparasitism could have arisen accidently in c . antarcticus as a result of the thin shell of adamussium . given enough time to bioerode the shell , cibicides could penetrate to the shell interior . for example , closely related cibicidids living on thicker carbonate substrates , like c . refulgens [ 69 ] and the more distantly related c . lobatulus , bioerode but are not parasites [ 52 , 64 ] . if c . antarcticus lives for two years or longer , its bioerosive activities could completely penetrate the thin shell of adamussium . the uptake of nutrients and minerals would be beneficial to cibicides in antarctic environments where conditions are similar to the deep sea . further studies are needed to address cibicides bioerosion rates and whether they use caco 3 from adamussium , as well as determine whether adamussium populations are affected by large populations of cibicides .\na . isolution lite image showing polygons that were used to measure exterior resting trace and interior borehole diameter . b . sectors on adamussium shell that were used to examine the spatial distribution of cibicides bioerosion traces .\nbioturbation by the common antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) and ophiuroid ( ophionotus victoriae ) under multi - year sea ice : ecologic and stratigraphic implicationsantarctic epifauna bioturbationk . h . broach et al . | palaios | geoscienceworld\nmany animals simply live on top of the sediment surface , where they can move around in search of food . these include starfish , sea cucumbers , worms , crustaceans and bivalves such as the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki .\nbioerosion is considered a form of parasitism when it contributes to weakening mollusc shells [ 68 ] . boreholes of cibicides and associated bioerosion traces could negatively affect adamussium . considering that adamussium \u2019s shell is ~ 0 . 70 mm thick , cibicides etchings and boreholes could weaken the shell , making it more susceptible to predators . increased shell permeability also enhances dissolution . additionally , there is a physiological cost for the scallop because it forms blisters in response to c . antarcticus boreholes , although not all complete boreholes were associated with blisters ( sew personal observation ) . shell weakening , increased dissolution and the physiological expense of shell repair could all be added costs of high cibicides populations on adamussium .\nnext , we wanted to compare caco 3 biomass density across localities . this was calculated using the number of attached cibicides and adamussium at each locality and multiplying each species by its mean caco 3 biomass . cibicides and adamussium mean biomass estimates per locality were plotted with 95 % cis to determine if there were significant differences among localities . we expected that scallop biomass would not differ among localities but cibicides biomass would be variable because of variation in population size .\nwe examined the relationship between the parasitic foraminifer cibicides antarcticus and its host , the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki , which live in the coldest waters on earth near the freezing point of seawater ( - 1 . 97 \u00b0c ) . both species are circum - antarctic in distribution . epibenthic adamussium is considered a major ecosystem engineer because of its large population size , often covering 100 % of the seafloor with densities up to 90 m - 2 in some locations [ 16 \u2013 20 ] .\npaul arthur berkman ,\necology of the circumpolar antarctic scallop , { \\ it adamussium colbecki \\ / } ( smith , 1902 )\n( 1988 ) . dissertations and master ' s theses ( campus access ) . paper aai8913018 . urltoken\nn , abundance of trace types pooled from six adamussium valves representing explorers cove and bay of sails localities ; frequency , frequency of occurrence ( out of total trace types pooled ) ; sd , standard deviation ; diameter refers to the outer bioerosion trace diameter .\nad ansell , r cattaneo - vietti , and m chiantore , swimming in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki : analysis of in situ video recordings : antarctic science [ antarct . sci . ] , vol . 10 , no . 4 , pp . 369 - 375 , 1998 .\nthe mean caco 3 biomass density is depicted with 95 % cis . localities are explorers cove ( ec ) , bay of sails ( bos ) and herbertson glacier ( hg ) . a . caco 3 biomass density for attached cibicides . b . caco 3 biomass density for adamussium .\na canapa , m barucca , a marinelli , and e olmo , molecular approach to the systematics of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki : italian journal of zoology [ ital . j . zool . ] , vol . 66 , no . 4 , pp . 379 - 382 , 1999 .\nwe calculated the annual caco 3 production for cibicides and adamussium because annual biomass production reveals ecosystem productivity [ 4 ] . to calculate yearly production , we had to determine the turnover rate of cibicides and adamussium and then convert their caco 3 biomass to yearly production . we estimated that the turnover rate was two years for cibicides and 20 years for adamussium . cibicides two - year turnover was based on experimental arrays deployed at ec in austral summer 2008 ( sew personal observation ) . the experimental arrays had clean adamussium shell pieces encased within plankton - mesh bags . when the arrays were retrieved two years later ( 2010 ) , adult cibicides were attached to the shell pieces . juveniles were also observed within a cibicides test in 2008 , indicating that they are released during austral summer . as a consequence , propagules may have entered the mesh bags in austral summer 2008 , likely growing to their largest size within two years . additionally , a survivorship analysis based on size classes generated from cibicides biomass revealed that it has a type i curve , exhibiting high juvenile survivorship with mortality increasing with age ( s1 fig ) . adamussium \u2019s lifespan is thought to be 20 years based on growth - band analysis and mark - recapture estimates [ 54 \u2013 57 ] . therefore , caco 3 production per year was calculated based on the mean caco 3 biomass per m 2 for each species divided by their turnover rates and then converted to kg ha - 1 yr - 1 .\nkyle h . broach , molly f . miller , samuel s . bowser ; bioturbation by the common antarctic scallop ( adamussium colbecki ) and ophiuroid ( ophionotus victoriae ) under multi - year sea ice : ecologic and stratigraphic implications . palaios ; 31 ( 6 ) : 280\u2013290 . doi : urltoken\ncibicides antarcticus ( formerly c . refulgens in antarctica ) is a facultative parasite . it bores a hole through adamussium valves with its pseudopods and assimilates 14 c - labeled amino acids from the extrapallial cavity [ 13 , 20 ] . this cavity , which is located between the shell of the mollusk and the mantle , contains fluid that is compositionally different from that of seawater , and is often enriched in calcium ions and amino acids [ 13 \u2013 14 ] . parasitism is thought to occur in 50 % of cibicides populations at explorers cove , based on observations from five adamussium valves [ 13 ] . however , a systematic examination of c . antarcticus populations and parasitism using a larger sample size of adamussium from different antarctic localities has not been conducted . if cibicides also suspension feeds and grazes on diatoms [ 13 ] , it would be important to document the contribution of parasitism to its trophic behavior .\nwe next estimated the caco 3 biomass of adamussium . first , we had to determine if their shells were mostly pure carbonate before using them for caco 3 biomass estimates . four top valves from ec were cleaned of epibionts , washed with di water , dried , powdered and subjected to the loss on ignition method [ 53 ] . the shells yielded a mean organic carbon content of 0 . 010g c org ( sd = 0 . 001g ; 0 . 03 wt % c org ) indicating that adamussium shells are primarily caco 3 . valve weights were then used as a proxy for caco 3 biomass .\n59 - - zoology . 592 - - invertebrata . 594 . 1 - - lamellibranchiata : adamussium colbecki . h2 - - zoology : invertebrates . ( * 7 ) - - antarctic regions . ( * 762 ) - - victoria land . ( * 80 ) - - southern ocean . ( * 881 ) - - ross sea .\ncibicides percentage is based on the amount of caco 3 it produces out of the total cibicides and adamussium biomass at each locality . localities are explorers cove ( ec ) , bay of sails ( bos ) and herbertson glacier ( hg ) . a . caco 3 biomass contributed by attached cibicides . b . yearly production of caco 3 by attached cibicides .\nto determine if attached cibicides were alive or dead on scallop valves , ssb tethered a live adamussium with 118 cibicides living on the top valve in 2005 at 21 m at ec . video of tethered adamussium was taken using a jvc model vn - c30u steerable camera mounted in a custom - built underwater housing from magee scientific company , berkeley , ca . the top valve was retrieved a year later and fixed with 3 % formalin , slightly decalcified , stained with 0 . 1 % rose bengal , and examined using a zeiss smz - 2t stereomicroscope equipped with a spot model 29 . 2\u20131 . 3mp color camera . attached cibicides were counted from photographs and their spatial positions were compared to pre - deployment positions .\nwe thank alice chapman for the field collections of adamussium colbecki and for maintaining the rats sampling programme during the course of this study . d . p . acknowledges with thanks nerc studentship no . gt04 / 97 / 272 / mas . maria - chiara chiantore ( universit\u00e0 di genova ) and two anonymous referees are thanked for their insightful comments on the manuscript .\nparasites have heterogeneous distributions in host populations that can be spatially structured [ 70 ] . spatial distributions of cibicides on adamussium valves could reveal preferred settlement sites that maximize food capture . if suspension feeding is important , cibicides ought to attach where feeding currents are higher presumably near the scallop\u2019s aperture . for example , fossil foraminifera preferentially encrust brachiopod apertures , presumably to take advantage of their feeding currents [ 71 ] . however , c . antarcticus is thought to have random distributions on adamussium valves [ 51 ] , suggesting that water currents generated by the scallop are not important . we found that cibicides traces were significantly more common in the center region of adamussium \u2019s top valves . we also found that center sectors had more parasitic boreholes than the outer sectors . rarely were complete boreholes found outside of these sectors . more trace populations are likely in the center sectors because they represent some of the oldest regions of the shell , allowing more time for several cibicides generations to accumulate . furthermore , these sectors are located over the muscle , gill and gonadal tissue , and perhaps parasitic cibicides are targeting those tissues .\ncibicides populations were similar at 9 m and 18 m for all localities except bos , which had significantly higher attached cibicides populations at 18 m . this difference could result from the patchy nature of foraminiferal distributions on adamussium valves [ 26 ] . it could also result from shallow water disturbance , possibly from anchor ice . anchor ice occurs to water depths of ~ 33 m in antarctica , but recent research suggests that anchor ice can occur at much deeper depths [ 62 \u2013 63 ] . anchor ice grows on sediment and benthic organisms [ 62 ] . if adamussium valves were affected by anchor ice at bos 9 m , we suggest that this could reduce cibicides populations . differences in recruitment patterns , predation , or other factors could also account for the reduced populations at bos 9 m .\nthe number of attached cibicides is reported in the numerator and the number of bioerosion traces is reported in the denominator ( attached cibicides / bioerosion traces ) . the frequency of occurrence within parentheses depicts the number of either attached cibicides or bioerosion traces for each locality divided by the total pooled for all localities . the mean shell area for the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki was used to determine the mean density of cibicides .\neven though the caco 3 biomass contribution of cibicides and adamussium is considerable , the ross sea has very little carbonate in the sedimentary record , a direct result of high primary productivity [ 73 ] . although increased primary productivity contributes to high diversity in this region , carbonate skeletons are rarely preserved in the sediment . high acidic porewaters resulting from benthic respiration induced by primary productivity is inimical to carbonate preservation [ 37 , 73 ] . thus , carbonate production by adamussium , cibicides , and other carbonate organisms are recycled quickly back into the ross sea once they are buried , which could , in part , maintain the supersaturated levels of caco 3 in this region . this should not preclude work on carbonate producers , as we need to estimate the amount of carbonate produced by the high diversity of ross sea organisms to improve carbonate budgets in this region .\nchiantore m . , cattaneo vietti r . , elia l . , guidetti m . & antonini m . ( 2002 ) . reproduction and condition of the scallop adamussium colbecki , the sea - urchin sterechinus neumayeri and the sea - star odontaster validus at terra nova bay ( ross sea ) : different strategies related to inter - annual variations in food availability . polar biology , 25 , 4 , pp . 251 - 255 .\nr cattaneo - vietti , m * chiantore , and g albertelli , population structure and ecology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) at terra nova bay ( ross sea , antarctica ) : ecology of marine molluscs . , jul 1997 , pp . 15 - 24 , scientia marina ( barcelona ) [ sci . mar . ( barc . ) ] , vol . 61 , no . suppl . 2 .\nthe facultative parasite cibicides antarcticus and its antarctic scallop host adamussium colbecki are major components of antarctic ecosystems , yet we know little about their populations . we found that cibicides had large populations on adamussium that varied by locality but not generally with water depth . the largest total cibicides population , represented by attached individuals and bioerosion traces , occurred at ec . the ec locality has multiannual sea ice , distinguishing it from bos and hg where sea ice melts out every year . periodic pulses of sea ice algae could sustain the large populations at ec . cibicides is a parasite but it also supplements its diet by suspension feeding and grazing on diatoms [ 13 ] . suspension feeding might be more common in younger individuals , because adults are more commonly parasitic . however , even parasitic cibicides suspension feed and graze on diatoms [ 13 ] . future work using stable nitrogen isotopes could shed light on cibicides trophic relationships .\nthe cis were used to determine if the mean number of cibicides were significantly more or less common by shell sector . cis were calculated using one - sample t - tests and the t - statistic is reported for each test . trace type refers to cibicides ontogenetic stages represented by their bioerosion traces . trace types range from t1 ( initial recruits that etch the shell surface ) to t4 ( parasitic adults that made complete boreholes in adamussium valves ) .\ncibicides antarcticus etches resting traces on the shell surface of adamussium [ 13 ] . as cibicides grows , it enlarges the trace and penetrates to the interior tissues of the scallop . as a result , the ontogenetic stages of cibicides are recorded in these bioerosion traces as well as the development of parasitism . we categorized these ontogenetic stages and used them as a proxy for cibicides population structure . based on these traces , populations at ec represent recently attached cibicides , while those on bos shells represent slightly older populations . large cibicides , presumably adults , always had complete or incomplete boreholes . therefore , differences in the parasite load among the localities could also be a function of a population structure skewed toward adult cibicides . we propose that these trace categories can be used to examine the evolutionary history of the host - parasite relationship in recent death or fossil assemblages of adamussium when cibicides is no longer attached to the shell .\ncibicides and adamussium likely contribute considerable caco 3 to antarctic communities where they occur . the annual caco 3 production for adamussium ranges from 249\u2013340 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 and with cibicides , adds 286\u2013372 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 of caco 3 to our antarctic localities . our estimates are conservative considering that c . antarcticus also lives on other hard substrates and its actual caco 3 production could be far greater . both these species are circum - antarctic in distribution , although we know little about their populations except for a few localities in western mcmurdo sound . based on our localities , they could potentially add 5 . 94 x 10 9 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 of caco 3 to the ross sea ( assuming an areal extent of 1 . 87 x 10 7 ha ) . future studies need to address their caco 3 biomass at other localities to bracket their contributions to the carbonate budget of the ross sea .\nit is essential to distinguish between living and dead populations of cibicides for population analysis and carbonate estimates . an in situ experiment by ssb showed that attached cibicides represent living individuals . this finding is in agreement with preliminary observations that > 98 % of attached cibicides on other adamussium shells were living based on staining with celltracker green ( ssb personal observation ) . therefore , attached cibicides represent living individuals and their traces represent former populations of cibicides that are no longer attached to the shell .\nadamussium jonkersi sp . nov . is described from the late oligocene destruction bay formation , wrona buttress area , king george island ( south shetlands ) , west antarctica . the unit , characterized by volcanic sandstone , is a shallow marine succession deposited in a moderate - to high - energy environment . the thin - shelled pectinids , collected from the lower part of the unit , are preserved mostly as complete valves . shell thickness , sculpture pattern and umbonal angle suggest a free - living , inactive swimming life habit .\na . live adamussium deployed at ec in 2005 with attached cibicides . arms from a sea star can be seen behind the scallop , contributing to the scallop\u2019s death . b . top valve retrieved after one year and stained with rose bengal that stains living tissue pink . inset : slightly decalcified cibicides showing rose bengal - stained cytoplasm in living individuals . arrow in a and b point to the three cibicides that are figured in inset . scale bar is 20 mm for a and b ; inset scale bar is 1 mm .\ncibicides antarcticus and adamussium colbecki are major components of antarctic ecosystems . we demonstrated that these species both contribute considerable amounts of caco 3 to our antarctic localities , potentially adding 5 . 94 x 10 9 kg ha - 1 yr - 1 of caco 3 to the ross sea . because of their large caco 3 contributions , they should be considered in southern polar food webs and ecosystem modeling . if we wish to better understand the global carbon and caco 3 cycle , we also need to incorporate these species in antarctic carbonate budgets .\nscanning electron micrographs are depicted in a - b , and light photomicrographs are depicted in c - e . a . attached cibicides with agglutinated feeding tubes and an initial resting trace ( trace type 1 ) etched by a cibicides ( arrow ) . b . attached cibicides cut in half to reveal the etched upper calcite layer of adamussium representing trace type 2 . c . trace type 2 with multiple small holes . d . trace type 3 with an incomplete borehole . e . trace type 4 with a complete borehole representing parasitic cibicides .\nthe endemic antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki is reported on a wide variety of substrates : in shallow waters it was found byssally attached to rocks ( stockton , 1984 ) , while , deeper it was found free - living on sandy , gravelly and also silt - sandy bottoms , at the surface or recessed within the sediments ( berkman , 1990 ) . juveniles , were found byssally attached to adults valves and the remain attached during the swimming bout ( cattaneo - vietti et al . , 1997 ; ansell et al . , 1998 ; chiantore et al . , 2000 )\nadamussium colbecki is one of the most well - studied antarctic molluscs . however , information on its growth rate is currently based on estimates from mark and recapture experiments and from growth - ring analyses . this paper provides the first estimates of the growth pattern of this scallop throughout a year , for individuals maintained under both natural field and laboratory conditions . results show size - related differences in growth rate , both in the field and in aquaria , with scallops in terra nova bay growing faster than those kept in aquaria . growth performances were lower than those reported in the literature .\ntop valves had the largest cibicides populations compared to bottom valves . bottom valves have smaller populations because part of the valve rests on the seafloor , limiting cibicides settlement . frequent valve clapping by adamussium likely increases abrasion on bottom valves reducing foraminifera populations [ 28 , 60 ] . moreover , top valves are elevated above the sediment - water interface . cibicides species tend to live on elevated surfaces where increased water flow enhances suspension feeding [ 61 ] . valve clapping also stirs up fine seafloor sediment that could facilitate suspension feeding in c . antarticus that live on top valves [ 51 ] .\nlastly , we quantified the contribution that attached cibicides makes to the total caco 3 biomass produced by the species pair at each locality and on an annual basis . caco 3 biomass contribution ( % ) was calculated by dividing cibicides caco 3 biomass by the total biomass from each species for each locality . similarly , cibicides annual caco 3 biomass contribution ( % ) was calculated by dividing cibicides yearly caco 3 production by adamussium + cibicides yearly caco 3 production . we expected that cibicides would contribute less to the total host - parasite biomass and yearly carbonate production because of the differences in size between cibicides and its host .\ncibicides antarcticus etches permanent traces into adamussium shells [ 13 ] . we categorized these traces into four ontogenetic stages ranging from new recruits to parasitic adults . these stages were then used to examine population structure , spatial distribution , and parasitism in cibicides . within this framework , traces can be used in modern and fossil communities as an important life history proxy for cibicides when it is no longer attached to the shell . moreover , because c . antarcticus and a . colbecki have a fossil record extending to the pliocene in antarctica [ 30 \u2013 31 ] , these traces provide an evolutionary archive for the development of the host - parasite relationship .\nwe estimated the mean caco 3 biomass for c . antarcticus and its host adamussium for our localities . we first showed that cibicides had a caco 3 biomass that ranged from < 0 . 001 to 0 . 690 mg , with a mean of 0 . 226 mg . this mean is an order of magnitude higher than that reported for non - parasitic cibicidoides lobatulus from polar waters near kosterfjord , southwestern sweden ( 0 . 0187 mg in [ 52 ] ) . unfortunately , caco 3 biomass is not reported for other parasitic foraminifera , so we cannot compare our estimates . at our antarctic localities , cibicides caco 3 biomass varied from 47\u201373 kg ha - 1 .\ncibicides and their bioerosion traces were counted on adamussium valves under a binocular / stereomicroscope at 200 - 750x . selected cibicides and traces were examined with a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) . to determine if cibicides populations increased with increasing scallop area , attached cibicides data were analyzed using a generalized linear model ( glm ) with quasipoisson for over - dispersed count data [ 48 ] . welch two - sample t - tests and multiple sample chi - squared tests were run with cibicides and traces separately and then pooled to ascertain significant differences between localities , valve type , and depth . all statistics were performed in r at alpha = 0 . 05 unless otherwise specified [ 49 ] .\nlaboratory experiments were carried out in order to assess filtering and biodeposition rates , averaging , at + 1 \u00b0c temperature , 11 h \u22121 g \u22121 ( dw soft tissues ) and 5\u20136 mg dwg dw \u22121 day \u22121 , respectively . this allowed estimation of the c org flux , through biodeposition by a . colbecki , which is about 21 mg cm \u22122 day \u22121 under in situ conditions . on the basis of organic matter flux and laboratory estimates of adamussium feeding activity , it was possible to assess the important role of the scallop in coupling the energy flux from the water column to the sea bed , processing about 14 % of total carbon flux from the water column to the sediments , with an assimilation efficiency of 36 % .\nbioerosion traces made by c . antarcticus not only provide a record of the parasite load , but also reveal information about its population structure , recruitment patterns , and spatial distributions . four cibicides bioerosion traces were documented on adamussium shells from ec and bos . these traces represent ontogenetic stages from newly attached individuals that had just started to etch the shell ( t1 ) to parasitic adults with complete boreholes ( t4 ) . overall , early stage traces ( t1 - t2 ) were more common than later stage traces ( t3 - t4 ) at both localities , indicating that cibicides populations represent mostly younger individuals . we concur with alexander and delaca\u2019s [ 13 ] conclusions that adult c . antarcticus are parasitic , because incomplete and complete boreholes only occurred with larger individuals .\ncibicides contributes a non - trivial amount of caco 3 to the host - parasite relationship and represents contributions from younger individuals . cibicides mean caco 3 biomass represents 1 . 0\u20132 . 3 % of the total caco 3 biomass produced by cibicides and adamussium combined . these estimates are similar to biomass contributions for soft - bodied parasites of metazoans ( crabs , polychaetes , bivalves , birds ) from subtropical to warm - temperate estuaries [ 4 ] . additionally , cibicides caco 3 biomass at ec and bos represents mostly young individuals . a survivorship curve using biomass revealed that cibicides has a type i curve , indicative of low juvenile mortality and increasing mortality with age . most benthic foraminifera have a type iii curve characterized by high juvenile mortality with few surviving to adulthood [ 72 ] .\nthe unexploited antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki , has a circumpolar distribution across the continental shelf from 0 to nearly 1 500 m . during the 1986 austral summer a . colbecki was sampled with scuba to a depth of 30 m at new harbor , in the southwestern ross sea . quadrat collections revealed nearshore scallop densities up to 65 m \u22122 with biomasses approaching 2 kg m \u22122 . mark and recapture experiments showed that a . colbecki grew an order of magnitude more slowly than temperate scallop species and analyses of shell growth bands indicated that it may live up to 20 years . size frequency comparisons with earlier studies in the same area suggested that this scallop population has intermittent recruitment and is quite stable . estimates of yield per recruit indicate that relatively low levels of fishing pressure could cause the new harbor scallop population to collapse .\npopulation differences among the localities could be related to the host\u2019s age : the older the scallop , the longer cibicides can accumulate on the shell , thereby increasing population size . the size of adamussium is used as an age equivalent [ 55 , 57 ] . if we compared our shell sizes to a von bertalanffy growth equation generated by [ 56 ] , the approximate age for ec and bos scallops would be ~ 15 years and ~ 12 years for hg . if these age estimates are correct , the total cibicides population ( attached cibicides + traces ) should be similar between ec and bos with a smaller population at hg . that was not the case : ec had significantly higher total populations than bos . the results from the glm also revealed that attached cibicides populations did not increase with shell area despite hg and bos having slightly smaller and larger shells , respectively . other factors must be contributing to cibicides population dynamics .\nadamussium were collected from two depths ( 9 m , 18 m ) at each locality in november 2008 . scallops were haphazardly collected by divers ( i . e . , the nearest scallop bed that was closest to the dive site ) . valves of similar size were targeted to control for surface area that could affect cibicides abundance . five top ( left ) and five bottom ( right ) valves were randomly chosen from each depth for a total of 20 valves per locality . valve length , width , shell area , and weight were measured . mean shell height was similar for ec and bos ( ec : n = 20 , mean = 8 . 30 cm , sd = 0 . 30 ; bos : n = 20 , mean = 8 . 68 cm , sd = 0 . 38 ) ; valves from hg were slightly smaller ( n = 20 , mean = 7 . 11 cm , sd = 0 . 42 ) .\nthe scallop adamussium colbecki can be profitably used for monitoring antarctic coast environments but its utility would be increased if chemical analysis of pollutants were integrated with data on their biological effects . since oxidative stress is a common pathway of toxicity induced by xenobiotics , a biochemical characterization was carried out on the antioxidant system of this species and baseline data collected for future assessment of the anthropogenic impact in this remote area . the digestive gland and gills were investigated for the levels of glutathione and the activity of several glutathione - dependent and antioxidant enzymes : glutathione reductase , glyoxalase i , glyoxalase ii , glutathione s - transferases , se - dependent and se - independent glutathione peroxidases , catalase , superoxide dismutase . moreover , the total oxyradical scavenging capacity ( tosc ) against three potent oxidants was also measured in the microsomal and cytosolic fraction of the digestive gland . the dataset also contain measurements of the seasonal variations of the susceptibility to oxidative stress during the spring and summer months .\nstandard metabolic rates of the endemic antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) , were measured in austral summer and under simulated winter conditions . average mass - specific metabolic rates were significantly different between\nsummer\n( 151 . 17\u00b145 . 06 \u00b5l o 2 g - 1 h - 1 ) and\nwinter\n( 106 . 52\u00b139 . 65 \u00b5l o 2 g - 1 h - 1 ) animals . the overall metabolic rates of a . colbecki are comparable to those of other antarctic bivalve species , but well below those of temperate scallop species . data for 24 scallop populations ( 13 species ) from different latitudes give no evidence for elevated metabolic rates in a . colbecki as suggested by the concept of\nmetabolic cold adaptation\n. a world - wide comparison of metabolic rate and overall growth performance of scallops indicates that in the antarctic scallop the energetic advantage of low basal metabolism does not counterbalance the disadvantage of the prolonged seasonal period of food shortage .\nin terra nova bay , the scallop adamussium colbecki ( mollusca bivalvia ) constitutes large beds up to 70\u201380m in depth , reaching high values of density ( 50\u201360 ind m \u22122 ) and biomass ( 120 g m \u22122 dw soft tissues ) . its population structure and biometrics have been studied during the summer of 1989 / 90 , 1993 / 94 , 1994 / 95 and 1995 / 96 . the population of a . colbecki was studied in terms of abundance values and of size frequency distribution ( modal length class : 70\u201375 mm ) . the growth rate of this species was assessed by x - ray methods and averaged 8 mm year \u22121 . biometrical measures were performed in order to assess the influence of the summer increase in food supply on the life cycle of the scallop , showing a strong coupling between food supply and gonad development . on the basis of the gonadosomatic index values ( gsi ) and of the occurrence of planktonic larvae some speculations are made on the reproductive behaviour of this scallop .\nthe biology and ecology of the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki has been investigated on the west side of mcmurdo sound , antarctica , principally at explorers cove , during the austral summer of 1981\u20131982 . this conspicuous benthic invertebrate exhibits highest densities , 85 individuals m - 2 , in shallow ( 4 to 6 m ) water . densities decrease to 20 m - 2 at 30 m . biomass levels are highest in shallow water , 1 600 g wet wt m - 2 . provisional growth information suggests that 8 cm individuals are about 12 yr old . mortality is apparently caused chiefly by a hyposaline lens of seawater , which forms under the sea ice during the summer melt ; predators do not appear to be important . high biomass levels and a short generation time suggest that a . colbecki is an important species in a very productive community on the west side of mcmurdo sound . the shallow benthos of explorers cove is an important exception to the generalization that antarctic ecosystems are dominated by indigestible filter - feeders .\nthe bivalve adamussium colbecki is an endemic antarctic pectinid that can be locally abundant in nearshore habitats , sometimes as the dominant species . however , its distribution around the antarctic continent is rather puzzling , because it has a disjunct distribution , only occurring at some shallow , nearshore sites . furthermore , there are some records of living specimens from the deeper shelf . in order to understand the biogeography of this circum - antarctic species , we critically reviewed literature data on its distribution , comparing the available habitat information for those sites that have the most conspicuous populations of a . colbecki . we identified some major types of environments suitable for this species ; these environments , notwithstanding an apparent dissimilarity ( e . g . , in the trophic conditions ) , all share a good level of environmental \u201cstability\u201d . in shallow , nearshore areas , these environments are represented by calm hydrographical settings with permanent or persistent sea - ice coverage , while on the shelf , by areas with infrequent iceberg scouring without structured communities of suspension feeders .\nquasi - monthly samples of the antarctic pectinid bivalve adamussium colbecki were examined to determine the gametogenic pattern and periodicity . both female and male gametogenic patterns show a very distinct seasonal development , with the initiation of gametogenesis in october and spawning in late september and early october of the following year . the duration of the gametogenic cycle is unusually short for antarctic benthos , being 12 months . reproductive effort ( ratio of gonad mass to total tissue mass ) is significantly higher in males than females , and males are ready to spawn earlier in the austral winter than females . the digestive gland also shows a strong seasonal cycle but develops earlier than the gonad . we propose that energy from the spring bloom is stored in the digestive gland before being transferred to the gonads . gonad size , digestive - gland size and , to a lesser extent , adductor - muscle size , are related to adult size in most samples . the length of the gametogenic cycle suggests that reproduction in a . colbecki is more pectinid than antarctic .\ncaco 3 biomass density was calculated in two steps . first , the total number of attached cibicides on top valves was divided by the total shell area for each locality , yielding the mean number of cibicides per cm 2 . second , the mean number of cibicides per cm 2 was multiplied by the mean cibicides biomass to provide a conservative estimate of caco 3 biomass that was then converted to kg ha - 1 . the mean carbonate biomass density for adamussium was calculated by dividing the total shell caco 3 weight by the total shell area for each locality and converted to kg ha - 1 . mean caco 3 biomass density for both species was plotted with 95 % cis to determine if there were significant differences among localities . we then wanted to determine how much caco 3 cibicides contributes to the host - parasite relationship by examining its percent contribution [ after 4 ] . this percent was calculated using the mean biomass estimate divided by the host + parasite biomass ( in kg ha - 1 ) for each locality .\nthe bivalve adamussium colbecki is an endemic antarctic pectinid that can be locally abundant in nearshore habitats , sometimes as the dominant species . however , its distribution around the antarctic continent is rather puzzling , because it has a disjunct distribution , only occurring at some shallow , nearshore sites . furthermore , there are some records of living specimens from the deeper shelf . in order to understand the biogeography of this circum - antarctic species , we critically reviewed literature data on its distribution , comparing the available habitat information for those sites that have the most conspicuous populations of a . colbecki . we identified some major types of environments suitable for this species ; these environments , notwithstanding an apparent dissimilarity ( e . g . , in the trophic conditions ) , all share a good level of environmental\nstability\n. in shallow , nearshore areas , these environments are represented by calm hydrographical settings with permanent or persistent sea - ice coverage , while on the shelf , by areas with infrequent iceberg scouring without structured communities of suspension feeders .\ntraces revealed differences in recruitment patterns at the two antarctic localities . ec had mostly newly attached individuals ( t1 ) , while bos had significantly more of the next stage trace ( t2 ) that had small holes etched into the shell surface . ec also had more adults ( t3 and t4 ) than bos , but the difference was not significant . the variation in trace population structure suggests differences in cibicides reproduction and recruitment between ec and bos . perhaps sea ice algae and their associated nutrients facilitate higher reproductive rates for cibicides at ec . fluxes in sea ice nutrients could also contribute to higher population turnover at ec , which could account for the higher number of traces at this locality . cibicides also encrusts seafloor glacial erratics at ec and also occurs in sediments although these are likely dead individuals [ ssb personal observation ] . the population structure of cibicides on glacial erratics needs to be compared to those on adamussium valves . if population structure and test size are similar among these different substrates , then parasitism may not be that important for cibicides .\nwe first examined living cibicides populations and their bioerosion traces on adamussium across three antarctic marine localities from western mcmurdo sound in the ross sea : explorers cove , bay of sails and herbertson glacier . explorers cove is well known for its foraminifera [ 21 \u2013 25 ] . unlike the other localities , it has multiannual sea ice with partial melt outs since 1991 [ 26 ] . it is also situated at the mouth of the taylor dry valley , part of the largest ice - free region in antarctica [ 27 ] . bay of sails and herbertson glacier experience annual sea ice and are adjacent to glaciated terrane [ 26 , ssb and sew personal observations ] . microalgae and microbes associated with sea ice are a major food resource for arctic and antarctic organisms [ 28 \u2013 29 ] . foraminifera populations are higher at explorers cove than bay of sails , and this difference could be related to sea ice algae [ 26 ] . if so , then parasitism should be rare at explorers cove because suspension feeding and grazing would be more important trophic strategies .\nlysosomal and antioxidant responses were investigated in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki exposed under laboratory conditions to metals as well as in specimens transplanted from a pristine area to the bay receiving the discharges of the italian base . exposure to copper and mercury resulted in a significant reduction of lysosomal membrane stability and in the appearance of severe morphological alterations varying from the presence of enlarged lysosomes to the loss of lysosomal structures . more limited effects were observed in pb - exposed scallops . moreover , laboratory exposures to cu and hg greatly depleted the levels of total glutathione and the activities of catalase and glutathione s - transferases were significantly reduced . more variable were the responses of glutathione peroxidases while superoxide dismutase remained almost constant . the interaction between lysosomal alterations and antioxidant defences is discussed and the results interpreted in view of the extreme environmental conditions for the antarctic organisms . the results obtained from the transplantation experiment indicated only very limited effects on scallops translocated near the effluents of the italian base suggesting that the biological impact of the base should not have major deleterious consequences on benthic marine communities .\nbody size , geographical distribution , and biomass make adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) one of the most conspicuous bivalve species in the antarctic . based on samples collected in austral summer 1999 / 2000 in terra nova bay , the annual formation of shell growth bands visible on x - ray photographs was verified by stable isotope analysis . a general von bertalanffy growth function was fitted to size - at - age data of 25 individuals ( h ? = 108 . 86 mm , k = 0 . 114 year ? 1 , t0 = ? 0 . 367 , d = 1 . 284 ) . somatic production calculated from mass - specific growth rates was 234 . 6 kj m ? 2 year ? 1 . gonadal productivity amounted to 70 . 92 kj m ? 2 year ? 1 . annual somatic and gonad production - to - biomass ratios ( p / b ) were 0 . 199 and 0 . 052 , respectively . according to its consumption and production , a . colbecki is likely to play a significant role in the trophic web of terra nova bay .\nthe antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki ( smith , 1902 ) , is relevant to several areas of ecology . a . colbecki has a circumpolar distribution from 3 to nearly 1500 meters depth and can be used to compare nearshore and deep sea habitats . the antarctic scallop has abundant nearshore populations which remain unexploited and are valuable in the development of living resource conservation strategies . at new harbor , antarctica , the size frequency distribution and biomass of a . colbecki have remained relatively unchanged during this decade and may provide a basis for assessing the stability of this population . seasonal meltwater production from the sea ice and glaciers surrounding new harbor can influence the growth , recruitment , movement and survival of a . colbecki during the austral summer . the relative zonation of a . colbecki populations along with other antarctic nearshore benthic assemblages , may be related to changes in the volume of meltwater produced along the continental margin of antarctica over time scales from hundreds to thousands of years . a . colbecki may be a relict species in the southern ocean and a window into the evolution of the antarctic benthos . ^\nkaryotype , location of the nucleolar organiser region ( nor ) and heterochromatin presence and composition were studied in the antarctic scallop adamussium colbecki smith , 1902 . the karyotype exhibits 2n = 38 chromosomes with 11 pairs of metacentrics , 5 of submetacentrics , one subtelocentric and two telocentrics . ag - nor , cma ( 3 ) , da / mm and nor - fish evidenced paracentromeric nors on the short arm of 2nd pair chromosomes . digestion with three restriction endonucleases followed by sequential staining with giemsa , cma ( 3 ) and dapi evidenced on all chromosomes centromeric heterochromatin positive for both dapi and cma ( 3 ) . in situ hybridisation analysis showed the presence of an at - rich satellite dna in the centromeric heterochromatin of several chromosomes . a mosaicism was detected in the germinal cell lines of one specimen , as in six of the 20 plates examined the set had 37 chromosomes with a missing pair of telocentrics and an unpaired metacentric . comparison of the chromosome sets of all the pectinids studied to date and comparison with a phyletic tree obtained from molecular mitochondrial genes studies yielded good agreement between karyotype morphology and taxonomic classification .\nthe escape swimming performance of the antarctic scallop , adamussium colbecki , was measured in animals acclimated for 6 weeks to \u22121 , 0 or 2\u00b0c and tested at \u22121 . 5 to + 1 . 5\u00b0c . clap duration and swimming velocity were significantly related to temperature , but were not affected by acclimation , demonstrating no phenotypic plasticity . comparisons of the mean swimming velocity of a . colbecki with the published data for temperate and tropical species showed little evidence for evolutionary compensation for temperature , with all data fitting to a single exponential relationship with a q 10 of 2 . 08 ( 0\u201320\u00b0c ) . the contraction kinetics of the isolated fast adductor muscle of a . colbecki were determined and the times to 50 % peak tension and 50 % relaxation had q 10 s ( 0\u20134\u00b0c ) of 3 . 6 and 4 . 7 , respectively . the q 10 of the overall relationship for pooled time to peak twitch data for four scallop species was 2 . 05 ( 0\u201320\u00b0c ) . field studies revealed low mobility and poor escape performance in wild a . colbecki . a combination of thermodynamic constraints , reduced food supply , and lower selective pressure probably explains the low levels of swimming performance seen in a . colbecki .\nalternatively , a higher total population of cibicides at ec could be related to sea ice cover . ec was the only locality with persistent sea ice cover , lasting at least a decade prior to our study , whereas sea ice melts out every year at bos and hg . sea ice algae are strongly tied to sea ice cover , often reaching concentrations up to hundreds of mg m - 3 [ 30 ] . sea ice and its associated microbial communities provide nutrients for antarctic benthic organisms during austral summer and winter [ 30 \u2013 31 ] . as a result , antarctic benthic communities are strongly affected by sea ice algae distribution , as well as water column and benthic primary productivity [ 38 , 46 ] . in a study on trophic associations , a . colbecki and the echinoid sterechinus neumayeri had delta 15 n signatures indicative of a diet rich in sea ice algae and benthic detritus at ec . at terra nova bay , where sea ice melts out every year , adamussium fed on phytoplankton and sterechinus fed on benthic seaweeds [ 58 ] . additionally , studies in the bering sea have shown that a loss of sea ice leads to a decrease in benthic biomass and a shift towards pelagic ecosystems [ 59 ] . these results suggest that fluctuations in annual sea ice are related to the strength of trophic interactions . larger total cibicides population at ec could be linked to increased nutrients from sea ice algae , enhancing suspension feeding and grazing in this species ."]}
{"id": 127, "summary": [{"text": "in zoology , a nectarivore is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "nectar as a food source presents a number of benefits as well as challenges .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is essentially a solution of ( as much as 80 % ) the simple sugars sucrose , glucose and fructose , which are easily ingested and digested , representing a rich and efficient source of nutrition .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "this solution is often diluted either by the plant that produces it or by rain falling on a flower and many nectarivores possess adaptations to effectively rid themselves of any excess water ingested this way .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "however , nectar is an incomplete source of nutrition .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "while it does contain proteins and amino acids , these are found in low quantities , and it is severely deficient in minerals and vitamins .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "very few organisms consume nectar exclusively over their whole life cycle , either supplementing it with other sources , particularly insects ( thus overlapping with insectivores ) or only consuming it exclusively for a set period .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "many species are nectar robbers or nectar thieves , performing no pollination services to a plant while still consuming nectar .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "nectar is produced by flowering plants to attract pollinators to visit the flowers and transport pollen between them .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "flowers often have specialized structures that make the nectar accessible only for animals possessing appropriate morphological structures , and there are numerous examples of coevolution between nectarivores and the flowers they pollinate .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "for example , hummingbirds and hawkmoths have long narrow beaks that can reach nectar at the bottom of long tubular flowers .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "bats , meanwhile , visit open flowers where the nectar is not as deeply hidden . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "nectarivore", "paragraphs": ["nitrogen requirements of an old world nectarivore , the orange - tufted sunbird nectarinia osea .\nnitrogen requirements of an old world nectarivore , the orange - tufted sunbird nectarinia osea . - pubmed - ncbi\nnectarivore - ( from the greek work nektar , the drink of the gods ) a creature deriving its energy from the sugar rich nectar of flowering plants .\n\u2026that feed on nectar ( nectarivore s ) and have life spans longer than the flowering time of one plant species have mutualistic relationships with a succession of pollinating species in order to survive .\nduring the same time that a [ pis ] m [ ellifera ] adansonii encounters on flowers were registered , we noted the type of floral products collected by this bee . this parameter was measured to determine if a . m . adansonii is strictly a pollinivore , nectarivore or pollinivore and nectarivore . this could give us an idea of its implication as a cross - pollinator of g [ ossypium ] hirsutum .\ncitation : welch kc jr , allalou a , sehgal p , cheng j , ashok a ( 2013 ) glucose transporter expression in an avian nectarivore : the ruby - throated hummingbird ( archilochus colubris ) . plos one 8 ( 10 ) : e77003 . urltoken\ncolour me in . it ' s nectar of a new sort . nectarivore certifed organic ipa , a big hoppy , colourful cocktail of organic new zealand hops , pineapple sage and hibiscus . there ' s oodles of colour inside , but we ' ve left the outside to you . stay in the lines , or not - it ' s up to you . happy 25th birthday common sense organics .\nanother possible route for elimination of surplus water is through evaporation . evaporative water loss ( ewl ) of anna ' s hummingbird is high because of its high mass - specific metabolic rate , but high excretory losses mean that ewl still represents a far smaller proportion of daily water loss compared with other birds and mammals ( powers , 1992 ) . estimates calculated from the difference between water gain and cloacal fluid output have also yielded high ewl values for sunbirds and honeyeaters ( collins , 1981 ; fleming and nicolson , 2003 ; lotz and nicolson , 1999 ) . nothing is known of the partitioning of evaporation between cutaneous and respiratory routes , but cutaneous ewl is influenced by hydration state in other birds ( williams et al . , 2012 ) . unfortunately , the high excretory output of avian nectarivores complicates the direct measurement of ewl , and the pharmacokinetic method has proved unreliable for its estimation ( purchase et al . , 2013b ) . further research in this area is required to determine the role of evaporation in osmoregulation for the three avian nectarivore lineages .\nsugar preferences and sucrase activity in nectar - feeding birds . ( a ) concentration - dependent sugar preferences of red wattlebirds , anthochaera carunculata ( fleming et al . , 2008 ) . birds were offered pairs of sucrose and hexose ( fructose + glucose ) solutions of varying concentrations from 0 . 075 to 2 mol l \u22121 sucrose equivalents ( se ) . diets where birds did not achieve energy balance are indicated with increasingly lighter shaded symbols . values are means \u00b1 1 s . d . index of sugar preference ( i . e . hexose ingested as a proportion of total sugar ingested ) . asterisks indicate significant preferences for either hexose or sucrose diets ( * p < 0 . 05 ) and different letters indicate diets that were significantly different from each other in terms of the index of sugar preference ( anova and post hoc analysis ) . ( b ) relationship between degree of hexose preference ( i . e . minimum concentration where no sugar preference was indicated ) and standardized intestinal sucrase activity in 11 nectarivore species ( napier et al . , 2013 ) . data are average values for each species . white symbols denote diet generalists and grey symbols nectar specialists .\nwhole - kidney glomerular filtration rate ( gfr ; a measure of the rate at which the kidneys filter the plasma ) is much more responsive to hydration state in birds than in mammals , decreasing with dehydration or salt loading and increasing with water loading ( goldstein and skadhauge , 2000 ) . studies carried out in a range of bird species indicate that this is due to release of arginine vasotocin ( avt ) , which acts mainly on gfr , while having a relatively modest effect on the water permeability of the collecting ducts ( goldstein , 2006 ; nishimura and fan , 2003 ) . the reduction of gfr by avt occurs through a decrease in filtration by reptilian - type nephrons , with mammalian - type nephrons being less affected ( goldstein and skadhauge , 2000 ) . in nectarivores , plasma avt concentration increases with increasing sugar concentration , presumably reflecting a hormonal response to increased plasma osmotic concentration ( gray et al . , 2004 ) . surprisingly , in view of the high variation in water intake , gfr does not vary with water loading for the three avian nectarivore lineages ( goldstein and bradshaw , 1998 ; hartman bakken and sabat , 2006 ; purchase et al . , 2013b ) , although gfr is greatly reduced at night ( see below ) .\nhigh water fluxes are a problem for salt conservation , and avian nectarivores are very efficient at minimizing electrolyte losses in the cloacal fluid : for example , whitebellied sunbirds feeding on 0 . 25 mol l \u22121 sucrose solutions void cloacal fluid with an osmolality of only 6 mosmol kg \u22121 ( fleming and nicolson , 2003 ) . despite similar abilities to produce copious volumes of dilute excreta across the three nectarivore lineages , the birds handle dilute diets differently . extremely dilute , sucrose diets devoid of electrolytes cause hummingbirds to stop feeding and go into torpor , while honeyeaters and sunbirds suffer decreased plasma sodium levels and are unable to maintain energy balance ( fleming et al . , 2004c ; goldstein and bradshaw , 1998 ; lotz and mart\u00ednez del rio , 2004 ) . nectarivores thus appear to be constrained in their intake of dilute diets due to hyponatremia , i . e . low plasma sodium concentration ( fleming and nicolson , 2003 ) , and the addition of even small amounts of sodium ( 5\u201310 mmol l \u22121 ) to very dilute sucrose diets results in a marked decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration ( the active principle of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system , stimulating renal reabsorption of sodium ) ( fleming et al . , 2004a ) and enables whitebellied sunbirds and new holland honeyeaters to increase consumption , up to an extraordinary eight times their body mass daily ( purchase et al . , 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nparallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots , key innovations and the diversification of the loriinae . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nparallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots , key innovations and the diversification of the loriinae .\nschweizer m 1 , g\u00fcntert m 1 , seehausen o 2 , leuenberger c 3 , hertwig st 1 .\nnaturhistorisches museum der burgergemeinde bern bernastrasse 15 , ch 3005 , bern , switzerland .\naquatic ecology and macroevolution , institute of ecology & evolution , university of bern baltzerstrasse 6 , ch 3012 , bern , switzerland ; fish ecology and evolution , eawag seestrasse 79 , ch 6047 , kastanienbaum , switzerland .\ndepartment of quantitative economics , university of fribourg boulevard de p\u00e9rolles 90 , ch 1700 , fribourg , switzerland .\nspecialization to nectarivory is associated with radiations within different bird groups , including parrots . one of them , the australasian lories , were shown to be unexpectedly species rich . their shift to nectarivory may have created an ecological opportunity promoting species proliferation . several morphological specializations of the feeding tract to nectarivory have been described for parrots . however , they have never been assessed in a quantitative framework considering phylogenetic nonindependence . using a phylogenetic comparative approach with broad taxon sampling and 15 continuous characters of the digestive tract , we demonstrate that nectarivorous parrots differ in several traits from the remaining parrots . these trait - changes indicate phenotype - environment correlations and parallel evolution , and may reflect adaptations to feed effectively on nectar . moreover , the diet shift was associated with significant trait shifts at the base of the radiation of the lories , as shown by an alternative statistical approach . their diet shift might be considered as an evolutionary key innovation which promoted significant non - adaptive lineage diversification through allopatric partitioning of the same new niche . the lack of increased rates of cladogenesis in other nectarivorous parrots indicates that evolutionary innovations need not be associated one - to - one with diversification events .\npmid : 25165525 pmcid : pmc4130445 doi : 10 . 1002 / ece3 . 1131\nlongitudinal section through the epithelium at the border ( arrow ) between the esophagus ( right ) and the proventriculus ( left ) of psittrichas fulgidus . the compound glands ( cg ) of the proventriculus can be clearly distinguished from the mucous glands ( mg ) of the lower part of the esophagus .\nschematic illustration of a caudal view and a transverse section along the median plane between the tendineal centers ( right ) of the gizzard . the measurements taken in this study are indicated . modified from ziswiler ( ) .\nschematic illustration of a transverse section through the gizzards along the median plane between the tendineal centres of a nectarivorous ( vini australis , left ) and a granivorous parrot ( neophema chrysostoma , right ) .\nbest - scoring maximum likelihood tree including bootstrap values above 70 % indicated at nodes . this tree was used for the formulation of the hypothesis of the variance - covariance matrix of the error terms in the regression analyses . nectarivorous species are shown in red .\nnatural - log transformed values of the different independent variables against natural - log transformed body masses including the regression lines of the best - fitting model . for all these traits , the data were best explained by an allometric relationship between the dependent and independent variables .\nnatural - log transformed values of the different independent variables against natural - log transformed body masses including the regression lines of the best - fitting models . for all these traits , a model including the nectarivorous diet as a covariate with different intercepts but the same slope was considered as the best - fitting model .\nout of the 40 . 000 or more species of spiders found up to date , every single one of them is a predator , capturing their prey using a complicated web , hunting them directly , or using other creative methods ; all except one , that is . bagheera kiplingi ( odd choice for a veggie spider ) is the first species that primarily feasts on something else than meat .\nthe type of plants it enjoys is called beltian bodies , and it basically represents leaf - tip structures that are produced by acacia . what\u2019s really interesting is that another animal that fancies the same food is the ant . some ants have an almost symbiotic relationship with the acacia shrubs , living in the hollow spines and eating an amount that also allows the acacia to thrive , and protecting the plants from other invaders . this relationship has been studied and described in numerous studies .\n\u201cthis is really the first spider known to specifically \u2018hunt\u2019 plants ; it is also the first known to go after plants as a primary food source , \u201d said christopher meehan of villanova university , who took notice of the spiders during a field course in mexico .\neven more , this species of spider is the first known to eat solid vegetative food at all . they do occasionally prey on small invertebrates , but in an overwhelming proportion , their food is vegetal .\n\u201ci\u2019ve done the math several times , and even the most conservative estimates point to near - total vegetarianism , \u201d meehan said . \u201calmost all of the prey that the spiders do eat are acacia - defending ant larvae . \u201d\n\u201cspiders aren\u2019t really thought to be capable of eating solid food at all , \u201d meehan said . spiders digest their prey externally , he explained , and any matter bigger than about one micrometer gets filtered out of the vital juices in the spider\u2019s pharynx . beltian bodies , however , are 80 percent structural fiber , and quite large by spider standards . \u201cthe acacia spiders consume these nutrient - enriched\u2014but not particularly nutrient - rich\u2014\u2019vegetables\u2019 completely , often in less than five minutes . \u201d\nbut eating the food of an ant colony\u2026 that\u2019s definitely not something you should be eager to do , so how does the spider get away with it ? ? well , according to meehan , they have what can only be called \u201csheer wit\u201d .\n\u201cjumping spiders in general possess incredibly advanced sensory - cognitive skills and eight - legged agility , and bagheera is no exception , \u201d he said . \u201cindividuals employ diverse , situation - specific strategies to evade ants , and the ants simply cannot catch them . \u201d\nenjoyed this article ? join 40 , 000 + subscribers to the zme science newsletter . subscribe now !\n\u00a9 2007 - 2017 zme science . all rights reserved . privacy policy | about | authors | contact .\navenues of water gain and loss in bees are examined here at two levels of organisation : the individual and the colony . compared with the majority of terrestrial insects , bees have a high water turnover . this is due to their nectar diet and , in larger species , substantial metabolic water production during flight , counteracted by high evaporative and excretory losses . water fluxes at the colony level can also be very high . when incoming nectar is dilute , honeybees need to remove large volumes of water by evaporation . on the other hand , water is not stored in the nest and must be collected for evaporative cooling and for feeding the brood . water regulation has many similarities at individual and colony levels . in particular , manipulation of nectar or water on the tongue is extensively used by bees to increase evaporation for either food - concentrating or cooling purposes .\nbees are not normally model insects for studying water balance . bee physiology is characterised by endothermy in even small species ( stone and willmer , 1989 ) and is complicated by the social context . bees show the full spectrum of sociality : although most are solitary it is the social bumblebees and honeybees whose physiology and behaviour are most familiar to us ( willmer and stone , 2004 ) . in addition , the sophisticated thermal physiology of bees has received much more attention ( e . g . heinrich , 1985 ; kovac et al . , 2007 ) than their water regulation . here i briefly examine the water balance physiology of bees , considering the usual avenues of water gain and loss , at two levels of organisation : the individual and the colony , sometimes termed a ` superorganism ' ( moritz and southwick , 1992 ) . it is accepted that social homeostasis can be explained by the coordinated activity of bees as individuals , responding to their internal or external environment , without the need to invoke centralised control ( jones and oldroyd , 2007 ; seeley , 1995 ) .\nwater fluxes of honeybees can be very high at the colony level . for example , seeley estimated average annual requirements of 120 kg of nectar , 20 kg of pollen and 25 litres of water for a single wild colony ( seeley , 1995 ) . this applies to honeybees in cold temperate conditions , and the estimate for nectar includes substantial energy stores required for over - wintering . the seasonal cycles of african honeybees are limited by rainfall , not temperature , and better foraging weather means that in comparison massive honey stores are not needed ( hepburn and radloff , 1998 ) .\nwhile male bees of most species take care of their own energetic needs , all female bees forage far beyond their individual needs , collecting pollen and nectar as provisions for the offspring they raise ; therefore activity patterns of the sexes may be very different ( willmer and stone , 2004 ) . where comparisons have been made , male xylocopa capitata and anthophora plumipes carry much smaller crop loads than do females ( louw and nicolson , 1983 ; stone , 1995 ) . the impermeable crop expands greatly for storage and transport of nectar and protects the haemolymph from osmotic shock . apis mellifera workers can carry close to their body mass in nectar , although crop loads tend to be much smaller ( schmid - hempel et al . , 1985 ) and are positively correlated with the nectar concentration ( hunt et al . , 1995 ) . this suggests that under natural conditions honeybees might carry less than during experiments in which they are fed concentrated sugar syrup ( e . g . park , 1932 ; waller , 1972 ) . their feeding system is designed to retain nectar in the crop for as long as possible . sugar leaves the crop at a rate dependent on the metabolic rate of the individual , but the fluid - emptying rate ( and the rate of rectal filling ) are inversely proportional to nectar concentration ( roces and blatt , 1999 ) .\nfemale allodapula variegata concentrating the dilute ( 14 % ) nectar of aloe arborescens by evaporation . the regurgitated droplet , held under the tongue , is repeatedly sucked in and out and may be very large in relation to the size of the bee ( body length 7 mm ) . photo , michael ellis .\nfresh pollen is relatively dehydrated after exposure at anthesis , but its water content increases after collection by bees due to the addition of nectar and glandular secretions ( human and nicolson , 2006 ) . the larval diets of bees vary greatly in water content ( roubik , 1989 ) . the water content of royal jelly is around 67 % ( wongchai and ratanavalachai , 2002 ) , but the larval food of stingless bees contains less water , a thicker consistency being necessary for larvae floating on top of mass provisions ( hartfelder and engels , 1989 ) . large carpenter bees provision their nests with semi - solid masses of pollen combined with nectar , giving a final water content of only 20 % in the provisions of x . capitata ( louw and nicolson , 1983 ) . in xylocopa mordax , nectar is pre - concentrated on the tongue for this purpose ( corbet and willmer , 1980 ) .\nhoneybees prefer sugar concentrations of 30\u201350 % ( sugar concentrations here are given as % w / w as in refractometer measurements ) under experimental conditions ( waller , 1972 ) , but in practice they collect from a much wider range of nectars . seeley measured 15\u201365 % in nectar loads being brought into a single colony ( seeley , 1986 ) , and hunt and colleagues recorded a similar range of concentrations in incoming loads ( hunt et al . , 1995 ) . the choice of nectar concentration depends on the ecological context , i . e . on the other food sources available at the time . this has long been a complicating factor in experimental studies of honeybee foraging behaviour . for example , lindauer found that the threshold sucrose concentration for eliciting recruitment behaviour declined from 55 % to 4 % as the german summer progressed ( lindauer , 1948 ) . empirical measurements of energy intake rate in bees show peak values at sucrose concentrations around 60 % in bumblebees , stingless bees and honeybees ( harder , 1986 ; roubik and buchmann , 1984 ) . note that for orchid bees ( euglossini ) , which use suction feeding rather than a lapping mechanism , optimal concentrations are lower and more dilute nectars are collected ( borrell , 2004 ) .\ncommunal food storage requires that the osmolality of honey is high enough to inhibit microbial growth ( pusey , 1999 ) . in honeybees this is achieved first by hydrolysis of nectar sucrose to glucose and fructose , through the addition of hypopharyngeal gland enzymes , and then through evaporative processing by food - handling bees to reach a concentration of about 82 % . these bees evaporate nectar on their tongues before placing droplets in open cells for further evaporation , accelerated by fanning ( park , 1925 ) . among stingless bees , workers drink water condensed in the nest during honey ripening and regurgitate it outside the entrance ( roubik , 2006 ) . their ripened honey is around 70 % in concentration and tends to ferment ( cortopassi - laurino et al . , 2006 ; roubik , 2006 ) . note that uncapped honey is hygroscopic and absorbs water , so can be both a sink and source of water in the nest .\ntrophallaxis is the regurgitation of the crop contents of a donor bee for ingestion by receiver bees . extremely rapid distribution of incoming nectar was demonstrated by nixon and ribbands , who fed radiolabelled food to six foragers and were able to detect the label in 62 % of all foragers after only 4 h and in all large larvae in unsealed cells after 48 h ( nixon and ribbands , 1952 ) . trophallactic interactions ensure that homeostasis is achieved in the ` collective stomach ' of all workers , which is a nectar reserve for the colony ( schmickl and crailsheim , 2004 ) . similarly , colonies preparing to swarm store concentrated food in their crops , comprising 20\u201330 % of the mass of individuals and of the swarm ( combs , 1972 ) . in addition to its nutritional significance , liquid transfer between adults is a means of exchange of information about the quality and quantity of food reserves in the colony ( crailsheim , 1998 ) .\nit is not clear whether solitary bees drink water for their own needs , as distinct from seeking dilute nectar . large aggregations of bees of various genera can be seen foraging at wet soil substrates in the tropics , then regurgitating and reimbibing fluid , and this may be a means of obtaining salts ( roubik , 1989 ) . although bumblebees are not expected to drink , marked bombus terrestris were observed drinking repeatedly from a water trough during warm conditions ( ferry and corbet , 1996 ) : it is unlikely that individual bumblebees would have a water deficit so this was probably for the benefit of the colony . when groups of 100 honeybees are confined in cages and provided with 67 % sugar , they drink about 10 \u03bcl of water daily at t a of 35\u00b0c and 40\u00b0c ( free and spencer - booth , 1958 ) .\nhoneybee colonies collect water for two reasons , related to different types of weather : for cooling of the brood area by evaporation on hot days , and for feeding the larval brood when foraging is limited on cool days ( lindauer , 1955 ; seeley , 1995 ) . the classic studies of lindauer showed how bees regulate the hive temperature in hot conditions ( lindauer , 1955 ) . water is collected by water foragers , then distributed around the hive and in cells containing eggs and larvae ; fanning accelerates its evaporation , as does regurgitation and evaporation on the tongue ( lindauer , 1955 ) . visscher and colleagues measured mean water loads of 44 mg in honeybees collecting water under desert conditions ( visscher et al . , 1996 ) . paper wasps and hornets also use water for cooling their nests , but the highly social stingless bees do not ( jones and oldroyd , 2007 ; roubik , 2006 ) .\nthe second need for water \u2013 for consumption by nurse bees when feeding the brood \u2013 is an aspect of water use by honeybees that tends to be underestimated ( johansson and johansson , 1978 ) . nurse bees feed young larvae a secretion from their hypopharyngeal glands ; for worker larvae after the third day this jelly is supplemented with honey and pollen ( crailsheim , 1998 ) . as already mentioned , the water content of royal jelly is high , so nurse bees have a great need for water when brood rearing is intensive ; this water cannot always be obtained from nectar .\nthe regulation of water collection in honeybees is discussed in detail by seeley ( seeley , 1995 ) . in essence , the rate of unloading of water foragers indicates the colony demand for water ( i . e . the feedback system is similar to that for nectar ) . in this way the balance between collection and consumption of water is maintained . importantly , water collection does not interfere with the collection of concentrated nectar by the colony ( kuhnholz and seeley , 1997 ) . the first bees to start water collection may be stimulated by the collective increase in crop sugar concentration of all bees in the nest , due to trophallaxis ( lindauer , 1955 ; seeley , 1995 ) , or possibly by the collective increase in haemolymph osmolality . apart from environmental factors , the tendency of honeybee foragers to collect water , nectar or pollen has a genetic component ( hunt et al . , 1995 ) . workers with the lowest sucrose response thresholds , i . e . those able to distinguish low sucrose concentrations from water in proboscis extension response tests , become water foragers ( pankiw and page , 2000 ) .\nwater foraging is regulated according to current demand and water is not stored in combs by temperate honeybee colonies : this is because nectar availability fluctuates widely and water sources usually do not ( seeley , 1995 ) . for african honeybees , occasional water storage has been recorded in wild bee nests , as after summer rain in the kalahari desert ( eksteen and johannsmeier , 1991 ) . park recorded temporary storage of water in the crops of ` reservoir bees ' ( park , 1923 ) .\nstudies on the mechanisms by which bees thermoregulate in flight have yielded data on the relative magnitudes of metabolic water gains and evaporative water losses for bees as individuals . metabolic water production by large flying bees ( xylocopa and bombus ) is substantial ( bertsch , 1984 ; nicolson and louw , 1982 ) , especially at low or moderate t a . honeybees ferrying large water loads to the hive at high t a produce enough metabolic water to offset their evaporative water losses ( louw and hadley , 1985 ) . however , it cannot be assumed that metabolic gains will balance evaporative losses in flight . because variation in metabolic heat production is used by bees ( apis and centris ) as a primary mechanism of thermoregulation in flight ( roberts and harrison , 1999 ; roberts et al . , 1998 ) , at high t a metabolic water production will decrease as evaporative water loss increases . for individual bees , the thermal environment is crucial to water balance in flight .\nbees engaged in brood warming generate metabolic heat using their flight muscles . at low t a , the metabolic rates of incubating bumblebees are extremely high ( heinrich , 1974 ) . honeybee brood nest temperatures are maintained constant at about 35\u00b0c by bees that ` shiver ' on the comb surface or inside empty cells in the brood area ( kleinhenz et al . , 2003 ) , and high metabolic water production can be assumed during this energy - intensive heating activity . however , the general colony heat production to which all workers contribute does not require much increase in metabolism ( harrison , 1987 ) .\nin flying a . mellifera and centris pallida there is a negative relationship between water balance and t a , the bees being in negative water balance at t a above 31\u00b0c ( roberts and harrison , 1999 ; roberts et al . , 1998 ) . although the cuticular permeability of both species increases with t a , neither cuticular nor respiratory water losses are sufficient to explain the very high evaporative water losses at high t a . these probably involve cooling mechanisms such as regurgitation of crop contents onto the proboscis ( heinrich , 1980 ) . this ` tongue lashing ' at high t a has been observed in a variety of bees ( roberts and harrison , 1998 ) and in honeybees has been shown to increase evaporative losses dramatically ( louw and hadley , 1985 ) . as a result , the thoracic temperatures of nectar and water foragers are significantly lower than those of pollen foragers ( cooper et al . , 1985 ; feuerbacher et al . , 2003 ) .\nthe amount of water that has to be evaporated from dilute nectar is enormous ( fig . 2 ) . in order to increase the sugar concentration from 20 % to 82 % , bees must evaporate 0 . 75 g water for every 1 g of nectar collected , and the mass of honey produced from a given mass of nectar is correspondingly reduced . recently we have shown that foragers of a . mellifera scutellata collecting dilute nectar of aloe greatheadii var . davyana in dry winter air begin to concentrate the nectar before returning to the hive ( nicolson and human , 2008 ) . because the crop is impermeable to both sugar and water , we can only explain the doubling of crop sugar concentration , from 20 % to 40 % , by evaporation on the tongue . this contradicts the conventional wisdom that the concentration of nectar is unchanged during its transport by bees between flowers and the hive ( park , 1932 ) . the advantage for the bees lies in reducing the water load that has to be carried and the amount of evaporation needed in the hive ( fig . 2 ) ; the cooling effect is less desirable for individual foragers but disturbances of heat or water balance can be corrected in the hive .\nrelative masses of sugar and water in nectars of various concentrations and in honey ( horizontal red line ) . the figure shows the nectar - processing advantage for apis mellifera scutellata workers concentrating the nectar of aloe greatheadii var . davyana from 20 % to 40 % on their tongues : two - thirds of the necessary evaporation is achieved before the bees return to the hive ( nicolson and human , 2008 ) .\nthe various processes involved in cooling the honeybee nest \u2013 collecting water , spreading it within the brood comb , and speeding its evaporation by fanning and regurgitation \u2013 have been mentioned above . this enables the temperature in the brood area to be precisely regulated at 35\u00b0c , but humidity in the hive is less constant ( human et al . , 2006 ) . air in the hive will generally be more humid than outside , as a result of transpiration of the inhabitants and evaporation during nectar flows . while high humidity is necessary for brood development , a dry atmosphere favours nectar ripening . we have measured absolute humidity ( thus excluding temperature effects ) in various regions of the hive , and found higher values in the brood area than in nectar stores , suggesting adjustments by the bees ( human et al . , 2006 ) . however , trade - offs with regulation of temperature and respiratory gases will disrupt the establishment of optimum humidity levels .\ncolony level respiration is important in social homeostasis . periodic synchronised fanning leads to tidal ventilation in honeybees and stingless bees when only one nest entrance is present ( moritz and crewe , 1988 ; southwick and moritz , 1987 ) . measurement of cyclic fluctuations in water vapour pressure and temperature at the nest entrance would enable estimation of evaporative water losses at the colony level .\nthe non - random disposal of the excreta of social insects , such as ejecting faeces late in larval development , is assumed to be for hygienic reasons ( weiss , 2006 ) . in honeybee larvae , the midgut\u2013hindgut junction is occluded until the end of the larval stage , and defaecation coincides with cocoon formation , the excreta being incorporated into the structure of the cocoon ( jay , 1964 ) . healthy adult apis do not defaecate in the nest , even during overwintering in temperate climates ( but defaecation in or around the nest is a sign of infection with the midgut parasite nosema ) . defaecation flights occur when weather permits , and until then rectal fluid may be stored for prolonged periods , the distended rectum occupying much of the abdominal cavity ( fig . 3 ) . obviously an individual honeybee ' s water content fluctuates enormously depending on the volume of crop or rectal contents . an inverse relationship between crop and rectal volumes has been measured in honeybees confined for varying times after feeding ( roces and blatt , 1999 ) .\nmass defaecation flights are conspicuous in tropical honeybees , and led to the ` yellow rain ' scare , due to the high proportion of pollen exines in the faeces ( mardan and kevan , 1989 ) . heat - shedding benefits have been suggested for the giant honeybee apis dorsata , which builds exposed combs and engages in mass flights involving half the colony , each bee jettisoning 20 % of its body mass ( mardan and kevan , 1989 ) . however , more comprehensive recordings for the same species show that mass flight activity is highest during maximum brood production , and timed so that brood temperature is minimally affected by the temporary absence of the protective curtain of bees ( woyke et al . , 2004 ) . water shedding may be a more important function of mass flights than heat shedding .\nbees are less subject to desiccation than most terrestrial insects . this is because their nectar diet and high metabolic water production during flight frequently generate excess water . water fluxes in the honeybee colony are also high , due to honey ripening and periodic water demand for evaporative cooling and for feeding the brood . very importantly , the favourable microclimate created by the nest architecture and its densely aggregated inhabitants reduces evaporative water losses and provides a hydric and thermal refuge for returning foragers .\nhoneybee abdomen showing full crop ( a ) or full rectum ( b ) . adapted from plate 8 in dade ( dade , 1962 ) .\nworkers of apis mellifera do not forage for themselves and in social bees there is a blurring between the individual and colony in terms of water balance physiology . common to water regulation at both the individual and colony level is the regurgitation of nectar or water on the tongue for evaporative purposes . this is involved in water elimination from nectar both in the hive and during foraging , and water is evaporated in the same way to cool either the hive or the individual bee in flight . heinrich has previously drawn attention to the similarities in individual cooling , nest cooling and food storage behaviours ( heinrich , 1985 ) . perhaps these all originate in bubbling ( a term i prefer to tongue lashing ) , which appears to function as a nectar - concentrating mechanism in a variety of bees , and may have a profound influence on the water balance physiology of solitary bees in addition to social homeostasis . the high propensity of bees for regurgitation is important in both trophallaxis , which is not confined to highly social species ( kukuk and crozier , 1990 ) , and bubbling to evaporate water .\ni thank julian dow for inviting me to contribute to this volume , connal eardley for identifying allodapine bees , and christian pirk for commenting on the manuscript . the paper is dedicated to simon maddrell and his enduring fascination with water in insects .\ncooper , p . d . , schaffer , w . m . and buchmann , s . l .\n) . pollination of the yellow passionfruit : nectar , pollen and carpenter bees .\ncortopassi - laurino , m . , inmperatriz - fonseca , v . l . , roubik , d . w . , dollin , a . , heard , t . , aguilar , i . , venturieri , g . c . , eardley , c . and nogueira - neto , p .\nfeuerbacher , e . , fewell , j . h . , roberts , s . p . , smith , e . f . and harrison , j . f .\n) . effects of nectar concentration and flower depth on flower handling efficiency of bumble bees .\n) . the composition of larval food in stingless bees : evaluating nutritional balance by chemosystematic methods .\nhendrichs , j . , cooley , s . s . and prokopy , r . j .\n) . post - feeding bubbling behaviour in fluid - feeding diptera : concentration of crop contents by oral evaporation of excess water .\nhuman , h . , nicolson , s . w . and dietemann , v .\nhummon , a . b . , richmond , t . a . , verleyen , p . , baggerman , g . , huybrechts , j . , ewing , m . a . , vierstraete , e . , rodriguez - zas , s . l . , schoofs , l . , robinson , g . e . et al .\nhunt , g . j . , page , r . e . , fondrk , m . k . and dullum , c . j .\njohansson , t . s . k . and johansson , m . p .\nkleinhenz , m . , bujok , b . , fuchs , s . and tautz , j .\nkovac , h . , stabentheiner , a . , hetz , s . k . , petz , m . and crailsheim , k .\n) . uber die einwirkung von duft - und geschmackstoffen sowie anderer faktoren auf die t\u00e4nze der bienen .\nmoritz , r . f . a . and crewe , r . m .\nmoritz , r . f . a . and southwick , e . e .\n) . the importance of osmosis in nectar secretion and its consumption by insects .\n) . simultaneous measurement of evaporative water loss , oxygen consumption , and thoracic temperature during flight in a carpenter bee .\n) . effect of nectar on microbial antagonists evaluated for use in control of fire blight of pome fruits .\nroberts , s . p . , harrison , j . f . and hadley , n . f .\n( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest .\n) . inner nest homeostasis in a changing environment with special emphasis on honey bee brood nursing and pollen supply .\nschmid - hempel , p . , kacelnik , a . and houston , a . i .\n) . social foraging by honeybees : how colonies allocate foragers among patches of flowers .\nsouthwick , e . e . and moritz , r . f . a .\n) . warm - up rates and body temperatures in bees : the importance of body size , thermal regime and phylogeny .\nvisscher , p . k . , crailsheim , k . and sherman , g .\n) . evaluating responses of honeybees to sugar solutions using an artificial - flower feeder .\n) . behavioral , ecological , and physiological determinants of the activity patterns of bees .\nwoyke , j . , kruk , c . , wilde , j . and wilde , m .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n\u201cone of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . \u201d\nin our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso\u2019s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields . we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science . find out more here and apply by the extended deadline , 20 july 2018 .\nregulation of energy and water are by necessity closely linked in avian nectarivores , because the easily available sugars in nectar are accompanied by an excess of water but few electrolytes . in general , there is convergence in morphology and physiology between three main lineages of avian nectarivores that have evolved on different continents \u2013 the hummingbirds , sunbirds and honeyeaters . these birds show similar dependence of sugar preferences on nectar concentration , high intestinal sucrase activity and rapid absorption of hexoses via mediated and paracellular routes . there are differences , however , in how these lineages deal with energy challenges , as well as processing the large volumes of preformed water ingested in nectar . while hummingbirds rely on varying renal water reabsorption , the passerine nectarivores modulate intestinal water absorption during water loading , thus reducing the impact on the kidneys . hummingbirds do not generally cope with salt loading , and have renal morphology consistent with their ability to produce copious dilute urine ; by contrast , as well as being able to deal with dilute diets , honeyeaters and sunbirds are more than capable of dealing with moderately high levels of added electrolytes . and finally , in response to energy challenge , hummingbirds readily resort to torpor , while the passerines show renal and digestive responses that allow them to deal with short - term fasts and rapidly restore energy balance without using torpor . in conclusion , sunbirds and honeyeaters demonstrate a degree of physiological plasticity in dealing with digestive and renal challenges of their nectar diet , while hummingbirds appear to be more constrained by this diet .\nnectar has been described as \u2018the simplest food on earth\u2019 ( mart\u00ednez del rio et al . , 2001 ) , but nevertheless may pose significant physiological challenges for animals feeding on it . since we reviewed the topic a decade ago ( nicolson and fleming , 2003b ) , researchers in the americas , africa and australia have made substantial progress towards comparing the physiology of the three main lineages of specialized avian nectarivores : the hummingbirds ( trochilidae ) , sunbirds ( nectariniidae ) and honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fig . 1 ) . numerous other bird families show varying reliance on nectar ( nicolson and fleming , 2003b ; symes et al . , 2008 ) , but this commentary will focus on how the main radiations deal with the challenges of nectarivory , highlighting both convergence and differences in their responses .\nthe relatively low concentration of bird nectars [ compared with insect nectars ( pyke and waser , 1981 ) ] is the fundamental reason for the physiological problems associated with a nectar diet . flowers visited by hummingbirds and sunbirds produce nectar averaging 10\u201330 \u03bcl in volume and 15\u201325 % w / w ( 0 . 5\u20130 . 8 mol l \u22121 sucrose equivalents ) in concentration [ while flowers visited by generalist birds produce nectars that are even more copious and dilute ( johnson and nicolson , 2008 ) ] . nectar can also be diluted by rainfall events . the challenge of drinking dilute diets is that the birds must handle large volumes of preformed water , necessitating fast transit times ( i . e . time for food to pass through the gut , thus minimizing mass gain , which would interfere with flight ) , and yet maintain high assimilation efficiency , while also warming this large volume of fluid to body temperature . more concentrated nectars are likely to be less problematic , because switching between plants would enable birds to access more dilute nectar and thus balance water intake . the other major challenge is that nectar also contains very little by way of other solutes ; nectarivorous birds therefore have to deal with low electrolyte intake as well as low nitrogen , although their nitrogen requirements are relatively low ( tsahar et al . , 2006 ) .\nit might be predicted that the physiological constraints of a \u2018simple\u2019 nectar diet would result in convergence in physiological responses of the different lineages of nectarivorous birds . however , recent findings indicate that this is not always the case and we now know that these birds show interesting differences in response to their nectar diets ( fig . 2 ) . in the first half of this commentary , we examine some common strategies for dealing with the challenges of a nectar diet . in the second half , we examine available data that indicate differences in how hummingbirds , sunbirds and honeyeaters deal with these challenges .\n) , this field is receiving renewed attention , and not without controversy . rico - guevara and rubega (\n) presented morphological measurements of hummingbird tongues and high - speed videos of drinking that showed that the tongue traps liquid as a result of surface tension ; this requires no energy expenditure by the bird and does not involve capillary action , which suggests that viscosity is not important . this finding was disputed by kim et al . (\n) , who used a modeling approach to differentiate between different modes of nectar drinking , showing that the \u2018capillary suction\u2019 mechanism used by hummingbirds , sunbirds and honeyeaters is associated with optimal concentrations in the range 30\u201350 % ( 1 . 0\u20131 . 8 mol l\nsucrose ; much higher than natural nectar concentrations ) . after further theoretical and experimental analysis of drinking in ruby - throated hummingbirds ,\nthe methods / techniques used to study the interactions between a substance and the body from administration to excretion ( absorption , distribution , metabolism ) .\nin addition to concentration , nectar volumes are important for tongue loading . the volume of nectar determines its height in tubular floral corollas , and partial immersion of the tongue is common ( kim et al . , 2012 ) . when honeyeaters and hummingbirds feed from tubular artificial flowers , the amount of nectar loaded per lick increases with greater nectar volumes or shorter flowers , both of which increase the contact between tongue and nectar ( collins , 2008 ) . however , honeyeaters also commonly extract nectar from open , brush - type inflorescences and the effects of inflorescence shape on feeding rates have yet to be investigated .\nspecialized avian nectarivores from three lineages . ( a ) whitebellied sunbird , cinnyris talatala ( photo credit : rudi van aarde ) , ( b ) new holland honeyeater , phylidonyris novaehollandiae ( kathryn napier ) and ( c ) charming hummingbird , amazilia decora ( cole wolf ) .\nsome key physiological differences between the three specialist bird lineages . a representative hummingbird , honeyeater and sunbird ( note the differences in body size ) are shown feeding on nectar of an erythrina species , a major bird - pollinated genus that occurs in the natural range of all three lineages . all lineages show high rates of intestinal sucrase activity ( highest for the hummingbirds ; thicker yellow lines ) and rapid absorption of hexose sugars ( orange arrows ) , but the passerines are capable of shunting water directly through the gut ( blue dotted lines ) and therefore do not only rely on filtration by the kidneys ( blue solid lines ) . * hummingbirds show only a small medullary portion to their kidneys ( shaded green ) , which limits their abilities to produce hyperosmotic urine .\nnectar - feeding birds are compensatory feeders over a wide range of nectar concentrations ( mart\u00ednez del rio et al . , 2001 ; nicolson and fleming , 2003a ) . this means that they adjust their volumetric intake rapidly in response to changes in energy density ( fleming et al . , 2004b ; k\u00f6hler et al . , 2008 ) . sugar concentration consequently has a marked effect on their sugar preferences . probably because of the rapid transit times and because hexose nectars do not require hydrolysis in order for the sugars to be assimilated , a hexose diet is preferred by both generalist and specialist nectar - feeding birds on dilute diets [ for references , see napier et al . ( napier et al . , 2013 ) ] .\ninterestingly , most species tested to date show a switch to no preference or even sucrose preference on concentrated diets ( e . g . data for the red wattlebird , anthochaera carunculata , are shown in fig . 3a ) . the concentration at which the switch occurs varies between species , and the minimum sugar concentration at which birds show no hexose preference is significantly correlated with intestinal sucrase activity for 11 bird species , even after phylogenetic correction ( fig . 3b ) ( napier et al . , 2013 ) . birds with no sucrase activity ( e . g . redwinged starlings , onychognathus morio ) or relatively low sucrase activity ( e . g . rainbow lorikeets , trichoglossus haematodus ) prefer hexoses at higher sugar concentrations , while birds with the greatest sucrase activity ( i . e . hummingbirds , but also sunbirds and honeyeaters ) either show no hexose preference or hexose preference on only the most dilute diets ( napier et al . , 2013 ) ."]}
{"id": 129, "summary": [{"text": "chalcosiinae is a subfamily of the zygaenidae , containing many species , mostly little known .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "prominent sexual dimorphism , bright aposematic coloration and mimicry complexes are widespread . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "chalcosiinae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for chalcosiinae yet . learn how to contribute .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth caterpillar ( cyclosia midama , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu\u2019er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth ( pidorus albifascia , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth ( retina sp . , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nchalcosiine day - flying moth , female ( soritia sp . , chalcosiinae , zygaenidae ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nyen , s . - h . , g . s . robinson and d . l . j . quicke . 2005 . the phylogenetic relationships of chalcosiinae ( lepidoptera , zygaenoidea , zygaenidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 143 : 161\u0096341 .\nyen , s . - h . , g . s . robinson and d . l . j . quicke . 2005 . phylogeny , systematics and evolution of mimetic wing patterns of eterusia moths ( lepidoptera : zygaenidae : chalcosiinae ) . systematic entomology 30 : 358\u0096397 .\nlower ditrysian family groups : zygaenoidea s . l . ( especially chalcosiinae , procridinae and phaudidae of oriental / indo - australian regions ) , crambidae ( especially acentropinae ( = nymphulinae ) of asia and indo - pacifics ) , hyblaeidae , thyrididae ( strigulininae ) higher ditrysian family groups : uraniidae ( epipleminae ) , epicopeiidae , callidulidae , erebiidae ( syntomini ) . rhopalocera ( especially those are mimetic such as elymnias , penthema and dananinae )\nnow as ph . d . student of department of biology , imperial college of science , technology and medicine , university of london . ( supervisors : dr . donald quicke , imperial college and dr . gaden robinson , british museum ( natural history ) . thesis : phylogenetic reconstruction of chalcosiinae ( zygaenidae ) of the world , with systematic revision on tribal and generic levels . major interests in lepidoptera : phylogeny / evolution / biology / systematics of : primitive families : micropterigidae , paleosetidae , neopseustidaemonotrysian families : adelidae\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nmaggie whitson selected\neterusia\nto show in overview on\neterusia\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\neterusia\n.\nmaggie whitson selected\neterusia aedea\nto show in overview on\neterusia aedea clerck 1759\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\ndried specimens and a small reverberation chamber ( fig . 1 ) were used to measure the random incidence absorption factors of the wings of each study species ( separately for male and female saturniids ) over the frequency range 20\u2013100 khz ( fig . 2 ) . for each treatment n = 6 sets were used , with each set comprising the maximum number of non - overlapping moth wings of same - sex specimens of a species that could fit on the reverberation chamber floor . the number of wings of each set depended on species size and availability of dried specimens .\nsmall reverberation chamber for the measurement of absorption factors in the ultrasonic spectrum . ( a ) experimental set - up . funnels direct the ultrasound emitted by the transducers into the chamber through a 7 mm opening . the microphone can move freely up and down inside the chamber , allowing for spatial averaging of the reverberation times . ( b ) overview of reverberation chamber showing the engraved diffusers . ( c ) absorption factor of empty reverberation chamber ( eqn 1 ) ; the error bars indicate 95 % confidence intervals ( cis ) ( n = 27 microphone positions ) .\nabsorption factors of moth wings measured with small reverberation chamber ( eqn 3 ) . ( a ) chalcosiines . ( b - d ) female and male saturniids . the absorption factors of a . mittrei and s . c . ricini differ significantly according to sex for the frequencies indicated by circles . ( e ) absorption factors grouped by preparation group . the absorption factors differ significantly from each other for frequencies within the range 20\u201340 khz . circles indicate significant difference between male and female saturniids , triangles between female saturniids and chalcosiines , and squares between male saturniids and chalcosiines . all pairwise comparisons were conducted with tukey - kramer test for each frequency separately . one , two , or three symbols correspond to 0 . 01 < p < 0 . 05 , 0 . 001 < p < 0 . 01 , and p < 0 . 001 , respectively . the error bars indicate the 95 % cis and n = 6 sets for each sample .\nestimated marginal means of absorption factors of moth wings across the frequency range 20\u2013100 khz . ( a ) estimated marginal mean of each preparation . there is a significant effect of preparation on estimated marginal mean ( anova , f 8 , 45 = 23 . 78 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( b ) estimated marginal means grouped by preparation group . the estimated marginal means differ significantly according to preparation group ( anova , f 2 , 51 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 001 ) and also differ significantly from each other ( tukey - kramer test ) . the error bars show the 95 % cis [ n = 48 in a ( 6 sets\u00d78 frequencies ) and n = 144 in b ( 3 preparations\u00d76 sets\u00d78 frequencies ) ] .\nsurvival advantage of female s . c . ricini over males in terms of smaller detection distance by bats\nthe detection distance of a target by a bat depends on the transmission loss due to spherical spreading and atmospheric attenuation , and on the target strength ( m\u00f8hl , 1988 ) . the detection distances of male and female s . c . ricini were compared because they have wings of similar size and shape ; consequently the comparison is feasible because their target strengths , and hence their detection distances , differ due to the different absorption factors of their wings alone . detection distances of moths typically range between 1\u201310 m ( surlykke et al . , 1999 ) . eqn 13 was used with three hypothetical detection distances within this range for male s . c . ricini in order to derive the respective detection distances of female s . c . ricini ( fig . 4 ) . at 25 khz , where the difference between the absorption factors of male and female s . c . ricini is maximized ( fig . 2 d ) , the detection distance of female s . c . ricini is 20\u201330 % smaller .\npercentage difference in the detection distance of female s . c . ricini compared to three hypothetical detection distances of male s . c . ricini [ r ( 2 ) ] . the difference between the detection distances of male and female s . c . ricini is maximized at 25 khz , where the difference between the absorption factors of their wings is also maximized ( fig . 2 d ) . the detection distances of female s . c . ricini were calculated with eqn 13 for atmospheric attenuation at temperature 20\u00b0c and 70 % relative humidity ( surlykke , 1988 ) .\nstudies have reported bat echolocation calls with dominant frequencies ranging from 11 khz ( euderma maculatum ; fullard and dawson , 1997 ) to 212 khz ( cloeotis percivali ; fenton and bell , 1981 ) , though most insectivorous bats echolocate with dominant frequency 20\u201360 khz ( fenton et al . , 1998 ) . the ultrasound absorbance of the wings of this study ' s moth species peaks at the lower end of this range ( 20\u201325 khz ; fig . 2 ) . despite the similar patterns , there are significant differences not only between the nocturnal saturniids and the diurnal chalcosiines ( fig . 2 e ) , but also between male and female a . mittrei ( fig . 2 b ) and s . c . ricini ( fig . 2 d ) .\nzeng et al . ( 2011 ) proposed that the scales on the wings are responsible for the ultrasound absorption . the scales have interstitial spaces between them that create a network of interconnected pores similar to that found in porous sound absorbers ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) ; when a sound wave propagates through this network , thermal and viscous effects cause the dissipation of its acoustic energy ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009a ) . in addition , the ultrastructure of the scales resembles a perforated panel backed by air ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) , which could act as a microperforated panel absorber ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009b ) .\nmale and female saturniid specimens ( a . io from usa , a . mittrei from madagascar , and s . c . ricini from china ) and male chalcosiine specimens ( a . a . analis and c . burmanus from thailand , and e . pulchera from burma ) were obtained from the lepidoptera breeders association ( bourne , uk ) .\nthe time period for which it takes the sound pressure level to drop 60 db after a sound stops is termed reverberation time and depends on the total absorption inside a reverberation chamber . consequently , by comparing the reverberation time before and after the introduction of an absorbent material ( e . g . moth wings ) inside the chamber , the random incidence absorption coefficient of the introduced material can be derived . the standard for the measurement of the random incidence absorption coefficient in a reverberation chamber essentially concerns frequencies below 20 khz ( iso , 2003 ) . for this frequency spectrum , the measurement procedure requires large chambers and 10 - 12 m 2 of absorbent material ( cox and d ' antonio , 2009c ) ; however , such a quantity of moth wings is practically infeasible . besides , the shorter wavelengths of the ultrasonic spectrum render feasible the measurement of the absorption coefficient with a smaller chamber and smaller quantities of absorbent material . still , since this study did not follow the standard faithfully , the measured absorption quantity has been called absorption factor . the same term was employed by the only other documented study of sound absorption in the ultrasonic spectrum ( zeng et al . , 2011 ) .\neven with these measures , the reverberation time is spatially dependent within the reverberation chamber . to reduce the effect of non - diffuseness , two ultrasonic transducers equipped with funnels were utilised to direct the ultrasound into the chamber through 7 mm openings , scattering multi - directionally the acoustic wave that entered the chamber . in addition , the recording device , an ultrasonic microphone , could move freely up and down inside the chamber , allowing for spatial averaging of the measured reverberation times ( fig . 1 a ) .\nthe absorption factors of the empty chamber and of the moth wings were measured over nine 1 / 3 octave bands that have centre frequencies from 20 to 100 khz . the parameter\n( s ) is the reverberation time after the introduction of the moth wings .\n) . the wings of each set were placed on a white background of known surface area and an image was obtained . the image was smoothened with edge - preserving bilateral filter (\n) . in the binary image , one class of pixels represents the wings and the other represents the background .\nfirst , the recorded signal of main frequency f was filtered with a bandpass digital filter designed with a kaiser window . the filter passed frequencies between f l and f h in order to retain only frequencies within the 1 / 3 octave band , frequencies outside this range were attenuated 80 db ( fig . s2a ) .\nthe decay curve of the filtered signal has many fluctuations that render difficult the identification of the point where the response drops 60 db after the offset of sound ; therefore , the curve has to be smoothed . the first step of the smoothing process is to obtain the filtered signal ' s envelope by using the hilbert transform :\n( s ) is the time point where the signal merges with the noise level . the parameter\nis a maximally flat curve , meaning that its gradient is constantly negative . as a result , the curve crosses the \u221260 db point once . this property makes schroeder ' s integration method useful for the estimation of the reverberation time . however , in most cases l (\n) > \u201360 [ db ] . this means that the signal merges with the noise level before reaching the \u221260 db point . therefore , the reverberation time has to be estimated using linear regression .\nto compare the absorption factors among the nine preparations ( 3 chalcosiines and 3\u00d72 male and female saturniids ; fig . 2 a - d and fig . 3 a ) , a repeated measures model , specifically a subject - by - treatment model ( doncaster and davey , 2007 ) , was fitted . in the model , the absorption factors are the responses , preparation is the between - subjects factor , which is used as the predictor variable , and frequency is the within - subject factor . anova was used to test if the absorption factors differ significantly according to preparation ( fig . 3 a ) , and repeated measures anova to test if there is a significant effect of frequency on absorption factor as well as significant preparation - frequency interaction . the p - values of the repeated measures anova were computed using a greenhouse - geisser correction ( \u03b5 = 0 . 79 ) because mauchly ' s test for sphericity indicated that that the sphericity , hence the compound symmetry assumption , does not hold ( \u03c7 2 = 144 . 80 , p < 0 . 001 ) . to do pairwise comparisons between preparations , post hoc tukey - kramer tests were used ( fig . 2 a - d and fig . 3 a ) .\naccordingly , a repeated measures model was used for the comparisons among the three preparation groups ( chalcosiines , male and female saturniids ; fig . 2 e and fig . 3 b ) , albeit with the preparation group as the between - subjects factor . the same tests were carried out as with the above model . again , the sphericity did not hold ( \u03c7 2 = 142 . 61 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and a greenhouse - geisser correction ( \u03b5 = 0 . 81 ) was used for the calculation of the repeated measures anova p - values . all statistical analysis was conducted in matlab ( mathworks , uk ) , and a p - value of < 0 . 05 was considered statistically significant .\nis the noise . the equation is in db form and all quantities are measured in db .\n( m ) is the detection distance of the target ( e . g . moth ) , and\n) is the atmospheric attenuation factor . the first term of the equation accounts for loss due to spherical spreading and the second one for loss due to atmospheric attenuation .\nhave wings of similar size and shape , their ratios of incident to returned sound intensity depend on the absorption factors of their wings alone . specifically , they are related as follows :\n) , which in this study returns exactly one real solution . eqn 13 was used to compare the detection distances of female and male\nwe thank colleagues in the laboratories of the centre of ultrasonic engineering at the university of strathclyde for their advice and assistance during this work .\na . n . conceived the study , which was designed by a . n . , f . g . and j . f . c . w . experiments were carried out by a . n . and f . g . ; data analysis was performed by a . n . a . n . , f . g . and j . f . c . w . interpreted the findings . a . n . drafted the article . all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript .\nthe research leading to these results has received funding from the european research council under the european union ' s seventh framework programme ( fp / 2007 - 2013 ) / erc grant agreement no . 615030 ; and was also supported by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) grant ep / l026511 / 1 .\nall data created during this research are openly available from the university of strathclyde pure / knowledgebase at urltoken .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed .\nauditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a nearctic site . ii . flight times , heights , and erraticism\nhandbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies , morphology and physiology\nauditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a nearctic site . i . flight tendency\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the biology open web site .\non the cover of our may issue , deborah j . guest and colleagues report successful , direct differentiation of horses ipscs into bone - forming osteoblasts , with potential for modelling equine bone disorders and for clinical applications in equine fracture repair .\nhave you seen our interviews with the early - career first authors of our papers ? recently , we caught up with first authors birgit br\u00fcggemeier and matheus salgado de oliveira .\nwould you like to be one of the researchers forging a new field - evo - chromo ? apply now for your funded early - career place at our upcoming workshop that integrates chromatin biology and evolutionary biology , associating molecular phylogeny , genomics , genetics and structural biology applied to chromatin and genome regulation studies . find out more here , and apply by 10 july 2018 .\nbiology open has strong credentials and publishing with us is easy and fast . bio aims to provide rapid publication for scientifically sound observations and valid conclusions in developmental , cell , experimental and translational biology . submit your paper here ; you\u2019ll be in good company .\nrecent translational biology research highlights in bio \u2013 a novel transgenic zebrafish , using claudin 5a , represents an ideal model to study blood brain barrier and choroid plexus barrier development and function in vivo .\na transgenic zebrafish model for the in vivo study of the blood and choroid plexus brain barriers using claudin 5 lisanne martine van leeuwen , robert j . evans , kin ki jim , theo verboom , xiaoming fang , aleksandra bojarczuk , jarema malicki , simon andrew johnston , astrid marijke van der sar . biology open 2018 7 : bio030494\nif your submission to one of our other journals , development , journal of cell science , journal of experimental biology or disease models & mechanism , is unsuccessful , did you know you can transfer your paper and any reviews directly to biology open ? the majority of papers transferred with reviews are accepted for publication . find out how here .\nmeet the prelighters ! in the latest interview with our prelights community , the prelights team caught up with carmen adriaens , a fourth year phd student focusing on a long noncoding rna that gives rise to a nuclear body called the paraspeckle , to discuss her research , her thoughts on preprints and first experience as a prelighter .\nmoths from yunnan , china click on and scroll through images for individual ids\u2026 . . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese moths on my flickr site here \u2026\nthe view from above - chinese caterpillars seen from the dorsal aspect click individual images for ids\u2026 . view all images in the the view from above series on my flickr here . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu\u2019er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nthis is a moth species that is quite common in hk . the species is distributed across se asia from thailand to china , but the hk population seems to be especially prominent .\nsafety in numbers - caterpillars ( click individual images for ids in captions ( where known ) ) by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu\u2019er , yunnan , china see more chinese caterpillars on my flickr site here \u2026 . .\nred click on and scroll through individual images for ids in captions . by sinobug ( itchydogimages ) on flickr . pu ' er , yunnan , china see more chinese insects and spiders on my flickr site here \u2026\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nbode , w . and c . m . naumann . 1988 . little - known accessory glands in female zygaena moths ( lepidoptera , zygaenidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 92 : 27\u009642 .\nnaumann , c . m . 1988 . the internal female genitalia of some zygaenidae ( insecta : lepidoptera ) : their morphology and remarks on their phylogenetic significance . systematic entomology 13 : 85\u009699 .\nnaumann , c . m . , g . m . tarmann and w . g . tremewan . 1999 . the western palaearctic zygaenidae . apollo books , stenstrup .\nniehuis , o . , c . m . naumann , and b . misof . 2006 . phylogenetic analysis of zygaenoidea small - subunit rrna structural variation implies initial oligophagy on cyanogenic host plants in larvae of the moth genus zygaena ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 147 : 367 - 381 .\nniehuis , o . , s . - h . yen , c . m . naumann and b . misof . 2006 . higher phylogeny of zygaenid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data and the evolution of larval cuticular cavities for chemical defence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 3 ) : 812 - 829 .\ntarmann , g . 1994 . a preliminary review of the classification of the zygaenid subfamily procridinae ( lepidoptera ) . nota lepid . suppl . 5 : 115 - 123 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 2 . 0 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 2 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\ntree of life web project . 2006 . zygaenidae . burnet moths . version 10 august 2006 ( temporary ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nno . 11 , alley 10 , lane 93 , shin - nan rd . , sect . 1 , chung - ho city , taipei hsien 235 , taiwan\nborn in november of 1971 in tainan city of taiwan . b . sc . of department of entomology , national chung - hsing university ( taichung , taiwan ) . m . sc . of institute of biological science , national sun yat - sen university ( kaohsiung , taiwan ) . thesis : phylogenetic analyses of the major lineages of nymphulinae and musotiminae , with taxonomic revision on taiwanese fauna ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . )\nawards : on 9th january 2004 dr . shen - horn yen received the 5th r . j . h . hintelmann wissenschaftspreis f\u00fcr zoologische systematik for his thesis\nphylogenetic analyses of the major lineages of nymphulinae and musotiminae , with taxonomic revision on taiwanese fauna ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . )\n. the award was presented in a ceremonial act in zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen organized by the museum ' s management and the\nfreunde der zoologischen staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen e . v society\n.\nsystematics , phylogenetics and biogeography of elymnias ( with mr . chia - hsuan wei and dr . david lohman )\nevolution of mimetic wing patterns of the papilio memnon complex ( with dr . mathieu joron )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 130, "summary": [{"text": "marocaster is an extinct genus of sea stars in the family goniasteridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it existed in what is now morocco during the early cretaceous period .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by daniel b. blake and roland reboul in 2011 , and the type species is m. coronatus . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "marocaster", "paragraphs": ["belongs to marocaster according to d . b . blake and r . reboul 2011\nno one has contributed data records for marocaster coronatus yet . learn how to contribute .\nsinopse : marocaster coronatus \u00e9 um g\u00eanero de estrela - do - mar extinto . fonte : wikimedia commons - didier descouens . url : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : d . b . blake and r . reboul . 2011 . a new asteroid ( echinodermata ) faunule from the early cretaceous ( barremian ) of morocco . journal of paleontology 85 ( 6 ) : 1021 - 1034\ntype specimen : holotype mhnt . pal . 2010 . 2 . 2 , paratypes 2010 . 2 . 4a , 2010 . 2 . 5 , 2010 . 2 . 1h\nparent taxon : goniasteridae according to d . b . blake and r . reboul 2011\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndaniel b . blake & roland reboul ( 2011 ) .\na new asteroid ( echinodermata ) faunule from the early cretaceous ( barremian ) of morocco\n.\nthis page was last modified on 20 april 2015 , at 22 : 23 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 133, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia nigristriata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western china ( tibet , qinghai ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are uniform pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia nigristriata", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. \u201d on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock\nthere to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the\nof thy rashness . \u201d the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those\nthat have been already declared to you . \u201d so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\nof fire . \u201cno , \u201d said the niece , \u201cthere is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and \u2018amadis of gaul\u2019 be remit - ted the\nof fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the\nthat bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose\nis history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first\n, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx\n: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the\n, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a\nwith one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on\nof being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a\nsettlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of\n. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of\nmay be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the\nin the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .\nthat 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . \u201d so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigritaria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigritaria and , of course , nigritaria synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigritaria .\nin turkey .\nhome of ichneumonoidea\n. taxapad . * * * * y sick ki yu . 1997\u20132012 . retrieved . . .\nthis is the place for nigritaria definition . you find here nigritaria meaning , synonyms of nigritaria and images for nigritaria copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 136, "summary": [{"text": "polyrhachis gracilior is a species of ant found in the southwest and northeast india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is one of the few ants that build arboreal nests made of leaves stitched together using silk produced by their larvae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "originally described as a \" race \" of polyrhachis furcata , it was elevated to a full species by c t bingham who noted differences in the shape of the spines .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a species described from travancore as weberi by horace donisthorpe in 1943 was identified as being identical to gracilior by barry bolton . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "polyrhachis gracilior", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see polyrhachis gracilior for further details\nweberi . polyrhachis ( myrmhopla ) weberi donisthorpe , 1943b : 206 ( w . ) india . junior synonym of gracilior : bolton , 1974b : 174 .\npolyrhachis gracilior is an endemic ant of the western ghats . they live in small colonies that nest between leaves stitched together with silk . the queen is not very different from the workers in appearance . this worker is cleaning her antennae .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . polyrhachis gracilior forel , 1893 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nbolton , b . 1974b [ 1973 ] . new synonymy and a new name in the ant genus polyrhachis f . smith ( hym . , formicidae ) . entomol . mon . mag . 109 : 172 - 180 ( page 174 , senior synonym of weberi )\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nforel , 1893e pdf : 25 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . )\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\ndealate queen with brood within a disturbed nest . kerala , india . photo from kalesh sadasivan .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nforel , 1893c : 25 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . ) india . combination in\n) : emery , 1925b : 193 . raised to species : bingham , 1903 : 388 . senior synonym of\nkaravaiev , v . 1927f . ameisen aus dem indo - australischen gebiet . iii . zb . prats zool . muz . 3 : 3 - 52 [ = tr . ukr . akad . nauk fiz . - mat . vidd . 7 : 3 - 52 ] . ( page 11 , worker , queen , male described )\nsantschi , f . 1928h . fourmis de sumatra , r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par mr . j . b . corporaal . tijdschr . entomol . 71 : 119 - 140 ( page 139 , replacement name : amboinae )\nbingham , c . t . 1903 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . hymenoptera , vol . ii . ants and cuckoo - wasps . london : taylor and francis , 506 pp . ( page 388 , raised to species )\nemery , c . 1925d . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . formicinae . genera insectorum 183 : 1 - 302 ( page 193 , combination in p . ( myrmhopla ) )\nforel , a . 1893e . les formicides de l ' empire des indes et de ceylan . part iii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 8 : 17 - 36 ( page 25 , ( diagnosis in key ) worker described )\nthis page was last modified on 6 july 2016 , at 02 : 20 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbharti h , gu\u00e9nard b , bharti m , economo ep ( 2016 ) an updated checklist of the ants of india with their specific distributions in indian states ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys 551 : 1 - 83 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 551 . 7052\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nif the taxon is in the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location , such as an island , nation or other defined zone , or habitat type , and found only there ; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\ntiny ants living in acorn gutting a cricket - temnothorax cf . nylanderi ( 720p )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 162, "summary": [{"text": "dolicholatirus lancea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "dolicholatirus lancea", "paragraphs": ["fasciolariidae \u00bb dolicholatirus lancea , id : 655454 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nfasciolariidae \u00bb dolicholatirus lancea , id : 630741 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nfasciolariidae \u00bb dolicholatirus lancea , id : 402016 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n( of murex lancea gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 556 [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of murex angustus gmelin , 1791 ) snyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 417 seconds . )\nphilippines . olango island . cawoi . taken 20 - 25 m . collected by fishermen . 2007 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nchryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) japan to philippines , east china sea east china sea 82mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 025 bahamas 162mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 053 florida 160mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 070 florida 142mm\nfasciolaria tulipa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) n . carolina to n . brasil , w . indies g _ fasc _ 082 florida 123mm\nfasciolaria tulipa hollisteri weisbord , 1962 e . panama to venezuela g _ fasc _ 029 venezuela 54 - 95mm\nfasciolaria lilium hunteria ( perry , 1811 ) n . carolina to yucatan florida 44 - 72mm\nfilifusus filamentosus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) red sea & e . africa to marshall , japan to new caledonia sabah 101mm\nfilifusus filamentosus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) red sea & e . africa to marshall , japan to new caledonia indonesia 113mm\nfusinus forceps ( perry , 1811 ) e . indo - w . pacific zhejiang 182mm\nfusinus dupetitthouarsi ( kiener , 1840 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos peru 138mm\nfusinus spectrum ( adams & reeve , 1848 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 59 - 78mm\nfusinus cretellai buzzurro & russo , 2008 n . morocco , s . spain s . spain 16mm\ngranulifusus hayashii habe , 1961 japan to australia , w . pacific east china sea 56mm\ngranulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) japan to taiwan , philippines philippines 56 - 65mm\nhesperaptyxis ambustus ( gould , 1853 ) w . mexico w . mexico 29 - 35mm\nhesperaptyxis ambustus ( gould , 1853 ) w . mexico w . mexico 34 - 52mm\nlatirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) indo - w . pacific tanzania 50 - 62mm\nlatirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) f . barclayi borneo , gulf of papua , solomon solomon 48mm\nleucozonia cerata ( wood , 1828 ) w . mexico to ecuador , galapagos w . mexico 43 - 59mm\nleucozonia cerata ( wood , 1828 ) w . mexico to ecuador , galapagos ecuador 69mm\nleucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) n . carolina to brasil , caribbean brasil 42mm\nleucozonia nassa ( gmelin , 1791 ) n . carolina to brasil , caribbean antilles 59mm\nleucozonia leucozonalis ( lamarck , 1822 ) bahamas to brasil , caribbean e . honduras 25 , 5mm\nmarmorofusus nicobaricus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) e . india to hawaii , japan to papua - new guinea india 106 - 119mm\nopeatostoma pseudodon ( burrow , 1815 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 34mm\nopeatostoma pseudodon ( burrow , 1815 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 35 - 50mm\nperisternia reincarnata snyder , 2000 var . incarnata [ kiener ] australia australia 24 - 27mm\npleuroploca granosa ( broderip , 1832 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 111 - 116mm\npleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) red sea to japan , e . africa to new caledonia g _ fasc _ 051 madagascar 202mm\npleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) red sea to japan , e . africa to new caledonia g _ fasc _ 001 sabah 136 , 5 - 175 , 5mm\npleuroploca australasia ( perry , 1811 ) f . coronata australia , tasmania g _ fasc _ 060 australia 115mm \u2014 tasmania 95mm\npleuroploca australasia ( perry , 1811 ) f . bakeri australia , tasmania australia 70mm\npleuroploca princeps ( sowerby , 1825 ) w . mexico to peru , galapagos g _ fasc _ 061 peru 230mm\npolygona infundibulum ( gmelin , 1791 ) s . florida to brasil , caribbean , w . indies e . panama 52 - 74mm\npustulatirus hemphilli hertlein & strong , 1951a w . mexico to peru w . panama 44 - 49mm\nsinistralia maroccensis ( gmelin , 1789 ) canarias , nw . africa w . sahara 17mm\ntriplofusus giganteus ( kiener , 1840 ) se . florida to ne . mexico g _ fasc _ 009 florida 160mm\ntriplofusus giganteus ( kiener , 1840 ) se . florida to ne . mexico florida 178mm\nturrilatirus turritus ( gmelin , 1791 ) indo - w . pacific sinai 41 - 43mm"]}
{"id": 165, "summary": [{"text": "mipus gyratus is a species of medium-sized to large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "mipus gyratus", "paragraphs": ["coralliophilidae \u00bb mipus gyratus , id : 366904 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nspecimen shell : mipus gyratus each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( philippines - aliguay island ) , divers , coralliophilidae specimen shell : mipus gyratus hinds 1844\nsea shell information on : ts149064 - coralliophilidae mipus - > gyratus . this specimen is of coralliophilidae . the specimen shell of groupe : mipus . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : mipus gyratus ( r . b . hinds , 1844 ) - id : 1910500010\n( of latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1864 [\n1863\n] ) descriptions of new species of shells , chiefly from the cumingian collection . proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1863 ) : 428 - 435 . [ april 1864 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 431 [ details ]\noliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 526 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) oliverio , m . ( 2008 ) . coralliophilinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) from the southwest pacific . in : h\u00e9ros , v . et al . ( ed . ) tropical deep - sea benthos 25 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 1993 ) . 196 : 481 - 585 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 526 [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym latiaxis tortilis h . adams & a . adams , 1864 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\ntaiwan . off kaoshiung . trawled by fisherman . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . march 1989 .\nonly available from old collections . this is a rare species today . price low because of competition of several recently offered shells . an opportunity .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwhite , pale brown , or brown . spire tall , ornamented with scaly spiral cords . resembles\njapan : wakasa bay , kii peninsula wakayama , bungo strait kochi in 200m , kumamoto in 100m , amamioshima , okinawa .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because there was an error in the listing .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment ."]}
{"id": 168, "summary": [{"text": "catocala clintoni , clinton 's underwing , is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from ontario and quebec , southward to florida , west to texas and north to wisconsin .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 45 \u2013 55 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from february to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on crataegus , gleditsia triacanthos , malus pumila , prunus americana , prunus ilicifolia and ulmus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala clintoni", "paragraphs": ["a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ncreated / dedicated as per personal communication with vernon a . brou updated as per personal communication with carroll ruddy , 2007 updated as per research compiled larry gall , april 2010 updated as per personal communication with marcie o ' connor , august 12 , 2013 updated as per personal communication with tim dyson , peterborough , ontario , july 2016\n, july 9 , 2007 , calumet county , wisconsin , courtesy of carroll rudy .\nare usually on the wing very early in the season , well before other underwings have emerged . in florida they are taken from february to may ; in texas from april to july ; in northern portions of its range , usually in june and july ( ontario , td ) .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. these cocoons are for sale winter and fall . beautiful saturniidae moths will emerge the following spring and summer . read\neggs of many north american saturniidae species are offered during the spring and summer . occasionally summer\ncocoons are available . shipping to us destinations is done from within the us .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nthis website has been created and is maintained by bill oehlke without government or institutional financial assistance . all expenses , ie . , text reference support material , webspace rental from bizland , computer repairs / replacements , backups systems , software for image adjustments ( adobe photoshop ; l - view ) , ftp software , anti - virus protection , scanner , etc . are my own .\ni very much appreciate all the many images that have been sent to me , or of which i have been granted permission to copy and post from other websites . all images on this site remain the property of respective photographers .\nif you are mailing a check from usa , please use $ 1 . 10 postage ( 2013 rate ) ; $ 1 . 25 ( 2015 rate ) . donations can also be made through paypal via the button below .\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\n, clinton ' s underwing ( wingspan : 45 - 55mm ) , flies in ontario and quebec ( rare ) and southward to florida , west to texas and north to wisconsin . it is generally absent or very rare in the new england states .\nare usually on the wing very early in the season , well before other underwings have emerged . in florida they are taken from february to may ; in texas from april to july ; in northern portions of its range , usually in june and july ."]}
{"id": 170, "summary": [{"text": "littorina scutulata is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family littorinidae , the winkles or periwinkles .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species lives lower on rocks than does l. planaxis , and migrates up and down rocks with the tide .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it crawls out of tidepools at night .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "often , it hides at low tide in cracks or barnacle shells .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the waves on both sides of the foot are out of phase with one another ( ditaxic ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it feeds mainly on diatom films , microscopic algae , lichens , etc. , and will also feed on pelvetia , ulva , and other larger algae .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "l. scutulata breeds in all seasons except summer .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "eggs are laid underwater , individually packaged in flattened capsules within a sausage-shaped gelatinous mass coiled in a spiral and holding over 2000 eggs .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "its eye anatomy is similar to that of the land snail helix aspera .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "in oregon , over 10 % of individuals harbor parasitic flukes.leptasterias hexactis feeds on this snail .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is distributed from kodiak island , alaska , to bahia de tortuga , baja california . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "littorina scutulata", "paragraphs": ["dana campbell marked\nfile : littorina scutulata 2881 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nlittorina scutulata gould , 1849\npage .\ndana campbell set\nfile : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nlittorina scutulata gould , 1849\n.\ndana campbell marked\nfile : littorina scutulata 2881 cropped . jpg\nas trusted on the\nlittorina scutulata gould , 1849\npage .\nlittorina _ scutulata _ 2881 . jpg : walter siegmund . derivative work : wsiegmund\nfield observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada )\nfield observations on the feeding habits of littorina scutulata gould and l . sitkana philippi ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) of southern vancouver island ( british columbia , canada ) | springerlink\n( of littorina lepida gould , 1849 ) reid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]\nthe microdistribution of littorina scutulata and l . sitkana on the rocky shores of vancouver island can be related to their feeding characteristics . their gut contents , studied with light and fluorescence microscopy , showed that both species are opportunistic herbivores . however , l . scutulata can feed on the sparse epi - and endolithic microflora of the supralittoral zone , while l . sitkana is confined to special microenvironments , with abundant epilithic growth .\nty - jour ti - the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 t2 - the veliger . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1967 sp - 42 ep - 54 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - bock , carl e au - johnson , richard e er -\nreid , d . g . ( 1996 ) . systematics and evolution of littorina . the ray society . 463p . [ details ]\n@ article { bhlpart93434 , title = { the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { bock , carl e and johnson , richard e } , year = { 1967 } , pages = { 42 - - 54 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the role of behavior in determining the intertidal zonation of littorina planaxis philippi , 1847 , and littorina scutulata gould , 1849 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > bock , carl e < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > johnson , richard e < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 10 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the veliger . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> berkeley , ca : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > california malacozoological society . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 10 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 42 < / start > < end > 54 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1967 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n\u200breferences carefoot , t . littorina plena ( gould , 1849 ) in klinkenberg , brian . ( ed . ) e - fauna bc : electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . accessed 2015 - 10 - 30 . harbo , r . m . ( 1997 ) shells & shellfish of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 200 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . authors and editors of page beatrice proudfoot and kelly fretwell ( 2015 )\nreid , d . g . ( 1989 ) . the comparative morphology , phylogeny and evolution of the gastropod family littorinidae . philosophical transactions of the royalsociety of london , series b . 324 : 1 - 110 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nperiwinkle with height decidedly greater than the diameter , spire usually has 4 whorls , aperture is purplish inside but has no white band inside the aperture . shell has no umbilicus , columella is narrow . shell height to 1 . 5 cm , shell is dark brown , purple , or black , often with lighter bands or a checkerboard pattern of whitish areas .\nhow to distinguish from similar species : l . sitkana has a diameter almost equal to the height , has spiral ridges .\noften aggregate in the very high intertidal , inside tidepools or on the bare rock . photo by dave cowles at little corona del mar , ca march 2005\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n, has been introduced within the past few years likely via imports for the shellfish trade . except for this one , which is large in size and easy to distinguish , the other 4 indigenous species are difficult to separate out . however , if you are keen to learn the different species you can check out\nin a snail ' s odyssey website . all indigenous species are relatively small in size , live in the high reaches of the intertidal zone , and feed on various seaweeds , including diatoms .\nwinkle - picking\nconnoisseurs from the atlantic coast of north america or europe and disappointed at the small sizes of our local species may be gratified to learn that their big , tasty favourites have been located on several vancouver beaches . thus far these introductions are restricted in numbers but , judging from the success of\nin colonizing most of the east coast and lately the west coast ( from california north to washington , and now present in b . c . ) , chances are they are here to stay . the 5 species differ in their reproductive modes , with\nproducing several small eggs in capsules that are spawned into the ocean . the eggs hatch into swimming larvae that feed for several weeks on phytoplankton and then settle out onto rocky shorelines . the other species\nalso encapsulate their eggs , but do so singly and deposit them directly onto the substratum . the embryos of these 2 species feed on yolk and emerge from their capsules as crawl - away juveniles . you can learn more about life cycles and reproductive behaviour at\nin the odyssey website . for protection from predatory birds , fishes , and crabs , these small snails mostly have only their shells to rely on . however , for protection from drying they have an unusual strategy . if you look carefully on pilings around the shore on a dry day you may see\nattached on its shell edge by a blob of mucous glue . the operculum is similarly glued shut , and the animal can survive like this for many days until once again wetted by spring tides or waves . within a few moments of wetting , the snail pops out and crawls off to find food .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\ncastenholz , r . w . , 1961 . the effect of grazing on littoral diatom populations . ecology 42 : 783\u2013794 .\n( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) as they relate to resource partitioning . veliger 23 : 333\u2013338 .\n( gray ) sur la gr\u00e9ve de roscoff . cah . biol . mar . 18 : 499\u2013505 .\nsacchi , c . f . , a . occhipinti ambrogi & d . voltolina , 1981 . recherches sur le spectre trophique compar\u00e9 de\n( gray ) ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) sur la gr\u00e9ve de roscoff . cas de populations vivant au milieu d ' algues macroscopiques . cah . biol . mar . 22 : 83\u201388 .\nsacchi , c . f . & d . voltolina , 1987 . recherches sur l ' ecologie compar\u00e9e des littorines ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) dans l ' ile de vancouver . atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 128 : 209\u2013234 .\nsteneck , r . s . & l . watling , 1982 . feeding capabilities and limitations of herbivorous molluscs : a functional group approach . mar . biol . 68 : 299\u2013319 .\nidentification this species is distinguished by a checkered white pattern on a dark brown to black - purple shell . in some individuals , however , this pattern is absent . the height of the shell ( up to 15 mm ) is greater than the diameter , giving the shell a more slender appearance . the interior of the shell is somewhat purple , and some individuals have orange bands with white markings on the exterior of the shell . similar species the checkered periwinkle is similar to the sitka periwinkle ( l . sitkana ) \u2013 another common intertidal grazer . however , sitka periwinkles have a squatter shell shape , lack the white checkered pattern , and often have pronounced spiral ridges on the exterior of the shell .\ncheckered periwinkles . note the obvious white markings on the exterior of the shell . photo by jenn burt .\nhabitat and range \u200bthis species inhabits rocky shorelines in sheltered waters from northern alaska to southern oregon . its range also includes japan and siberia . it migrates within the intertidal zone as the tide fluctuates , often aggregating in moist , shady bedrock crevices during low tide . this species is also known to occupy tidepools during the day . intriguing information this species feeds primarily on diatoms , microalgae , some species of macroalgae , and lichens using its rasping radula . the checkered periwinkle is able to survive long periods without moisture by attaching itself to the substrate using a glue - like mucus . this essentially seals the operculum shut to preserve moisture until the next high tide or wave re - moistens the substrate . \u200bthis species reproduces throughout the whole year except summer . eggs are deposited underwater in unique egg capsules that are enveloped in a coiled , sausage - like gelatinous mass . larvae of this species are pelagic , and feed on phytoplankton for several weeks before settling .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe race rocks taxonomy is a collaborative venture originally started with the biology and environmental systems students of lester pearson college uwc . it now also has contributions added by faculty , staff , volunteers and observers on the remote control webcams .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
{"id": 178, "summary": [{"text": "the provocative calpe , ( oraesia provocans ) , is a species of moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found throughout continental africa , india , and sri lanka . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "oraesia provocans", "paragraphs": ["oraesia provocans walker , [ 1858 ] = oraesia cuprea saalm\u00fcller , 1891 = oraesia hartmanni m\u00f6schler , 1883 .\nfruit - piercing moth ( oraesia cf . emarginata , calpinae , erebidae ) by itchydogimages\nthis rather strange looking erebid moth ( erebidae , calpinae , oraesia sp . ) was 2 cm / 0 . 8 inches long .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 4 february 2018 10 : 26pm terms of use\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : oraesia provocans . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwingspan about 48mm . antennae of male minutely ciliated . fore wings with angled outer margin . male has dark palpi . fore wings with a silver streak on vein 2 before the oblique line . a silver streak found at apex and line on outer margin below apex . female is much darker .\nperennial climber or liane with stems woody near the base . leaves suborbicular or broadly ovate , up to 12 cm long , 3 - 7 - veined from the attachment of the petiole , densely hairy beneath ; lamina peltate with petiole 1 - 4 mm from the base and up to 7 cm long , hairy . flowers greenish , unisexual arranged in bracteate false racemes up to 10 cm long . fruit a drupe 4 - 6 mm wide , hairy , bright red when ripe .\nthe peltate leaves are similar to stephania abyssinica but the that species does not have bracteate inflorescences or hairy red fruit .\nin forest , deciduous woodland , coastal scrub , secondary vegetation , on rocky outcrops and often persisting on cleared ground and in plantations .\nethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zanzibar , mozambique , zimbabwe and throughout tropical asia .\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 62 .\nm\u00e9moires in - 8\u00b0 nouvelle s\u00e9rie xiii - 2 acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 274 - 279 .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos pareira var . hirsuta . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use\nslender climber with a woody rootstock . leaves kidney - shaped , 3 - 5 - veined from the base , glabrescent ; petiole inserted at or very near the base of the leaf lamina . flowers unisexual in axillary cymes . male flowers with 4 petals and sepals ; female flowers often only 2 . fruit an ovate - compressed drupe , yellow .\nmalawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , swaziland and mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , eastern cape , south africa .\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 31 sabonet , pretoria page 210 .\nda silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 87 .\na field guide to the wild flowers of kwazulu - natal and the eastern region .\nm\u00e9moires in - 8\u00b0 nouvelle s\u00e9rie xiii - 2 acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences d ' outre - mer pages 270 - 273 .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave 2007 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of mozambique : species information : cissampelos torulosa . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 3 april 2018 9 : 58pm terms of use\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\napache / 2 . 2 . 32 ( unix ) mod _ perl / 2 . 0 . 10 perl / v5 . 24 . 1 server at urltoken port 80\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nadler ph ( 1982 ) soil - and puddle - visiting habits of moths . j . lepid soc 36 / 3 : 161\u2013173\nwalker ( lepidoptera : arctiidae ) . zool anz 216 / 3 , 4 : 129\u2013150\n) ( hmps ) ( lep , noctuidae ) in malaya . bull entomol res 58 : 159\u2013163\nb\u00e4nziger h ( 1973 ) biologie der lacriphagen lepidopteren in thailand and malaya . rev suisse zool 79 : 1381\u20131469\nsp . n . \u2014the most frequently observed lachryphagous moth of man ( lepidoptera , pyralidae : pyraustinae ) . rev suiss zool 102 / 2 : 265\u2013276\nb\u00e4nziger h , b\u00fcttiker w ( 1969 ) records of eye - frequenting lepidoptera from man . j med entomol 6 : 53\u201358\nblaney wm , simmonds sj ( 1988 ) food selection in adults and larvae of three species of lepidoptera : a behavioural and electrophysiological study . entomol exp appl 49 : 111\u2013121\nb\u00f6rner c ( 1939 ) die grundlagen meines lepidopterensystems . verh 7 . int kongr entomologie 2 : 1374\u20131424\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1959 ) observation of feeding habits of adult westermanniinae ( lepid , noctuidae ) in cambodia . acta trop 16 : 356\u2013361\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1962 ) biological and morphological notes on the fruit - piercing and eye - frequenting moths . 11 . int kongr entomologie wien ( 1960 ) 2 : 10\u201317\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1967 ) biological notes on eye - frequenting moths from n thailand . mitt schweiz entomol ges 39 / 3 , 4 : 151\u2013179\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1970 ) strange parasites of the eye . ciba symposium 17 : 22\u201329\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1973 ) vorl\u00e4ufige beobachtungen an augenbesuchenden schmetterlingen in der elfenbeink\u00fcste . rev suisse zool 80 : 1\u201343\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1993 ) domestic and wild mammalian hosts of ophthalmotropic lepidoptera in africa . entomologist extraordinary . s afr inst med res , johannesburg , pp 5\u20139\nb\u00fcttiker w ( 1996 ) midgut structure and contents in some higher moths , especially in eye - frequenting taxa . entomol basiliensia ( in press )\ndownes ja ( 1973 ) lepidoptera feeding at puddle - margins , dung , and carrion . j lepid soc 27 / 2 : 89\u201399\nfrings h , frings m ( 1956 ) the loci of contact chemoreceptors involved in feeding reactions in certain lepidoptera . biol bull 110 : 291\u2013299\ngouws jj , coetzer jaw , howell pg ( 1995 ) a comparative microbiological study of clinically healthy eyes and those affected by ophthalmia in cattle and the association of noctuid eye - frequenting moths . tydskr s afr vet assoc 66 / 3 : 160\u2013169\nkrenn hw ( 1990 ) functional morphology and movements of the proboscis of lepidoptera ( insecta ) . zoomorphology 110 : 105\u2013114\nnicolet j , b\u00fcttiker w ( 1975a ) observations sur la k\u00e9rato - conjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en c\u00f4te d ' ivoire 1 . aspects microbiologiques . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 115\u2013124\nnicolet j , b\u00fcttiker w ( 1975b ) observations sur la k\u00e9ratoconjonctivite infectieuse du bovin en c\u00f4te d ' ivoire 2 . \u00e9tude sur le r\u00f4le vecteur des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ophthalmotropes . rev elev med vet pays trop 28 / 2 : 125\u2013132\nnorris mj ( 1936 ) the feeding - habits of the adult lepidoptera heteroneura . trans r entomol soc london 85 : 61\u201390\nsellier r ( 1975 ) \u00e9tude ultrastructurale en microscopie \u00e9lectronique par balayage des organes sensoriels de la trompe des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res rhopaloc\u00e8res . alexanor 9 : 9\u201315\ni use a 125w mercury vapour lamp for attracting night - flying insects . i used to set this up on my apartment rooftop or balcony with a white sheet and the surrounding tiled or painted walls as a base .\ni found this fairly limiting due to often small numbers of attendees and usually the same species . so now i have invested in a gasoline generator and take my gear into the bush strapped to the back of my trusty electric bike .\n( nb . i use the light only for photographing night - flying insects . i do not trap or collect specimens . )\nthe hard decision is usually deciding when to pack up and go home , just in case that \u201camazing one\u201d arrives\u2026 . .\nyou can see all of my images captured at the night light in my flickr album , night light .\n( click the corresponding links below to see the full size images in my photostream . image numbering starts top left , then from left to right , top to bottom . )\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . ."]}
{"id": 180, "summary": [{"text": "rana is a genus of frogs commonly known as the holarctic true frogs , pond frogs or brown frogs .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "members of this genus are found through much of eurasia , north america , central america , and the northern half of south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "many other genera were formerly included here .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these true frogs are usually largish species characterized by their slim waists and wrinkled skin ; many have thin ridges running along their backs , but they generally lack \" warts \" as in typical toads .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are excellent jumpers due to their long , slender legs .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the typical webbing found on their hind feet allows for easy movement through water .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "coloration is mostly greens and browns above , with darker and yellowish spots . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "rana ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["( rana toro ) , en ambientes precordilleranos de la provincia de san juan , argentina . ' '\nthis species is very adaptable with minimal threats except for pollution and invasive species such as rana catesbeiana ( iucn 2006 ) .\nrana clamitans bronze frog , green frog ( r . c . melanotus ) , bronze frog ( r . c . clamitans ) subgenus : aquarana\nmatsui , t . , and matsui , m . ( 1990 ) . ' ' a new brown frog ( genus\nrana areolata crawfish frog , southern crawfish frog ( r . a . areolatus ) , northern crawfish frog ( r . a . circulosus ) subgenus : pantherana\ntaxonomic notes : this species was placed in the genus lithobates by frost et al . ( 2006 ) . however , yuan et al . ( 2016 , systematic biology , doi : 10 . 1093 / sysbio / syw055 ) showed that this action created problems of paraphyly in other genera . yuan et al . ( 2016 ) recognized subgenera within rana for the major traditional species groups , with lithobates used as the subgenus for the rana palmipes group . amphibiaweb recommends the optional use of these subgenera to refer to these major species groups , with names written as rana ( aquarana ) catesbeiana , for example .\nche j . , pang j . f . , zhao e . m . , matsui m . , zhang y . p . ( 2007 ) . ' ' phylogenetic relationships of the chinese brown frogs ( genus rana ) inferred from partial mitochondrial 12s and 16s rrna gene sequences . ' '\ncase , s . m . ( museum of vertebrate zoology and departments of zoology and biochemistry , university of california , berkeley , california 94720 ) 1978 . biochemical systematics of members of the genus rana native to western north america . syst . zool . 27 : 299\u2013311 . \u2014few supraspecific groups have been defined in north american ranids and the informal groupings which are recognized are often poorly characterized . two biochemical methods , starch gel electrophoresis and microcomplement fixation , have been used in an examination of the evolutionary relationships among western north american frogs of the genus rana . both the electrophoretic and albumin comparisons indicate that the rana boylii species group presently includes two very different evolutionary lineages . rana aurora , r . boylii , r . cascadae , r . muscosa , and r . pretiosa are all members of one lineage allied to r . temporaria of europe . a mexican species traditionally included in this group , r . tarahumarae , is most closely related to other members of the genus that occur in mexico and is part of a larger lineage that also includes r . pipiens . frogs found in eastern north america diverged from western european frogs in mid - eocene ; estimates of divergence time are consistent with the hypothesis that separation of these lineages coincided with the end of a land connection between europe and north america . the catesbeiana , pipiens , and tarahumarae groups diverged from each other in the oligocene . western north american rana diverged from a eurasian ancestor in the oligocene and radiated in this area to form the five members of the boylii group .\na116 . van der meijden , a . , r . boistel , j . gerlach , a . ohler , m . vences & a . meyer ( 2007 ) : molecular phylogenetic evidence for paraphyly of the genus sooglossus , with the description of a new genus of seychellean frogs . \u2013 biological journal of the linnean society 91 : 347 - 359 .\nmueses - cisneros , j . j . and ball\u00e9n , g . ( 2007 ) . ' ' un nuevo caso de alerta sobre posible amenaza a una fauna nativa de anfibios en colombia : primer reporte de la rana toro (\npereyra , m . o . , baldo , d . , and krauczuc , e . r . ( 2006 ) . ' ' la \u2018\u2018rana toro\u2019\u2019 en la selva atl\u00e1ntica interior argentina : un nuevo problema de conservaci\u00f3n . ' '\na99 . glaw , f . & m . vences ( 2006 ) . phylogeny and genus - level classification of mantellid frogs . \u2013 organisms diversity and evolution 6 : 236 - 253 . ( pdf )\nmatsui , m . , bassarukin , a . m . , kasugai , k . , tanabe , s . and takenaka , s . ( 1994 ) . ' ' morphological comparisons of brown frogs ( genus\nprevious species lists may refer to this frog as rana palmipes ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . savage ( 2002 ) and guyer and donnelly ( 2005 ) follow the systematic treatment of hillis and de s\u00e3\u00a1 ( 1988 ) , in separating the two species based on morphology .\na67 . l\u00f6tters , s . , e . la marca & m . vences ( 2004 ) : redescriptions of two toad species of the genus atelopus from coastal venezuela . \u2013 copeia 2004 : 222 - 234 . ( pdf )\na192 . jovanovic , o . & m . vences ( 2010 ) : skeletochronological analysis of age structure in populations of four species of malagasy poisonous frogs , genus mantella . \u2013 amphibia - reptilia 31 : 553 - 557 . ( pdf )\na101 . vejarano , s . , m . thomas & m . vences ( 2006 ) : comparative larval morphology in madagascan frogs of the genus guibemantis ( anura : mantellidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 1329 : 39 - 57 . ( pdf )\n> green frogs ( rana clamitans ) defend calling territories against intrusion by other males by kicking , bumping , and biting . the south american nest - building hylid , hyla faber , has a long , sharp spine on the thumb with which males wound each other when wrestling . the small central american dendrobates\u2026 \u2026\na349 . vences , m . , v . sarasola - puente , e . sanchez , f . amat & j . s . hauswaldt ( 2017 ) : diversity and distribution of deep mitochondrial lineages of the common frog , rana temporaria , in northern spain . \u0096 salamandra 53 : 25\u009633 . ( pdf )\na34 . vences , m . , m . puente , s . nieto & d . r . vieites ( 2002 ) : phenotypic plasticity of anuran larvae : environmental variables influence body shape and oral morphology in rana temporaria tadpoles . \u2013 journal of zoology , london 257 : 155 - 162 . ( pdf )\na83 . vences , m . , f . andreone & f . glaw ( 2005 ) : a new microhylid frog of the genus cophyla from a transitional forest in northwestern madagascar . \u2013 african zoology 40 : 143 - 149 . ( pdf )\na312 . segev , o . , a . rodriguez , s . hauswaldt , k . hugemann & m . vences ( 2015 ) : flatworms ( schmidtea nova ) prey upon embryos of the common frog ( rana temporaria ) and induce minor developmental acceleration . \u0096 amphibia - reptilia 36 : 155\u0096163 . ( pdf )\nmatsui , m . , shimada , t . , liu , m . z . , manyati , m . , khomsue , w . , and orlov , n . ( 2006 ) . ' ' phylogenetic relationships of oriental torrent frogs in the genus\na94 . vences , m . , f . andreone & d . r . vieites ( 2005 ) : new treefrog of the genus boophis tschudi 1838 from the northwestern rainforests of madagascar . \u2013 tropical zoology 18 : 237 - 249 . ( pdf )\na20 . vences , m . , p . gal\u00e1n , a . palanca , d . r . vieites , s . nieto & j . rey ( 2000 ) : summer microhabitat use and diel activity cycles in a high altitude pyrenean population of rana temporaria . \u2013 herpetological journal 10 : 49 - 56 . ( pdf )\na318 . k\u00f6hler , j . , f . glaw , m . pabijan & m . vences ( 2015 ) : integrative taxonomic revision of mantellid frogs of the genus aglyptodactylus ( anura : mantellidae ) . \u0096 zootaxa 4006 : 401 - 438 . ( pdf )\na104 . vejarano , s . , m . thomas & m . vences ( 2006 ) : comparative tadpole morphology in three species of frogs of the genus spinomantis ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . \u2013 contributions to zoology 75 : 99 - 108 . ( pdf )\na384 . dittrich , c . , a . rodr\u00edguez , o . segev , s . drakulic , h . feldhaar , m . vences & m . - o . r\u00f6del ( 2018 ) : temporal migration patterns and mating tactics influence size - assortative mating in rana temporaria . behavioral ecology 29 : 418 - 428 . ( pdf )\na16 . vences , m . , n . piqu\u00e9 , a . lopez , m . puente , c . miramontes , d . rodriguez ( 1999 ) : summer habitat population density and size classes of rana temporaria in a high altitude pyrenean population . \u2013 amphibia - reptilia 20 ( 4 ) : 440 - 443 . ( pdf )\na308 . miralles , a . , f . glaw , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences ( 2015 ) : a likely microendemic new species of terrestrial iguana , genus chalarodon , from madagascar . \u0096 zootaxa 3946 : 201 - 220 . ( pdf )\na137 . wollenberg , k . c . , f . andreone , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2008 ) : pretty in pink : a new treefrog species of the genus boophis from north - eastern madagascar . \u2013 zootaxa 1684 : 58 - 68 .\na23 . mausfeld , p . , m . vences , a . schmitz & m . veith ( 2000 ) : first data on the molecular phylogeography of scincid lizards of the genus mabuya . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 17 : 11 - 14 . ( pdf )\na11 . vences , m . , a . hille & f . glaw ( 1998 ) : allozyme differentiation in the genus mantella ( amphibia : anura : mantellinae ) . \u2013 folia zoologica 47 ( 4 ) : 261 - 274 . ( pdf , low resolution )\na48 . vences , m . , k . grossenbacher , m . puente , a . palanca & d . r . vieites ( 2003 ) : the cambal\u00e8s fairy tale : elevational limits of rana temporaria ( amphibia : ranidae ) and other european amphibians revisited . \u2013 folia zoologica 52 ( 2 ) : 189 - 202 . ( pdf )\na45 . veith m . , m . vences , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - roman & a . palanca ( 2002 ) : genetic differentiation and population structure within the spanish common frogs ( rana temporaria complex ; ranidae , amphibia ) . \u2013 folia zoologica 51 ( 2 ) : 307 - 318 . ( pdf )\na174 . vallan , d . , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2010 ) : forceps delivery of a new treefrog species of the genus boophis from eastern madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . \u2013 amphibia - reptilia 31 : 1 - 8 . ( pdf )\na133 . k\u00f6hler , j . f . glaw & m . vences ( 2007 ) : a new green treefrog , genus boophis tschudi 1838 ( anura mantellidae ) , from arid western madagascar : phylogenetic relationships and biogeogeographic implications . \u2013 tropical zoology 20 : 215 - 227 .\na175 . gal\u00e1n , p . , a . - k . ludewig , j . kmiec , s . hauswaldt , m . cabana , r . ferreiro , m . vences ( 2010 ) : low mitochondrial divergence of rediscovered southern relict populations of rana temporaria parvipalmata in spain . \u2013 amphibia - reptilia 31 : 144 - 148 . ( pdf )\na283 . orozco - terwengel , p . , f . andreone , e . louis jr . & m . vences ( 2013 ) mitochondrial introgressive hybridization following a demographic expansion in the tomato frogs of madagascar , genus dyscophus . \u2013 molecular ecology 22 : 6074\u20136090 . ( pdf )\na193 . rasolonjatovo hiobiarilanto , t . , r . - d . randrianiaina , j . glos , a . strau\u00df & m . vences ( 2010 ) : description of ten tadpoles in the genus boophis from madagascar . \u2013 zootaxa 2694 : 1 - 25 . ( pdf )\na161 . rocha , s . , m . vences , f . glaw , d . posada & d . j . harris ( 2009 ) : multigene phylogeny of malagasy day geckos of the genus phelsuma . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 530 - 537 . ( pdf )\na110 . aliabadian , m . , m . kaboli , r . prodon , v . nijman & m . vences ( 2007 ) : phylogeny of palearctic wheatears ( genus oenanthe ) - congruence between morphometric and molecular data . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 42 : 665 - 675 .\na64 . grosjean , s . , m . vences & a . dubois ( 2004 ) : evolutionary significance of oral morphology in the carnivorous tadpoles of tiger frogs , genus hoplobatrachus ( ranidae ) . \u2013 biological journal of the linnean society 81 : 171 - 181 . ( pdf )\na253 . lehtinen , r . m . , f . glaw , f . andreone , m . pabijan & m . vences ( 2012 ) : a new species of putatively pond breeding frog of the genus guibemantis from madagascar . \u2013 copeia 2012 : 648 - 662 . ( pdf )\na383 . vences . m . , j . r . rasoloariniaina & j . c . riemann ( 2018 ) : a preliminary assessment of genetic divergence and distribution of malagasy cave fish in the genus typhleotris ( teleostei : milyeringidae ) . \u0096 zootaxa 4378 : 367 - 376 . ( pdf )\na375 . rakotoarison , a . , m . d . scherz , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2017 ) : rediscovery of frogs belonging to the enigmatic microhylid genus madecassophryne in the anosy massif , south - eastern madagascar . \u0096 salamandra 53 : 507 - 518 . ( pdf )\na167 . glaw , f . , j . k\u00f6hler & m . vences ( 2009 ) : a distinctive new species of chameleon of the genus furcifer ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from the montagne d ' ambre rainforest of northern madagascar . \u2013 zootaxa 2269 : 32 - 42 . ( pdf )\na126 . grosjean , s . , j . glos , m . teschke , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2007 ) : comparative larval morphology of madagascan toadlets of the genus scaphiophryne : phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences . \u2013 zoological journal of the linnean society 151 : 555 - 576 .\na325 . vences . m . , o . jovanovic , g . safarek , f . glaw & j . k\u00f6hler ( 2015 ) : a new arboreal frog of the genus guibemantis from the southeast of madagascar ( anura : mantellidae ) . \u0096 zootaxa 4059 : 569 - 580 . ( pdf )\na162 . jovanovic , o . , j . glos , f . glaw , r . - d . randrianiaina & m . vences ( 2009 ) : comparative larval morphology in madagascan frogs of the genus mantella ( amphibia : mantellidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2124 : 21 - 37 . ( pdf )\na55 . andreone , f . , g . aprea , m . vences & g . odierna ( 2003 ) : a new frog of the genus mantidactylus from the rainforests of north - eastern madagascar , and its karyological affinities . \u2013 amphibia - reptilia 24 : 285 - 303 . ( pdf )\na225 . raharivololoniaina , l . , o . verneau , p . berthier , m . vences & l . du preez ( 2011 ) : first monogenean flatworm from a microhylid frog host : kankana , a new polystome genus from madagascar . \u2013 parasitology international 60 : 465 - 473 . ( pdf )\na176 . vences , m . , f . glaw , j . k\u00f6hler & k . c . wollenberg ( 2010 ) : molecular phylogeny , morphology and bioacoustics reveal five additional species of arboreal microhylids of the genus anodonthyla from madagascar . \u2013 contributions to zoology 79 : 1 - 32 . ( pdf )\na113 . greenbaum , e . , a . m . bauer , t . r . jackman , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2007 ) : a phylogeny of the enigmatic madagascan geckos of the genus uroplatus ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 1493 : 41 - 51 . ( pdf )\na100 . raharivololoniaina , l . , s . grosjean , n . rasoamampionona raminosoa , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2006 ) : molecular identification , description and phylogenetic implications of the tadpoles of 11 species of malagasy treefrogs , genus boophis . \u2013 journal of natural history 40 : 1449 - 1480 .\na28 . kosuch , j . , m . vences , a . dubois , a . ohler & w . b\u00f6hme ( 2001 ) : out of asia : mitochondrial dna evidence for an oriental origin of tiger frogs , genus hoplobatrachus . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 : 398 - 407 . ( pdf )\na229 . veith , m . , a . baumgart , a . dubois , a . ohler , p . gal\u00e1n , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - rom\u00e1n & m . vences ( 2012 ) . discordant patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial introgression in iberian populations of the european common frog ( rana temporaria ) . \u2013 journal of heredity 103 : 240 - 249 . ( pdf )\na194 . du preez , l . h . , l . raharivololoniaina , o . verneau & m . vences ( 2010 ) : a new genus of polystomatid flatworm ( monogenea : polystomatidae ) without free - swimming life stage from the malagasy poison frogs . \u2013 zootaxa 2722 : 54 - 68 . ( pdf )\na35 . schaefer , h . - c . , m . vences & m . veith ( 2002 ) : molecular phylogeny of malagasy poison frogs , genus mantella ( anura : mantellidae ) : homoplastic evolution of colour pattern in aposematic amphibians . \u2013 organisms diversity and evolution 2 : 97 - 105 . ( pdf )\na324 . scherz , m . d . , b . ruthensteiner , d . r . vieites , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2015 ) : two new microhylid frogs of the genus rhombophryne with superciliary spines from the tsaratanana massif in northern madagascar . \u0096 herpetologica 71 : 310 - 321 . ( pdf )\na256 . lemme , i . , m . erbacher , n . kaffenberger , m . vences & j . k\u00f6hler ( 2013 ) : molecules and morphology suggest cryptic species diversity and an overall complex taxonomy of fish scale geckos , genus geckolepis . \u2013 organisms diversity and evolution 13 : 87 - 95 . ( pdf )\na21 . glaw , f . , m . vences & v . gossmann ( 2000 ) : a new species of mantidactylus from madagascar , with a comparative survey of internal femoral gland structure in the genus ( amphibia : ranidae : mantellinae ) . \u2013 journal of natural history 34 : 1135 - 1154 . ( pdf )\na227 . kaffenberger , n . , k . c . wollenberg , j . k\u00f6hler , f . glaw , d . r . vieites , & m . vences ( 2012 ) : molecular phylogeny and biogeography of malagasy frogs of the genus gephyromantis . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 62 : 555 - 560 . ( pdf )\na216 . pabijan , m . , p . - s . gehring , j . k\u00f6hler , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2011 ) : a new microendemic frog species of the genus blommersia ( anura : mantellidae ) from the east coast of madagascar . \u2013 zootaxa 2978 : 34 - 50 . ( pdf )\na210 . miralles , a . , a . p . raselimanana , d . rakotomalala , m . vences & d . r . vieites ( 2011 ) : a new large and colorful skink of the genus amphiglossus from madagascar revealed by morphology and multilocus molecular study . \u2013 zootaxa 2918 : 47 - 67 . ( pdf )\na296 . scherz , m . d . , b . ruthensteiner , m . vences & f . glaw ( 2014 ) : a new microhylid frog , genus rhombophryne , from northeastern madagascar , and a re - description of r . serratopalpebrosa using micro - computed tomography . \u2013 zootaxa 3860 : 547 - 560 . ( pdf )\na221 . randrianiaina , r . d . , k . c . wollenberg , t . rasolonjatovo hiobiarilanto , a . strau\u00df , j . glos & m . vences ( 2011 ) nidicolous tadpoles rather than direct development in malagasy frogs of the genus gephyromantis . \u2013 journal of natural history 45 : 2871 - 2900 . ( pdf )\na222 . k\u00f6hler , j . , f . glaw , g . m . rosa , p . - s . gehring , m . pabijan , f . andreone & m . vences ( 2011 ) : two new bright - eyed treefrogs of the genus boophis from madagascar . \u2013 salamandra 47 : 207 - 221 . ( pdf )\na135 . jackman , t . r . , a . m . bauer , e . greenbaum , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2008 ) : molecular phylogenetic relationships among species of the malagasy - comoran gecko genus paroedura ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 74 - 81 . ( pdf )\na274 . klages , j . , f . glaw , j . k\u00f6hler , j . m\u00fcller , c . a . hipsley & m . vences ( 2013 ) : molecular , morphological and osteological differentiation of a new species of microhylid frog of the genus stumpffia from northwestern madagascar . \u2013 zootaxa 3717 : 280 - 300 . ( pdf )\na115 . glaw , f . , z . t . nagy , m . franzen & m . vences ( 2007 ) : molecular phylogeny and systematics of the pseudoxyrhophiine snake genus liopholidophis ( reptilia , colubridae ) : evolution of its exceptional sexual dimorphism and descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 zoologica scripta 36 : 291 - 300 . ( pdf )\na128 . nagy , z . t . , f . glaw , f . andreone , m . wink & m . vences ( 2007 ) : species boundaries in malagasy snakes of the genus madagascarophis ( serpentes : colubridae sensu lato ) assessed by nuclear and mitochondrial markers . \u2013 organisms diversity & evolution 7 : 241 - 251 . ( pdf )\na235 . randrianiaina , r . d . , a . strau\u00df , j . glos & m . vences ( 2012 ) : diversity of strongly rheophilous tadpoles of malagasy tree frogs , genus boophis ( anura , mantellidae ) , and identification of new candidate species via larval dna sequence and morphology . \u2013 zookeys 178 : 59 - 124 . ( pdf )\na121 . glaw , f . , j . k\u00f6hler , p . bora , n . h . c . rabibisoa , o . ramilijaona & m . vences ( 2007 ) : discovery of the genus plethodontohyla ( anura : microhylidae ) in dry western madagascar : description of a new species and biogeographic implications . \u2013 zootaxa 1577 : 61 - 68 .\na5 . ziegler , t . , m . vences , f . glaw & w . b\u00f6hme ( 1997 ) : genital morphology and systematics of geodipsas boulenger , 1896 ( reptilia : serpentes : colubridae ) , with description of a new genus . \u2013 revue suisse de zoologie 104 ( 1 ) : 95 - 114 . ( pdf , low resolution )\ntwo subspecies are recognized , based on morphological differences among larvae and adults ( goin and netting , 1940 ; bragg , 1953 ) . southern crawfish frogs ( rana a . areolata ) occur from east - central texas east through central and northern louisiana and southern arkansas , and north into southeastern oklahoma . northern crawfish frogs ( rana a . circulosa ) occur in the northern and eastern portions of the species distribution . sympatry between the subspecies occurs in the tallgrass prairie region between the canadian and arkansas rivers in oklahoma , and in southern arkansas ( bragg , 1953 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . the similarity of r . areolata to the related florida gopher frog\u2013dusky gopher frog ( r . capito \u2013 r . sevosa ) complex may contribute to inaccurate distribution records ( mount , 1975 ; martof et al . , 1980 ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; young and crother , 2001 ) . rana areolata , r . capito , and r . sevosa are distinct species ( goin and netting , 1940 ; hillis et al . , 1983 ; hillis , 1988 ; young and crother , 2001 ) and allopatrically distributed , although they are only separated by a narrow region in south - central mississippi and central louisiana ( dundee and rossman , 1989 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) , where morphologically intermediate animals were noted by neill ( 1957d ) .\na98 . chiari , y . , p . orozco - terwengel , m . vences , d . r : vieites , a . sarovy , j . e : randrianirina , a . meyer & e . louis jr . ( 2006 ) : genetic identification of units for conservation in tomato frogs , genus dyscophus . \u2013 conservation genetics 7 : 473 - 482 .\na153 . randrianiaina , r . - d . , l . raharivololoniaina , c . preuss , a . strau\u00df . f . glaw , m . teschke , j . glos , n . raminosoa & m . vences ( 2009 ) : descriptions of the tadpoles of seven species of malagasy treefrogs , genus boophis . \u2013 zootaxa 2021 : 23 - 41 . ( pdf )\na288 . glaw , f . , c . kucharzewski , z . t . nagy , o . hawlitschek & m . vences ( 2013 ) : new insights into the systematics and molecular phylogeny of the malagasy snake genus liopholidophis suggest at least one rapid reversal of extreme sexual dimorphism in tail length . \u2013 organisms , diversity and evolution 14 : 121 - 132 . ( pdf )\na197 . randrianiaina , r . d . , a . strau\u00df , j . glos , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2011 ) : diversity , external morphology and \u2018reverse taxonomy\u2019 in the specialized tadpoles of malagasy river bank frogs of the subgenus ochthomantis ( genus mantidactylus ) . \u2013 contributions to zoology 80 : 17 - 65 . ( pdf ) ( pdf high resolution )\na178 . rocha , s . , h . r\u00f6sler , p . - s . gehring , f . glaw , d . posada , d . j . harris & m . vences ( 2010 ) : phylogenetic systematics of day geckos , genus phelsuma , based on molecular and morphological data ( squamata : gekkonidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2429 : 1 - 28 . ( pdf )\na37 . vences , m . , f . andreone , f . glaw , j . kosuch , a . meyer , h . - c . schaefer & m . veith ( 2002 ) : exploring the potential of life - history key innovation : brook breeding in the radiation of the malagasy treefrog genus boophis . \u2013 molecular ecology 11 : 1453 - 1463 . ( pdf )\nmales call from floating vegetation , or the shore , both day and night but more frequently at night during the breeding season ( savage 2002 ) . the advertisement and territorial call consists of a complex series of squalls and chortles , with the variability of noises giving the impression that several species are present at the same time ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . the call may even be reminiscent of sounds produced by rubbing a hand across an inflated balloon ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . this frog also gives a high - pitched , single - note alarm call sounding like a ' yip ' while leaping toward safety , and a captured individual may give prolonged , high - pitched calls while being handled by its captors ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . the call given by this frog at la selva , costa rica is similar to that of taylor ' s leopard frog ( rana taylori , formerly rana pipiens ) and its relatives ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) .\na122 . wohltmann , a . , l . du preez , m . - o . r\u00f6del , j . k\u00f6hler & m . vences ( 2007 ) : endoparasitic mites of the genus endotrombicula ewing , 1931 ( acari : prostigmata : parasitengona : trombiculidae ) from african and madagascan anurans , with description of a new species . \u2013 folia parasitologica 54 : 225 - 235 . ( pdf )\na226 . ohler , a . , k . c . wollenberg , s . grosjean , r . hendrix , m . vences , t . ziegler & a . dubois ( 2011 ) : sorting out lalos : description of new species and additional taxonomic data on megophryid frogs from northern indochina ( genus leptolalax , megophryidae , anura ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3147 : 1 - 83 . ( pdf )\na158 . franzen , m . , j . jones , a . p . raselimanana , z . t . nagy , n . d ' cruze , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2009 ) : a new black - bellied snake ( pseudoxrhophiinae : liophidium ) from western madagascar , with notes on the genus pararhadinaea . \u2013 amphibia - reptilia 30 : 173 - 183 . ( pdf )\na7 . glaw , f . , m . vences & w . b\u00f6hme ( 1998 ) : systematic revision of the genus aglyptodactylus boulenger , 1919 ( amphibia : ranidae ) , and analysis of its phylogenetic relationships to other madagascan ranid genera ( tomopterna , boophis , mantidactylus , and mantella ) . \u2013 journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 36 ( 1 ) : 17 - 37 . ( pdf )\nin contrast , parasites are not a major cause of mortality . this frog has relatively few parasites in comparison to other species of frogs , despite its aquatic lifestyle which favors the life cycle of gorgoderina and many other digeneans . studies have reported only 25 helminth species parasitizing rana vaillanti including several species of gorgoderina : g . attenuata , g . diaster , g . parvicava , and g . megacetabularis . the site of infection is the urinary bladder ( ramirez et al . 1998 ; mata - l\u00e3\u00b3pez et al . 2005 ) .\na376 . miralles , a . , a . macleod , a . rodr\u00edguez , a . iba\u00f1ez , g . jim\u00e9nez - uzcategui , g . quezada , m . vences & s . steinfartz ( 2017 ) : shedding light on the imps of darkness : an integrative taxonomic revision of the gal\u00e1pagos marine iguanas ( genus amblyrhynchus ) . \u0096 zoological journal of the linnean society 181 : 678 - 710 . ( pdf )\na278 . ratsoavina , f . m . , n . r . raminosoa , e . e . louis jr . , a . p . raselimanana , f . glaw & m . vences ( 2013 ) : an overview of madagascar\u2019s leaf tailed geckos ( genus uroplatus ) : species boundaries , candidate species and review of geographical distribution based on molecular data . \u2013 salamandra 49 : 115 - 148 . ( pdf )\na270 . vences , m . , j . s . hauswaldt , s . steinfartz , o . rupp , a . goesmann , s . k\u00fcnzel , p . orozco - terwengel , d . r . vieites , s . nieto - roman , s . haas , c . laugsch , m . gehara , s . bruchmann , m . pabijan , a . - k . ludewig , d . rudert , c . angelini , l . j . borkin , p . - a . crochet , a . crottini , a . dubois , g . f . ficetola , p . gal\u00e1n , p . geniez , m . hachtel , o . jovanovic , s . n . litvinchuk , p . lymberakis , a . ohler , n . a . smirnov ( 2013 ) : radically different phylogeographies and patterns of genetic variation in two european brown frogs , genus rana . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 : 657 - 670 . ( pdf )\na recent genetic study of gopher frog ( rana capito ) populations across the current geographic distribution ( mississippi\u2013north carolina ) by young and crother ( 2001 ) indicated that the mississippi population was genetically distinct . young and crother ( 2001 ) therefore elevated the mississippi population to specific status by resurrecting rana sevosa goin and netting ( 1940 ; dusky gopher frog ) , because this population is the only one remaining in the historical geographic range of rana sevosa ( louisiana to mobile county , alabama ) as described by goin and netting ( 1940 ) . assigning the population discovered in baldwin county , alabama , after the publication of goin and netting ( 1940 ) to r . sevosa or r . capito is difficult because this population was not included in their study and has since become extinct . netting and goin ( 1942a ) assigned this population to r . sevosa based on the then known distribution of r . sevosa ( louisiana to mobile county , alabama ) and r . capito ( florida to north carolina ) . however , populations later discovered in counties proximate to baldwin county were included in the genetic study of young and crother ( 2001 ) and were not genetically distinct from all other populations sampled east of the mobile bay ( thus remaining r . capito ) . based on this evidence , we assign the baldwin county population to r . capito ( as indicated by the geographic range maps ) and note the inherent uncertainty . it currently is not possible to determine the location of the contact zone between r . sevosa and r . capito , but the extensive mobile basin creates a logical barrier to dispersal and thus probably separates the two species .\nc . larvae / metamorphosis . larvae hatch within 7\u201315 d after oviposition and metamorphose in 63\u201375 d in the field ( bragg , 1953 ; johnson , 1987 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . hatching occurs in 7\u201310 d and metamorphosis in 80\u201395 d in the laboratory ( m . redmer , personal observations ) . parris and semlitsch ( 1998 ) demonstrated that crawfish frogs have an average larval period of 65 d when reared in artificial ponds , and that this increases to an upper limit of 90 d when reared with larvae of other rana species . larvae feed primarily on phytoplankton and algae ( bragg , 1953 ; parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) . larvae reach up to 63 mm in length before metamorphosing and are distinguishable from other rana larvae by having a relatively narrow interruption between the two halves of the inner row of upper labial teeth ( smith et al . , 1948 ; bragg , 1953 ) and by a series of dermal pits along the lateral line ( bragg , 1953 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ) . newly metamorphosed individuals are 30 mm in svl and weigh 2\u20133 g ( wright and myers , 1927 ; smith , 1961 ; parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) .\na287 . vences , m . , e . sanchez , j . s . hauswaldt , d . eikelmann , a . rodr\u00edguez , s . carranza , d . donaire , m . gehara , v . helfer , s . l\u00f6tters , p . werner , s . schulz & s . steinfartz ( 2014 ) : nuclear and mitochondrial multilocus phylogeny and survey of alkaloid content in true salamanders of the genus salamandra ( salamandridae ) . \u2013 molecular phylogenetics and evolution 73 : 208 - 216 . ( pdf )\nk . interspecific associations / exclusions . crawfish frogs may be excluded from larval communities containing plains leopard frogs ( rana blairi ) or southern leopard frogs ( r . sphenocephala ) because of weak interspecific competitive ability ( parris and semlitsch , 1998 ) . they may breed syntopically with northern cricket frogs ( acris crepitans ) , american toads ( bufo americanus ) , cope\u2019s gray treefrogs ( hyla chrysoscelis ) , eastern gray treefrogs ( h . versicolor ) , spring peepers ( pseudacris crucifer ) , western chorus frogs ( p . triseriata ) , plains leopard frogs , green frogs ( r . clamitans ) , and southern leopard frogs ( wright and myers , 1927 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . j . p . , personal observation ) .\n1 . historical versus current distribution . dusky gopher frogs ( rana sevosa ) are endemic to the coastal plain of louisiana ( saint tammany , tangipahoa , and washington parishes ) , mississippi ( hancock , harrison , jackson , and pearl river counties ) , and southwestern alabama ( mobile county ; goin and netting , 1940 ; netting and goin , 1942a ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ) . they were last documented in louisiana in 1967 , although they are now thought to be extirpated ( r . thomas , personal communication ) . populations from historical localities in mobile county , alabama , are also thought to be extinct ( mount , 1990 ; m . bailey , personal communication ) . one population was found in mississippi ( harrison county ) following extensive surveys of historical localities and suitable habitat in the late 1980s , but none has been found since ( g . johnson , personal communication ) .\nrana vaillanti is semiaquatic , found either at the water ' s edge on land , resting in shallows , or floating among vegetation with only its green head emerging ( savage 2002 ) . it is active throughout the year both during day and night ( ramirez et al . 1998 ) . when startled , if it is on land , it will escape into the water to swim a short distance to a hiding spot on the bottom of the lake ( leenders 2001 ) or under floating vegetation ( savage 2002 ) . this frog is a sit - and - wait predator with a diverse diet of mainly sedentary prey , including a high proportion of invertebrates such as insects ( coleopterans , odontates and areneids ) and spiders , but also including birds , fish , and conspecifics ( ramirez et al . 1998 ) . it forages on the shoreline of the lake , leaping with hind legs completely extended ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) .\na377 . rakotoarison , a . , m . d . scherz , f . glaw , j . k\u00f6hler , f . andreone , m . franzen , j . glos , o . hawlitschek , t . jono , a . mori , s . h . ndriantsoa , n . rasoamampionona raminosoa , j . c . riemann , m . o . r\u00f6del , g . m . rosa , d . r . vieites , a . crottini & m . vences ( 2017 ) : describing the smaller majority : integrative taxonomy reveals twenty - six new species of tiny microhylid frogs ( genus stumpffia ) from madagascar . \u0096 vertebrate zoology 67 : 271 - 398 . ( high - resolution pdf - 75 mb ) ( low - resolution pdf - 15 mb )\nk . interspecific associations / exclusions . dusky gopher frogs inhabit the burrows of gopher tortoises , gopherus polyphemus ( allen , 1932 ; wright and wright , 1949 ) and small mammals ( richter et al . , 2001 ) . amphibian species currently known to breed in the same pond as dusky gopher frogs , although not necessarily during the same season , include mole salamanders ( ambystoma talpoideum ) , southern cricket frogs ( acris gryllus ) , southern toads ( bufo terrestris ) , eastern narrow - mouthed toads ( gastrophryne carolinensis ) , green treefrogs ( hyla cinerea ) , pine woods treefrogs ( h . femoralis ) , barking treefrogs ( h . gratiosa ) , squirrel treefrogs ( h . squirella ) , spring peepers ( pseudacris crucifer ) , southern chorus frogs ( p . nigrita ) , ornate chorus frogs ( p . ornata ) , green frogs ( rana clamitans ) , southern leopard frogs ( r . sphenocephala ) , and eastern spadefoot toads ( scaphiopus holbrookii ; allen , 1932 ; g . johnson and s . c . r . , personal observations ) .\nk . interspecific associations / exclusions . in new jersey , green frogs and carpenter frogs ( r . virgatipes ) breed in the same lakes and have overlapping breeding seasons , calling site preferences , and vocal repertoires ; they also exhibit generally similar territorial behaviors ( wells , 1977 , 1978 ; given , 1987 , 1990 ) . nevertheless , given ( 1990 ) shows that carpenter frogs are less territorial but more aggressive than are green frogs in these breeding aggregations . working in west virginia , pauley and barron ( 1995 ) observed that green frogs breed in the same ponds as leopard frogs , pickerel frogs , and bullfrogs , but only american bullfrogs have an overlapping breeding season with green frogs . in northern minnesota , green frogs commonly occur with mink frogs ( rana septentrionalis ; oldfield and moriarty , 1994 ) . however , mink frogs usually inhabit floating vegetation in deeper water while green frogs are found along the edges of the water . this habitat partitioning reduces interspecific competition for food ( fleming , 1976 ) . minton ( 1972 ) reports two cases of male green frogs in amplexus with leopard frogs , once with a male and once with a female .\n1 . historical versus current distribution . crawfish frogs ( rana areolata ) have a disjunct distribution , with populations localized in areas of suitable habitat . the distribution forms an arc that encircles the eastern , northern , and western boundaries of the ozark plateau , from western indiana and southern illinois , west through south - central iowa , central and southwestern missouri , southeastern kansas , eastern oklahoma , and eastern texas , and from extreme western kentucky south along the mississippi drainage to central mississippi , and across southern arkansas and northwestern louisiana ( wright and myers , 1927 ; goin and netting , 1940 ; bailey , 1943 ; bragg , 1953 ; smith , 1961 ; altig and lohoefener , 1983 ; garrett and barker , 1987 ; johnson , 1987 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; young and crother , 2001 ) . they are also present in a narrow band along the arkansas river valley in central arkansas ( s . trauth , arkansas state university , personal communication ) . crawfish frogs are absent from the ozark plateau in missouri and arkansas and the mississippi river delta in arkansas and mississippi ( r . altig , mississippi state university , personal communication ) .\nrana vaillanti is a large frog with males reaching 67 - 94 mm and females 76 - 125 mm in snout - vent length ( savage 2002 ) . the head is longer than wide , with a pointed snout . the tympanum is large , and exceeds or is equal to the eye diameter . fingers are unwebbed but have a lateral ridge , and also have slightly swollen tips . finger i is longer than finger ii . subarticular tubercles are present under fingers but no supernumerary , plantar , or accessory palmar tubercles are present . the thenar tubercle is elongated and the palmar tubercle is cordate to bifid . on the hindlimb , a weak tarsal ridge is present . toes have expanded tips and are fully webbed , with oblong subarticular tubercles . the inner metatarsal tubercle is present and elongate , but the outer metatarsal tubercle is lacking . dorsal surfaces on this frog are covered with white - tipped denticles , particularly between the two prominent dorsolateral folds . the shank bears longitudinal rows of white - tipped denticles on the dorsal surface . ventrally most surfaces are smooth , but the underside of the tarsus is denticulate . males have paired rounded vocal slits and paired internal subgular vocal sacs , as well as yellowish nuptial excrescences on the dorsolateral surface of the thumb and forearm ( savage 2002 ) .\n1 . historical versus current distribution . the range of green frogs ( rana clamitans ) encompasses most of the eastern united states , from the canadian border south to the gulf of mexico . green frogs occur almost everywhere east of a line drawn from central minnesota south through central iowa , southeast through missouri ( excluding the northwestern corner ) , and south through central oklahoma and eastern texas ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . green frogs are absent from the southern half of florida , from much of central illinois ( a distribution smith [ 1961 ] termed puzzling ) , and from half a dozen scattered counties in north - central arkansas . geographic isolates occur in western iowa , northern utah , and in several locations in the state of washington ( stebbins , 1985 ; leonard et al . , 1993 ) . two subspecies are recognized , northern green frogs ( r . c . melanota ) and bronze frogs ( r . c . clamitans ) . they have distributions that are roughly separated along a line from southeastern oklahoma arcing northeast through missouri to southern illinois , then arcing south through western tennessee , and east through northeastern mississippi , northern alabama , and central georgia , and northeast through central south carolina and extreme southeastern north carolina ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . mecham ( 1954 ) discusses the geographic variations of the morphologic features throughout the range , and arndt ( 1977 ) reports a blue variant from delaware . green frogs have been introduced in the states of washington and utah , and in western iowa .\ni . breeding migrations . breeding occurs in late winter to early spring : late february to early may in northern regions , january to early april in southern regions ( bragg , 1953 ; smith , 1961 ; garrett and barker , 1987 ; johnson , 1987 ; dundee and rossman , 1989 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . immigration begins after rainfall has filled temporary ponds and a saturation has occurred ( smith et al . , 1947 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . ambient air temperatures of 10\u201312 \u02dac ( minimum 8 \u02dac ) are critical to initiate and maintain breeding activity ( smith et al . , 1948 ; bragg , 1953 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . r . , unpublished data ) . some claim that for breeding , crawfish frogs require the most restrictive moisture and temperature conditions of any north american rana ( smith et al . , 1947 ) , but others cite flexibility in reproductive behavior ( bragg , 1953 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ; m . r . , unpublished data ) . males migrate to temporary ponds 5\u20136 d prior to the arrival of females ( smith et al . , 1948 ) . breeding occurs explosively , with most reproduction occurring in a short period of intense chorusing at the beginning of the breeding season , although calling and periodic reproductive activity may persist for 22\u201355 d ( smith et al . , 1948 ; busby and brecheisen , 1997 ) . in marginal habitats or in smaller populations , reproduction may not occur every year ( thompson , 1915 ; m . j . p . , personal observations ) .\no . predators . no records of predation on adults or juveniles exist , but predators would be similar to those of other gopher frogs , and other ranid frogs ( e . g . , snakes , birds , and mammals ; jensen and richter , this volume ) . caddisfly ( trichoptera ) larvae are known to prey on eggs and larvae ( richter , 2000 ) . no other documentation of larval predation exists , but potential predators include those of other gopher frogs , and those observed in glen\u2019s pond feeding on southern leopard frog eggs and larvae\u2014dragonfly naiads ( odonata ) , backswimmers ( hemiptera ) , giant water bugs ( hemiptera ) , predaceous diving beetles ( coleoptera ) , fish , salamanders , snakes , turtles , and birds ( jensen and richter , this volume ; s . c . r . , personal observations ) . p . anti - predator mechanisms . dusky gopher frogs inflate their bodies and cover their eyes when harassed or grasped by potential predators ( s . c . r . , personal observations ) , as is known for crawfish frogs ( rana areolata ; altig , 1972a ) , a sister species . this behavior in dusky gopher frogs is coupled with a milky secretion having a distinct musky odor and bitter taste , which exudes from the dorsal warts ( dickerson , 1906 ; goin and netting , 1940 ; s . c . r . , personal observations ) . the secretion is composed of a variety of peptides that have a wide range of bioactive properties , some of which are thought to be associated with predator deterrence ( c . graham , s . c . r . , p . flatt , and c . shaw , unpublished data ) .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n( family ranidae ) found in ponds , streams , and other bodies of fresh water in the northeastern united states . the green frog is 5 to 10 cm ( 2 to 4 inches ) long and green to brownish in colour . the back and legs are characteristically spotted or blotched .\n) , is found in such places as swamps and streamsides of the southeastern united states . it is brown above and grows to about 8 . 5 cm ( 3 . 3 inches ) . its call , like that of the green frog , is a sharp , twanging note . the european marsh , pool , and edible frogs are also known as green frogs .\nranidae , , family of wide - ranging frogs of the order anura , containing several genera and more than 600 species . representatives occur on every continent except antarctica . members of this group are referred to as the true frogs . although most are aquatic or semiaquatic , a few ranids are ground\u2026\nfrog , any of various tailless amphibians belonging to the order anura . used strictly , the term may be limited to any member of the family ranidae ( true frogs ) , but more broadly the name frog is often used to distinguish the smooth - skinned , leaping anurans from squat , warty , hopping ones , which are\u2026\nanura , one of the major extant orders of the class amphibia . it includes the frogs and toads , which , because of their wide distribution , are known by most people around the world . the name frog is commonly applied to those forms with long legs and smooth , mucus - covered skins , toad being used for a\u2026\namphibian , ( class amphibia ) , any member of the group of vertebrate animals characterized by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats . the name amphibian , derived from the greek amphibios meaning \u201cliving a double life , \u201d reflects this dual life strategy\u2014though some species are\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026"]}
{"id": 183, "summary": [{"text": "bridouxia giraudi is a species of tropical freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family paludomidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "bridouxia giraudi is the type species of the genus bridouxia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species is found in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is freshwater lakes . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bridouxia giraudi", "paragraphs": ["bridouxia is a genus of small tropical freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae .\nimp . edouard bry , paris . 1 vivipara brmcatiana , 2 . viv . bridouxiana , 3 . cleopatra jouberti , 4 ' . cleop . gmuemeti , 5 - 7 . bridouxia giraudi , 8 - 10 . br . ville s \u00e9mana , 11 - 13 . br co . stata , 14 - 16 . br . reymondi , 17 - 13 . baizea giraudi , 20 - 24 . spekia zonata , 2 5 - 27 . sp . giraudi .\narticles on thiaridae , including : red - rimmed melania , anceya giraudi , anceya , anceya terebriformis , aylacostoma , bathanalia howesi , bathanalia , . . . chytra kirki , hirthia globosa , hirthia livro de refer\u00eancia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\njustification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified . it was previously listed as endangered in the 2000 system ( b1 + 2c ) . it was downgraded as this species is known from all shores of lake tanganyika from at least 56 localities and the threats are very localised .\nthis species is commonly found underneath cobbles , thus populations are not small but may be patchy ( e . michel , pers . comm . ) .\nit is common underneath ( occasionally on ) cobbles and rocks in shallow depths , 0 - 3 m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n[ the hatred that was shown by the crusaders for people who were basically peaceful and the extremes of torture and murder to rid france of the heretics ] look out sentry , we ' re in a killing mood don ' t stand in our way , don ' t try to slow us down this is war , seek divinity we only want to stop heresy terror , hatred , murder error , fateful , mistake no need to shout boy it won ' t save your skin now it ' s best to prepare the time must come for all terror , hatred . murder error fateful , mistake don ' t stop carry on ahead don ' t stop till they are all dead minerve die cathars fly don ' t stop just swing that sword boy no one to resist you just forge on massacre , heretics , cathars murder , in the name of the lord blood flows like fire in my brain blood flows like water reddened rain won ' t you come and join us praise and rejoice us more if we don ' t act and win this war these heretic bastards will be knocking at your door massacre , heretics , cathars murder , in the name of the lord if we don ' t end this blasphemy the war will reign for centuries keep our church free , we will massacre these cathars and make sure\nauthors : milne - edwards , h . ( henri ) , 1800 - 1885 ; audouin , jean victor , 1797 - 1841 ; milne - edwards , alphonse , 1835 - 1900 ; perrier , edmond , 1844 - 1921 ; bouvier , e . - l . , 1856 - 1944 ; grass\u00e9 , pierre paul , 1895 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow can i put and write and define bridport in a sentence and how is the word bridport used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528bridport\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528bridport\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528bridport\u9020\u53e5 , bridport meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nlivro de refer\u00eancia thiaridae at\u00e9 \u00e0 data tem suportado em v\u00e1rios formatos selec\u00e7\u00e3o ( pdf , mobi , doc , ppt , etc ) . please log in or sign up to create a free account and get access more than 10 million books , magazines & comics for free ! , only registered users can read and download pdf book for free ."]}
{"id": 186, "summary": [{"text": "the tabulate corals , forming the order tabulata , are an extinct form of coral .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are almost always colonial , forming colonies of individual hexagonal cells known as corallites defined by a skeleton of calcite , similar in appearance to a honeycomb .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "adjacent cells are joined by small pores .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "their distinguishing feature is their well-developed horizontal internal partitions ( tabulae ) within each cell , but reduced or absent vertical internal partitions ( septae ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are usually smaller than rugose corals , but vary considerably in shape , from flat to conical to spherical .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "around 300 species have been described .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "among the most common tabulate corals in the fossil record are aulopora , favosites , halysites , heliolites , pleurodictyum , sarcinula and syringopora .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "tabulate corals with massive skeletons often contain endobiotic symbionts , such as cornulitids and chaetosalpinx .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "like rugose corals , they lived entirely during the paleozoic , being found from the ordovician to the permian .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "with stromatoporoidea and rugose corals , the tabulate corals are characteristic of the shallow waters of the silurian and devonian .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "sea levels rose in the devonian , and tabulate corals became much less common .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "they finally became extinct in the permian \u2013 triassic extinction event . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tabulata", "paragraphs": ["university of california museum of paleontology , 1994 , introduction to the tabulata : urltoken ( 4 / 12 / 00 ) .\nwhat made you want to look up tabulata ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nhill , dorothy , 1981 , coelenterata , anthozoa , subclasses rugosa and tabulata ; in , treatise on invertebrate paleontology , coelenterata , supplement 1 ( rugosa and tabulata ) , part f , v . 1 - 2 , teichert , c . , ed . : boulder , colorado and lawrence , kansas , geological society of america and the university of kansas , 762 p .\nanimals found as fossils in ordovician to jurassic marine rocks ( 488 million to 146 million years old ) . tabulata is characterized by the presence of interior platforms , or tabulae , and by a general lack of vertical walls , or septa . colonial masses of these tabulate corals sometimes\ntaxonomic classification : corals belong to the kingdom animalia , phylum cnidaria , class anthozoa , subclass zoantharia . the subclass is divided into six orders , two of which - - the rugosa and tabulata - - are common kansas fossils . most living and post - paleozoic fossil corals belong to a third order , the scleractinia , the earliest fossils of which are from the triassic period , 14 million years after the end - permian mass extinction .\ntabulates , subclass or order tabulata , are extinct corals of anthozoans . tabulates , unlike rugosans , were always colonial organisms . they have simple calcareous skeleton , colonies consisting of prismatic or tube - like corallites communicating by mural pores or pore channels or tunnels . polyps lived inside corallites as chambers with base - like tabulae below and septal spines or laminar septa on sides protruding from the corallite wall . tabulate corals are taxonomically complicated because of their simplicity . favositids are characterized by closely packed corallites with mural - pores and their morphology is so variable that it differs even within a colony . heliolitids are more complicated because of their coenenchymal tissue between corallites , which consists of tiny tubes - tubuli or wavy dissepiments . halysitids are similar with having often coenenchyme , but their corallites are enclosed into ranks of various shape and size . syringoporids form fasciculate colonies consisting of tubes having little space around and being connected by pore tunnels . auloporids are reptant forms encrusting other organisms , as a small horny network .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ntabulate corals occurred in the ordovician period of america and siberia , much earlier than in baltoscandia . the first appearances of tabulates lyopora , eoflecheria , saffordophyllum and protaraea in baltica are known from the level of the oandu stage . estonia is rich in ordovician and silurian tabulates , which are easy to find in localities of hiiumaa , vormsi and saaremaa . quarries in mainland are nice places to observe tabulates in their living position .\ntabulates are large , but their finer taxonomy is observed only from peels and thin - sections . normally pair of thin - sections is made from transverse and vertical directions of colony growth . peel is an acetate replica from the polished and etched surface of the colony cut . thin - sections are thin pieces of colonies , clued to glass and grinded down until 50 microns . their scanned and photographed images are investigated later by using different software .\ntabulates are sessile organisms which preferred only shallow seas and are not mush useful in stratigraphy . they were spread on ancient oceans sporadically or formed bioherms or biostromes . together with strtomatoporoids , rugosans and other fossils in the same community , they are informative in palaeoecology . sedimentological processes are readable also from the shape and growth details of such organisms .\n. new endobiotic cornulitid and cornulites sp . aff . cornulites celatus ( cornulitida , tentaculita ) from the katian of vormsi island , estonia\n. 10th international symposium on fossil cnidaria and porifera . excursion b2 : lower paleozoic geology and corals of estonia . excursion guidebook\n. morphological variation of the tabulate coral paleofavosites cf . collatatus klaamann , 1961 from the silurian of the bagovichka river localities , podolia ( ukraine )\n. heliolitine corals of the upper douro formation ( upper silurian ) , canadian arctic islands .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\ntabulate corals were common from the ordovician to the permian . very recently , a lower\n, has been found in south australia ; it appears to be a tabulate coral , although this is not absolutely certain . if it is a true tabulate , this find extends the history of tabulate corals considerably . ( sorauf and savarese , 1995 )\n, as seen on this large specimen . most tabulates were colonial , with some forming substantial reefs .\n, went extinct at the end of the permian , about 245 million years ago , victims of the heaviest mass extinction ever .\nsource : sorauf , j . e . and savarese , m . 1995 . a lower cambrian coral from south australia . palaeontology 38 ( 4 ) : 757 - 770 .\ngibraltar remains , neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at gibraltar , on the southern tip of spain . the gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves , many of which were at times occupied by neanderthals during the late pleistocene epoch ( approximately 126 , 000 to 11 , 700 years\u2026\ntriassic period , in geologic time , the first period of the mesozoic era . it began 252 million years ago , at the close of the permian period , and ended 201 million years ago , when it was succeeded by the jurassic period . the triassic period marked the beginning of major changes that were to take\u2026\njurassic period , second of three periods of the mesozoic era . extending from 201 . 3 million to 145 million years ago , it immediately followed the triassic period ( 251 . 9 million to 201 . 3 million years ago ) and was succeeded by the cretaceous period ( 145 million to 66 million years ago ) . the morrison\u2026\nkabwe cranium , fossilized skull of an extinct human species ( genus homo ) found near the town of kabwe , zambia ( formerly broken hill , northern rhodesia ) , in 1921 . it was the first discovered remains of premodern homo in africa and until the early 1970s was considered to be 30 , 000 to 40 , 000 years\u2026\npaleozoic era , major interval of geologic time that began 541 million years ago with the cambrian explosion , an extraordinary diversification of marine animals , and ended about 252 million years ago with the end - permian extinction , the greatest extinction event in earth history . the major divisions\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nthis page was last edited on 16 june 2017 , at 15 : 51 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n152 , 260 species and infraspecific names are in the database , 20 , 704 images , 58 , 813 bibliographic items , 390 , 023 distributional records .\nplease note that there have been many changes within algaebase - there will be a number of links that may have changed .\nsite \u00a9 1996 - 2018 m . d . guiry . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nlike the rugose corals , the tabulate corals are entirely palaeozoic and are similar in range . they occur as colonial forms only , and usuallly have small corallites . there are generally no septae , or they are very small ; the construction is simpler than in other coral orders .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : corals are simple animals that secrete skeletons made of calcium carbonate . they are close relatives of sea anemones and jellyfish and are the main reef builders in modern oceans . corals can be either colonial or solitary .\nas fossils , corals are found worldwide in sedimentary rocks . based on these fossils , we know that the corals began their long evolutionary history in the middle cambrian , over 510 million years ago . in kansas , they are fairly common in pennsylvanian and permian rocks , deposited from about 315 to 250 million years ago .\ncorals are simple animals , characterized by their radial symmetry and lack of well - developed organs . the polyp , the soft part of the coral , is essentially a small digestive sack made up of an inner and outer wall , separated by a gelatinous layer ( see diagram ) . the mouth , surrounded by stinging tentacles , forms an opening through which food enters and waste products are expelled . the hard external skeleton is secreted by the polyp ' s outer wall . these calcium carbonate structures are the part of the animal most likely to be preserved as a fossil .\na , generalized drawing of a coral polyp ; b , cross section of simple polyp .\nshows the structure of the hard parts that protected the individual polyps and formed the framework of the colony . the drawing shows the pores on the surface , from which the polyps extended their tentacles to feed ; the photographed specimen is from the\ndouglas county ( drawing by al kamb , ku natural history museum , invertebrate paleontology ) .\ncorals live attached to the seafloor and feed by trapping small animals with their tentacles . they reproduce both sexually and asexually . budding , a kind of asexual reproduction , occurs when the parent polyp splits off new polyps . evidence of budding can be seen in fossil corals .\nmodern corals inhabit deep - water environments as well as shallow reefs . based on evidence from the rocks , scientists have determined that the pennsylvanian and permian corals of kansas lived in warm , shallow , sunlit waters where the bottom was firm enough to offer a secure point of attachment .\nalthough corals are the main reef builders in modern oceans , not all corals build reefs . in addition to the corals , which are called framework organisms , other organisms contribute to the formation of reefs . for example , modern reefs are inhabited by binding organisms ( such as encrusting algae ) and filler organisms ( such as snails , bivalves , and sponges ) , whose skeletons fill in the spaces in the reef after death .\ntwo groups of corals were important inhabitants of the pennsylvanian and permian seas - - tabulate and rugose corals . tabulate corals were exclusively colonial and produced calcium carbonate skeletons in a variety of shapes : moundlike , sheetlike , chainlike , or branching . tabulate corals get their name from horizontal internal partitions known as tabulae . some tabulate corals were probably reef builders ( but not in kansas ) .\na common characteristic of rugose corals , from which they get their name , is the wrinkled appearance of their outer surface . ( rugose comes from the latin word for wrinkled . ) rugose corals may be either solitary or colonial . because solitary rugose corals are commonly shaped like a horn , these fossils are sometimes called horn corals .\nboth tabulate and rugose corals died out in the major extinction that occurred at the end of the permian period , roughly 250 million years ago . this extinction marked the end of the paleozoic era . the corals that inhabited the post - paleozoic seas differ significantly from the earlier corals . because of this , many specialists argue that these later corals may not be closely related to the paleozoic corals .\ntabulate and rugose corals are common in eastern kansas . rugose corals are especially common in the beil limestone member of the lecompton limestone in the vicinity of sedan , kansas .\nboardman , richard s . , cheetham , alan h . , and rowell , albert j . , 1987 , fossil invertebrates : boston , blackwell scientific publications , 713 p .\nclarkson , e . n . k . , 1979 , invertebrate palaeontology and evolution , 3rd edition : london , chapman and hall , 434 p .\nfortey , richard , 1999 , life - - a natural history of the first four billion years of life on earth : new york , knopf , 346 p .\njohnson , kirk b . , and stuckey , richard k . , 1995 , prehistoric journey - - a history of life on earth : boulder , colorado , denver museum of natural history and roberts rinehart publishers , 144 p .\nmoore , raymond c . , lalicker , cecil g . , and fischer , alfred g . , 1952 , invertebrate fossils : new york , mcgraw - hill book co . , 766 p .\nstanley , george d . , jr . , and fautin , daphne g . , 2001 , the origins of modern corals : science , v . 291 , p . 1913 - 14 .\nuniversity of california museum of paleontology , 1994 , introduction to the scleractinia : urltoken ( 4 / 12 / 00 ) .\nuniversity of newcastle , department of geology , 1998 , rugose and tabulate corals : urltoken ( dec / 24 / 03 ) .\ntext by liz brosius , kansas geological survey . drawing of rugose coral at top of page by alan kamb , ku natural history museum , invertebrate paleontology . other illustrations by jennifer sims , kansas geological survey ; photographs by john charlton , kansas geological survey .\nkansas geological survey updated april 26 , 2005 website terms of use comments to webadmin @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / extension / fossils / coral . html\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\na review of the cactus bugs of the genus chelinidea with the description of a new species ( hemiptera : coreidae ) herring j . l . 1980 . proc . ent . soc . wash . 82 : 237 - 251 .\nthe principal cactus insects of the united states . hunter et al . 1912 . usda bureau of entomology bulletin . 71 pp .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words ."]}
{"id": 190, "summary": [{"text": "the shovelnose sea catfish ( arius subrostratus ) , also called the short-nosed catfish or the marine catfish , is a species of sea catfish in the family ariidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by achille valenciennes in 1840 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a non-migratory species which inhabits tropical marine and brackish waters in the indo-western pacific region , including indonesia , india , pakistan , the philippines and thailand .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 0 to 20 m ( 0 to 66 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum ng length of 39.5 cm ( 15.6 in ) , while commonly reaching a total length of 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the diet of the shovelnose sea catfish includes detritus , polychaete worms , diatoms , algal weeds , and various crustaceans .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it has been recorded spawning between the months of january-april and september-october in india .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "males incubate the eggs in their mouths .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the shovelnose sea catfish is of commercial value to fisheries ; it is mostly marketed fresh . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "shovelnose sea catfish", "paragraphs": ["the etiology of s . algae infections to freshwater fish ( tiger shovelnose catfish ) is unknown . 2 according to literature , s . algae could cause an infection to both marine animals 3 and freshwater fish . based on the gross findings and histopathology , this tiger shovelnose catfish was diagnosed with fibrinous serositis caused by s . algae infection .\nthe shovelnose catfish can be recognised by its forked tail , wide mouth and truncate snout . it usually has a smaller eye than the similar looking silver cobbler , ariopsis midgleyi * .\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the ariid fishes on the site . these include the forktail catfishes , salmon - catfishes and sea catfishes .\nthese fish are not aggressive . people stung by catfish are usually fishing or bathing when they make contact with a catfish , usually by stepping on it or handling the fish after it has been caught .\nopt for yellow snapper or domestic catfish to get the same texture as orange roughy in your recipes .\nstick with domestic , farm - raised catfish . it ' s responsibly farmed and plentiful , making it one of the best fish you can eat . or , try asian carp , an invasive species with a similar taste to catfish that ' s out - competing wild catfish and endangering the great lakes ecosystem .\nboth salt - and fresh - water catfish are dangerous . each has three spines and a stinging apparatus .\nshewanella algae is a gram - negative , rod - shaped , motile bacillus with a single polar flagellum . s . algae is found in warm marine environments throughout the world , and is isolated from seawater . 1 the tiger shovelnose catfish ( pseudoplatystoma tigrinum ) is the member of the genus pseudoplatystoma and the family pimelodidae which belongs to the class actinopterygii . pseudoplatystoma species are all large , boldly striped or spotted catfishes , they are familiar due to their distinctively marked color patterns . 2 here we described the histopathologic lesions of fibrinous peritonitis caused by s . algae in tiger shovelnose catfish .\nmild - tasting wild - caught asian or atlantic sea bass is a good , seafood - watch recommended alternative to red snapper , or look for the farm - raised version , marketed as barramundi .\ncatfish are often found in muddy rivers , lakes , and on beaches in tropical , subtropical , and temperate waters .\nif you really love caviar , opt for fish eggs from american lake sturgeon or american hackleback / shovelnose sturgeon caviar from the mississippi river system ; check out california caviar which sources only sustainably harvested fish eggs .\n3 . mulvany e , lawler df , evans rh . peritonitis secondary to multiple , full - thickness jejunal wall perforations in a california sea lion . pmmc case rep mar mamm pathol . 2010 ; 1 : 1\u20139 .\nmedically reviewed by avrom simon , md ; board certified preventative medicine with subspecialty in occupational medicine references : jama . com . catfish stings .\ncatfish are a distinctive type of fish that have whiskers protruding from the area around the mouth . they also have external spines near their fins .\n\u201cthese guys have to stay on the list , \u201d says cufone . \u201cif there\u2019s nothing else to pay attention to , know this : imported fish are almost never inspected for filth . \u201d nearly 90 percent of the catfish imported to the u . s . comes from vietnam , where use of antibiotics that are banned in the u . s . is widespread . ( antibiotic use is also a problem with imported shrimp ) . furthermore , the two varieties of vietnamese catfish sold in the u . s . , swai and basa , aren ' t technically considered catfish by the federal government and therefore aren ' t held to the same inspection rules that other imported catfish are .\na male , tiger shovelnose catfish raised in hanwha aqua planet jeju was submitted to the pathology department of veterinary medicine , jeju national university . necropsy was performed and visceral organs were fixed with 10 % neutral buffered formalin and prepared into paraffin sections and stained with hematoxylin & eosin for light microscopy . fibrinous materials of visceral surface were aseptically collected for bacterial culture , and were inoculated on sheep blood agar and anaerobically incubated for 48 h at 37\u00b0c . isolated bacteria were confirmed using vitek 2 system .\n2 . buitrago - su\u00e1rez ua , burr bm . taxonomy of the catfish genus pseudoplatystoma bleeker ( siluriformes : pimelodidae ) with recognition of eight species . zootaxa . 2007 ; 1512 : 1\u201338 .\npain associated with a catfish sting may be relieved with one to two acetaminophen ( tylenol ) every four hours and / or one to two ibuprofen ( motrin , advil ) every six to eight hours .\nchilean sea bass , the commercial name for patagonian toothfish , was nearly fished to commercial extinction , are still considered a fish to avoid . fish stocks are in such bad shape that the nonprofit greenpeace estimates that , unless people stop eating this fish , the entire species could be commercially extinct within five years . food and water watch ' s guide notes that these fish are high in mercury , as well .\nproblems associated with our eating too many sharks happen at all stages of the food chain , says cufone . for one , these predatory fish are extremely high in mercury , which poses threats to humans . but ocean ecosystems suffer , too .\nwith fewer sharks around , the species they eat , like cownose rays and jellyfish , have increased in numbers ,\ncufone says .\nand the rays are eating\u2014and depleting\u2014scallops and other fish .\nthere are fewer of those fish in the oceans for us to eat , placing an economic strain on coastal communities that depend on those fisheries . shark have long lives , they mature late , and they only have one pup at a time . sometimes they are cut up and sold as sea scallops , says cufone . plus , \u201cif you see sea scallops that are a uniform size and shape , you may be looking at shark . \u201d shark - finning is illegal in the u . s . , but its practice in other areas is causing devastation in shark - populations worldwide .\noral antibiotics are usually recommended for catfish stings that become infected . antibiotics should be taken if infection develops for at least five days after all signs of infection have resolved . potential drug allergies should be checked prior to starting any antibiotic . a doctor can recommend the appropriate antibiotic . some antibiotics can cause sensitivity to the sun , so a sunscreen ( at least spf 15 ) is also recommended for use with such antibiotics .\ngrossly , the catfish had severe damage on the fin and tail . a turbid , sticky , dark - red fluid was found in the abdominal cavity . histopathologically , diffuse fibrinous peritonitis in the serosa of the spleen and kidney was observed . diffuse , fibrinous epicarditis was presented in the heart . large amount of the intra - lesional bacterial colonies were adhere on the serosa of the spleen , kidney , and pericardium of the heart . in bacterial examination , gram - negative rod shaped bacterial colonies were successfully isolated from blood agar plate . the isolated bacteria were mucoid colonies with \u03b2 hemolysis on blood agar . these bacteria were confirmed as s . algae by the vitek 2 system .\ngreek , arios , areios = dealing with mars , warlike , bellicose ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 43081 ) . tropical\nindo - west pacific : pakistan east to thailand then south to the philippines and indonesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 39 . 5 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43081 ) ; common length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3290 )\nfound in marine waters , as well as estuaries and tidal rivers , at times burrowed in the soft mud of the mangroves . feed mainly on invertebrates . males incubate the eggs in the buccal cavity ( ref . 43081 ) . the sharp dorsal and pectoral fin spines can inflict painful wounds . also caught with dipnets and set bagnets . sold mostly fresh .\njayaram , k . c . , 1984 . ariidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 1 . fao , rome . pag . var . ( ref . 3290 )\n) : 27 . 4 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 7 ( based on 1689 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00545 - 0 . 01393 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 08 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 31 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 25 - 35 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .\nvalenciennes in cuvier & valenciennes , 1840b : 62 . type locality : malabar , india . holotype : mnhn 1190 .\ncountries : pakistan , india , sri lanka , thailand , singapore , indonesia and philippines .\nmaterial examined : usnm 297119 ( 2 al , 271 - 300 mm tl ) , sri lanka , negombo , ceylon .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species is endemic to australia , occurring from the roper river , northern territory to cape york peninsula , queensland . its distribution is disjunct from that of the silver cobbler , which occurs in more westerly drainages including the victoria , katherine , daly , ord and kimberley as well as northern waterways such as the alligator river .\nimmerse the affected area in water as hot as is tolerable usually relieves pain from a sting .\n\u00a92018 webmd , inc . all rights reserved . emedicinehealth does not provide medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . see additional information .\n1 college of veterinary medicine , jeju national university , jeju , korea ; 2 aqua planet jeju , hanhwa hotel & resort co . , ltd . , jeju , korea\n1 . holt hm , gahrn - hansen b , bruun b . shewanella algae and shewanella putrefaciens : clinical and microbiological characteristics . clin microbiol infect . 2005 ; 11 : 347\u2013352 .\nwon - hee hong aqua planet jeju hanhwa hotel & resort co . , ltd . jeju , korea\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nthis dirty dozen list is made up of the least sustainable , or even toxic , species .\nit was not long ago that americans rarely thought about where their food came from , let alone the impacts of their choices . these days it\u2019s increasingly important to know not only what you\u2019re eating and where it\u2019s come from . from food co - ops , farmers markets , and community supported agriculture ( csa ) , to whole aisles ( and grocery stores ) devoted to natural , organic , local and sustainable produce\u2014americans and legal protections have quickly evolved to begin averting the worst problems of industrial agriculture . so though the journey to a healthy sustainable terrestrial food system is far from over , it is well underway .\nseafood , however , is more slippery . \u201cthat\u2019s because it\u2019s the \u2018last of the buffalo hunters , \u201d when it comes to seafood says joe lasprogata , vice president of samuels and son seafood co . \u201cthe oceans are in some ways the last source of truly wild products , and we need to be careful with those . \u201d samuels and son sponsors sustained seas , an organization dedicated to promoting sustainable fisheries via labeling and education . part of the reason fisheries are in trouble is that consumers didn\u2019t know the impacts of their choices .\nlasprogata says , \u201cfor way too long there\u2019s been this surprising attitude : fishermen believed that fisheries belonged to them , and that has led to collapse , over and over again . there was no care , no stewardship . but fisheries can absolutely be sustainable . \u201d that confusion has continued to spill over into consumer behavior , since some people still make fish - buying decisions based on taste , price , and texture\u2014rather than perceived sustainability , according to a recent study on british columbian consumer habits .\nbut it\u2019s extremely important to think about where the fish comes from , because those factors affect not only your health , but also the future of wild fish stocks , which we and countless other species depended on for our survival . \u201cthere are lots of ways to identify a so - called \u201cdirty dozen\u201d of fish , and it\u2019s crucial to be aware of overfishing , pollution , and bycatch , \u201d says marianne cufone .\ncufone is the executive director of recirculating farms coalition , an organization dedicated to creating local land - based produce and fish systems using hydro - and aquaponics , small local systems that avoid the problems of open - water fish farms and industrial agriculture altogether , where the fish waste fertilizes fresh produce . the former director of the fish program of food and water watch , cufone\u2019s mission is redirecting consumers toward healthy , sustainable fish - eating . she laughs , saying , \u201ci get a lot of texts from my friends asking me which fish are okay to eat . \u201d\ncufone stresses that consumers can begin with a list of the 12 worst fish , or a \u201cfishy dozen\u201d\u2014compiled with help from experts .\n( like what you ' re reading ? sign up for our newsletter to get health insights , clever kitchen tricks , gardening secrets , and more\u2014delivered straight to your inbox . )\namong the recommendations for shark alternatives are pacific halibut and atlantic mackerel . ( and when shopping for scallops , avoid cookie - cutter perfect ones . )\n\u201ccod on the list breaks my heart , \u201d she says . \u201cbecause it\u2019s a new england staple and we all love to support our fisherman . but cod had the worst season in 2016 in years , with serious catch depletion . \u201d atlantic cod stocks collapsed in the mid - 1990s and are in such disarray that the species is now listed as one step above endangered on the international union for conservation of nature ' s red list of threatened species .\nthe good news , if you love fish ' n ' chips ( which is nearly always made with cod ) , is that pacific cod stocks are still strong and are one of food and water watch ' s best fish picks .\naccording to cufone , tuna is bad news all around . \u201cwe are eating it to death , \u201d she says . atlantic and pacific bluefin , albacore , yellowfin\u2026they are all to be avoided . canned tuna is one of the most consumed fish in the u . s . , and that\u2019s depleting the fisheries . ( here are 4 canned fish you should avoid at all costs . )\nfor your tuna salad , substitute tinned sardines ( they\u2019re seafood watch recommended , and are one of the healthiest fish you can eat ) or even organic tinned chicken , such as wild planet organic roasted chicken breast .\ncaviar from beluga and wild - caught sturgeon are susceptible to overfishing , but the species are also being threatened by an increase in dam building that pollutes the water in which they live . all forms of caviar come from fish that take a long time to mature , which means that it takes a while for populations to rebound\u2014any wild caviar is to be avoided , says cufone .\nthis popular fish from the gulf of mexico is just starting to recover from overfishing . \u201ci worry about it a lot , \u201d says cufone . \u201ceven though it\u2019s not recovered , the federal government agreed to reopen recreational red snapper fishing recently . these fish have long been on the trouble list . \u201d\nthese fish are very popular and considered a delicacy , but you can get the same texture and feel with u . s . hook - and - line\u2013caught haddock .\norange roughy has been so overfished that many restaurant chains still refuse to serve it . further , it tends to be high in mercury levels . it is a long lived fish , that takes ten to twenty years to reach maturity\u2014which means populations take a long time to recover , and fish tend to accumulate toxins like mercury of lengthy time periods . even if you see orange roughy for sale , or labeled as \u201csustainably harvested\u201d avoid it . the marine stewardship council does not certify it , and its fisheries are not considered it well managed .\neel remains problematic too . most consumers see it in sushi , but it is often high in pcbs and mercury , and eel populations are too often overharvested . it is also sold as yellow or silver eel .\nif you like the taste of eel , opt for atlantic - or pacific - caught squid instead .\nthe thing about imported king crab is that it comes mainly from russia where there are no protections and the fishery is being overharvested . if you know for sure that your crab is actually from alaska , says cufone \u201cyou\u2019re okay . \u201d that\u2019s because these crabs are actually two different critters . true alaskan king crab from alaska , is a protected us fishery that\u2019s well managed , and stocks are healthy . but the \u201cimported alaskan king crab\u201d is not actually alaskan , it\u2019s the unprotected crab from russia .\nwhen you shop for king crab , whatever the label says , ask whether it comes from alaska or if it ' s imported . approximately 70 percent of the king crab sold in the u . s . is imported , so it ' s important to make that distinction and go domestic .\nopen water , farmed atlantic salmon fisheries contribute to pollution and interspecies mixing . \u201cif you can find terrestrially farmed atlantic salmon , that\u2019s typically better farming management , \u201d says cufone . farmed salmon is also where you\u2019re most likely to encounter genetically engineered salmon . ( here\u2019s how to choose the best salmon at the grocery store )\nwild caught pacific salmon generally have less of the problems than atlantic . and wild caught salmon from alaska is even better , since those populations are the most robust . when it comes to flavor , wild salmon is where it\u2019s at . as one of the healthiest fish you can eat , it ' s higher in omega - 3 fatty acids ( which can help fight seasonal allergies , among many other things ) and also packs less saturated fat than farmed . it\u2019s also a sustainable seafood : the alaskan salmon fishery\u2014america\u2019s main source of wild salmon\u2014is managed to ensure the plentiful return of wild fish in the future . varieties to look out for are king , sockeye , pink , keta and coho salmon .\nbasically , they\u2019re extremely smart . \u201cthis is an ethics case that i\u2019d put in the same category as eating dolphins and whales , \u201d says cufone . \u201cit\u2019s become increasingly hard to talk about eating octopus because we\u2019ve learned so much about their intelligence and abilities . \u201d\nthe list will change because we\u2019ve entered an era where fisheries information is fluid . what might be the worst thing to eat now because of severe depletion could rebound and be a sustainable fishery a few years down the road with proper management . to know if your choices are healthy\u2014for themselves and the fishery itself\u2014it\u2019s useful to know where to go to get that information when you\u2019re standing in front of the fish counter .\nblue ocean\u2019s \u201cfish phone\u201d app \u2014 carl safina is the founder of the blue ocean institute and safina center , and author of many important books on the oceans and animals . his organization wanted to make it easy for consumers to decide which fish to eat . all you need to do is text the word fish followed by the species you want to know about , to 30644 ( so , for instance , fish shrimp , or fish bluefin ) . in less than 10 seconds you\u2019ll have valuable info in the palm of your hand about the fish in question .\nmonterey bay aquarium\u2019s seafood watch \u2014 a respected and increasingly well - known resource for consumers , businesses and chefs around the country , to help them make healthy choices for the oceans .\nthe marine stewardship council \u2014 \u201can international non - profit organization established to address the problem of unsustainable fishing and safeguard seafood supplies for the future . the msc uses a blue label and fishery certification program to contribute to the health of the world\u2019s oceans . \u201d\nnoaa fisheries stock status updates \u2014 for those who want useful , regularly updated science info and detailed specs on various fisheries tracked by the us government , this is your go to .\ngood housekeeping participates in various affiliate marketing programs , which means we may get paid commissions on editorially chosen products purchased through our links to retailer sites ."]}
{"id": 194, "summary": [{"text": "parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade stylommatophora and the informal group pulmonata .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these are limacoid or keelback slugs . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "parmacelloidea", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for parmacelloidea yet . learn how to contribute .\nworms - world register of marine species - parmacelloidea p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )\nfamily cryptellidae gray , 1855 accepted as parmacellidae p . fischer , 1856 ( 1855 )\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , n\u00fctzel a . , parkhaev p . , schr\u00f6dl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nvalter jacinto marked\nlesma / / slug ( tandonia sowerbyi )\nas trusted on the\ntandonia sowerbyi\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis is one of the six major gastropod lineages and contains three informal groups : the lower heterobranchia , the opisthobranchia and the pulmonata .\nrecent research by j\u00f6rger et al . ( 2010 ) does not support the monophyly of any of these three groups .\nwithin the pulmonata , a large number of terrestrial species are found in the eupulmonata and a few are found in one family in the basommatophora .\na few freshwater species are found in both the lower heterobrancia and the pulmonata .\nwithin the lower heterobranchia , freshwater species are found in two superfamilies , the valvatoidea and the glacidorboidea . within the pulmonata , freshwater species are found in the basommatophora , in the clade hygrophila .\nj\u00f6rger k . m . , st\u00f6ger i . , kano y . , fukuda h . , knebelsberger t . , schr\u00f6dl m . ( 2010 ) .\non the origin of acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods , with implications for the systematics of heterobranchia\n. bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 323 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 10 - 323 .\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . - p . , fr\u00fdda j . , hausdorf b . , ponder w . , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 . & war\u00e9n a . ( 2005 ) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. malacologia : international journal of malacology ( hackenheim , germany : conchbooks ) 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1\u2013397 .\n\u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 200, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena sudaniensis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by ray in 1944 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena sudaniensis", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe following 102 pages are in this category , out of 102 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nthe following unprocessed text is extracted from the pdf file , and is likely to be both incomplete and full of errors . please consult the pdf file for the complete article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 201, "summary": [{"text": "hemipepsis tamisieri is a species of afrotropical pepsid spider wasp , one of the so-called tarantula hawks because its preferred prey are tarantulas of the family theraphosidae . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "hemipepsis tamisieri", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for hemipepsis tamisieri yet . learn how to contribute .\n/ im / i _ hen / 0000 / 320 / hemipepsis _ tamisieri _ spider - hunting _ wasp , i _ hen97 . jpg\nno one has contributed data records for hemipepsis yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe image\nwasp close - up ( hemipepsis tamisieri guerin )\nfrom smspsy is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 1 credit ( credit from \u00a30 . 54 ) .\nhemipepsis tamisieri ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . this beautiful spider - hunting wasp actively hunts on spiders either in early summer or late spring . this specimen was captured at the eduardo mondlane botanical garden . maputo , mozambique .\nphoto\nwasp close - up ( hemipepsis tamisieri guerin )\ncan be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 2916x3435 .\nangola , ethiopia , gold coast , malawi , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .\nfemales specialise on hunting baboon spiders ( theraphosidae ) and rain spiders ( palystes ) to provision their nest with as a paralysed food resource for development of their larvae .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .\n( published in struik ' s field guide to insects of south africa ) .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nto organize and save selections in a folder you must first register or log in . registration is free !\nlogin or register ! to organize the photos in galleries you must first register or login . registration is free !\nour monthly packs allow you to download hi - res photos and vector files whenever you want within a month , with just one simple price for all files .\nif you don ' t use all your downloads , they simply roll over to the next month for as long as your pack is active or renewed .\nthe author of this picture , smspsy also has 15 images in the same series .\nto download this image , you can buy fotolia credits , a monthly pack or purchase a subscription plan and benefit from the amazing price of \u00a30 . 12 per image .\nwith the standard license , images can be used for any illustrative purpose in any type of media . examples : websites , web banners , newsletters , pdf documents , blogs , emails , slide shows , tv and video presentations , cell phones , splash screens , movies , magazine articles , books , advertising , brochures , document illustrations , booklets , billboards , business cards , packaging , etc .\nthe extended license gives you all the rights granted by the standard license , but also the ability to print our creative files more than 500 , 000 times and allows you to use them on your own products . an extended license lets you create derivative products or services intended for resale or distribution . examples : postcards , calendars , posters , t - shirts , print & presentations templates , video clips intended for resale , video applications , and any project where the fotolia file lends primary value to the product intended for resale or distribution .\nyou ' ll get access to all the essential fotolia content and so much more .\nadobe stock offers an incredible range of exceptional images , videos , and templates plus 3d , editorial , and premium assets to make your work stand out .\npreview watermarked images inside your designs to make sure they look just right . then license and manage them directly within photoshop cc , illustrator cc , indesign cc , and other adobe desktop apps for a seamless workflow .\n{\ninterception\n: {\nipc\n: false ,\nii\n:\n1\n} ,\nfotolia _ tooltip\n: {\nlicenses _ label\n:\nlicenses :\n} ,\nfotolia\n: {\nhost _ base\n:\nurltoken\n} ,\nsearch\n: {\nheader - search\n: {\nautocomplete _ container _ id\n:\nsearch - 5b43bd9c75a08\n,\nautocomplete _ url\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / autocomplete . urltoken \\ / ? language _ id = 3\n} } }\ncurrent page requires javascript , this web browser either does not support javascript , or scripts are being blocked . please turn on javascript or use different browser .\n\u00a9 2009 - 2018 . depositphotos , inc . usa . all rights reserved .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\ngo wild for wildlife and help to keep our conservation areas pure , natural and green .\nthe subfamily dorylinae now is monotribic and monogeneric . the dorylines are considered to be a primitive ant subfamily . dorylines are unique amongst ants for their very strange reproductive castes . the queens are huge : they are the largest individuals amongst all south african ants , measuring up to about 35 mm in length . they clearly cannot fly , so driver ant colonies must spread by \u2018budding\u2019 , ie females are mated in the nest and move out with some workers to form new colonies . in fact the queens resemble termite queens more than ant queens , enormous sausage - like egg - laying machines that get carried by hundreds of workers when the colonies move on .\nmale driver ants are also enormous , compared to the workers . from 25 to 30 mm in length , they cause alarm when they fly into lights at night . they curl their gasters threateningly when caught , and gnash their mandibles together , but they are harmless .\nminute to very large ( body length of workers 2 - 8 mm , reproductives 40 - 50 mm ) .\nworkers are reddish brown , without eyes , head squarish , sting non - functional . antennae are short and thick .\nmales are winged and much larger than the workers , about 40 mm long . head and thorax furry , wings clear , abdomen and mandibles enlarged .\nthey live in large colonies . they exhibit the specialized subterranean predation that is typical of most other army ants . driver ants feed on carrion , live termites , and other prey below - ground , including small mammals .\nmandibles piceous brown , scape of antenna , head and thorax dark castaneous red , but getting gradually lighter from the head to the petiole ; abdomen dark brownish yellow , or ochreous with a slight reddish tinge ; legs ferruginous ; funiculus dark brown above , lighter underneath . head , thorax and abdomen very shining , except the anterior third of the head , the vertical anterior face of the pronotum , the mesopleura , the petiole and the propodeum , which are duller , owing to a rugulosity of the surface which is almost microscopic on the head , but somewhat stronger on the other parts . head sparsely punctured , with small , discrete and shallow punctures ; scape of antenna more coarsely punctured . pro - and mesonotum sparsely , but much more coarsely punctured than the head . propodeum and petiole very shallowly and more closely punctured , the punctures being smaller than on the pronotum . gaster finely and sparsely punctured . a short , yellow pubescent hair is inserted in each puncture , those on the head being very fine .\npronotum narrowed and depressed anteriorly to form a short neck ; it is widest behind this part and . narrows towards the mesonotum , from which it is separated by a distinct and angular suture . the mesonotum widens posteriorly , where it is two - thirds wider than long . the propodeum is widest at its base ( on each side of which lies a prominent spiracle ) , and narrows but slightly towards the short and vertical declivity ; the brow of the latter is considerably rounded above and at the corners . the dorsum of the propodeum has a longitudinal median impression . seen from the side , the dorsum of the whole thorax is flat and rather distinctly delimited from the sides , which are vertical or nearly so .\nthe node of the petiole is almost sub - quadrate , or a little wider behind than in front , as long as , or only very little longer than wide , all the angles strongly rounded ; the ventral lamella is produced into a triangular projection .\nthe gaster widens gradually towards the apical margin of the 3rd segment , all the segments wider than long . the pygidial area of the 5th segment is dull and only shallowly impressed , forming a more or less oval fovea , not semi - circular or bounded by a sharp raised margin , as in the subgenus dorylus . by this character , and also by the longer petiole and the frontal carinae without spines , all the workers of this species can be distinguished at a glance from those of the subgenus dorylus .\nworker minor - tl 8 - 3 mm . in these the colour is much lighter , or more or less reddish yellow . antennae 11 - jointed , as in the maxima . proportionately the head is wider in front than in the maxima . the puncturation is finer and the pubescence is more apparent . in the smaller forms , the frontal carinae project further forwards and are more convergent posteriorly , or even meet to form a single lamina . the median impression on the head is much shallower and shorter , or almost obsolete . the mandibles are more shining , with three teeth more acute and distinctly defined .\nworker minima . it is probable that there are some of this class , and measuring less than the smallest of the minor class .\nsouth africa , western cape and northern cape , gauteng , kruger national park .\nsmall to medium ( body length 3 - 18 mm ) wasps , ant - like in appearance . antennae not elbowed . very hairy and usually black , often with reddish brown thorax and combination of red , yellow , white or silver spots or bands on abdomen . most species with a dark red thorax , and black abdomen marked with white spots or bands . the thorax is hard and difficult to pierce . body extremely hard and coarsely punctured , covered with soft velvety hairs . the females are wingless with box - like thorax and may often be seen running about restlessly in hot sunshine . the males of most species have dark wings with a metallic sheen . velvet ants exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism ; the males and females are so different , it is almost impossible to associate the two sexes of a species unless they are captured while mating . females are armed with strong curved stings and can inflict a painful wound .\nafrotropical region : 1116 species ; australasian region : 306 species ; nearctic region : 435 species ; neotropical region : 1212 species ; oriental region : 637 species ; palearctic region : 524 species ; world : 4230 species .\nsuperfamily : vespoidea ; family : mutillidae ; subfamily : mutillinae . tribe : mutillini . subtribe : smicromyrmina\nfrom pretoria by saussure in distant ' s publication\nnaturalist in transvaal , 1892 , p . 225 , pl . 4 fig . 7 ) . the name\nmale : black , the eyes emarginate , the head rugose . thorax coarsely rugose ; the prothorax clothed with black pubescence ; the scutellum elevated and sparingly covered with black pubescense . metathorax with central loditunial carina . wings metallicdark brown with purple iridescense . abdomen shining , slightly punctured , thinly covered with black pubescense ; white velvety band of pubescense on the third segment .\nestablished two species groups of males and seven groups of females , using different characters for the two sexes ( the presence / lack of a median carina on the last tergite , in males , and the abdominal vestiture pattern , in females ) , although he was unabie to correlate the sexes of the respective groups .\nfemale : clypeus with apical half folded clearly concave and a tubercle at the base . labrum with 2 lateral teeth . inside edge of the mandibles with low preapical tooth . scutellar tubercle distinct . middle and hind tibia with 2 rows of fine spines . 3rd and 4th or only 3rd tergite with pale band , whole or broken in the middle . abdominal tergites may have two spots . black body with reddish thorax .\nectoparasitoids of larvae or pupa of other insects . diurnal . pronounced sexual dimorphism is evident .\nactive , small to very large , long - legged wasps , rear margin of pronotum reaching base of fore wings , antennae often curled . most species have glossy blue , black or brown bodies , sometimes with yellow or orange markings . most species have glossy blue , black or brown bodies , sometimes with yellow or orange markings . wings may be black with a blue sheen , orange to red or transparent . a few species are wingless . males are usually smaller , with longer antennae , and are sometimes differently coloured from females .\nfemales run about on the ground flicking and jerking their wings . they provision their nests with one paralyzed spider per cell or , in some species , lay their eggs on prey caught by other pompilids .\npredators of spiders . a single egg is layed on or in the abdomen of a spider that has been paralysed by the sting of the female wasp , either in the spider ' s own burrow or on a spider that has been paralysed , dragged and placed in a secluded crack , crevice , excavated burrow , or mud nest made by the wasp . some species are cleptoparasites of other species , laying their egg on a previously paralysed and concealed spider .\nwith most species of the pompilidae , the female wasp lays only one egg on a single spider . the larger the species of wasp , the larger the spider required . the size of the spider prey determines whether the egg will give rise to a male or female wasp . smaller prey results in an unfertilised and male - producing egg and larger prey in fertilised and female - producing egg .\nafter stinging its prey , the pompilid wasp drags its paralysed prey to a nesting site . the wasp does this by grasping the immobilised spider by an appendage such as a chelicerus ( jaw ) or leg , and drags it backwards over the ground , face to face with its prey . once the nesting site has been reached , the prey is hidden about 25 cm from it and nest excavation begins . this the female wasp does this with her front legs that are well equipped with a row of stout spines that serve as efficient rakes . the front legs alternate and the abdomen is held up to allow the excavated material to pile up behind the wasp . once the burrow is deep enough , the wasp drags the prey backwards into the nest and places it facing towards the burrow entrance . a single egg is then laid on the spider ' s abdomen .\nin the darkness of its underground cell , the pompilid wasp egg hatches after about 2 days and eats all the soft tissue of the spider , starting with the abdomen and eventually leaving only the hollow cephalothorax and legs . after about 7 days , it then spins a silken cocoon and pupates within , and emerges as an adult wasp the following summer .\nthis cosmopolitan subfamily includes over 2000 species in about 100 genera . it includes some of the largest pompilids ; many are black with orange - red wings .\nmetasomal sternum 2 with distinct sharp transverse groove , but male often without sharp groove . fore wing with vein cui simple at base , without any definite downward deflection ( second discal cell ( 2d ) without a posterior\npocket\n)\n) . the paralysed spiders are dragged to a pre - excavated burrow , where they lay an egg on the spider . on hatching the larva feeds on the preserved prey item . species of\nlarge ( body length 50 mm ) , wholly black , with black antennae , black legs and blue sheen to wings .\nfemales hunt large spiders such as rain spiders ( palystes ) which they paralyse and drag to a pre - excavated burrow or crack or crevice . an egg is laid on the spider which provides the larva with food when it hatches .\nmedium - sized ( body length of males 19 mm , females 23 mm ) . head and antenae orange . thorax orange and black . abdomen black with reddish tip . legs orange . wings metallic blue .\n) to provision their nest with as a paralysed food resource for development of their larvae .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . : field guide to insects of south africa"]}
{"id": 205, "summary": [{"text": "nomada priscilla , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india and philippines . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nomada priscilla", "paragraphs": ["phor robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada integra robertson , 1893 ( not brull\u00e9 , 1832 ) = nomada integrrima dalla torre , 1896 , by original designation .\ncentrias robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada erigeronis robertson , 1897 , by original designation .\ncephen robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada texana cresson , 1872 , by original designation .\ngnathias robertson , 1903 : p . 173 , 174 , 175 ; type species : nomada bella cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nholonomada robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada superba cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nnomada scopoli , 1770 : p . 44 ; type species : apis ruficornis linnaeus , 1758 , by designation of curtis , 1832 : pl . 419 .\nwith over 850 species , the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae , and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic\ncuckoo bees\n. they occur worldwide , and use many different types of bees as hosts , primarily the genus andrena .\nxanthidium robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 177 ( not ehrenberg , 1833 ) ; type species : nomada luteola olivier , 1811 , by original designation . [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym , has not been replaced - mich . 2000 : p . 625 ] .\nthe species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz , 1994 [ univ . sci . kans . sci . , bull . 55 ( 7 ) : 239 - 270 ] . these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener ( 2000 : p . 625 ) .\nhypochrotaenia holmberg , 1886 : p . 234 , 273 ; type species : hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg , 1886 , monobasic .\nnomadita mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 : p . 37 ; type species : nomadita montana mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 , monobasic .\nlamproapis cameron , 1902 : p . 419 ; type species : lamproapis maculipennis cameron , 1902 , monobasic .\nnomadosoma rohwer , 1911 : p . 24 ; type species : pasites pilipes cresson , 1865 , by original designation .\npolybiapis cockerell , 1916 en 27 : p . 208 ; type species : polybiapis minus cockerell , 1916 , by original designation .\ncameron , 1897 mms 41 ( 4 ) : p . 123 ( furva group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 543 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nmorawitz , 1877 hser 14 : p . 107 ; ( ruficornis group ) [ coxalis only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1874 hser 10 : p . 181 ; ( furva group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\npanzer , 1798 fig , heft 55 : p . 23 ; ( furva group ) [ furva only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1872 vzbgw 22 : p . 380 [ = cincta lepeletier , 1841 : p . 484 ; = olympica schmeideknecht , 1882 : p . 176 ] ( ruficornis group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 98 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 99 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 100 ( furva group )\n[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .\nby the same author for the authors ' linked references mentioned in this document .\ninaugural release 26 sept . , 2003 revised and continued up to 26 nov . 2009 on url : urltoken . redesigned and released on url : urltoken on 08 february 2010\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchecklist of apoidea of north america . . . - 02 - nov - 2005 , manuscript ( version 02 - nov - 05 )\nhymenoptera name server version 0 . 03 4 . x . 2002 , website ( version 0 . 03 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwhen you follow someone on vimeo , you subscribe to their videos , receive updates about them in your feed , and have the ability to send them messages .\nall your burning filmmaking questions have answers . find them in vimeo video school .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 206, "summary": [{"text": "agonopterix rotundella is a moth of the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except the fennoscandia and most of the balkan peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from september to may , overwintering as an adult .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on daucus carota and laserpitium gallicum .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine has the form of a small , irregular full depth corridor .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "older larvae vacate their mines and continue feeding among spun leaves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found from june to august .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they are green with darker length lines and a brownish black head . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "agonopterix rotundella", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nborboleta noturna / / moth ( agonopterix rotundella )\nas trusted on the\nagonopterix rotundella\npage .\ntwo new species of agonopterix ( depressariidae , lepidoptera ) from europe . - pubmed - ncbi\nwingspan c . 15 mm . a relatively uniform - looking agonopterix , with buffish forewings broken by two or three black dots and occasional scattered blackish scales . the specific name rotundella refers to the rather rounded termen of the forewing .\nthe species agonopterix tripunctaria sp . nov . and agonopterix medelichensis sp . nov . are described . a . tripunctaria , previously misidentified as agonopterix nodiflorella ( milli\u00e8re , 1866 ) , was recognized as specifically different by the distinctive male genitalia . 19 specimens have been examined , dna - barcoding yielded full 658 bp fragment of coi from two specimens and a 639 bp sequence from a third , confirming the impression of a rather isolated species . specimens from italy , slovenia , croatia and greece had been checked , among them one reared from ferulago campestris . a . medelichensis was misidentified as agonopterix rotundella ( douglas , 1846 ) in nhmv ; its male genitalia are erroneously depicted as a . rotundella in hannemann ( 1953 ) and ( 1995 ) . 20 specimens have been examined , from one a 555 bp fragment of coi was obtained , confirming that it is not closely related to a . rotundella . specimens from austria , italy , hungary , slovakia , croatia and greece have been checked , among them one reared from trinia glauca , which had been misidentified as a . hippomarathri . a report of a . rotundella from russia also belongs to this species .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : nationally scarce ( na ) on downland and coastal cliffs in england and wales , from cornwall to kent , northwards along the western coast as far as cheshire ; the isle of man , yorkshire and northumberland ( mbgbi vol 4 part 1 ) ; uncommon in wales and scotland . very rare on the isle of wight , with just 13 records prior to the present century ; however , increased recording since 2010 has turned up single records in most years . not recorded from hampshire to date . wingspan 14 - 17 mm . larva mines leaves of wild carrot , subsequently living within a leaf - roll .\nthe adult lives from september to may , overwintering among low vegetation . it will come to light positioned near its habitat .\nthe larva feeds , june to august , on wild carrot ( daucus carota ) , from a thickly folded leaf sewn with white silk . it appears to prefer short plants in full sun on coastal downs and cliffs in england , wales , southern scotland and ireland . recorded inland in the past , it now appears to be confined to coasts .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 22 : 07 : 58 page render time : 0 . 3103s total w / procache : 0 . 3577s\nin modern times only recorded from friston and holywell although more widespread in the victorian era . the larvae feed on wild carrot ( pratt , 2011 ) . nationally , adults fly from september to may ( mbgbi ) .\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfirst for dumfries & galloway was found at an unknown site by person unknown prior to 2001 ( mogbi data ) .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmag . peter buchner , scheibenstra\u00dfe 335 , 2625 schwarzau am steinfeld , austria . ; email : buchner . 324 @ tele2 . at .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 1 records from 1 sites . first recorded in 1986 .\nvc61 . south landing , flamborough , 13 . 5 . 1986 det . heb ( ase ) ."]}
{"id": 216, "summary": [{"text": "furcula borealis , the white furcula moth , is a moth of the family notodontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from new hampshire to texas and florida , as well as in colorado and south dakota .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 31 \u2013 42 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on prunus avium , salix and populus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "furcula borealis", "paragraphs": ["furcula borealis has been treated as a subspecies of the eurasian furcula bicuspis . it has been elevated back to species status .\nother furcula species . the\nmonkey face\npattern on borealis is much more distinct than in the other furcula , which often have much more or less black scaling and orange scaling , obscuring the\nmonkey face\npattern . f . borealis can be distinguished from pale occidentalis specimens , by the lack of a triple pm line , which is present in occidentalis and the darker thoracic scaling of occidentalis : more black scaling in the\nmonkey face ,\nand gray - as opposed to white in borealis - scaling on the rest of the thorax .\nwhite furcula moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 8 / 2014 ) . photo by nancy magnusson . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 7 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 28 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 11 / 2017 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 9 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in allegany co . , maryland ( 5 / 23 / 2015 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in calvert co . , maryland ( 8 / 16 / 2006 ) . photo by arlene ripley . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 8 / 14 / 2013 ) . photo by tim carney . ( mbp list )\na male white furcula moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 21 / 2003 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth caterpillar in washington co . , maryland ( 9 / 20 / 2017 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth larva in frederick co . , maryland ( 9 / 14 / 2016 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )\nwhite furcula moth caterpillar on black cherry in frederick co . , maryland ( 9 / 11 / 2016 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )\na white furcula caterpillar in baltimore city , maryland ( 7 / 1 / 2009 ) . determined by sam jaffe / bugguide . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nforewing white with charcoal median band and charcoal patch coming from costa near apex ; pm line single , often obscure , continuous across wing usually more sinuous than dentate ; am and terminal lines composed of several large black dots ; some yellow or orange coloration often present next to am and pm lines ; thorax patterned distinctly with black scaling with some orange in what is called a\nmonkey face\nwith the surrounding thoracic scaling white .\nnew hampshire to texas - florida ; colorado ; south dakota . ( 1 )\nmoth photographers group - species page with photographs of living adults , larvae and pinned adults .\nmoths of arknsas - henderson state university - photographs , description , and foodplant .\nbutterflies and moths of north america - species account with photograph of pinned adult and range maps .\ncontributed by troy bartlett on 16 february , 2004 - 12 : 32pm additional contributions by chuck entz , jason d . roberts , maury heiman , robert lord zimlich , fyn kynd last updated 6 september , 2016 - 1 : 48pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ncaterpillar from the air line trail in hebron , connecticut . ( tolland county ) on cherry .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 232, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia guineensis , the wide-banded palm forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the western part of the democratic republic of the congo and northern angola .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of primary , undisturbed forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bebearia guineensis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about bebearia guineensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bebearia guineensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 233, "summary": [{"text": "drosophila subobscura is a species of fruit fly from the family drosophilidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "originally found around the mediterranean , it has spread to most of europe and the near east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has been introduced into the west coasts of canada , the united states , and chile .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its closest relative is drosophila madeirensis , found in the madeira islands , followed by d. guanche , found in the canary islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "these three species form the paraphyletic drosophila subobscura species group . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "drosophila subobscura", "paragraphs": ["solved : in drosophila subobscura , the presence of a recessive g . . . | urltoken\nintroduction history of drosophila subobscura in the new world : a microsatellite - based survey using abc methods .\nintroduction history of drosophila subobscura in the new world : a microsatellite - based survey using abc methods . - pubmed - ncbi\nasymmetry of overall wing shape for females raised at 23\u00b0c same as in table 5 for drosophila subobscura flies reared at 23\u00b0c .\nasymmetry of overall wing shape for males raised at 23\u00b0c same as in table 5 for drosophila subobscura flies reared at 23\u00b0c .\nkrimbas cb : drosophila subobscura : biology , genetics and inversion polymorphism . 1993 , hamburg , germany : verlag dr . kovac\nllopart a , aguad\u00e9 m ( 2000 ) nucleotide polymorphism at the rpii215 gene in drosophila subobscura : weak selection on synonymous mutations . genetics 155 : 1245\u20131252\nadditional file 3 : physical map of differentially expressed genes . localization by in situ hybridization on the salivary gland chromosomes of drosophila subobscura of 88 differentially expressed genes . ( pdf 77 kb )\ngilchrist gw , huey rb , serra l : rapid evolution of wing size clines in drosophila subobscura . genetica . 2001 , 112\u2013113 : 273 - 286 . 10 . 1023 / a : 1013358931816 .\nmolt\u00f3 md , de frutos r , martinez - sebasti\u00e1n mj ( 1987 ) the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes of drosophila guanche compared with that of d . subobscura . genetica 75 : 55\u201370 . doi :\nnavarro - sabat\u00e9 \u00e0 , aguad\u00e9 m , segarra c ( 1999 ) the relationship between allozyme and chromosomal polymorphism inferred from nucleotide variation at the acph - 1 gene region of drosophila subobscura . genetics 153 : 871\u2013889\nin drosophila subobscura , the presence of a recessive gene called grandchildless ( gs ) causes the offspring of homozygous females , but not those of homozygous males , to be sterile . can you offer an explanation as to why females and not males are affected by the mutant gene ?\npowell jr : progress and prospects in evolutionary biology . the drosophila model . 1997 , new york : oxford univ press\npowell jr : progress and prospects in evolutionary biology . the drosophila model . 1997 , new york : oxford university press\nhartl dl , lozovskaya er : the drosophila genome map : a practical guide . 1995 , new york : springer - verlag\n. in : krimbas cb , powell jr ( eds ) drosophila inversion polymorphism . crc press , boca rat\u00f3n , pp 127\u2013220\nsturtevant ah , novitski e ( 1941 ) the homologies of the chromosome elements in the genus drosophila . genetics 26 : 517\u2013541\n. drosophila inversion polymorphism . edited by : krimbas cb , powell jr . 1992 , boca raton : crc press , 127 - 220 .\ngonz\u00e1lez j , ranz jm , ruiz a ( 2002 ) chromosomal elements evolve at different rates in the drosophila genome . genetics 161 : 1137\u20131154\nmuller hj ( 1940 ) bearings of the \u201cdrosophila\u201d work on systematics . in : huxley j ( ed ) the new systematics . pp 185\u2013268\nclark ag , eisen mb , smith dr et al ( 2007 ) evolution of genes and genomes on the drosophila phylogeny . nature 450 : 203\u2013218\nsegarra c , aguad\u00e9 m ( 1992 ) molecular organization of the x chromosome in different species of the obscura group of drosophila . genetics 130 : 513\u2013521\nas markers to study the chromosomal evolution of muller\u2019s a element in two species of the obscura group of drosophila . chromosoma 104 : 129\u2013136 . doi :\nbhutkar a , schaeffer sw , russo sm et al ( 2008 ) chromosomal rearrangement inferred from comparisons of 12 drosophila genomes . genetics 179 : 1657\u20131680 . doi :\nsegarra c , rib\u00f3 g , aguad\u00e9 m ( 1996 ) differentiation of muller\u2019s chromosomal elements d and e in the obscura group of drosophila . genetics 144 : 139\u2013146\nobbard dj , maclennan j , kim k et al ( 2012 ) estimating divergence dates and substitution rates in the drosophila phylogeny . mol biol evol 29 : 3459\u20133473 . doi :\nrodr\u00edguez - trelles f , tarr\u00edo r , santos m ( 2013 ) genome - wide evolutionary response to a heat wave in drosophila . biol lett 9 : 20130228 . doi :\nthrockmorton lh ( 1975 ) the phylogeny , ecology and geography of drosophila . in : king rc ( ed ) handbook of genetics . plenum press , new york , pp 421\u2013469\ntamura k , subramanian s , kumar s ( 2004 ) temporal patterns of fruit fly ( drosophila ) evolution revealed by mutation clocks . mol biol evol 21 : 36\u201344 . doi :\nsegarra c , rib\u00f3 g , aguad\u00e9 m : differentiation of muller ' s chromosomal elements d and e in the obscura group of drosophila . genetics . 1996 , 144 : 139 - 146 .\npuerma e , orengo dj , aguad\u00e9 m ( 2016b ) multiple and diverse structural changes affect the breakpoint regions of polymorphic inversions across the drosophila genus . sci rep 6 : 36248 . doi :\nvon grotthuss m , ashburner m , ranz jm ( 2010 ) fragile regions and not functional constraints predominate in shaping gene organization in the genus drosophila . genome res 20 : 1084\u20131096 . doi :\npapaceit m , aguad\u00e9 m , segarra c ( 2006 ) chromosomal evolution of elements b and c in the sophophora subgenus of drosophila : evolutionary rate and polymorphism . evolution 60 : 768\u2013781 . doi :\npuerma e , orengo dj , aguad\u00e9 m ( 2016a ) the origin of chromosomal inversions as a source of segmental duplications in the sophophora subgenus of drosophila . sci rep 6 : 30715 . doi :\nhartl dl , nurminsky di , jones rw , lozovskaya er ( 1994 ) genome structure and evolution in drosophila : applications of the framework p1 map . proc natl acad sci u s a 91 : 6824\u20136829\nschaeffer sw , bhutkar a , mcallister bf et al ( 2008 ) polytene chromosomal maps of 11 drosophila species : the order of genomic scaffolds inferred from genetic and physical maps . genetics 179 : 1601\u20131655 . doi :\nramos - onsins se , segarra c , rozas j , aguad\u00e9 m ( 1998 ) molecular and chromosomal phylogeny in the obscura group of drosophila inferred from sequences of the rp49 gene region . mol phylogenet evol 9 : 33\u201341 . doi :\ncomparisons of recent with historical samples of chromosome inversion frequencies provide opportunities to determine whether genetic change is tracking climate change in natural populations . we determined the magnitude and direction of shifts over time ( 24 years between samples on average ) in chromosome inversion frequencies and in ambient temperature for populations of the fly drosophila subobscura on three continents . in 22 of 26 populations , climates warmed over the intervals , and genotypes characteristic of low latitudes ( warm climates ) increased in frequency in 21 of those 22 populations . thus , genetic change in this fly is tracking climate warming and is doing so globally .\nthe results strongly support the hypothesis that environmental canalization and developmental stability share underlying regulatory mechanisms , but environmental and genetic canalization are not functionally the same . a likely explanation for this lack of association is that natural wing shape variation in drosophila populations is loosely related to individual fitness .\nseasonal changes in field temperature and chilling tolerance of d . subobscura living in close association with a heap of discarded apples . ( a ) air temperature ( light grey ) and the temperature at the bottom ( black ) and top ( i . e . surface ; dark grey ) of the heap of apples were recorded during the transition from spring to summer . adult d . subobscura were collected approximately every four weeks ( circles with vertical lines ) . ( b ) ct min and ( c ) ccrt measured in flies collected during the experimental period ( mean \u00b1 s . e . ) regressed against mean temperature at the surface of the heap in the 24 h preceding collection . shaded areas represent 95 % confidence intervals of regressions . ( online version in colour . )\nandres aj , thummel cs : methods for quantitative analysis of transcription in larvae and prepupae . drosophila melanogaster : practical uses in cell and molecular biology . methods in cell biology . edited by : goldstein l , fyrberg e . 1994 , new york : academic press , 44 : 565 - 573 .\nwe thank david salguero for his excellent technical assistance . we also thank servei de gen\u00f2mica , serveis cientifico - t\u00e8cnics , universitat de barcelona , for automated sequencing facilities . this paper was prepared with full knowledge and support of the barcelona subobscura initiative ( bsi ) . this work was supported by grants bfu2012 - 35168 and bfu2014 - 63732 from ministerio de econom\u00eda y competitividad , spain , and 2014sgr - 1055 from comissi\u00f3 interdepartamental de recerca i innovaci\u00f3 tecnol\u00f2gica , generalitat de catalunya , spain to ma .\nour data suggest that a sizeable number of genes appear to be involved in thermal adaptation in drosophila , with a substantial fraction implicated in metabolism . this apparently illustrates the formidable challenge to understanding the adaptive evolution of complex trait variation . furthermore , some clustering of genes within inverted chromosomal sections was detected . disentangling the effects of inversions will be obviously required in any future approach if we want to identify the relevant candidate genes .\nhl sampled the thermal populations , made the rna extractions , participated in the design of the experiment , carried out statistical analysis , gene ontology searches , and drafted the manuscript . fg - f , bec - s and vt designed primers , carried out in situ hybridizations on the polytene chromosomes of d . subobscura , and read all salivary gland squashes from the in situ hybridizations . sb and mc coordinated the microarray experiments for generating the original data . ms set up and maintained the thermal populations , designed the study , carried out statistical analyses and drafted the final version of the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nwater and ion balance in d . subobscura before ( i . e . control ) and immediately after 24 h at \u22125\u00b0c on five dates during the spring\u2013summer transition . ( a ) haemolymph volume , ( b ) haemolymph [ na + ] and ( c ) haemolymph [ k + ] measured in flies before and after cold exposure . the net change in haemolymph [ k + ] with cold exposure ( \u03b4k + ) was significantly associated with the net change in haemolymph volume ( d ) , as well as both indices of chilling tolerance : ( e ) the ct min and ( f ) ccrt . shaded areas represent 95 % confidence intervals of regressions . all values are means ( \u00b1s . e . ) . haemolymph volume was not measured ( nm ) on july 21st . ( online version in colour . )\nsubsequently , samples from all nine populations were obtained in may - june 2004 ( 25 generations at 13\u00b0c , 35 at 18\u00b0c , and 46 at 22\u00b0c ) by placing eggs into twelve 130 - ml bottles ( ~ 200\u2013250 eggs per bottle ) . these bottles were cultured at 18\u00b0c and emerging adults were dumped into plexiglas cages for egg collections . eggs for the experiment were collected over a six days period by placing petri dishes containing non - nutritive agar with a generous smear of live yeast in the cages . as before , ~ 100 eggs ( \u00b1 4 h ) were placed at 18\u00b0c in 120 - ml plastic chambers with stained drosophila medium to sample the treatment third instar larvae for further mrna extraction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npascual m 1 , chapuis mp , mestres f , balany\u00e0 j , huey rb , gilchrist gw , serra l , estoup a .\ndepartament de gen\u00e8tica , facultat de biologia , universitat de barcelona , diagonal 645 , 08028 barcelona , spain . martapascual @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nmany properties of organisms show great robustness against genetic and environmental perturbations . the terms canalization and developmental stability were originally proposed to describe the ability of an organism to resist perturbations and to produce a predictable target phenotype regardless of random developmental noise . however , the extent to which canalization and developmental stability are controlled by the same set of genes and share underlying regulatory mechanisms is largely unresolved .\nphenotypic robustness refers to the invariance of the specified target phenotype given the genetic makeup and environmental conditions . whereas the presence of naturally occurring phenotypic variation is at the core of evolutionary biology , developmental geneticists have traditionally considered it as a nuisance . instead , they have relied on the study of single or multiple mutant combinations to reveal the generation of phenotypic patterns ( e . g . [\n] , where development appears to be buffered so that slight abnormalities of genotype or slight perturbations in the environment do not lead to the production of abnormal phenotypes . however , evolutionary geneticists define canalization as the tendency of traits to evolve a reduction in variability [\n] . therefore , canalization and ds are subcategories of developmental buffering : the first can be appraised by estimating interindividual variance whereas the most commonly used estimate of ds in bilaterally symmetrical organisms is fluctuating asymmetry ( fa ) ; i . e . the intraindividual variation due to random differences between left and right sides . the question of whether or not canalization and ds are different buffering mechanisms has been a constant source of debate . two recent reviews implicitly [\n] assume that ds is a special case of canalization , a viewpoint also embraced by several authors ( e . g . [\n] found that the vectors describing inter - and intraindividual variation of landmark position for fly vein traits were highly concordant . on the other hand , debat et al . [\n] came to the opposite conclusion applying the same methods to cranial landmarks in the house mouse \u2013 although klingenberg ' s et al . [\n] work with mouse mandibles found patterns of intra - and interindividual variation that were only partly consistent \u2013 . at first glance , the different results may suggest that the mechanisms that affect canalization and ds are related in some developmental contexts but not in others . the problem is , however , that according to the causes of phenotypic variation a distinction between genetic and environmental canalization is necessary [\n) : the first refer to influential factors ( e . g . temperature ) that are shared by groups of individuals , whereas the latter are residual deviations from the phenotype that would be specified on the basis of genotype and general environmental effects . such deviations are unique to individuals and are largely unpredictable . the variance associated with special environmental effects can be estimated when experiments are performed on completely inbred lines ( i . e . , there is no genetic variance ) . in bilaterally symmetrical organisms it is also feasible to estimate the two sources that contribute to those special environmental effects : among - individual (\nthe third process involved in the control of phenotypic variability is plasticity , which can be defined as the ability of an individual to express one phenotype under one set of environmental circumstances and another phenotype under another set . the expressed phenotypes can be discontinuous thus eliciting discrete morphs ( i . e . , polyphenism ) , or there can be a continuous range of potential phenotypes ( i . e . , reaction norm ) . the reaction norm is thus a property of the genome : genetic canalization and phenotypic plasticity are not mutually exclusive and can combine to form canalized reaction norms [\n] , and the vein pattern is highly conserved across species ( e . g . [\n] . however , there is circumstantial evidence suggesting that developmental and evolutionary temperature - related cell size divergence have contrasting effects on wing shape . thus , birdsall et al . [\n] ) for which a balancer stock is available . in colonizing populations of the new world only six gene arrangements are segregating for that chromosome : o\n] . therefore , six independent isochromosomal lines for each of these three chromosome arrangements ( i . e . ,\n= st , 3 + 4 , 3 + 4 + 7 ) were used in the present experiments .\nthe experimental flies were obtained from 54 crosses , which will be referred to as inbred ( isogenic ; i . e . ,\n) with 18 crosses in total , or outbred ( including both structural homo - and heterokaryotypes ) with 36 ( 18 + 18 ) crosses in total . the six lines with a given gene arrangement were crossed to produce the three different outbred homokaryotypes ( i . e . ,\n) . the three kinds of heterokaryotypic flies were similarly obtained but using lines with different gene arrangements ( i . e . ,\n) . since all isochromosomal lines were homogeneous for the same genetic background ( except for the male sex chromosome ) , maternal effects were not considered to be critically important . anyhow , experimental flies were randomly derived form reciprocal crosses for all outbred combinations . two developmental temperatures were used in the experiment : optimal ( 18\u00b0c ) and warm ( 23\u00b0c ) .\nranging from 0 . 032 for inbred females at 18\u00b0c to 0 . 073 for inbred males at 23\u00b0c ;\n= 0 . 030 ( - 0 . 005 , 0 . 064 ) for inbred females at 23\u00b0c ) , thus suggesting independence between size and size fa .\n) . size variation ( cs : centroid size ) among individuals comprised the largest part ( > 90 % ) of the variation . the fraction of the total phenotypic variance in wing size associated to genetic differences among karyotypes and / or lines ( i . e . ,\n) ranged from 0 . 235 ( inbred males at 18\u00b0c ) to 0 . 602 ( inbred females at 23\u00b0c ) . ( bear in mind that there is nothing in the anova method of estimation that will prevent a negative variance estimate [\nflies raised from inbred ( isogenic ) and outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c . centroid size ( cs , estimated in a normalized form [ 22 ] ) is the dependent variable ( values in pixels\n) provide here unbiased estimates of the among - fly ( i . e .\nasymmetry of overall wing size for males raised at 18\u00b0c same as in table 1 .\ninbreeding and temperature effects on size homokaryotipic averages for centroid size and centroid size fa ( index fa1 in [ 39 ] ) in inbred ( black symbols ) and outbred ( open symbols ) crosses . small symbols give the average values for each of the three different homokaryotypes to appreciate the dispersion from the corresponding grand average ( large symbols connected by lines ) . squares give the values at 23\u00b0c and circles at 18\u00b0c .\n] a quite remarkable finding here was that left wings were consistently bigger than the right ones , thus causing a generally highly significant da ( i . e . ,\nsides\neffect in tables\n] . when wings were mounted no attempt was made to standardize the surface position : in females 394 ( 60 . 8 % ) left and 387 ( 59 . 7 % ) right wings were mounted on the slides with the dorsal side up (\n= 0 . 691 ) ; in males the corresponding figures were 383 ( 59 . 1 % ) and 401 ( 61 . 9 % ) , respectively (\n= 0 . 306 ) . potential biasing effects when measuring wings ; namely , dorsal or ventral bitmap images or possible differences between left and right wings when bitmap images are captured from the top or bottom of the microscope slide , were checked from a subset of 75 females and 75 males . an additional set of two images for each wing were taken in the same session from the top and bottom of the slide and digitized once . the centroid size differences between the averages of both measurements was apparently random with respect to digitizing procedure and always lower than 0 . 07 % , whereas left wings were 0 . 26 % bigger than the right ones in females and 0 . 34 % in males . we are , therefore , quite confident that the fairly subtle da for wing cs is not an experimental artifact but a real phenomenon .\nin addition to da , there was subtle but significant fa in all crosses ( i . e . ,\nindividuals \u00d7 sides\ninteraction effect in tables\n) together with a small amount of genetic variation for da in some of them . this last finding could hardly be attributable to a type i error because similar results had been previously obtained [ [\n] ) failed to show any statistically significant effects whatsoever ( variance components ranging from - 0 . 0047 to 0 . 0071 for karyotypes , and from - 0 . 0343 to 0 . 0406 for crosses within karyotypes ; values in pixels\n( pixels ) , but results were qualitatively identical without a log - transformation ) as the dependent variable , with karyotype , temperature and inbreeding as fixed effects , and crosses nested within karyotypes , clearly indicated inbreeding depression together with temperature by inbreeding interaction ( i . e . , inbreeding was most noticeable at the sub - optimal temperature of 23\u00b0c ) , but no karyotype by temperature interaction was detected . these results confirm that wing size is not a purely additive trait in\nboth inbreeding and ( sub - optimal ) temperature effects were also apparent in females when overall size fa ( index fa1 ) was used as the dependent variable in three - way factorial anovas , with no differences among karyotypes . on the other hand , no statistically significant effects were detected for males , basically because inbred crosses performed approximately equal at both temperatures ( fig .\nit is worth mentioning here that in outbred crosses overall size fa was about the same for homokaryotypes and heterokaryotypes : the only significant effect was again an increase in fa at the sub - optimal temperature ( more than two - fold ; c . f .\nin conclusion , overall size ds was positively correlated with levels of heterozygosity ( i . e . , inbred vs . outbred homokaryotypes ) and development at the optimal temperature of 18\u00b0c . however , no positive association was found between ds and chromosomal heterozygosity in outbred crosses .\n. for the present study of 13 landmarks , with 2 coordinates each , the shape dimension is 22 . sums of squares and cross - products ( sscp ) matrices are therefore not full - ranked , and we retained 22 pc ( principal components [\n] ) scores for outbred crosses and only 15 pc scores \u2013 which accounted for more than 98 % of the total shape variance \u2013 for inbred crosses to be capable of testing for genetic components . the degrees of freedom in tables\n) times the number of pc scores retained in each sample . likewise , the overall covariation in wing shape (\nindividuals\neffect ) was decomposed into causal components ( karyotypes , crosses in karyotypes , and among flies ) ; and the overall covariation in wing shape fa (\nindividuals \u00d7 sides\ninteraction effect ) was decomposed into causal components attributable to wing shape da ( karyotypes , crosses in karyotypes , and within flies ) .\nreared at 18\u00b0c . for the inbred crosses 15 pc scores were retained for analyses ( proportion of total shape variance accounted is given in parenthesis ) . for the outbred crosses 22 pc scores were retained . (\nasymmetry of overall wing shape for males raised at 18\u00b0c same as in table 5 .\nsimilarly to what had been found for cs , differences between left and right wings were also highly significant (\nsides\neffect ) , thus indicating that da was present for overall wing shape . this finding is contrary to our previous claim from a subset of o\nisochromosomal lines , where da for some landmarks ( e . g . those defining the position of the anterior crossvein ) but not for overall wing shape was detected [\n] . after plotting the procrustes grand mean shapes of both wings it also became apparent here that the location of the anterior crossvein was indeed slightly more distal in the right wings . furthermore , the individuals \u00d7 sides interaction effects were highly significant in all cases and , hence , wing shape fa greatly exceeded measurement error .\n] shape is an inherently multidimensional concept and cannot be easily reduced to a scalar index without severe loss of information . therefore , for a quantitative genetic analysis of shape data a multivariate approach is required [\nare , respectively , the covariance matrices for karyotypes , crosses within karyotypes , and the residuals .\nshows the amount of variation associated with the different dimensions in shape space . much of the variation was concentrated in the first few pcs , but the\nmatrices showed the clearest trend to quickly decrease after the first pc . permutation tests indicated that matrix correlations ( mcs ) between\n= 0 . 1963 ) than at 23\u00b0c ( females mc = 0 . 157 ,\n= 0 . 2665 ) , but none of the mcs was statistically significant . on the other hand , vcv matrices were correlated across rearing temperatures ( females : mc\n) covariance matrix onto the total variance of the phenotypic covariance matrix was lower at 18\u00b0c in both sexes ( females : 0 . 1312\neigenvalues of causal covariance matrices for wing shape first 15 eigenvalues of the phenotypic ( black bars ) , karyotype ( hatched ) and crosses ( open ) covariance matrices from outbred crosses .\nalso point to the presence of genetic variation for overall shape da , mainly at 18\u00b0c ( i . e . , the\ncrosses in karyotypes\ncomponent from the decomposition of the i \u00d7 s interaction effect ) . as far as we are aware , these are the first experiments that found detectable genetic variation in da for wing traits . the uncovering of da ( i . e . ,\nside\neffect ) for fly wings is quite general when quantitative analyses of form are carried out using the powerful methods of geometric morphometrics to reveal even small morphological variation that otherwise would remain hidden with less effective techniques [\n] because it provides compelling evidence that da in fly wings may signal the presence of genetic variation in a phylogenetic conserved left - right developmental axis ( i . e . , an imaginary plane between the two lateral sides of the body ) , as discussed by klingenberg et al . [\n] . actually , modern treatises in developmental biology ( e . g . [\n] ) distinguish the left - right axis besides the customary anterior - posterior and dorsal - ventral axes , and several asymmetrically expressed genes ( e . g .\n] were the first ( and to our knowledge the only ones ) who showed a developmental mechanism for the developmental asymmetry . it seems , therefore , that the detection of genetic variation for da in this genus appears to be basically a methodological problem , including statistical power and the environmental conditions where the experiments are performed . the mechanisms that constitute the genetic basis of morphological asymmetry in\n] a multivariate equivalent of fa1 ( i . e . , the\nunsigned\nleft - right differences ) was defined by changing the signs of all coordinate differences ( from left - right to right - left ) whenever the inner product ( also referred to as the dot product ) of a left - right difference vector with the vector of mean left - right difference was negative . for the univariate case ( cs ) this procedure would render here the absolute (\n) . however , the approach used to define the multivariate equivalent of fa1 might be influenced by the arbitrary choice of the plane ( i . e . , the mean left - right differences ) to subdivide the shape space into\npositive\nand\nnegative\nhalves ( christian p klingenberg , pers . comm . 2004 ) . a modified procrustes shape distance for non - isotropic variation ( i . e . , landmarks usually differ in their amounts of variation ) has been recently developed by klingenberg and monteiro [\n] , and can be used here as a scalar measure of the amount of shape asymmetry because fa is random in origin ( i . e . , only the magnitude and not the direction may usually be the interesting component of fa shape variation ) . when this scalar was used in our data set the same conclusion was obtained ; namely , there was no detectable genetic variation for wing shape fa in any case ( results not shown ) .\nmanovas for female wing shape fluctuating asymmetry a multivariate equivalent of fa1 ( i . e . , the\nunsigned\nleft - right differences ) was defined as explained in the text . flies raised from outbred crosses of\nto investigate allometric and nonallometric temperature effects on overall wing shape we performed a multivariate analyses of covariance ( mancova ) of the procrustes coordinates ( after averaging both sides and the two replicated measurements per side ) considering temperature and inbreeding ( i . e . , isogenic\n( pixels ) ) as the covariate . temperature effects were only significant in males , but inbreeding and temperature \u00d7 inbreeding interaction effects were highly significant in both sexes ( results not shown ) , which suggests a strong effect of the categorical predictors on the nonallometric component of shape . size effects were also found to be significant ( females : wilks '\n< 0 . 001 ) . the association between size and temperature ( fig .\n] ) , was found to be lower than the suggested guideline for serious collinearity ( i . e .\n\u2265 10 ) , which indicates that the effects of temperature and size on wing shape could be effectively separated .\n. outbred homokaryotypic flies ) on wing shape fa were tested from the ratio between the traces of the corresponding\nindividual \u00d7 side\nvcv matrices . notice that the traces of these interaction matrices are equal to the respective mean squares of the procrustes anova as implemented by klingenberg and mcintyre [\ncoordinates of the corresponding aligned configurations divided by the shape dimension . we performed 10 , 000 randomization runs for each test . inbreeding effects were detected at 18\u00b0c but only in females ( 18\u00b0c : female\nprincipal component analyses were only implemented for the outbred crosses since they are more representative of the natural situation . the percentages of total shape variation , together with the features of variation associated with the dominant pcs , are graphically plotted in figs .\n. for the individual variation several pcs accounted for relatively large amounts of variability . on the contrary , for fa and measurement error pc1 explained almost all total variance ( > 80 % ) . for all levels in the analysis ( i . e . individuals , fa and measurement error ) the dominant pcs were connected to the relatively large variability of landmarks 3 , 6 , 7 and , to a lesser extent , landmark 2 . however , the disproportionate amount of variation associated with these landmarks did not spread to all sources of causal variation because their coefficients were relatively small for the pc1 of karyotype variation ( which explained ~ 60 % of the total variance ; see below ) . furthermore , for the individual variation the first two pcs were also linked to the shift of the anterior ( landmarks 11 and 12 ) and posterior ( landmarks 7 and 13 ) crossveins along the adjoining longitudinal veins .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements first two axes of wing shape variation for each effect in the two - way mixed manova ( individuals , individuals \u00d7 sides interaction , and measurement error ) for females from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c . also plotted are the percentages of total wing shape variation explained by the principal components for the corresponding covariance matrices .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 3 for males from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 3 for females from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 3 for males from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\npermutation tests indicated that vcv matrices were mostly correlated for fa and measurement error effects within samples ( mcs > 0 . 95 ,\n) . the individual vcv matrix was significantly correlated with the fa and measurement error matrices only for females at 18\u00b0c . between temperatures the vcv matrices were highly correlated for fa and measurement error ( results not shown ) , but loosely correlated for the individual variation ( females mc = 0 . 668 ,\ncorrelations between vcv matrices of landmarks displacements within groups results of the permutation tests used for the analyses within sexes and temperatures .\nthe angles between the pc1s for fa and measurement error were very much alike ( ranging from angle \u03b1 = 2 . 1\u00b0 to \u03b1 = 3 . 4\u00b0 ; recall that the 0 . 1 % quantile of the resulting distribution between pairs of random vectors in 22 - dimensional space was 50 . 3\u00b0 ) , which reflects the similarity due to landmarks 3 , 6 and 7 . however , the first three pcs for interindividual variation were generally distinct to those of fa : the only clear correspondences were between the pc1s for females at 18\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 21 . 5\u00b0 ) , and the pc2 of interindividual variation with the pc1 of fa for males at 18\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 11 . 8\u00b0 ) . ( the correspondences were qualitatively the same for interindividual variation and measurement error ; results not shown . ) overall , these results seem to suggest that canalization and ds do not generally share the same underlying regulatory mechanisms ( but see below ) .\na potentially important problem with the foregoing approach to compare the patterns of intra - and interindividual variation is to rely on the interaction vcv matrix as the source of variation due to fa . as has been previously argued the uncovering of da is almost ubiquitous for shape data when using the methods of geometry morphometrics , and there was evidence here for statistically significant genetic variation of overall shape da at 18\u00b0c ( tables\n) . therefore , the vcv matrix from the\nindividuals \u00d7 sides\ninteraction effect gives a biased estimate of developmental stability and cannot be taken as the covariance matrix for fa . in other words , this vcv matrix also includes all causal components due to genetic variation for da , and the corresponding unbiased vcv matrix for fa is that for the within - fly component of the interaction effect ( i . e . , after removing the genetic variation for da [\n] ) . in any case , all results were qualitatively similar and , hence , the conclusion that canalization and ds seem to be different mechanisms remains unchanged . however , it is difficult to appraise how this potential problem could have affected the previously published conclusions when comparing interindividual variation and\nfa\nin fly wings and mouse skulls ( see background section ) .\n= 49 . 6\u00b0 ; recall that the direction of pcs is arbitrary and all the movements in figs .\nbesides the interindividual variation in the two - way manovas ( which comprises genetic plus environmental covariances due to special environmental effects ) it is important here to asses the patterns of joint displacements of landmarks for each of the causal components of wing shape variation ( figs .\n) . for karyotype variation pc1 accounted for ~ 60 % of the total variance and was linked to a great extent with equivalent movements of those landmarks defining the location of the crossveins , which shifted in the same direction . landmarks 4 and 5 tended to move away each other , stretching the wing margin between longitudinal veins iii and iv . landmark 9 budged in the opposite direction to crossveins shifts , thus shaping the relationship between l1 to the total length of longitudinal vein iv ( i . e . shape index l1 wl ; fig .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements first two axes of wing shape variation in the two - level nested manova ( karyotypes , crosses nested in karyotypes , and within crosses ) for each causal component effect pertaining to the inter - individual variation in females from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c . also plotted are the percentages of total wing shape variation explained by the principal components for the corresponding covariance matrices .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 7 for males from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 7 for females from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 7 for males from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\nthe image shows the thirteen landmarks ( 1 \u2013 13 ) used in this work . i \u2013 vi longitudinal veins ; cv - a and cv - p anterior and posterior crossveins ; co costal or marginal veins ; l1 and l2 lengths of the proximal ( euclidian distance between landmarks 9 and 13 ) and distal ( euclidian distance between landmarks 13 and 5 ) segments of longitudinal vein iv , respectively . wing shape index\nhas been previously used to study shape clines in this species [ 30 ] .\n) , but rearing temperature quantitatively modified the shape index ( l1 / wl was lower at the highest temperature ) . however , there was no statistically significant karyotype \u00d7 temperature interaction . the wing shape index appears to be a purely additive trait since heterokaryotypes were always intermediate to their corresponding homokaryotypes ( fig .\n) . actually , none of 12 within - group ( i . e . , sex and temperature ) possible contrasts comparing all three heterokaryotypes with the average of the corresponding homokaryotypes was statistically significant ( the mean square for\ncrosses\nwas used as the error term ; see legend in fig .\naverages of the relative length ( with 95 % confidence intervals ) of the basal portion of longitudinal vein iv ( l1 ) to the total wing length ( wl = l1 + l2 ) versus karyotype for outbred crosses at the two rearing temperatures . a two - way factorial anova using the shape index as\npc2 for karyotypes was also connected to the variability of landmarks 3 , 6 and 7 . for the crosses component , several pcs explained relatively large amounts of variation , and shifts of crossveins now seem to be independent of each other at 18\u00b0c but not at 23\u00b0c . finally , for the within - fly variation several pcs accounted for relatively large amounts of variability . pc1s were again connected to the variability of landmarks 3 , 6 and 7 ; and pc2s to shifts in the anterior crossvein .\nthe large amount of variation of the anterior and posterior crossveins for karyotypes and crosses can be interpreted in terms of developmental processes . the crossveins are determined after the longitudinal veins , and mutations that eliminate crossveins ( e . g .\n) do not affect the longitudinal veins ; however , some mutants that affect the longitudinal veins also influence the crossveins ( e . g . the\n] ) . however , these shifts do not occur in isolation an also include other landmarks as well ( e . g . , landmarks 9 and 5 on l4 ; landmarks 1 and 2 on l1 ; figs .\n) indicated that the vcv matrices of karyotypes and crosses were never significantly correlated with the vcv matrices of fa and measurement error . the high correlation between the vcv matrices of the interindividual and fa effects for females at 18\u00b0c was basically due to the ( micro - ) environmental component . also notice that all correlations between the vcv matrices of karyotype and fa effects were close to zero or even negative , which clearly suggests that this genetic component of canalization is unrelated to ds .\nin addition , the pc1s of karyotypes and fa were nearly at right angles ( 18\u00b0c : females \u03b1 = 85 . 8\u00b0 , males \u03b1 = 77 . 3\u00b0 ; 23\u00b0c : females \u03b1 = 75 . 6\u00b0 , males \u03b1 = 78 . 5\u00b0 ) . the only matches were between pc2 of karyotypes and pc1 of fa for females at 18\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 13 . 0\u00b0 ) and males at 23\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 31 . 2\u00b0 ) . the pc1s of crosses and fa were also poorly correlated ; the only exception being females a 23\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 43 . 3\u00b0 ) . these results clearly support the hypothesis that genetic canalization and ds are not functionally the same mechanism .\non the other hand , all observed angles involving pc1s between\nreplicated genotypes\n( i . e . the between - fly component ) and fa were relatively small and highly significant ( 18\u00b0c : females\n= 36 . 7\u00b0 ) . ( results were qualitatively the same for all observed angles involving pc1s of the between - fly and measurement error covariance matrices ; results not shown . ) together with the overall comparisons of the covariance matrices ( table\n) , these results indicate that ( micro - ) environmental canalization and ds share underlying regulatory mechanisms but are not identical . there was not a complete congruence as pc1 of fa accounted for most part of the variation , while pc1 of between - fly variation usually explained less than 50 % of the total variance ( figs .\nin addition , ( vii ) a discrepancy between sexes was observed in some situations ; e . g . overall size fa increased with inbreeding and ( sub - optimal ) temperature effects mainly in females , and the allometric effect on wing shape at both experimental temperatures was similar in females but not in males . it is also interesting to note here that wing size ( measured as wl ; fig .\n] . what is not obvious , however , is why there is a difference between the sexes .\n] . the strongest evidence in favor of this hypothesis comes from the well - known genotype - phenotype mapping of rna folding . conservation of rna secondary structure is under strong selection , and low structural plasticity is achieved through increasing the thermodynamic independence of any one structural component from the remaining structure [\nare adaptive . there are no consistent patterns between latitude and wing shape ( e . g . [\n] ) , contrarily to what happens for size - related traits where world - wide latitudinal clines are found with genetically larger individuals derived from higher latitudes ( e . g . [\n] ) , and we have shown here that the wing shape index l1 / wl appears to be a purely additive trait since heterokaryotypes were always intermediate to their homokaryotypic counterparts . the wing shape cline in north america colonizing populations of\n] , and the small shifts of ( e . g . ) the anterior and posterior crossveins in relation to karyotype variation ( figs .\n; notice that the plotted joint variation in landmark positions is an exaggeration of the actual variation in the data set ) are difficult to link with any adaptive response to a better flight capacity . actually , we lack even hypothetical functional explanations for subtle shape variation : gilchrist et al . [\nmay simply represent drift around an optimum . our present results ( points ( v ) and ( vi ) above ) give some credence to that conjecture . genetic canalization on wing shape does not seem to arise as a by - product of environmental canalization and , therefore , canalization is not a single mechanism to buffer any source of variation as has been suggested [\n] the classical linear theory of ds can successfully account for both normally distributed error distributions and leptokurtic distributions caused by the admixture of individuals having different levels of ds , but cannot account for transitions between fa and da . we have previously suggested , however , that a transition from\nideal\nfa ( i . e . , a normal distribution of left \u2013 right - side scores whose mean is zero ) to a distribution showing da could be made entirely compatible with what it is already known from classical quantitative genetics [\n] , but unless the genetic component can be partitioned out the variation in left - right differences cannot be assumed to describe ds . from the results of outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c ( table\n) it is possible to test here for the congruence between patterns of morphological variation with respect to the variation attributable to fa ( i . e . the within - fly environmental component of the interaction term ) and that attributable to genetic variation for da ( the within - fly genetic component due to crosses in karyotypes of the interaction term ) . the corresponding vcv matrices were highly correlated for females ( mc = 0 . 914 ,\n= 0 . 0001 ) but not for males ( mc = 0 . 064 ,\n= 45 . 9\u00b0 ) . when considered together , these results clearly suggest that fa and genetic variation for da may or may not be functionally linked .\nfemales , and its arrangement on the wild - type chromosome was identified after four generations of backcrosses . followed by at least another backcross to\n) on the o chromosome . the isochromosomal lines were established from the final crosses \u2640\u2640 o\n] . the lines were kept at 18\u00b0c ( 12 : 12 light / dark cycle ) in 130 - ml bottles with low adult density to standardize the rearing conditions before egg collections .\nas previously indicated the experimental flies were obtained from 54 crosses . reciprocal crosses were made for all outbred combinations by mating one - week virgin females and males . after three days the males were discarded and equal numbers of females from each reciprocal cross were placed together in a plastic chamber with a spoon containing non - nutritive agar with a generous smear of live yeast for egg collections . to standardize the experimental conditions , eggs from the inbred ( isogenic ) crosses were also obtained in a similar way ; namely , after mating the flies in bottles and transferring the females to plastic chambers . eggs were placed in six 2 \u00d7 8 cm vials with 6 ml of food ( 26 eggs / vial ) ; three vials were kept at 18\u00b0c ( optimal temperature ) and the other three at 23\u00b0c ( sub - optimal temperature ) . within each experimental temperature the vials were randomly placed on the same incubator shelf . as a result , the total experiment consisted of 324 vials ( 162 vials at each experimental temperature ) , and all eggs were sampled on the same day . emerging flies ( not less than 2 or 3 days old ) were stored in eppendorf tubes with a 3 : 1 mixture of alcohol and glycerol at 4\u00b0c before wing measurements .\nall fly handling was done at room temperature using co 2 anesthesia on flies not less than 6 h after eclosion .\ntwo randomly sampled females and males emerged from each vial were used for morphometric analyses . both wings were removed from each fly and fixed in dpx under coverslips on microscope slides . bitmap images were captured with a video camera ( sony ccd - iris , tokyo , japan ) connected to a pc computer with mgi videowave software and mounted on a compound microscope ( zeiss axioskop , jena , germany ) , using a 2 . 5 \u00d7 objective . calibration of the optical system was checked at each session . the images were stored on a dell workstation pws350 . to quantify and minimize measurement error all wings were digitized two times at different sessions as follows : images of both the left and right wings were captured during a given session and after an entire round on all individuals the same process was repeated again . a similar procedure was also used to record the\ncoordinates of 13 morphological landmarks ( i . e . , labeled geometric points located at the intersections of wing veins or at sites where veins reach the wing margin ; fig .\n] . therefore , the process we used guaranteed that the observer was blind with respect to the results from previous measurements .\ngeometric morphometrics precisely separates morphological variation ( i . e . , variation in form ) into size and shape components ["]}
{"id": 236, "summary": [{"text": "stauromedusae are the stalked jellyfishes .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "they are the sole living members of the class staurozoa , and belong to the medusozoa subphylum of cnidaria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are unique among medusa jellyfish in that they do not have an alternation of polyp and medusa life cycle phases but are instead interpreted as an attached medusa stage , with a life style more resembling that of polypoid forms .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "they have a generally trumpet-shaped body , oriented upside-down in comparison with other jellyfish , with the tentacles projecting upwards , and the stalk located in the centre of the umbrella .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "members of this class are commonly found in relatively cold waters , close to the shoreline .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "sexually mature stauromedusae free-spawn eggs or sperm , which fertilize in the sea and form a creeping , unciliated planula larva .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the larvae crawl across the sea floor and find a suitable place , attaching themselves typically to rock or algae , where they eventually develop into a new , attached stauromedusa .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "unlike most scyphozoan jellyfish that practice strobilation , or the process of dividing themselves into body segments , which become new individuals , nearly all stauromedusae develop directly into the adult form .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "although conventionally considered to be an order in the class scyphozoa , recent genetic studies suggest that stauromedusae should be elevated to a taxon equivalent of scyphozoa and cubozoa , and should therefore be known as the class staurozoa . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "stauromedusae", "paragraphs": ["stauromedusae uk - an online guide to the stalked jellyfish ( stauromedusae ) . . .\nno one has contributed data records for stauromedusae yet . learn how to contribute .\nthere are a few other nice photographs of stauromedusae available on the web . click here and here to see two nice photographs of stauromedusae representing quite different morphologies than the two photographs on this page .\nsuborder cleistocarpida accepted as stauromedusae ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\nsuborder eleutherocarpida accepted as stauromedusae ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\nwhat made you want to look up stauromedusae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nsince stauromedusae do not swim , they have rather limited dispersal potential . they can move around , though , often gradually moving their base along the substrate ( like some sea anemones ) ; some species release at the base and use their adhesive tentacles to\nsomersault\nalong . rarely , stauromedusae have even been seen drifting free in the water , after having released at the base . the larvae of stauromedusae are simple elongate planulae that lack the cilia of other cnidarian classes . these tiny larvae move by creeping along , thus having much less dispersive ability than the typical planktonic planulae that swim using their cilia . the larvae of most , or perhaps all , stauromedusae , encyst for months at a time , before re - emerging as recognizable tiny stauromedusae .\na new deepwater species of stauromedusae , lucernaria janetae ( cnidaria , staurozoa , lucernariidae ) , and a preliminary investigation of stauromedusan . . . - pubmed - ncbi\na new deepwater species of stauromedusae , lucernaria janetae ( cnidaria , staurozoa , lucernariidae ) , and a preliminary investigation of stauromedusan phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial rdna data .\ni have included links to the few images of stauromedusae located elsewhere on the web to which i was comfortable making a positive identification . any additions to these links are welcome .\ni have compiled a list of all valid scientific names for stauromedusae . there are about 50 known species worldwide and most are less than 5 cm long . the largest live in far northern latitudes or in the deep - sea and can be more than 15 cm ( 6\n) tall . the smallest are only a few mm long as adults . stauromedusae typically live in cold water , although they are occasionally found on warm , tropical or subtropical shores . few scientists have studied stauromedusae , so not so much is known about them , although they are not uncommon along many undisturbed rocky shorelines in europe and northern north america and asia . some have also been found in temperate regions in the southern hemisphere . most stauromedusae are colored to blend in well with their surroundings and are seen only by the most careful observers . most are found in the low intertidal to shallow subtidal shoreline area . some of the best - known north - temperate species have become much rarer in recent decades .\nmills , c . e . internet 1999 - present . stauromedusae : list of all valid species names . electronic internet document available at urltoken published by the author , web page established october 1999 , last updated ( see date at end of page ) .\nin december 2010 , along with several colleagues particularly interested in stauromedusae , i began to write pages for the encyclopedia of life for every species of stauromedusae or staurozoa . the pages will include images , maps , a description , and summary of all that is known for each species . by early 2011 , those pages should start to appear within the encyclopedia of life and until then , some can be found by a general online search under genus and species names . this project could easily take a couple of years to complete .\none of the most interesting recent observations of stauromedusae was made by richard lutz and colleagues , who visit deep - sea hydrothermal vents by submersible and have discovered that a new species of stauromedusa is the dominant organism in at least two particular areas ( see deep - sea research part ii , volume 45 , pages 329 - 334 , 1998 ) . at the first location , a 2605 m deep vent along the east pacific rise , many stauromedusae ( of a single species ) were located within a fissure of an active vent site . the numerous stauromedusae ( lucernaria janetae collins and daly , 2005 ) at the 2750 m\nsarah ' s spring\nvent site , also on the east pacific rise , are pictured here . it is very exciting to find this typically shallow , shoreline kind of organism as a main player in such a different ecosystem .\norder stauromedusae sessile jellyfish that are vase - , goblet - , or trumpet - shaped , and usually bear 8 groups of tentacles . no more than 2\u20133 cm long . apparently lacking polypoid stage . temperate and cold temperate waters worldwide . the classification of living cnidarians is relatively stable and generally accepted . \u2026\nthere are about 50 known species of stauromedusae , which range from the intertidal zone to deep hydrothermal vent habitats , and from antarctica and north polar regions to ( much less frequently ) the tropics . where relevant , i have listed synonyms to good species names in parentheses on the line ( s ) following .\nthe deepwater stauromedusan lucernaria janetae n . sp is described from adult and juvenile specimens collected from the east pacific rise . lucernaria janetae is the first species in the genus recorded from the pacific ocean , and differs from its congeners in size and morphology . mitochondrial ( 16s ) and nuclear ( ssu ) ribosomal gene sequences from l . janetae were analyzed with those of representative stauromedusan taxa to evaluate stauromedusan monophyly . both genes recovered a strongly monophyletic stauromedusae that is the sister group to all other medusozoans . support of these hypotheses is robust to method of phylogenetic reconstruction and to outgroup selection , buttressing the argument that stauromedusae should be recognized as the class staurozoa . the molecular markers used here favor the same topology of relationships among our samples and clearly distinguished between two species , haliclystus sanjuanensis and h . octoradiatus , that have been considered synonymous by many workers . a stable systematic framework for stauromedusae appears achievable through comprehensive study of both morphological and sequence data .\nthe fourth order , stauromedusae , comprises some 30 described species of nonswimming , stalked jellies . these species occur chiefly in cooler waters . they are goblet - shaped and fixed by a basal stalk ; the mouth is situated at the upper end . ranging from 1 to 10 cm ( 0 . 4 to 4 inches ) in\u2026\nstauromedusae are little stalked jellyfishes that spend their entire life attached to the substrate ( rock or algae , usually ) , rather than swimming freely up in the water column like most other jellyfish . they have long been considered an an order ( stauromedusae ) in the class scyphozoa of the phylum cnidaria , but recent morphological and molecular studies ( marques and collins , 2004 ; collins and daly , 2005 ) argued convincingly that they should be elevated to a rank equal to both the scyphozoa and cubozoa , as the staurozoa . for those who prefer to apply taxonomic ranks , these might now all be considered classes , but many scientists are pulling away from the concept of tight adherence to the old hierarchies of rank , in which case just\nstaurozoa\nwill do .\nhaving put together a list of what i believe to be all valid scientific names for the ctenophora , i decided to compile a similar list of names for the stauromedusae ( phylum cnidaria : class staurozoa ) that seem to be valid at the present time ; links are included to stauromedusa images located elsewhere on the web . whereas i believe that the list of genera and species is fairly complete , placement of these genera into families and subfamilies seems still to be fairly plastic , with need for further revision indicated . the basic structure of this taxonomy comes from oskar carlgren ( 1935 ) and tohru uchida ( 1929 ) . few living authors ( including myself ) have seen many species of stauromedusae , which has been one problem in interpreting relationships . presenting here an internet webpage rather than a scientific paper , i have tried to be consistent in interpreting previous authors ' work at the family and subfamily levels . dr . yayoi hirano of japan , perhaps the best - informed stauromedusan biologist in the world at this point , has offered some comments and corrections to this list . other scientists have recently taken a new interest in this small group of unusual and beautiful marine animals .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the late ediacaran period ( approx . 560 ma ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the late ediacaran period ( approx . 560 ma ) .\nliu ag 1 , matthews jj 2 , menon lr 2 , mcilroy d 3 , brasier md 4 .\ndepartment of earth sciences , university of cambridge , downing street , cambridge cb2 3eq , uk agscl2 @ cam . ac . uk .\ndepartment of earth sciences , university of oxford , south parks road , oxford ox1 3an , uk .\ndepartment of earth sciences , memorial university of newfoundland , 300 prince philip drive , st john ' s , newfoundland and labrador , canada a1b 3x5 .\ndepartment of earth sciences , university of oxford , south parks road , oxford ox1 3an , uk department of earth sciences , memorial university of newfoundland , 300 prince philip drive , st john ' s , newfoundland and labrador , canada a1b 3x5 .\nmuscle tissue is a fundamentally eumetazoan attribute . the oldest evidence for fossilized muscular tissue before the early cambrian has hitherto remained moot , being reliant upon indirect evidence in the form of late ediacaran ichnofossils . we here report a candidate muscle - bearing organism , haootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , from approximately 560 ma strata in newfoundland , canada . this taxon exhibits sediment moulds of twisted , superimposed fibrous bundles arranged quadrilaterally , extending into four prominent bifurcating corner branches . haootia is distinct from all previously published contemporaneous ediacaran macrofossils in its symmetrically fibrous , rather than frondose , architecture . its bundled fibres , morphology , and taphonomy compare well with the muscle fibres of fossil and extant cnidaria , particularly the benthic staurozoa . haootia quadriformis thus potentially provides the earliest body fossil evidence for both metazoan musculature , and for eumetazoa , in the geological record .\nis haootia quadriformis related to extant staurozoa ( cnidaria ) ? evidence from the muscular system reconsidered .\npmid : 25165764 pmcid : pmc4173675 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2014 . 1202\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , lower fermeuse formation of back cove , bonavista peninsula , newfoundland . ( a ) haootia quadriformis holotype specimen . note the negative - relief central disc , interpreted as a holdfast , and the broadly bilaterally symmetrical bundles of linear ridges , extending into discrete bifurcating branches . inferred current direction indicated by the arrow . ( b ) fibres running along the right - hand margin of haootia ; each fibre is composed of finer , thinner fibres . ( c ) bottom left corner of haootia , detailing the connection between a primary bifurcating branch and the main body . note the twisted fibres along the branch . ( d ) pinching , bundling and superposition of fibres at the base of a subsidiary branch . ( e ) the small circular depression at the centre of the disc , showing mantling parallel fibres forming the base of a short stalk that connects the disc to the body . ( f ) incomplete paratype specimen of h . quadriformis , from the trepassey formation of burnt point , bonavista peninsula . this specimen is preserved on its side , but clearly displays fibres extending up its stem and around the body . a small partially buried holdfast disc is arrowed . scales bars ( a , c , f ) , 10 mm ; ( b , d , e ) , 5 mm .\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the late ediacaran period ( approx . 560 ma )\ndigitized images of h . quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , emphasizing the convergence of fibrous linear features at the corners of the body , and the symmetry of the fossil . ( a ) photograph of the holotype as it appears in situ . ( b ) interpretive sketch of the non - retrodeformed specimen . labels indicate : ( a ) muscle bundles , ( b ) expanded bundles , ( c ) \u2018contracted\u2019 bundles , ( d ) twisting fibres , ( e ) superimposed fibres and ( f ) disc . ( c ) digitized overlay of the fossil . symmetrical regions of the organism are colour coded . note the thick bulging of fibres ( indicating muscle contraction ? ) along short axes of the sheet ( light green ) . ( d ) as in ( b ) , but the image has been corrected to account for tectonic deformation on the surface by compressing the disc into a perfectly circular structure ( cf . [ ] , though see [ ] ) . scale bar , 10 mm .\n( a ) the extant staurozoan lucernaria quadricornis , exhibiting a body plan similar to that hypothesized for h . quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . the staurozoa are known from a range of marine depositional environments and water depths [ ] . ( b ) artistic reconstruction of h . quadriformis . scale bars , 10 mm .\nthe photograph on the left is manania handi , a little - known stauromedusa that lives attached to eelgrass on the shores of some islands in northwestern washington state and southwestern british columbia . it is colored very much like the eelgrass from which it is hanging ( see adjacent photo for eelgrass color ) , making it difficult to see in the field .\nthe photograph on the right is haliclystus\nsanjuanensis\n, which occasionally lives in the same eelgrass beds as manania handi , above . this is one representative of a species complex whose members are found in both the north atlantic and pacific oceans in temporal and boreal waters . i have recently been studying the natural history of both of the above species .\nthis site is maintained by c . e . mills and all photographs are copyrighted by the author unless otherwise stated . * * this page was established june 1999 ; last updated 27 january 2011 * *\nclaudia e . mills ( email : cemills\nat\nu . washington . edu )\nnote that genus and species names are always written in italics . if the author and date following a species name are within parentheses , that is the taxonomists ' code for indicating that the species has been moved from the genus in which it was originally described ; author and date not in parentheses indicates that the genus has not changed from the original description . ( i am not making this format up - it is strictly formalized and governed by an international body of taxonomists . )\nif you use this list in your studies , i would appreciate it if you cite it as suggested above as an electronic publication . the list is an ongoing work and is subject to modification at any time . i consider it my intellectual property and do not want to find it dumped wholesale onto someone else ' s web page - links to it are fine . i welcome any additions or corrections that anyone may wish to make - please contact me at the above address . in order to be true to its in - progress nature , i have left my personal shorthand in the electronic manuscript , so any entry preceeded by . means that i ( or yayoi hirano ) have not yet been able to check the original citation for accuracy . although i have chosen to put this list of species names and authors on the web , it will be noted that i have not included the bibliography from which it derives .\nkuekenthali ( antipa , 1891 ) - synonymized with l . walteri by thiel , 1928 and kramp , 1961\n( = . calicinaria milne edwards , 1860 ) - by james - clark , 1863 p . 547 from sars , 1860\n( = . halimocyathus lagena ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) by larson and fautin , 1989\n( = . lucernaria fabricii l . agassiz , 1862 ) by mayer , 1910\nthis site is maintained by c . e . mills and all photographs are copyrighted by the author unless otherwise stated . * * this page was established october 1999 ; last updated 29 march 2012 * *\ncleistocarpida ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\neleutherocarpida ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\ncornelius , p . f . s . ( 2001 ) . cubozoa , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 111 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndaly , m . , m . r . brugler , p . cartwright , a . g . collins , m . n . dawson , d . g . fautin , s . c . france , c . s . mcfadden , d . m . opresko , e . rodriquez , s . l . romano , j . l . stake . ( 2007 ) . the phylum cnidaria : a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after linnaeus . zootaxa . ( 1668 ) : 127 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eleutherocarpidae ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cleistocarpidae ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cleistocarpida ) daly , m . , m . r . brugler , p . cartwright , a . g . collins , m . n . dawson , d . g . fautin , s . c . france , c . s . mcfadden , d . m . opresko , e . rodriquez , s . l . romano , j . l . stake . ( 2007 ) . the phylum cnidaria : a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after linnaeus . zootaxa . ( 1668 ) : 127 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cleistocarpida ) miranda , l . s . ; hirano , y . m . ; mills , c . e . ; falconer , a . ; fenwick , d . ; marques , a . c . ; collins , a . g . ( 2016 ) . systematics of stalked jellyfishes ( cnidaria : staurozoa ) . peerj . 4 : e1951 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eleutherocarpida ) daly , m . , m . r . brugler , p . cartwright , a . g . collins , m . n . dawson , d . g . fautin , s . c . france , c . s . mcfadden , d . m . opresko , e . rodriquez , s . l . romano , j . l . stake . ( 2007 ) . the phylum cnidaria : a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after linnaeus . zootaxa . ( 1668 ) : 127 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eleutherocarpida ) miranda , l . s . ; hirano , y . m . ; mills , c . e . ; falconer , a . ; fenwick , d . ; marques , a . c . ; collins , a . g . ( 2016 ) . systematics of stalked jellyfishes ( cnidaria : staurozoa ) . peerj . 4 : e1951 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nnmfs , national systematics laboratory , national museum of natural history , mrc - 153 , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa . collinsa @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by dana campbell - see more .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b8\u30e5\u30a6\u30e2\u30f3\u30b8\u30af\u30e9\u30b2\u79d1\nto\nkishinouyeidae\n.\nmichelle marshall added the english common name\nstalked jellyfish\nto\nlucernaria quadricornis m\u00fcller , 1776\n.\ndavid fenwick added a link to\nlucernaria quadricornis\non\nlucernaria quadricornis m\u00fcller , 1776\n.\ndavid fenwick added a link to\nhaliclystus salpinx\non\nhaliclystus salpinx clark , 1863\n.\ndavid fenwick added a link to\nlucernariopsis campanulata\non\nlucernariopsis campanulata ( lamouroux , 1815 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .\nfull author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 247, "summary": [{"text": "desmopteridae is a family of pelagic sea snails or \" sea butterflies \" , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily cymbulioidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "desmopterus chun , 1889 is the type genus of the family desmopteridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species are protandric hermaphrodites .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there is no shell , no protoconch and no longer any supporting tissue .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the body consists almost completely of the two big parapodia ( winglike flaps ) . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "desmopteridae", "paragraphs": ["gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nchun , c . ( 1889 ) . bericht \u00fcber eine nach den canarischen inseln im winter 1887 - 88 ausgef\u00fchrte reise . ii . beobachtungen \u00fcber die pelagische tiefen - und oberfl\u00e4chenfauna des \u00f6stlichen atlantischen oceans . sitz . ber . akad . wiss . berlin , math . phys . kl . 519 - 553 . [ details ]\n( of cymbulia cirroptera gegenbaur , 1855 ) gegenbaur c . 1855 . untersuchungen uber pteropoden un heteropoden . ein beitrag zur anatomie und entiwicklungsgeschichte dieser thiere . wilhelm engelmann , leipzig pp . 228 pl . 1 - 8 : page ( s ) : 53 - 54 ; pl . 3 fig . 21 [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\njanssen a . w . ( 2012 ) late quaternary to recent holoplanktonic mollusca ( gastropoda ) from bottom samples of the eastern mediterranean sea : systematics , morphology . bollettino malacologico 48 ( suppl . 9 ) : 1 - 105 . [ details ]\nvan der spoel s . & dadon j . r . ( 1999 ) pteropoda . pp . 649 - 706 , in : d . boltovsloy ( ed . ) , south atlantic zooplankton . leiden : backhuys publishers . [ details ]\n( of cymbulia cirroptera gegenbaur , 1855 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nnudikey was developed with the intention of providing ready access to an interactive identification tool to the australian families of heterobranch sea slugs . the key takes existing taxonomic information and presents it in a format that can be used by anyone with an interest in identifying australian sea slugs . in many cases it should be possible to identify an animal to family level using external features alone , however the distinction between some physically similar families may require internal examination and such cases are beyond the scope of this key . photographs of living adult ( in most cases more than 10 mm crawl length ) animals that include overhead and profile views may contain enough physical features to secure an identification . in some cases observation of movement or behaviour will greatly aid identification . for example , among the nudibranchs , determining whether gills and rhinophores contract or retract is a useful diagnostic characteristic .\nthere are several families that consist , or mostly consist , of species that are , on casual observation , more like marine snails than sea slugs due to the presence of a shell that is proportionally large compared to the body . there are also families that contain species that are mainly infaunal ( found only in sediments ) or are wholly planktonic ( live in open water ) . many of these families are not included in the key ( a list of excluded taxa are listed below ) :\nrhodopidae - small , infaunal and epiphytic animals - only one specimen found in victoria .\ns . van der spoel , l . j . newman & k . w . estep\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nrennis , d . , hoese , d . f . & gomon , m . f . 1994 ,\nfamily clinidae\n, ed . gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) , the fishes of australia ' s south coast , pp . 741 - 775 , figs 650 - 684b , state printer , adelaide\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0aa225f3 - ef20 - 4b8a - 805f - fddfe8e4aa1f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8619da6b - 1de3 - 4e94 - 812f - 0d4668f19e97\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b751745b - 33e7 - 4e96 - a97b - ada9ff71413f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 981ba619 - 94f2 - 4bba - 903f - 06f265c5659e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 628975\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 251, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus heppneri is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by davis in 1990 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including alabama , florida , mississippi and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "acrolophus heppneri", "paragraphs": ["hodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net\nhodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus moth - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb tubeworm , bagworm , and clothes moths ( tineoidea ) \u00bb clothes moths ( tineidae ) \u00bb burrowing webworm moths ( acrolophinae ) \u00bb tubeworm moths ( acrolophus ) \u00bb acrolophus heppneri - hodges # 0355 . 1 ( acrolophus heppneri )\nacrolophus heppneri davis , 1990 , n . sp . , proc . entom . soc . wash . , v . 92 , no . 4 , p . 694 - 704 .\nat outdoor light . this moth looks very much like carol wolf ' s acrolophus heppneri from florida posted in bg here . please confirm or let me know that i am wrong .\nmy moth makes a convincing threesome with carol wolf ' s specimen and jeff trahan ' s moth that , according to bob patterson ,\nlooks like\n# 0355 . 1 acrolophus heppneri .\nany gopher tortoises in the area ? acrolophus pholeter larvae feed on fecal pellets and plant debris found in the burrows . the adults can look like this . i think your id is probably correct . i ask out of curiosity .\nthree new species of acrolophus from the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the . . . . . d . r . davis . 1990 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 92 ( 4 ) : 694 - 704 .\nat outdoor light . provides june image for florida . this individual was surprisingly large : far exceeding 9mm forewing as listed on bg info for a female . maybe not heppneri even though it looks like one ? ( with a ruler next to the moth , i measured ~ 18mm , and using the width of the groove in the background of the dorsal view i come up with 16mm ) .\nsteve , thanks for pointing out the a . pholeter alternative . yes , on rare occasions i see a gopher turtle in my yard ( i think that ' s what they are ) but those a . heppneri types are not rare : i have several photos in my files . i noticed that from among those i posted in bugguide you picked the one with the faintest dark patch in the ( post ) median area : i wished there were images of pholeter to compare it with , but i did not find any . so , there we are !\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nparaphrased from the original description - thorax : pronotum uniformly light to medium brown ; scales of tegula usually with pale gray to white apices . forewing uniformly medium to dark brown ( darker in male ) , with a pair of small , barely visible darker spots often present at base and apex of discal cell and usually more evident in lighter female ; under low maginification most scales with pale bases and darker apices .\nlygodium microphyllum ( cav . ) r . br . ( small - leaf climbing fern ) schizaeaceae .\nfrom the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the family acrolophidae ( lepidoptera : tineoidea ) .\narthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 12 march , 2013 - 4 : 47pm additional contributions by a . hendrickson last updated 26 august , 2016 - 10 : 40am"]}
{"id": 254, "summary": [{"text": "clausilia is a european genus of small , air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family clausiliidae , the door snails , all of which have a clausilium .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "snails in this genus have left-handed coiling in their shells , which are very elongate in shape . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "clausilia", "paragraphs": ["\u00bb species clausilia ( clausilia ) pumila c . pfeiffer , 1828 represented as clausilia pumila c . pfeiffer , 1828\nsubspecies clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa lamalouensis a . letourneux , 1877 represented as clausilia rugosa lamalouensis a . letourneux , 1877\nsubspecies clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa parvula a . f\u00e9russac , 1807 represented as clausilia rugosa parvula a . f\u00e9russac , 1807\n\u00bb species clausilia ( clausilia ) ceresolensis h . nordsieck , 2013 \u2020 represented as clausilia ceresolensis h . nordsieck , 2013 \u2020\nsubgenus clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\nsubgenus clausilia ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck , 1977 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\n\u00bb species clausilia ( clausilia ) cruciata ( s . studer , 1820 ) represented as clausilia cruciata ( s . studer , 1820 )\nsubgenus clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\nsubgenus clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 represented as clausilia draparnaud , 1805\nzur anatomie und systematik der clausilien , iii . clausilia whateliana und ihre beziehungen zu den \u00fcbrigen clausilia - arten , besonders zum subgenus neostyriaca\nclausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\nclausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 \u00b7 accepted , alternate representation\n, junior homonym of clausilia similis var . grandis rossm\u00e4ssler , 1838 ; new combination )\nanderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . clausilia ( clausilia ) bidentata ( str\u00f6m 1765 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09 .\nsubgenus clausilia ( cochlodina ) a . f\u00e9russac , 1821 accepted as cochlodina a . f\u00e9russac , 1821\nsubgenus clausilia ( delima ) w . hartmann , 1842 accepted as delima w . hartmann , 1842\nsubgenus clausilia ( megalophaedusa ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as megalophaedusa o . boettger , 1877\n\u00bb species clausilia ( laciniaria ) exilis h . adams , 1866 accepted as hemiphaedusa exilis ( h . adams , 1866 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of clausilia exilis l . pfeiffer , 1842 )\n( of clausilia ( clausilia ) draparnaud , 1805 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nsubgenus clausilia ( laciniaria ) hartmann , 1842 accepted as laciniaria w . hartmann , 1842 ( original rank )\nspecies clausilia albida l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as delima semirugata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia angustella l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as agathylla goldi ( walderdorff , 1864 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia callosa l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as agathylla exarata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia chersonensis l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima semirugata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia clathra l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as medora armata ( k\u00fcster , 1844 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia comta l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as agathylla strigillata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia conformata l . pfeiffer , 1853 accepted as bulgarica vetusta ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia cornea l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as charpentieria lamellata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia decorata l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima laevissima ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1833 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia denegabilis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as agathylla exarata ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( acrotoma ) o . boettger , 1881 accepted as acrotoma o . boettger , 1881 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( eutriptychia ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia sandberger , 1875 \u2020 ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( micropontica ) o . boettger , 1881 accepted as micropontica o . boettger , 1881 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( oospira ) w . t . blanford , 1872 accepted as oospira w . t . blanford , 1872\nsubgenus clausilia ( plioptychia ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia sandberger , 1875 \u2020 ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( stereophaedusa ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )\nspecies clausilia adspirationis l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as medora lesinensis lesinensis ( k\u00fcster , 1847 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia albolabris l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima bilabiata crassilabris ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia bulla l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima laevissima pachygastris ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia capocestiana l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as delima amoena substricta ( charpentier , 1852 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia corrugata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora dalmatina dalmatina ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia costicollis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as medora contracta contracta ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia croatica l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as delima binotata satura ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia deplana l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima semirugata vibex ( rossm\u00e4ssler , 1839 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia albocincta l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as delima albocincta ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia amoena l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as delima amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia arcadica l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as albinaria arcadica ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia bielzii l . pfeiffer , 1849 accepted as alopia bielzii ( l . pfeiffer , 1849 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia brevicollis l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria brevicollis ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia bulgariensis l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as bulgarica bulgariensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia candida l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria candida ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia circumdata l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as euxina circumdata ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia comensis l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as cochlodina comensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia compressa l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as albinaria compressa ( l . pfeiffer , 1850 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia confinata l . pfeiffer , 1859 accepted as charpentieria scarificata ( l . pfeiffer , 1856 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia corpulenta l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as dilataria marcki ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia corticina l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as phaedusa corticina ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia crassicostata l . pfeiffer , 1856 accepted as charpentieria crassicostata ( l . pfeiffer , 1856 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia cumingiana l . pfeiffer , 1845 accepted as phaedusa cumingiana ( l . pfeiffer , 1845 ) ( original combination )\nsubgenus clausilia ( laminifera ) o . boettger , 1863 accepted as laminifera o . boettger , 1863 ( considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( medora ) agnata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora agnata agnata ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 )\nsubgenus clausilia ( pseudidyla ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as pseudidyla o . boettger , 1877 ( considered a separate genus )\nspecies clausilia agnata l . pfeiffer , 1842 accepted as medora agnata agnata ( l . pfeiffer , 1842 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia altecostata l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as albinaria caerulea altecostata ( l . pfeiffer , 1866 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia anguina l . pfeiffer , 1866 accepted as charpentieria stigmatica sturmii ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia aquila l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as medora dalmatina aquila ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia bosniensis l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as herilla bosniensis bosniensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia charpentieri l . pfeiffer , 1850 accepted as isabellaria saxicola charpentieri ( l . pfeiffer , 1849 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia conspersa l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as strigilodelima conspersa conspersa ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia dacica l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as herilla ziegleri dacica ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia dazueri l . pfeiffer , 1868 accepted as dilataria succineata dazueri ( l . pfeiffer , 1868 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia diminuta l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as agathylla sulcosa diminuta ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia discolor l . pfeiffer , 1846 accepted as albinaria discolor discolor ( l . pfeiffer , 1846 ) ( original combination )\nspecies clausilia distans l . pfeiffer , 1865 accepted as albinaria teres distans ( l . pfeiffer , 1865 ) ( original combination )\nworms - world register of marine species - clausilia ( canalicia ) o . boettger , 1863 & nbsp ; & # 8224 ;\nclausilia sieversi l . pfeiffer , 1871 accepted as serrulina sieversi ( l . pfeiffer , 1871 ) ( type by subsequent designation )\nsubgenus clausilia ( nesiophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 accepted as stereophaedusa ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877\nspecies clausilia bulimoides a . braun , 1843 \u2020 accepted as eualopia bulimoides ( a . braun , 1843 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies clausilia cataphracta l . pfeiffer , 1848 accepted as agathylla sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) ( junior synonym )\nspecies clausilia clava f . sandberger , 1875 \u2020 accepted as triptychia clava ( f . sandberger , 1875 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies clausilia crenata f . sandberger , 1871 \u2020 accepted as palaeostoa crenata ( f . sandberger , 1871 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n( of clausilia ( clausilia ) rugosa rugosa ( draparnaud , 1801 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nsubgenus clausilia ( agathylla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as agathylla h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( canalicia ) o . boettger , 1863 \u2020 accepted as canalicia o . boettger , 1863 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( cochlodina ) naevosa l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as albinaria schuchii liebetruti ( charpentier , 1852 ) ( junior synonym )\nsubgenus clausilia ( constricta ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as constricta o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\nsubgenus clausilia ( disjunctaria ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as disjunctaria o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\nsubgenus clausilia ( eualopia ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as eualopia o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( considered a separate genus )\nsubgenus clausilia ( herilla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as herilla h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( idyla ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as idyla h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( medora ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as medora h . adams & a . adams , 1855\nsubgenus clausilia ( phaedusa ) h . adams & a . adams , 1855 accepted as phaedusa h . adams & a . adams , 1855\n\u00bb species clausilia ( cochlodina ) lerosiensis l . pfeiffer , 1841 accepted as albinaria lerosiensis ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) ( original combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( phaedusa ) formosensis h . adams , 1866 accepted as oospira formosensis ( h . adams , 1866 ) ( original combination )\nwhat made you want to look up clausilia ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nspecies clausilia ( canalicia ) attracta o . boettger , 1870 \u2020 accepted as canalicia attracta ( o . boettger , 1870 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies clausilia ( serrulina ) schwageri o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulella schwageri ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( canalicia ) attracta o . boettger , 1870 \u2020 accepted as canalicia attracta ( o . boettger , 1870 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( disjunctaria ) oligogyra o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as disjunctaria oligogyra ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nsubgenus clausilia ( emarginaria ) o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as emarginaria o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 ( emarginaria is considered as a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( laminifera ) flexidens o . boettger , 1875 \u2020 accepted as laminifera flexidens ( o . boettger , 1875 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( laminifera ) rhombostoma o . boettger , 1863 \u2020 accepted as laminifera rhombostoma ( o . boettger , 1863 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nsubgenus clausilia ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 accepted as stereophaedusa ( luchuphaedusa ) pilsbry , 1901 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( oophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 accepted as stereophaedusa ( oophaedusa ) pilsbry , 1905 represented as stereophaedusa o . boettger , 1877 ( original rank )\nsubgenus clausilia ( pirostoma ) moellendorff , 1873 accepted as macrogastra ( pyrostoma ) vest , 1867 represented as macrogastra w . hartmann , 1841 ( unjustified emendation )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) moersingensis o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as pseudidyla moersingensis ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( serrulina ) schwageri o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulella schwageri ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nthe edited alignment of the partial 16s rdna sequences of 44 clausilia ( strobeliella ) individuals , c . ( clausilia ) cruciata , c . ( clausilia ) dubia , c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes , c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli as well as macrogastra tumida and ruthenica filograna as outgroups included 872 positions . the maximum likelihood and bayesian inference analyses of this alignment ( fig . 1 a ) showed that c . ( strobeliella ) , c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes and c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli form a well - supported clade ( bootstrap value bs = 90 % , pp = 1 . 0 ) , which is the sister group of c . ( clausilia ) . clausilia ( neostyriaca ) corynodes is probably more closely related to c . ( strobeliella ) than to c . ( lombardiella ) strobeli , although these relationships are not well supported .\nsubgenus clausilia ( pseudalinda ) o . boettger , 1877 accepted as alinda ( pseudalinda ) o . boettger , 1877 represented as alinda h . adams & a . adams , 1855\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) polyptyx o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as pseudidyla polyptyx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( pseudidyla is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudidyla ) undatistria o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as pseudidyla undatistria ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( pseudidyla is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( triptychia ) hassiaca o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia hassiaca ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( triptychia ) molassica o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia molassica ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( triptychia ) recticosta o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as triptychia recticosta ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( triptychia is considered a separate genus )\nclausilia umbrosa gardonensis n . ssp . : a new taxon of the subgenus c . ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck 1977 from eastern lombardy ( gastropoda : pulmonata : clausiliidae )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( constricta ) kochi o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as constricta kochi ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( constricta is considered as a separate genus )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( emarginaria ) schaefferiana o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as emarginaria schaefferiana ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( emarginaria is considered as a separate genus )\n( of clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of clausilia ( strobeliella ) h . nordsieck , 1977 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n\u00bb species clausilia ( agathylla ) sulcosa j . a . wagner , 1829 accepted as agathylla ( agathylla ) sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as agathylla sulcosa ( j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n( of clausilia ( neostyriaca ) a . j . wagner , 1920 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nspecies clausilia ( serrulina ) ptycholarynx o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulastra ( serruplica ) ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 represented as serrulastra ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( dilataria ) perforata o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as cochlodina ( miophaedusa ) perforata ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 represented as cochlodina perforata ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( serrulina ) ptycholarynx o . boettger , 1877 \u2020 accepted as serrulastra ( serruplica ) ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 represented as serrulastra ptycholarynx ( o . boettger , 1877 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( delima ) crenulata rossm\u00e4ssler , 1836 accepted as delima ( delima ) amoena amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) represented as delima ( delima ) amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) represented as delima amoena ( l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) ( homonym )\n\u00bb species clausilia ( delima ) decipiens rossm\u00e4ssler , 1835 accepted as delima ( delima ) latilabris latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as delima ( delima ) latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 ) represented as delima latilabris ( j . a . wagner , 1829 )\n( of clausilia ( andraea ) l . pfeiffer , 1848 ) pfeiffer , l . ( 1848 ) . monographia heliceorum viventium . sistens descriptiones systematicas et criticas omnium huius familiae generum et specierum hodie cognitarum . lipsiae ( brockhaus ) . 2 : 1\u2013594 . page ( s ) : 476 [ details ]\nty - jour ti - note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia t2 - proceedings of the malacological society of london . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - dulau . cy - london , py - 1908 - 06 - 01 sp - 119 ep - 119 sn - 0025 - 1194 au - pilsbry , h a er -\n\u00bb species clausilia ( pseudalinda ) wagneri a . j . wagner in wohlberedt , 1911 accepted as alinda ( alinda ) wagneri wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) represented as alinda ( alinda ) wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) represented as alinda wagneri ( a . j . wagner , 1911 ) ( original combination )\nshell like cl . bidentata , more widely ribbed , diameter of third whorl small like second whorl ( in the other clausilia species except c . cruciata the upper whorls increase continuously ) , columellaris with step - like double fold ( in c . bidentata triangular or indistinct ) , palatal callus weak or absent ( unlike c . cruciata ) , basal cervical keel relatively prominent . terminal lobe of clausilium present .\nwe reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa based on mitochondrial dna sequences as well as aflp markers in the course of a biogeographical analysis of several land snail groups in the southern alps ( n\u00e4gele & hausdorf , 2015 ; in which the classification elaborated here has already been applied ) . in this contribution we discuss the systematic implications of these phylogenies and elaborate the delimitation of the clausilia ( strobeliella ) taxa .\nconcerning the relationships of the c . whateliana group , nordsieck ( 1966 ) proposed a \u2018scheme\u2019 depicting the c . whateliana group as the sister group of neostyriaca a . j . wagner , 1920 , which he classified as a subgenus of clausilia draparnaud , 1805 . however , in the text nordsieck ( 1966 ) emphasized that c . ( neostyriaca ) corynodes held , 1836 is more closely related to the c . whateliana group than c . ( neostyriaca ) strobeli strobel , 1850 . despite these considerations , nordsieck ( 1975 ) proposed to classify neostyriaca as well as all other clausiliid groups with a graciliaria - type clausilial apparatus ( see nordsieck , 2007 ) as separate genera , established a new subgenus of clausilia , strobeliella nordsieck , 1977 , for the c . whateliana group ( nordsieck , 1977 ) and a new subgenus of neostyriaca , lombardiella nordsieck , 2013 , for c . strobeli ( nordsieck , 2013b ) .\nall c . ( strobeliella ) taxa also form distinct clusters in the neighbor - net network ( fig . 2 ) . the network indicates that c . brembina alanica is intermediate between c . b . brembina and c . b . klemmi on the one side and c . b . umbrosa and c . b . gardonensis on the other . clausilia w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata are less distinctly separated than the subspecies of c . brembina .\n@ article { bhlpart202980 , title = { note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia } , journal = { proceedings of the malacological society of london . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london , dulau . } , author = { pilsbry , h a } , year = { 1908 - 06 - 01 } , pages = { 119 - - 119 } , }\nthis species is sometimes called clausilia parvula . many subspecies recognized by some authors . this species has long been confounded and lumped with cl . bidentata ( also because the types had not been consulted ) . references : gassies 1849 : 129 , moquin - tandon 1855 : 332 ( cl . perversa , lumped true rugosa with bidentata ) , germain 1930 : 353 ( lumped rugosa and bidentata ) , nobre 1941 : 156 ( portugal except south ) , kerney & cameron 1979 : 165 , gittenberger 1982 , kerney et al . 1983 : 227 ( under cl . parvula ) , falkner 1990 : 162 , nordsieck 1990 ( history of misidentifications ) , turner et al . 1998 : 220 , nordsieck 2002 , welter - schultes 2012 : 298 ( range map ) .\nthe clausilia whateliana group is a complex of limestone - dwelling door - snail taxa ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , which are restricted to the region between lago di como and lago di garda in the southern alps in italy where they survived the pleistocene glacials in mountain refugia ( n\u00e4gele & hausdorf , 2015 ) . nordsieck ( 1966 ) classified these taxa into one species with five subspecies . later , the complex was split into four separate species , c . brembina strobel , 1850 ( with three subspecies ) , c . umbrosa ( k\u00e4ufel , 1928 ) ( with two subspecies ) , c . whateliana charpentier , 1850 and c . exoptata schmidt , 1856 , because of sympatric occurrences of c . whateliana with c . exoptata with few intermediates , and of each of these with c . brembina without intermediates ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) .\nthe results of the analyses based on the aflp data ( figs 1 b , 2 , 3 ) and the mitochondrial gene tree ( fig . 1 a ) confirm the hypotheses of nordsieck ( 1966 ) concerning the relationships of the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa at large . clausilia b . brembina and c . b . klemmi as well as c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata are closely related . the admixture analyses based on the aflp data ( fig . 3 ) also confirm nordsieck ' s supposition that c . b . umbrosa is somehow intermediate between c . brembina and c . whateliana . however , the tree and the network based on the aflp data ( figs 1 b , 2 ) , as well as the tree based on the 16s rdna sequences ( fig . 1 a ) , show that c . b . umbrosa is more closely related to c . brembina than to c . whateliana .\nclausilia ( strobeliella ) is subdivided into two well - supported clades ( bs = 100 % , pp = 1 . 0 ) : c . brembina and c . whateliana . within c . brembina , c . b . brembina and c . b . klemmi form a clade . most haplotypes of c . b . klemmi form the sister group of a clade including all haplotypes of c . b . brembina , but also one c . b . klemmi haplotype . the sister group of the c . b . brembina + c . b . klemmi clade includes c . b . alanica , c . b . gardonensis and c . b . umbrosa . all three are reciprocally monophyletic . the two latter subspecies , which have previously been classified as a separate species , c . umbrosa ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , form sister groups , albeit with low support ( bs = 62 % , pp = 0 . 76 ) . in the c . whateliana complex , the individuals of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata , which have previously been classified as separate species ( nordsieck , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) , are not separated according to their morphological classification .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > note on the clausilium of a chinese species of clausilia < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > pilsbry , h a < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 8 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the malacological society of london . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> london , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > dulau . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 8 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 119 < / start > < end > 119 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1908 - 06 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nbank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of neostyria a . j . wagner , 1920 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\n( of rupicola w . hartmann , 1841 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nbank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nboettger , o . ( 1863 ) . clausilien aus dem terti\u00e4ren landschnecken - kalk von hochheim . palaeontographica . 10 ( 6 ) : 309 - 318 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 310 [ details ]\nharzhauser , m . ; neubauer , t . a . ; georgopoulou , e . ; harl , j . ( 2014 ) . the early miocene ( burdigalian ) mollusc fauna of the north bohemian lake ( most basin ) . bulletin of geosciences . 89 ( 4 ) , 819 - 908 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\ndraparnaud , j . p . r . 1801 . tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france . - pp . [ 1 - 2 ] , 1 - 116 . montpellier , paris . ( renaud ; bossange , masson & besson ) .\nusually smaller than cl . bidentata , shell with ribs or growth lines or smooth , brown , first whorls increase more or less continuously , columellaris usually without double fold , clausilium with or without edge at margin ( terminal lobe present or not ) . shell variable , many local forms with differences in ribs and clausilium plate structure .\nrelatively humid habitats between rocks and rock rubble , at old walls , preferably in forests . calciphile , in switzerland up to 2400 m . 15 - 20 eggs ( diameter 1 . 5 mm ) are laid between august and october under stones or in crevices of rocks and old walls , juveniles hatch after 2 weeks .\ndraparnaud , j . - p . - r . [ 1805 ] . histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france . ouvrage posthume . avec xiii planches . - pp . [ 1 - 9 ] , j - viij [ = 1 - 8 ] , 1 - 134 , [ pl . 1 - 13 ] . paris , montpellier . ( plassan , renaud ) .\nusually larger than cl . bidentata , usually densely ribbed , some populations more widely ribbed , no folds between parietalis and columellaris , columellaris with double fold or not , frontal upper palatalis present in a callus - like form , basal groove in the aperture present , subcolumellaris not s - like near the aperture and running along the basal groove . many locally different forms . basal cervical keel more prominent than in macrogastra . julica has a smoother shell .\ncharacteristically on humid shady rocks , at trees and old walls , usually in exposed highland regions , more rarely in forests , calciphile . in switzerland up to 2400 m , in n england mostly between 250 and 600 m . hides in crevices and ground litter , climbs up vertical surfaces in moist weather . feeds on epiphytic lichens and algae .\nin se poland not very abundant . can be rare in lower altitudes in switzerland . in n england threatened by air pollution and destruction of habitats , some populations have been lost since the 1800s . vulnerable in germany .\nreferences : falkner 1990 : 162 , kerney et al . 1983 : 228 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 180 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 26 , edlinger 1997 ( morphological variation ) , turner et al . 1998 : 219 , kerney 1999 : 172 , nordsieck 2002 , sulikowska - drozd 2005 : 73 , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 12 , welter - schultes 2012 : 297 ( range map ) .\npfeiffer , c . 1828 . naturgeschichte deutscher land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken . dritte abtheilung . - pp . i - vi [ = 1 - 6 ] , 1 - 84 , taf . i - viii [ = 1 - 8 ] . weimar . ( landes - industrie - comptoir ) .\nhumid forests , usually in soil litter or under trees that fell down . not significantly ascending at trees . in bulgaria in up to 1900 m .\nreferences : kerney & cameron 1979 : 168 , kerney et al . 1983 : 230 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 182 , falkner 1990 : 162 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 26 , nordsieck 2002 , sulikowska - drozd 2005 : 75 , hubenov 2007 , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 10 , welter - schultes 2012 : 297 ( range map ) .\nwe would like to thank hans kothbauer for creating the logo of the alpine land snails working group .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwe used the mitochondrial dna sequences and aflp data as well as the phylogenetic trees based on these data published by n\u00e4gele & hausdorf ( 2015 ) . in addition , p - distances based on the edited alignment of the 16s rdna sequences were calculated with mega v . 5 . 2 . 2 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) .\na neighbor - net network ( bryant & moulton , 2004 ) was constructed based on jaccard distances between the c . ( strobeliella ) taxa calculated with the aflp data using splitstree4 v . 4 . 13 . 1 ( huson & bryant , 2006 ) .\nas outgroups . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities calculated in the bayesian inference analysis are indicated on the branches .\nwithin c . brembina , p - distances reached 14 . 7 % between and 11 . 4 % within subspecies . within c . whateliana , p - distances reached 7 . 6 % between and 7 . 1 % within subspecies . the highest p - distance between these species was 22 . 0 % .\nb ) are in accordance with the topology of the tree based on the mitochondrial sequences ( fig .\npopulation from valzuri\u00f3 on the western side of the presolana massif , but the support for this relationship is weak ( pp = 0 . 72 ) . if only 1 , 018 aflp fragments of 100\u2013400 bp length are used for the phylogenetic analysis , the maximum clade credibility tree (\nfrom the val brembana region ( populations 3\u20134 ) are paraphyletic with respect to those from the vals\u00e1ssina ( populations 1\u20132 ) , which form a strongly supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .\n) aflp dataset , the estimation of the appropriate number of clusters proved to be difficult , because of a gradually varying degree of differentiation between the taxa . the mean estimates of the posterior probabilities of the aflp data of the\n) showed a maximum for two clusters , but structurama calculated the pp that the sampled individuals can be partitioned into five clusters as 1 . 0 . therefore , we show the results of the admixture analyses from\nindividuals from the val v\u00e9rtova show strong admixture ( 20 . 3 % ) with\nindividuals from the val tal\u00e9ggio and the val v\u00e9rtova show strong admixture ( 19 . 2 % ) with this cluster . with\npopulations from the side valleys of the val brembana ( 20 . 6 % from\nthe tree ( fig . 1 b ) and the network ( fig . 2 ) based on the aflp data confirm that all morphologically delimited c . ( strobeliella ) taxa ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2007 , 2013a ; nardi & nordsieck , 2013 ) form genetic entities . as often found in closely related land snails ( elejalde et al . , 2008 ; sauer & hausdorf , 2010 ; kokshoorn & gittenberger , 2012 ; scheel & hausdorf , 2012 ) , some of these taxa are not monophyletic in the mitochondrial gene tree ( fig . 1 a ) . this is especially true for c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata . this lack of reciprocal monophyly can be attributed to incomplete lineage - sorting and gene flow between these taxa for which there is also morphological evidence in the case of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata ( nordsieck , 1966 , 2013a ) .\nnordsieck ( 1966 ) classified all c . ( strobeliella ) taxa as subspecies of a single species . in contrast , nordsieck ( 2007 , 2013a ) divided c . ( strobeliella ) into four species , because ( 1 ) there are syntopical occurrences of c . brembina with c . w . whateliana as well as with c . w . exoptata without intermediates , ( 2 ) there are only few intermediates in a population composed of c . w . whateliana and c . w . exoptata and ( 3 ) the range of c . b . umbrosa is well separated . the admixture analysis confirms that there is hardly any admixture between c . brembina and c . whateliana ( fig . 3 ) . nordsieck ( 1966 ) thought that the population of c . whateliana from the val tal\u00e9ggio forms a transition to c . brembina . however , no admixture between this population and c . brembina was found . both taxa are reciprocally monophyletic in the tree based on the 16s rdna sequences ( fig . 1 a ) . thus , the genetic data corroborate the species status of the partly sympatric c . brembina and c . whateliana .\nwe are grateful to hartmut nordsieck and gianbattista nardi for samples , to hartmut nordsieck also for a critical reading of an earlier version of this paper , to elke bustorf and arne nolte for running the aflp gels and to marco neiber and bettina scheel for help in the lab .\nzur anatomie und systematik der clausilien , xvi . zur kenntnis der mentissoideinae und kaukasischen baleinae\nmolecular evidence for repetitive parallel evolution of shell structure in clausiliidae ( gastropoda . pulmonata )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmap hosted by the national biodiversity data centre , waterford to view the species profile on biodiversity maps and access the live map , please click on the map .\na dark brown , rather slender fusiform shell with dense surface sculpturation and only a weakly glossy to dull surface . aperture pear - shaped , with strong parietal and weak columellar lamellae . colour typically dark brown to reddish - brown but often bleached grey with algal stains . finely and regularly ribbed with delicate , cross - cutting , spiral striation . generally abundant but mainly in woodland .\nvery variable in size with populations of miniature forms , little over half the height of normal shells , occurring here and there e . g . basalt rocks and dunes on the north coasts of cos antrim and londonderry\nranging from france and the british isles through switzerland and the low countries to denmark , germany and southern scandinavia . distribution type : suboceanic temperate ( 72 ) .\nmichaud , g . ( 1862 ) . description des coquilles fossiles des environs de hauterive ( dr\u00f4me ) . journal de conchyliologie . 10 , 58 - 84 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 74 , pl . 3 , fig . 18 [ details ]\ntruc , g . ( 1972 ) . clausiliidae ( gastropoda , euthyneura ) du n\u00e9og\u00e8ne du bassin rhodanien ( france ) . geobios . 5 ( 3 ) : 247 - 275 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 254 - 256 , pl . 18 , figs 9 - 13 , pl . 19 , fig . 6 , textfigs 1 - 2 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbabor , j . f . ( 1897 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der terti\u00e4ren binnenconchylienfauna b\u00f6hmens . i . sitzungsberichte der k\u00f6nigl . b\u00f6hmischen gesellschaft f\u00fcr wissenschaften , mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche klasse . 63 , 1 - 18 . page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]\ncossmann , m . ( 1898 ) . pal\u00e9oconchologie . revue critique de pal\u00e9ozoologie . 2 ( 2 ) : 42 - 63 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\ntraub , f . ( 1938 ) . geologische und palaeontologische bearbeitung der kreide und des terti\u00e4rs im \u00f6stlichen rupertiwinkel , n\u00f6rdlich von salzburg . palaeontographica abt . a . 88 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 114 . [ details ]\nnordsieck , h . ( 1985 ) . zwei neue gattungen altterti\u00e4rer clausilien ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . heldia . 1 ( 3 ) : 83 - 87 . [ details ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\npublic domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection ."]}
{"id": 263, "summary": [{"text": "gilbertsocrinus are an extinct genus of paleozoic stalked crinoids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these stationary upper-level epifaunal suspension feeders lived in the devonian of the czech republic and united states , as well as in the carboniferous of the united kingdom and united states , from 416.0 to 345.0 ma . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "gilbertsocrinus", "paragraphs": ["gilbertsocrinus dispansus wachsmuth & springer , 1897 - fossil crinoid from the mississippian of indiana , usa . ( william morgan collection )\ngilbertsocrinus is a common middle devonian to lower mississippian crinoid from europe , north america , and china . this crinoid has several very unusual features , such as tegmen appendages , minute arms , a very flexible column , and an unusual holdfast . it is demonstrated that a bulbous holdfast does not exist in gilbertsocrinus , as previously interpreted . gilbertsocrinus is an unusual crinoid ; however , it has a distal coil rather than a tuberous holdfast . gilbertsocrinus est un crino\u00efde r\u00e9pandu du d\u00e9vonien moyen au mississippien inf\u00e9rieur d ' europe , d ' am\u00e9rique du nord et de chine . ce crino\u00efde pr\u00e9sente plusieurs caract\u00e9ristiques inhabituelles telles que des appendices du tegmen , de minuscules bras , une colonne tr\u00e8s flexible et un crampon inhabituel . il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que , contrairement aux interpr\u00e9tations ant\u00e9rieures , un crampon bulbeux n ' est pas pr\u00e9sent chez gilbertsocrinus . si le crampon de gilbertsocrinus est effectivement inhabituel , il s ' agit d ' une spirale distale plut\u00f4t que d ' un crampon tub\u00e9reux .\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : see view # 1 for additional information . photo title : crinoid - view # 2 taxa present : gilbertsocrinus alpenensis ummp specimen number : hypotype 27690 view full record\nspecimen count 1 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age paleozoic - mississippian - lower / early stratigraphy osage group - burlington ls nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia echinodermata crinoidea diplobathrida rhodocrinitidae see more items in paleogeneral echinodermata echinodermata crinoidea biologic paleobiology place iowa , united states usnm number s7310 published name gilbertsocrinus tuberculosus ( hall )\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : this specimen is theholotype for the species . it is 1 . 5 cm across . photo title : crinoid taxa present : gilbertsocrinus alpenensis ummp specimen number : holotype 9433 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 1 . 2 cm tall . photo title : crinoid - view # 1 taxa present : gilbertsocrinus alpenensis ummp specimen number : hypotype 27690 view full record\ndescription : this unusual crinoid is known as gilbertsocrinus tuberosus . these alien - looking crinoids derive the generic name for obvious reasons . crinoids such as these are easily disarticulated , but this one is quite intact on the display side , preserved in a fine 3 - d aspect . the tubular appendages of gilbertsocrinus are unique among the crinoids , and were originally thought to be the arms until those were later found in better - preserved examples . the delicate arms and pinnules can be seen within the sheltering appendages . the stem of this crinoid is highly fexible , and is often found looped back upon itself . much preparation time was expended in freely this wonderful crinoid from its matrix prison , with the siltstone sculpted to afford this fine freestanding specimen .\nscrewstones are chert clasts from the lower carboniferous ( mississippian ) of derbyshire in which the internal moulds of the axial canal of crinoid pluricolumnals have a screw - like appearance . they are commonly regarded as curiosities , but chert can preserve the morphological details of crinoid ossicles exquisitely . the thecae of gilbertsocrinus occur only in the tournaisian ( ivorian to chadian ) of the british isles , yet their distinctive columnals range from upper devonian ( famennian ) to visean ( brigantian ) in the same region . the youngest such columnals , rounded in outline with a narrow to moderately broad marginal crenularium , a broad pentalobate lumen , and heteromorphic with two orders of internodal , are described as gilbertsocrinus fionae sp . nov . from cherts of the monsal dale limestone formation of youlgrave , derbyshire .\nthis is a 2 . 3\nwide gilbertsocrinus dispansus crinoid fossil from the famous witherspoon crinoid quarry near crawfordsville , indiana . the quality of preparation on this fossil is exquisite - using skillful air - abrasion techniques under a stereo microscope . it is believed that crinoids from the edwardsville formation were buried in sediment from nearby deltas during storms . the resulting siltstone deposits are soft enough that fossils can be extracted in exquisite , three - dimensional relief .\n. . . this situation is beginning to change , with studies on the holdfasts of gilbertsocrinus phillips 1836 and barycrinus meek & worthen 1868 ( hollis & ausich 2008 , 2009 ) and on the role of holdfasts in the life history of upper ordovician crinoids ( brett et al . 2008 ) . mcghee ( 1999 ) pointed out the similarity of crinoids to tropical trees ; he likened the arms to the canopy , the stem to the trunk and the holdfast to the root system ( fig . 1 ) . . . .\nthis is a spectacular crinoid association from the world famous crawfordsville crinoid locality collected by tom witherspoon there are 10 crinoids on the plate , representing 8 different species . this is a natural association and none of them were composited onto the plate . the species on this piece include gilbertsocrinus dispansus , sarocrinus varsorensis , cyathocrinites iowensis , cyathocrinites harrodi , cyathocrinites multibrachiatus , agaricocrinus americannus , captocrinus myelodactyius and abrotocrinus manus . numbers identifying the crinoids is present on the back of the specimen . the preparation on this piece is spectacular and it represents many dozens of hours of work by one of the best preparitors around .\nthis is a huge , museum quality crinoid plate from the ramp creek limestone in indiana . the entire plate measures 20 inches wide and contains around 24 crinoids representing at least 6 different genus ( cyathocrinus , macrocrinus , taxocrinus , gilbertsocrinus , sarocrinus , scatalocrinus ) . the crinoids are very , 3d and stand out in high relief against the limestone . a piece like this takes and incredible number of hours to prepare so at this price you are basically just paying for the preparation work . the plate would have come out of the ground in several pieces , so it has repairs , and restoration work down to the matrix to fill in gaps .\ndeath assemblages preserved on bedding planes - fossil ' sea floors ' - are important palaeontological sampling points . a fossil sea floor from salthill quarry ( mississippian ) , clitheroe , lancashire , preserves a mixture of crinoid debris with rarer tabulate corals and has yielded a rich diversity of palaeoecological information . identifiable crinoids include gilbertsocrinus sp . and a platycrinitid , associated with columnals / pluricolumnals , brachials / arms and a basal circlet , crinoid - infesting tabulate corals such as cladochonus sp . and emmonsiaparasitica ( phillips ) , and the spoor of a pit - forming organism . long pluricolumnals showing sub - parallel orientations suggest a current azimuth ; one coral is silicifled with the mineral beekite .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\n\u2022 type locality u . c . location s . 8049 ( zone c ) - clark and durham ( 1946 ) ( eocene of colombia )\ngeological time : lower mississippian osagean stage ( 345 m . y . a )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nhollis , k . a . & ausich , w . i . 2009 : ontogeny and life - history strategy of barycrinus ( crinoidea , mississippian ) . lethaia , vol . 42 , pp . 138 - 145 discovery of an encrusting juvenile holdfast assigned to the mississippian crinoid barycrinus demonstrates that this stalked crinoid had a complex life history . the free - swimming larva settled to become a hard substratum encrusting juvenile , which broke . . . [ show full abstract ]\na low - diversity crinoid fauna is described from the fitchville formation , lower mississippian ( late devonian to early mississippian ) of utah county , utah . based on the crinoid fauna , composed of nunnacrinus olsoni new species , paracosmetocrinus lundi new species , and platycrinites sp . , this fauna is interpreted as being from the kinderhookian , upper fitchville formation . this occurrence of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nstratigraphical and geographical distribution of mississippian ( lower carboniferous ) crinoidea from . . .\na total of 47 genera , in 80 species , of mississippian , or lower carboniferous , crinoids are evaluated from 61 localities in scotland based on a modern update of the literature , study of museum collections , and new field work . among the 80 species , 76 are considered valid , with eight requiring new combinations of genus and species names . in addition , one species is considered a nomen dubium , . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngilmocrinus kentuckyensis n . sp . from the late osagean ( mississippian ) muldraugh member of the borde . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour session has expired . for your security , we have logged you out . would you like to log in again ?\nquality solutions , designed with you as our focus by a team and network of professionals with advanced degrees in science , quality control , engineering , manufacturing and industry experience .\nyou need to be comfortable and find the proper fit , vwr wants to help find the best pipette for you .\nwe have all of the labware you need to complete your next reaction . order your free sample kit and evaluate for yourself .\nvwr supports you in your autosampler vial selection process through on - site consultations with our chromatography specialists , and providing samples when needed .\nvwr provides the cell culture community with access to the most reliable supply of 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( please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n\u2013 other users : log in with the username and password you created when you registered . help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article . this will require you to create an account if you don ' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens , you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote : we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article , and that it is not junk mail . we do not retain these email addresses .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would be interested in this article in proceedings of the yorkshire geological society .\ncrinoids ( sea lilies ) are sessile , benthic , filter - feeding , stalked echinoderms that are relatively common in the marine fossil record . crinoids are also a living group , but are relatively uncommon in modern oceans . a crinoid is essentially a starfish - on - a - stick . the stick , or stem , is composed of numerous stacked columnals , like small poker chips . stems and individual columnals are the most commonly encountered crinoid fossils in the field . intact , fossilized crinoid heads ( crowns , calices , cups ) are unusual . why ? upon death , the crinoid body starts disintegrating very rapidly . the soft tissues holding the skeletal pieces together decay and the skeleton falls apart .\nthis is an articulated crown of platycrinus saffordi from the famous crawfordsville crinoid fauna in indiana . the deposit is well known for its abundance of exceptionally preserved , articulated fossil crinoids and other echinoderms . this crinoid occurrence is one of the most spectacular on earth - it contains at least 63 different crinoid species ( ausich , 1999 ) , many of which are quite sizable .\nausich , w . i . 1999 . lower mississippian edwardsville formation at crawfordsville , indiana , usa . pp . 145 - 154 in fossil crinoids . cambridge , u . k . cambridge university press .\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 2 . 3 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : decadocrinus stewartae ummp specimen number : hypotype 27707 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 2 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : decadocrinus wrightae silicaensis ummp specimen number : holotype 57905 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 2 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : corocrinus pettyesi ummp specimen number : holotype 30529 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 / 7 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : cunctocrinus fortunatus ummp specimen number : holotype 57431 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 10 - 28 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 5 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : decadocrinus hughwingi ummp specimen number : holotype 30528 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 5 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : holotype 57920 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 1 . 7 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : paratype 57907 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 2 . 4 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : paratype 57897 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 2 . 4 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : eutaxocrinus wideneri ummp specimen number : paratype 57899 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : milan , washtenaw , mi strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 3 cm tall . photo title : crinoid - view # 1 taxa present : gennaeocrinus chilmanae ummp specimen number : holotype 57173 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : milan , washtenaw , mi strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : see view # 1 for additional information . photo title : crinoid - view # 2 taxa present : gennaeocrinus chilmanae ummp specimen number : holotype 57173 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : , alpena , mi strat unit : bell formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 0 . 8 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : logocrinus conicus ummp specimen number : paratype 57222 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 1 . 6 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : opsiocrinus mariae ummp specimen number : hypotype 61006 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : this specimen is the holotype for the species . it is 1 . 4 cm across . photo title : crinoid - view # 1 taxa present : lennaeocrinus goldringae ummp specimen number : holotype 9434 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : alpena , alpena , mi strat unit : thunder bay formation submitter notes : see view # 1 for additional information . photo title : crinoid - view # 2 taxa present : lennaeocrinus goldringae ummp specimen number : holotype 9434 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a hypotype . it is 5 . 5 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : proctothylacocrinus longus ummp specimen number : hypotype 51725 view full record\nsubmitted on 2008 - 11 - 02 by ummp invertebrate paleontology location ( approximate ) : sylvania , lucas , oh strat unit : silica formation submitter notes : this specimen is a paratype . it is 7 cm tall . photo title : crinoid taxa present : proctothylacocrinus longus ummp specimen number : paratype 27694 view full record\n> stream h\u0089\u0094u\u00eb\u0092\u009b0\u0010\u00fc\u0002\u00fe\u0081\u00a3\u00b7 * \u00ab\u00e8 - tlry r\u00b5\u0087\u00f8\u00b8\u0017\u0016k ) \u0016 \u0081\u00e38 _ ! \u008d \\ k\u00817\u00f6\u00e5\u00e5\u0081\u009e\u0091\u00a6\u00a7 { \u00f0\u001aa\u008c\u00f3\u00f5\u00df\u00ec\u00fd\u0017\u009c\u0013\u001a\u00a2\u00e7\u00ec\u00fd \u0019ft\u00b8 ? u\u00b6\u00fa\u00b5 / \u00ad\u00bd\u00eb\u00d7 ? \u00fd3\u008fp\u00ef\u008e\u0010s\u00ed\u00e2cf\u0088\u0088\u00a5 \\ \u0097 \u0093\u0097i\u00f2\b1\u0093lj\u00f2\u00a7\u00e3\u00ef\u00a7\u00e3th\u00fa\u00f1\u00b4m\u0095f\u00be\u00f31ad\u00f3 ) \u00f3\u00e1\u00b1t\u0001\u00ff } ? c\u000f\u0010k\u00ad & \u00b4 { \u00a1\u0001\u00fc\u00a9\u00dfw\u00e3\u00f1bqe0\u0014 ' \u00aa\b\u00f8\u0087\u00ba\u00e9\u00134\u00f2q\u00e1\u00ba\u00e4\u00a18\u00e1\u0000 ^ \u00d7\u00e6\u0002krs\u00b8\u0088 \u0001k\u00ed\u00ee\u009a\u00e1t\u0017\u0018r\u0094\u00efh\u00e5\u0084\u0086\u00fc\u00f1\u0090d\u00e5 + rl\u00a1\u0001\u00aa\u0000\u00fb\u00a5w \u00b9\u009f\u00d7\u00f9\u00e7u\u00e6\u00a6 ` \u00e1\u00f5\u00eb _ \u00bb\u00ed\u0018g\u00ea\u00f5\u00e7 \u008e\u00a4t\u0089\u009bx\u00e1\u00f5\u00f4\u0016d3q\u00a7c\u008b\u00e3\u00eet\u008d\u0019\u0016\u00b9vu\u0089\u009c7\u00a8\u00e1\u00f2ej\u00eb\u00e6\u00e7\u0014i\u00e1 \u0013\u0095\u00e5qa\u00e5li\u0098\u00f0p\u00e6\u00e8\u0086\u009d\u0014\u00fa\u00fax\n6\u00a9 - 0ex @ \u00fb\u00fb\u00be\u00a4t \u0002\u0002\u00e9\u0099\u00ee\u00ef \u00e24\u0080\u00f2t # \u00efp = jf\u0094\u0091\u0094\u00b2u\u00fe\u00e1\u008e\u00b5 - \u00ab\u00b2\u001b\u00eb\u0012\u00a4\u00e8 ' \u0012\u00a7f\u00ab\u00f2\u00eel7\u001a\u00fb \\ 77\u0081\u00e447e\u0091 * n\u009b [ 4\u00f4\u00e3\u00ea [ \u00f3mr \u00ef ` \u0004\u009c\u00aah\u0012 \u00ec \u00ea\u00a6j\u00e0u\u00f41a\u00f31\u0017\u00e0\u0097z\u00f9\u00b7\u008ex\u00e1\u00e0\u00b84zk\u00ac\u0013\u00ac\u0089x\u00ac\u00e5y { \u000e\u00e3\u00e0f\u00a5 } y < \u00e2\u0011\u00ec\u00a2\u00d71\u0083\u00e5c\u00fetf76 } w\u00b6\u00ed\u00a2\u008f )\n< 6\u00ef ) \u00ec\u00b8\u0083i\u00e1m < \u0082h0 } \u0094\u0098\u00b7\u00bc\u00fdm6\u008b + \u00e5\u007f\u00b3\u0015\u00f4 \u008e\u00e9i\u0081\u00fe6 [ \u00064 > \u00a4 ~ 0 t\u0012\u0016\u00f4m\u00f2vt\b c\u0092o\u008f\u0089 \u00e9\u00f4\u0095\u00ab\u0089 \u00e6\u00f5\u00fc\u00f3pf\u00f3\u008bk + \u00df\u00e7\u00a2\u00ed\u00be6\u00ed\u0093\u00b1\u00e3\u00f0w\u00b6\u00e9\u00f6 5\u008c\u008a\u0082\u0006\u00ab\u00f5n\u00d7\u009bnh\u00a2d\u00f0l\u0007 / ~ % \u00bd & | ? \u008bsu ' h b8a\u0087 zl\u00e0\u008a\u00b5 , \u00fc\u00e8\u0019 / \u0010\u00bf\u00f1\u00fe\u0084 \u0083\u009el\u00fbw\u00fbew8s \u0091\u00ea ` \u00ea\u0084\u00e16\u008b\u00bb\u00f1 $ \u00f4\u00b8\u0095\u00fd\u00ea\u00e1\u00fc\u00fcj\u00f9 ? \u0001\u0006\u0000\u000e \u00e59 endstream endobj 18 0 obj < < / length 620 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h\u0089\u0094ua\u0092\u009b0\u0010 | \u0001\u007f\u00e0\u00b89\u00acv\u00a4a\u0002\u00e5\u0098j6\u00b9\u00a4r\u00f1\u0007\b\u0096\u0081\u00e4\u0011 ) \u00e0\u00eb\u00aa } } \u0004\u001a\u00a5\u00bcbq\u00ec . y\u00f3\u009aqo\u00f7\u00e8\u0011\u0018\u00e72\u00df5\u00f9c\u00fe\u001a { z\u0097\u00ef ~ d\u00e0\u0000 ` \u00fdoz\u00d7\u00e8x\u00e5\u00f6\u00e7\u00ec\u00f1\u00edt ~ ' \u00ef\u00ech\u00e6\u00e10\u008c\u0011\u00e4\u00ac\u00eb\u0082\u00a1\u0094\u0004\u00e1\u0082\u0012\u009c\u00ech\u009a\u00a1\u00b5\u00fd\u00ab\u0089 @ { \u00ea # \u0094 ^ @ \u00ae $ \u00bf\u00f5\u00ba\u00e0\u0091w \u00dfg ( \u00bb\u00ae\u00b9\u00bf\u00e1\u00f9m \u00e8\u00b9kv % \u0018 . \u00a1z _ \u009c\u000f \\ { \u00f4g\u00f32\u00f8\u00benf\u00f9\u00b4\u00eb > \u00ec2\u0007 i\u00eb\u00f2 ; \u00b6\u0019\u0016\u00ac , gtl - 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& \u00df\u0019\u0010 o\u0003b ? = g\u00b6\u00b4 > \u00e5\u00e2 ` tv\u00e9\u008d { \u00ab\u009f\u00aa\u008e\u00f2\u00b5\u00f4\u00e2\u008d\u0090\u009b\u0002\u000f\u00fe\u00e9\u00fe ] y\u00f0\u00f7\u00ef\u00a7\u00bf\u00e2l1\u00a4\u008by > \u00e9\u00e2 ] c , \u0010vk\u00a6\u00bd\u0014\u00b9\u00fc\u0019 - \u00bc\u0091g\u00eb\u00b8\u00f4jze\u008753\u00f4\u00b8\u0094\u009bs5\u00f0\u00e4 ` \u00fb\u0014\u00ea\u0010\u0011\u00eae\u00f0 \u00af\u00a3\u0014\u00bb\u00fa , \u00fc\u0019\u0082i\u00bc ) p 0 ? \u00bex\u00af $ \u00f82\u00ee\u009c\u00f1\u0001\u00e9 i\u0093 \\ \u0017 ) \u00ee\u00b6xi\u0093\u00b2r\u00e1 ( \u00a2r\u00e1\u0089\u00acy\u00a3\u0090\u00eb\u00e4 \u00a6\u009e\u000f ] r\u00e7\u00f0\u00b4z ( \u00ef\u0084\u00f3\u00fa\u0001 ? \u0001\u00f5gf \u0086 da\u00f2\u00b4\u00e0\u00b4m\b\n* * * important * * * fyi . . effective now . . all payments made will show as being paid to\nprehistoric fossils\n. we are changing the name of the business to\nprehistoric fossils\nbut nothing else will change ! still family owned and operated the same as usual . . our web address will not change either . . so if you type in urltoken you will still get here . at some point in the future we may merge this and our urltoken sites into one super site ! thanks for understanding . . . merv , chris & lisa . . .\nthe overall size of this plate measures approx . 3 1 / 2\u2033 wide x 6 1 / 2\u2033 long .\n* this value is calculated using researchgate data and is based on average citation counts from work published in this journal . the data used in the calculation may not be exhaustive .\nduring mois 2 devensian ice spread into the vale of york and down the north sea coast to norfolk . the writer has been investigating the geomorphological impact since 1954 , and this paper is essentially a personal assessment of various events and their consequences . evidence is provided for two distinct advances of ice into lincolnshire and eastern yorkshire , the later being the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and the earlier a pre - lgm event . other views regarding the lgm in holderness and southern yorkshire are challenged . consideration is given to the extents and levels of proglacial lakes , and a case is made that a bedrock sill at gainsborough exerted stronger control on lake levels than oscillations of ice in the humber gap . isostatic displacements related to the two advances are held responsible for the existence of lake humber in two discrete phases .\nthe sediments at welton - le - wold have been described and discussed for some 40 years , mainly because of two important features , the discovery of artefacts beneath ancient tills and the direct overlay of devensian till on one of these . quarry operations ceased in 1973 , and in 2004 a report for english heritage ( aram et al , 2004 ) described renewed research and also presented an interpretation of environmental circumstances that differed from earlier accounts . the earlier views were reiterated ( straw , 2005 ) , but two recent papers ( green , 2011 ; gamble , 2014 ) relied on the 2004 version . data concerning the sediments , their modes and environments of deposition are now confirmed , and age estimates place the older deposits firmly within mois 8 ( 300 - 245ka bp ) .\nin addition to the two new fossil locations previously described within chamwood forest , multiple new fossil planes , including new locations , have been discovered over the last year . multiple disc - form fossils abound in these localities . probable new species are described , albeit largely as single specimens . one of the newly discovered localities offers the highest concentration of fossil forms to be found within charnwood forest to date .\nnew localities with precambrian fossils have been found in charnwood forest . new specimens include hadrynichorde aff . catalinensis , which is a species potentially new to britain . also revealed are juvenile forms of organisms not recorded previously , and fossil forms that have no clear associations with currently recognised species .\nthe lower jurassic marlstone rock formation was formerly worked for ironstone near denton ( se lincolnshire ) , and the middle jurassic northampton sand formation near hungerton and colsterworth ( se lincolnshire ) and saltby ( ne leicestershire ) , southwest and south of grantham . two ammonites from the northampton sand formation at hungerton are illustrated .\nwhen the upper greensand of the haldon hills was surveyed in the 1960s poor exposure made its subdivision impossible , but a seismic survey revealed a remarkable thickness variation from 16m to 84m . this variation was explained in terms of contemporaneous down - folding of the basement during deposition . later excavations for the re - aligned a38 road across great haldon yielded good sections that enabled a succession to be compiled and aided correlation with the sections in east devon . there remain major questions concerning the erosional history of the upper greensand , and there is no explanation either for the survival of the haldon hills themselves or for the absence of any upper greensand outliers between haldon and the main outcrop of east devon .\ndiscrete , funnel - shaped structures consisting of downwarped and disrupted strata are described from a restricted stratigraphical interval in the late neoproterozoic charnian supergroup , just above the base of the bradgate formation at exposures in bradgate park , in charnwood forest , leicestershire . the structures occur within a deep - water marine turbidite succession and have attracted much attention , with a variety of explanations advanced to account for their origin including volcanic bomb - impacts and burrowing organisms . this article describes these structures , interprets their mode of origin , and concludes that they compare with features known as ' thixotropic wedges ' . the latter have been described from various other parts of the world and are commonly placed within a category of soft - sediment deformation phenomenon known as ' seismites ' . such an association may have important implications for the style of turbidite sedimentation in the charnian supergroup as a whole .\nin 1849 , john plant reported\npolypidoms of a coralline\nfrom the\nkeuper sandstone\nexposed in a railway cutting near leicester . he proposed the name gorgonia keuperi for these structures , but this is a nomen nudum . subsequent authors have consistently questioned the organic origin of ' gorgonia keuperi ' , or considered it to be an ichnofossil , but it has never been illustrated . museum specimens labelled ' gorgonia keuperi ' have been found to contain a number of ichnofossils , amongst which the commonly occurring planolites montanus is considered most likely to be the inspiration for what john plant termed ' ' gorgonia ' .\na considerable volume of palaeoclimatic research has emerged in the last 20 years since the initial publication of the greenland ice core records . this review focuses on the pattern of holocene climate change that includes a remarkable oscillation in the so - called 8 . 2 ka bp event . the footprint of this is tracked across the north atlantic , from its spectacular origins in the hudson bay megaflood , to the greenland ice sheet , and on into western europe and beyond . researchers are unanimous in recognising a sharp temperature downturn in this anomaly , but differ in their understanding of its impact on precipitation . a hypothesis of cold aridity is proposed , and the paper concludes with a speculative look into the future .\nphosphate is a minor component of mesozoic and tertiary formations . it occurs widely scattered as nodules in argillaceous sediments , but is commonly concentrated in pebble beds and may be found replacing fossils . phosphatic animal remains are rare and commonly occur immediately above major discontinuities , and fossilised animal faeces ( coprolites ) are extremely rare . phosphatic pisoliths occur at only one horizon .\nthe hucklow - eyam - longstone area is largely composed of the monsal dale and eyam limestones subdivisions of the carboniferous limestone , with a cover of millstone grit shales and sandstones . workable mineral veins are hosted in late visean limestones above the cressbrook dale lava . a few have been followed beneath the namurian shale cover . the limestones dip gently eastwards except for the late visean longstone edge monocline . the e - w hucklow edge rake and the watersaw - high - deep rake vein systems dominate and a geological history of fracturing in late visean times followed by episodic mineralization in westphalian times can be deduced ."]}
{"id": 299, "summary": [{"text": "hypobapta percomptaria is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from australia , including south australia , new south wales , queensland , victoria and tasmania .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 50 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are grey-brown with wavy lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "specimens from tasmania are generally paler than mainland specimens .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the larvae feed on eucalyptus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "young larvae are brown with a red head and tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "later instars become green with a conical head . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "hypobapta percomptaria", "paragraphs": ["this caterpillar is initially brown with a red head and tail . later it becomes green with a conical head .\nthe adult moth is grey - brown with wavy lines . the undersides have a rosy suffusion , and each wing has a broad black submarginal band . the wingspan is about 4 cms .\nthe eggs are smooth and somewhat conical ovals . they are laid in irregular clusters .\nvolume 9 , part 9 ( 1857 ) , plate 6 , fig . 4 ,\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 26 . 13 , fig . 37 . 5 , p . 371 .\nvolume 9 , part 9 ( 1857 ) , pp . 280 - 281 ,\nvolume 32 , number 2 ( november 2009 ) , pp . 161 - 166 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nguen\u00e9e , a . 1857 ,\nuranides et phal\u00e9nites\n, ed . boisduval , j . - a . & guen\u00e9e , a . ( eds ) , histoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res , vol . 9 , librarie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3ef52e38 - 2bf5 - 4a5d - 98d8 - 8c8a3db4c009\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ac7a8e8 - 54b9 - 47b8 - 85eb - bb7337405452\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ae4904b - 990f - 4e40 - 977a - 5ded39badc8e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0ec8903 - f21a - 41f3 - a177 - 49a5f753ad45\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 99192177 - 5832 - 4281 - 95d0 - 46af2e98b417\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 412683\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwhen i first discovered this macro world of amazing color and design i never expected that 22 months later i would still be posting so many different types of moths and bugs . . . . many of these creatures are only fingernail size which with the aid of an 18mp sony hx20v camera and photoshop it has been possible to present them to the world . to the naked eye they appear as dark shapes which most people would not notice . . . all these pictures are taken at night on our upper balcony and none of them have been harmed . we live next to a rainforest which may account for the amazing variety . . . . . i hope you enjoy them , and thanks in advance for any views & comments . .\nyou have indicated that this image may be a violation of the terms of service . please indicate your reason below ( required ) and include a brief explanation if desired , then click\nsubmit\nto confirm your report .\nmembers remain the original copyright holder in all their materials here at renderosity . use of any of their material inconsistent with the terms and conditions set forth is prohibited and is considered an infringement of the copyrights of the respective holders unless specially stated otherwise .\nthis site uses cookies to deliver the best experience . our own cookies make user accounts and other features possible . third - party cookies are used to display relevant ads and to analyze how renderosity is used . by using our site , you acknowledge that you have read and understood our terms of service , including our cookie policy and our privacy policy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 303, "summary": [{"text": "hypatima mangiferae is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by satter in 1989 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in kenya .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on mangifera indica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hypatima mangiferae", "paragraphs": ["hypatima mangiferae satter , 1989 ; bull . ent . res . 79 ( 3 ) : 412 ; tl : kenya\nhypatima antsianakella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 209\nhypatima issikiana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 211\nhypatima perinetella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 210\nhypatima venefica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima anguinea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37\nhypatima antiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima apparitrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima aridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima caryodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima cirrhospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima corynetis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima ericta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima indica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima instaurata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima isopogon ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima isoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima isotricha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima lactifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima melanocharis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima nodifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima orthomochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima parichniota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima particulata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima phacelota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima pilosella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima rhicnota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima silvestris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima syncrypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima tephroptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima tonsa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima verticosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima xerophanta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima xylotechna ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 326 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 331 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai\nhypatima disetosella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : nantou co . , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 77 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 47\nhypatima rhomboidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 617 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 616 ; tl : barbash - levada , primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 325 ; tl : nw . thailand , chiang mai , doi suthep - pui np , 1380m\nhypatima arignota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 330\nhypatima haligramma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 332\nhypatima iophana ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , sakai city\nhypatima acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : taiwan , tainan co . , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling , ca . 350m\nhypatima excellentella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nhypatima ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ fe ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ democratic republic of congo , north kivu ] , belgian congo , tshambi , 975 m , 28 . x\u201307xi . 1933 , leg . g . f . de witte .\nmeyrick e . 1938a . exploration du parc national albert . pterophoridae , tortricina and tineina . - institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge 14 : 3\u201328 , pl . 1\u20133 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] ,\npatria terra natalensis\n, leg . j . a . wahlberg .\nzeller p . c . 1852b . lepidoptera microptera , quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit . - \u2014 : 1\u2013120 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 182 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 166 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 189 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 192 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 167 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 198 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 264 , pl . 12 , f . 34 ; tl : spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nanthotypa ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( chelaria ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : andamans , port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preanger , 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 639 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nartochroma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower , 1920 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 44 : 66 ; tl : warra , s . queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : natal , weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : fiji , lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 302 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; n . queensland , kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 303 ; tl : new guinea , kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ntaiwan , thailand , philippines , ceylon , andaman is . , borneo , sulawesi , queensland . see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : queensland , cairns\ndisposita ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 301 ; tl : waterval onder\nephippias ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nchelaria euchorda meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 31 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; quorn , south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : natal , pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 382 ; tl : anakapalli , s . india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 14 ; tl : alhajuela , panama\nchelaria improba meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 884 ; tl : bombay , india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : belke , kanara , india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kandy , ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : transvaal , pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 246 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 511 ; tl : telawa , java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nmycetinopa ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 4 ; tl : likiang , china\nchelaria particulata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : barberton\nallocota procax meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : shevaroys , s . india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp . , alnus spp . , corylus avellana , carpinus betulus , populus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : karwar , kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 160 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village\nsorograpta ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : konkan , bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica , lannea grandis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70\nsubdentata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 17\ngelechia sublectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : south australia , quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 30 ; tl : fiji , labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70 ; tl : mahableshwar , bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima , quercus serrata , q . variabilis , q . glauca , q . phillyraeoides ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 16 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : kranspoort , pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nepisacta toreuta turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 162 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village\ntricosma ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : texas , alpine , fort davis , 5000 - 8000ft ; new mexico , bent , 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 305, "summary": [{"text": "dentalium neohexagonum is a species of tusk shell , a marine scaphopod mollusk in the family dentaliidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "as the latin name implies , the cross section of this shell is hexagonal ; hence its common name is six-sided tusk shell .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species occurs along the central and southern california coast of the pacific ocean .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the shells of this species are known to have been used by the chumash people at least as early as circa 1000 ad , in the morro bay area .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "they were used as shell money rather than food . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "dentalium neohexagonum", "paragraphs": ["dentalium neohexagonum , the six\u00adsided tusk shell . it is a little under an inch long . ( january 2014 )\nbelongs to dentalium according to u . s . grant and h . r . gale 1931\npilsbry h . a . & sharp b . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . scaphopoda , in manual of conchology , ( 1 ) 17 , p . i - xxxii [ 1898 ] , 1 - 144 [ 1897 ] 145 - 280 [ 1898 ] , pl . 1 - 26 [ 1897 ] , 27 - 37 [ 1898 ] . conchological section , academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsharp & pilsbry in pilsbry & sharp , 1897 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 344168 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nkeen , a . m . 1971 . sea shells of tropical west america . marine mollusks from baja california to peru , ed . 2 . stanford university press . xv , 1064 pp . , 22 pls . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis is a fragment of the shell of a scaphopod ( tusk shell ) . the cross section is hexagonal . this species is still extant , and its common name is the six - sided tusk shell . the length is 1 . 2 cm .\nback to itano family home page last modified : august 22 , 1998 . send comments to webmaster @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrom old spanish coins to shark teeth to beach glass to seashells , every beach has treasures to make it special . the beach ' s treasures might even be the gorgeous views or spectacular sunsets ! we at beach treasures and treasure beaches love to explore , and we would be thrilled if you would join us on our treasure hunts .\nsubscribe to beach treasures and treasure beaches by email , for treasure updates and beach news .\nthe contents of this site are copyright beach treasures and treasure urltoken and may not be copied or used without written permission from the beach treasures and treasure beaches staff . the posts may be quoted in part , so long as credit is given where it is due and so long as you link the quote back to this page . thank you kindly for your cooperation and for your interest in our passion for beaches . \u00a92011 - 2017 beach treasures and treasure urltoken . all rights reserved .\nlinks to third - party websites are provided as a convenience to users ; beach treasures and treasure urltoken does not control or endorse their content .\nsome special little shells have washed up around the county in the past few weeks . i\u2019ve been lucky to be able to sneak off to the beach here and there in the midst of a busy schedule , and was thrilled to find my first\u00ad - ever tusk shell in january on the sand at false point , on the northern end of the tourmaline surfing park . it is a six\u00ad - sided tusk shell , and there was only one . after looking for tusk shells on and off for the past 37 years in san diego , this seemed pretty special .\nthen , last week , i took a walk south from the southern end of imperial beach , and found a lot of tusk shells in the drift debris at low tide . these were almost all the indian money tusk , the shell that was prized as currency by the native peoples of the west coast in the past . two little six\u00ad - sided tusks were found that day also .\nantalis pretiosum , the indian money tusk . the largest is a little over an inch long . ( february 2014 )\nback at false point in january , there were tiny tinted wentletraps washed up here and there on the sand . the largest in the photo is about \u00bc inch long .\none more san diego beach treasure\u2026but from a while ago , are these trivias found in the shelly debris at low tide way back around the year 2000 . they were found at torrey pines state beach , and i have never seen them since . they are about \u00bc inch long .\nrobyn , what fun ! you have quite an eye . these tiny beach treasures are absolutely wonderful ! thank you so much for sharing your beachy times and your amazing treasure trove with us ! i feel as if i\u2019ve just had a great day at the beach too ! ~ jody"]}
{"id": 310, "summary": [{"text": "aphrissa orbis , the orbed sulphur , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to hispaniola and cuba but is a very rare stray to florida .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the habitat consists of tropical moist forests above 500 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 63 \u2013 76 mm ( 2.5 \u2013 3.0 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the upper surface of the male forewings is pale lemon yellow with a large orange patch on the basal third .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the female upper surface is deep ochre , the underside of the hindwing with a large brown patch .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are multiple generations per year on cuba and hispaniola .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they feed on flower nectar of various flowers , including ageratum conyzoides , antigonon leptotus and hibiscus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on poinciana pulcherrima . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "aphrissa orbis", "paragraphs": ["aphrissa orbis ( poey , 1832 ) = callidryas orbis poey , 1832 = phoebis orbis = aphrissa orbis orbis = phoebis orbis poey 1832 = callidryas orbis poey 1832 .\naphrissa orbis orbis sulphur male guanahacabibes 27 mar 1993 . coll . d . s . smith . specimen from the collection of the oxford university museum of natural history .\nrecognizing females of the common phoebis sennae sennae and new aphrissa orbis orbis in the field is very difficult . there is more variability with respect to hue and markings in phoebis sennae so that complicates the issue . here are some comparative observations from dr . jacqueline miller of the mc guire center at the florida museum of natural history where she illustrates this with their library pictures\nphoebis ( aphrissa ) statira hispaniolae munroe , 1947 ; ; tl : dominican rep .\naphrissa butler , 1873 ; lepid . exotica ( 19 ) : 155 ; ts : papilio statira cramer\n= aphrissa statira ; godman & salvin , [ 1889 ] , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . rhop . 2 : 147\naphrissa statira statira ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 12 , pl . 15 , f . 9 ; [ ecul ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 81a\n= aphrissa statira ; godman & salvin , [ 1889 ] , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . rhop . 2 : 147 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 8\naphrissa statira ; godman & salvin , [ 1889 ] , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . rhop . 2 : 147 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 8 ; [ bcr ] , 104 ; [ nacl ] , # 4233 ; [ ebw ] ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 81\nupper surface of male forewing pale lemon yellow with large orange patch on basal third . female upper surface deep ocher , underside of hindwing with large brown patch .\nmany flights in cuba ; many from april - august on hispaniola ; also other months .\nflower nectar including that of ageratum conyzoides , antigonon leptotus , and hibiscus species .\ng3 - very rare or local throughout its range or found locally in a restricted range ( 21 to 100 occurrences ) . ( threatened throughout its range ) .\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , amazonas ) , peru . see [ maps ]\n1400x1113 ( ~ 177kb ) underside usa : sierra vista , cochise co . , arizona , 8 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\ne - mail : jshuey at tnc . org ; director of conservation science ; indiana office of the nature conservancy ;\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwinhard , 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10 : 1 - 40 , pl . title , 1 - 48 , back\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe marking near the end of the forewing cell is usually dark brown and slightly cut out along the outer margin .\nbelow , this end cell spot is enlarged and more magenta with white overscaling . the same color combination can be seen along the lateral or outside margin on the forewing .\nthere is a reddish brown , jagged submarginal spotband that extends from near the fw apex and extends about half way down the wing .\nfemale above , marking at the end of the cell is circular with usually an open circle ( white or off white ) in center .\nmarking at end of cell becomes double spots , silver in center and outlined in reddish brown .\na reddish brown submarginal spotband which extends nearly to the anal or near the posterior margin of the wing .\nbasic color below is usually\npeppered\nwith red to reddish - brown to brown scales .\nbrown border of hw more complete ; fw above border along the lateral margin crescent shaped .\nmailing address : p . o . box 203 north side grand cayman ky1 - 1701 cayman islands ( click here for directions ) telephone : ( 345 ) 947 - 9462 email : manager @ urltoken\n9 : 00 a . m . to 5 : 30 p . m . last admission at 4 : 30 p . m . ( closed on christmas day and good friday )\n\u2022 queen elizabeth ii botanic park \u2022 pedro st . james historic site \u2022 hell attraction \u2022 cayman craft market \u2022 pirates week festival\nwe ' re not around right now . but you can send us an email and we ' ll get back to you , asap .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 312, "summary": [{"text": "cephalotes pallidoides is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "giving their name also as gliding ants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cephalotes pallidoides", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes pallidoides for further details\nanterior border of the frontal carinae with three or four pairs of clubbed hairs . venezuela , trinidad , guyana , brazil , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes pallidoides\nrichness of cephalotes species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of cephalotes species or for valid names only see cephalotes species .\ncheeks completely without hairs . colombia and brazil . . . . . cephalotes duckei\ngaster anteriorly without crest or lamella . cura\u00e7ao . . . . . cephalotes emeryi\npostpetiolar spines longer than their maximum length . brazil . . . . . cephalotes frigidus\nfirst gastral sternite almost completely longitudinally striate . brazil . . . . . cephalotes pallidicephalus\nfrontal carinae strongly upturned over the eyes . peru . . . . . cephalotes peruviensis\nthe workers of cephalotes klugi and cephalotes prodigiosus are not included in the key since they are still unknown . the remaining species can be identified by means of the following key .\nmesonotum with irregular longitudinal rugosities , body opaque . mexico . . . . . cephalotes toltecus\nmesonotum unarmed . trinidad , colombia to brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes spinosus\nventral face of the head with longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes notatus\ngaster anteriorly without crest or lamella . venezuela , colombia . . . . . cephalotes crenaticeps\ngaster with rare erect clubbed hairs only posteriorly . colombia . . . . . cephalotes patei\npropodeum almost destitute of pilosity . gaster orange . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes flavigaster\nappressed hairs of the first gastral tergite very sparse . mexico . . . . . cephalotes insularis\nmesonotum with regular longitudinal rugosities ; body superficially shining . mexico . . . . . cephalotes wheeleri\nfore femora with ventral crest . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes maya\ngaster with semimembranous anterior lobes . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes incertus\ngaster anteriorly with a narrow , well visible crest . ecuador . . . . . cephalotes ecuadorialis\ncolour light brown . membranaceous expansions of the body semitransparent . brazil . . . . . cephalotes membranaceus\nouter face of the fore femora with longitudinal rugosities . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes mompox\nbody sculpture impressed . ci \u2264 114 . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes dieteri\nbody sculpture superficial . ci \u2265 120 . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes integerrimus\ncolour dark brown to black . membranaceous expansions of the body whitish . brazil . . . . . cephalotes ustus\nvertexal angles rounded . propodeum simply angulate , without teeth or spines . brazil . . . . . cephalotes solidus\ngaster extremely globose ( fig . 252 ) . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes ventriosus\nfirst gastral tergite unicoiour . mesosoma without rugosities . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes bloosi\nhead and mesosoma strongly convex , the convexity very evident also in dorsal view ( fig . 310 ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes quadratus . . . . . also see the newly described ( 2014 ) cephalotes specularis\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\ngaster , ventrally , densely covered with pointed hairs . guyanas , colombia , brazil . . . . . cephalotes marginatus\nventral face of the head with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . arizona and north mexico . . . . . cephalotes rohweri\nsides of the frontal carinae bearing a row of long , pointed hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes supercilii\nci \u2264 122 . frontal carinae not covering completely the genae . costa rica , panama . . . . . cephalotes alfaroi\nfirst gastral tergite orange with a black spot in the middle . dominican republic , haiti . . . . . cephalotes unimaculatus\nbody shining . colour yellow . trinidad & tobago , from colombia to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes clypeatus\npropodeum , laterally , without denticles . ppel > 155 . pppl > 173 . jamaica . . . . . cephalotes jamaicensis\npropodeal sides , posteriorly , with one or two pairs of incisions . mexico to brazil . . . . . cephalotes pallens\nlateral membranaceous expansions of the propodeum straight and narrowing backwards . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes caribicus\nsecond pair of propodeal teeth separate from the declivous face . mexico to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes minutus\npronotum broader than the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . gaster completely black . colombia . . . . . cephalotes palta\ngaster with many erect clubbed hairs on its whole surface . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes alveolatus\npi \u2265 103 . colombia , french guyana , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . . . cephalotes cordatus\npromesonotal suture impressed . propodeal suture deeply impressed . mesosoma with irregular , longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes nilpiei\nfirst gastral tergite reticulate and with superimposed thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes femoralis\npilosity dense ; on the gaster the space between two hairs subequal to hair thickness . brazil . . . . . cephalotes inaequalis\nbody shining . foveae sparse . propodeum with reduced , rounded lateral expansions . mexico to guatemala . . . . . cephalotes biguttatus\nbasal face of the propodeum densely covered by appressed , canaliculate hairs hiding the sculpture . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes auricomus\nhbai \u2265 40 . pronotal lateral expansions much more narrow and obtuse . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes serratus\nmaximum diameter of the eyes \u2265 0 . 35 of the median head length . mexico to paraguay . . . . . cephalotes maculatus\nsides of the first gastral tergite with very fine , longitudinal rugosities . propodeal suture superficial . colombia . . . . . cephalotes coffeae\nppei \u2265 205 . pppl \u2265 184 . sides of the propodeum with a triangular expansion . mexico . . . . . cephalotes goniodontus\nbody opaque . foveae denser . propodeum with projecting triangular expansions . mexico , costa rica and panama . . . . . cephalotes multispinosus\npropodeal spines much longer than the basal face of the propodeum . colombia , guyana , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes placidus\nmembranaceous expansions of the gaster flat , not bent dorsally neither concave . costa rica to brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes grandinosus\nthe pair of spines between basal and declivous face of the propodeum longer than the basal face . peru . . . . . cephalotes inca\nsides of the first gastral tergite reticulate . propodeal suture well marked . costa rica , panama , colombia . . . . . cephalotes setulifer\npropodeum densely hairy ; the pilosity covering the sculpture . gaster light brown . dominican republic : described from copal . . . . . cephalotes taino\nfrontal carinae strongly upturned over and behind the eyes , with a clearly upraised external border . brazil , argentina . . . . . cephalotes bruchi\nthe following key to cephalotes workers is based on de andrade , m . l . & baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 .\ngaster sub opaque . eyes more than 1 / 4 of the median head length ( mandibles excluded ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes lanuginosus\nfoveae on the head dorsum very deep and irregular . membranaceous expansions of the gaster bent dorsally and concave . brazil . . . . . cephalotes liepini\nventral part of the first gastral tergite shining and with few hairs . colombia to brazil , peru , and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes complanatus\npilosity sparse ; on the gaster the space between two hairs twice or more broader than the hair thickness . brazil . . . . . cephalotes laminatus\nfirst gastral tergite orange to light brown , with a black lozenge in the middle . brazil . . . . . cephalotes conspersus ( in part )\nmid and hind basitarsi abruptly narrowing distally in lateral view . frontal carinae strongly crenulate . body opaque . brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes serraticeps\ngaster , ventrally , with sparse , pointed hairs . from costa rica to argentina , belize ? , virgin islands ? . . . . . cephalotes atratus\nposterior fourth of the head dorsum with sparse , thin hairs . gaster covered with thick , appressed pilosity . dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes argentiventris\nfirst gastral tergite bearing , in addition to sub erect hairs , a dense covering of long , appressed hairs . mexico . . . . . cephalotes hirsutus\nerect , truncate hairs sparse ( < 50 on the first gastral tergite ) . body foveae superficial . brazil , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes guayaki\nhbai < 35 . pronotum , laterally , with a pair of projecting , angular expansions . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes jansei\ngaster completely shining . eyes never more than 1 / 4 of the median head length ( mandibles excluded ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes liogaster\nanterior border of the frontal carinae without or at most with one pair of clubbed hairs . brazil , bolivia and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pellans\nfrontal carinae only slightly upturned over the eyes . vertexal angles with narrow expansions . mexico , belize , costa rica ? . . . . . cephalotes kukulcan\nposterior face of the femora without thick longitudinal rugosities . ventral part of the first gastral tergite without rugosities . ? guatemala . . . . . cephalotes sobrius\ndeclivous face of the propodeum and ventral part of the first gastral tergite with thin , longitudinal rugosities . mexico to ecuador . . . . . cephalotes basalis\nfoveae on the head dorsum dense and deep . posterior third of the propodeum with longitudinal rugosities and few hairs . brazil . . . . . cephalotes betoi\nfrontal carinae almost concolour with the head . vertexal angles with two pairs of small denticles . brazil , argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes borgmeieri\nhbai ( hind basitarsal index ) > 42 . external border of the pronotal lamella continuous . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes squamosus\nci \u2265 128 . pi \u2264 100 . dorsum of the propodeum passing into the lateral faces with a marked ridge . brazil . . . . . cephalotes oculatus\npropodeum , laterally , with two or three pairs of denticles . ppei < 138 . pppl < 149 . mexico to ecuador . . . . . cephalotes porrasi\nposterior face of the femora with thick , longitudinal rugosities . ventral part of the first gastral tergite with longitudinal rugosities . honduras . . . . . cephalotes lenca\nbody more or less shining . sculpture very supedicial . propodeum with only one pair of spines . brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes cordiae\ndeclivous face of the propodeum and ventral part of the first gastral tergite superficially reticulate and without rugosities . costa rica , panama . . . . . cephalotes cordiventris\nsecond pair of propodeal teeth continuing into the declivous face as a lamella . colombia , guyanas , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes simillimus\nrugosities of the first gastral tergite confined to the articulation area with the postpetiole , otherwise smooth . dominican republic : described from copal . . . . . cephalotes resinae\nfirst gastral tergite with sparse , thick , appressed hairs on the whole surface . longitudinal rugulation of the mesosoma deeply impressed . mexico . . . . . cephalotes chacmul\nerect , truncate hairs dense ( > 100 on the first gastral tergite ) . body foveae impressed . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes fiebrigi\nhbai ( hind basitarsal index ) = 61 . 5 . fore femora with a narrow dorsal crest . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes olmecus\nbody hairs very broad , almost triangular and appressed , entirely contained in the foveae ( fig . 205 ) . brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes persimplex\nbody opaque . sculpture impressed . propodeum with two or three pairs of teeth . colombia , ecuador , brazil , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes ramiphilus\nspines between the basal and declivous faces of the propodeum at maximum as long as the basal face . panama , colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes christopherseni\nci \u2265 137 . pppi > 226 . foveae on the mesosoma dense . first gastral tergite with deep reticulation . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes columbicus\nvertex without denticles . dorsum of the propodeum largely covered by hairs . propodeal suture superficial . venezuela to bolivia , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes depressus\nci = 142 . head and mesosoma of the usual shape . anterior border of the pronotum curved . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes hispaniolicus\nbody opaque . lobes of the first gastral tergite strongly protruding anteriorly , their maximum length subequal to the maximum width . colombia , venezuela . . . . . cephalotes decolor\npetiolar dorsum unarmed . lateral expansions of the postpetiole round . postpetiole without dorsal carina . vertexal angles with broad , transparent lamellae . brazil . . . . . cephalotes goeldii\nfrontal carinae strongly upturned over the eyes . vertexal angles with a pair of broad , round expansions . mexico to colombia , venezuela and ecuador . . . . . cephalotes scutulatus\nci \u2264 133 . pppi < 209 . foveae on the mesosoma sparser . first gastral tergite with superficial reticulation . colombia to argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pusillus\nfirst gastral tergite orange to light brown and with a black lozenge in the middle . body sculpture very superficial . brazil . . . . . cephalotes conspersus ( in part )\nfirst gastral tergite with a dark spot in the middle . mesosoma with thin , irregular rugosities between the foveae . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes sucinus\nfirst gastral tergite longitudinally rugose over its entire anterior fourth . at most the gastral lobes can be smooth in some specimens . dominican republic , haiti . . . . . cephalotes hamulus\nhead ( mandibles excluded ) longer than the maximum pronotal width . lower meso - and metapleurae with more than 40 appressed , canaliculate hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes pileini\nventral face of the head with thick , regular , longitudinal striae . sides of the first gastral sternite with thick , curved striae . costa rica . . . . . cephalotes curvistriatus\nfoveae on the head dorsum sparse and shallow . posterior third of the propodeum superficially reticulate and without hairs . colombia , guyanas , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes pavonii\nci = 183 . head and mesosoma greatly flattened and with broad lamellar expansions . anterior border of the pronotum straight . mexican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes poinari\nbody superficially shining . lobes of the first gastral tergite not strongly protruding anteriorly , their maximum length much shorter than their width . haiti , dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes decoloratus\nbody hairs less broad and simply curved , clearly projecting over the dorsal surface of the head ( fig . 201 ) . brazil , argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes persimilis\nvertex with a pair of small denticles . dorsum of the propodeum with hairs only on the two anterior thirds . propodeal suture impressed . mexico to colombia . . . . . cephalotes cristatus\nfirst gastral tergite with dense , thick , appressed hairs missing only on a pair of longitudinal , posterior stripes . longitudinal rugulation of the mesosoma superficial . mexico . . . . . cephalotes auriger\npropodeum with only one pair of lateral denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole and postpetiole shorter than half of the maximum length of the respective segment . mexico . . . . . cephalotes bimaculatus\nbody foveae deep and dense , contiguous to each other , their interspaces narrower than the foveae themselves ( fig . 254 ) . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes obscurus\ndorsum of the mid and hind femora only with sparse , appressed hairs . petiolar and postpetiolar lateral expansions with strongly crenulate borders . mexico to peru and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes umbraculatus\npromesonotal suture almost invisible . propodeal suture visible only as a difference in sculpturation . longitudinal rugosities of the mesosoma distinguishable only in the propodeal area . brazil and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pinelii\nventral face of the head with thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities only . sides of the first gastral sternite with thin , longitudinal rugosities . texas , north mexico . . . . . cephalotes texanus\nsides of the frontal carinae , dorsum of the mesosoma , of the pedicel and posterior part of the first gastral tergite with erect , short , sub truncate hairs . argentina . . . . . cephalotes fossithorax\nmaximum diameter of the eyes less than 1 / 3 of the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . pronotal lamellae without teeth and anteriorly obtuse . dominican amber : fossil species . . . . . cephalotes brevispineus\npetiole anteriorly truncate . postpetiole with a superficial v - shaped carina . margination of the first gastral tergite surpassing abundantly the anterior half of the tergite backwards . brazil and argentina . . . . . cephalotes angustus\npilosity dense over entire body . gaster opaque . cephalic foveae dense and small , i . e . each fovea ~ 1 / 5 the maximum eye length . brazil and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes pilosus\ndorsum of the mesosoma , erect of the pedicel and of the gaster , and legs with abundant erect hairs ( fig . 158 ) . brazil , bolivia , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes eduarduli\nci < 126 . pi \u2265 104 . transition between the dorsal and lateral faces of the propodeum simply round . colombia , venezuela , guyanas , brazil , ecuador , peru , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes opacus\npropodeum with a pair of lateral teeth or denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole truncate and shorter than the maximum length of the petiole . florida , bahamas , cuba , dominican republic . . . . . cephalotes varians\nborder of the frontal carinae weakly crenulate , only with few clavate hairs ( fig . 215 ) . ventral face of the head reticulate and with superimposed irregular , longitudinal rugosities . brazil . . . . . cephalotes patellaris\nmaximum diameter of the eyes more than 1 / 3 of the head length ( mandibles excluded ) . pronotal lamellae with three pairs of teeth . colombia , guyana , brazil , peru . . . . . cephalotes manni\nfirst gastral sternite shining , the reticulation very superficial . head , mesosoma and pedicel with impressed sculpture . foveae on the head and mesosoma dense and deep ( fig . 318 ) . argentina . . . . . cephalotes bivestitus\nborder of the frontal carinae strongly crenulate , with several standing , clavate hairs ( fig . 218 ) . ventral face of the head simply reticulate . guyana , surinam , brazil and bolivia . . . . . cephalotes pallidus\nhead , mesosoma , pedicel , gaster and legs only very superficially foveolate ; the foveae almost indistinguishable on the first gastral tergite . ( fig . 291 ) . hbal \u2265 30 . argentina and paraguay . . . . . cephalotes bohlsi\nfirst gastral sternite reticulate and opaque . head , mesosoma , pedicel and gaster with less impressed sculpture . foveae on the head and mesosoma sparse and shallow ( fig . 292 ) . brazil , argentina , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes jheringi\npronotum , laterally , with a pair of continuous lamellae not fused with a spine . body foveae deep , the foveae bearing palm leaf - shaped hairs ( fig . 389 ) . panama , peru , colombia , bolivia . . . . . cephalotes foliaceus\npetiole anteriorly oblique . postpetiole with a well marked v - shaped carina . margination of the first gastral tergite not surpassing the anterior half of the tergite posteriorly . venezuela , trinidad , guyana , brazil , bolivia , paraguay . . . . . cephalotes targionii\ncephalotes is a broad genus of ants . they are heavily armoured \u2013 it makes you wonder just how formidalble they would look if we were the same size . the amazing thing about many of them is the head \u2013 used to plug a gap as it were . above is an ant of the species\na member of the pallens clade differing from its sister species cephalotes pallidus by the following apomorphies : in the worker , soldier and gyne , sculpture less impressed , femora more inflate , and hbai \u2265 50 and , in the gyne only , disc with shallower and more regular foveae . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )\nde andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 480 , figs . 222 - 224 soldier , worker , queen , male described )\nthe ants live in trees in the forest areas of the new world tropics and the subtropics . some cephalotes species can even glide back to the tree if they are knocked from it . most of them are what is known as polymorphic which means that they have various castes that have a specific use and purpose in the colony . above is another example of\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nto put it simply the flat head is a plug \u2013 nothing more nothing less . the cephalotes have a habit of using old holes in trees in which they will make the entrance to their nest . now , sometimes other creatures will have the same thing in mind , particularly the crematogaster acrobat ant . above is another species that demonstrates the same features ( we prefer the colors too ) , which is\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they\nfly\ntowards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nworker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nde andrade , in de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 480 , figs . 222 - 224 ( s . w . q . m . ) brazil .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nborder of the frontal carinae and of the membranaceous expansions of the mesosoma weakly crenulate . femora much more incrassate . mid and hind femora angulate . mid and hind basitarsi flat , shorter and broader .\nsculpture . head and mesosoma with shallower foveae , dense or sparse on the frontal carinae , with thin rugosities between the foveae in some specimens only . ventral part of the head with or without small , irregular foveae separate by short , longitudinal rugosities . propodeum and pleurae without longitudinal rugosities . anterior third and sides of the first gastral tergite with shallower foveae . first gastral sternite and legs with more superficial reticulation and foveae .\npilosity . as in pallidus but with the hairs on the border of the frontal carinae sparser and thinner some specimens with less short , erect , pointed , hairs on the gastral sternites .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 79 - 4 . 44 ; hl 0 . 90 - 1 . 00 ; hw 1 . 00 - 1 . 20 ; el 0 . 23 - 0 . 26 ; pw 0 . 90 - 1 . 1 . 02 ; pew 0 . 65 - 0 . 77 ; ppw 0 . 53 - 0 . 70 ; hbal 0 . 20 - 0 . 26 ; hbaw 0 . 11 - 0 . 13 ; ci 111 . 1 - 122 . 2 ; pi 111 . 1 - 123 . 9 ; ppei 124 . 3 - 147 . 8 ; pppi 140 . 0 - 192 . 4 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 61 . 9 .\nborder of the cephalic disc less crenulate . disc flat to gently convex medially . vertexal angles and pronotal carina less crenulate . sides of the basal face of the propodeum with two pairs of slightly round swellings . gastral lobes less protruding . femora more incrassate . mid and hind femora dorsally more angulate .\nsculpture . body foveae more regular . foveae of the head dorsum approaching more the borders of the disc . internal border of the disc with a narrow punctate area without rugosities . some specimens with the head completely covered by a thick layer of probable camouflage material . sides of the head more regularly foveolate . ventral part of the head with thinner rugosities . mesosoma , pleurae and pedicel with less impressed punctures and foveae . gaster and legs with more superficial reticulation , foveae and rugosities .\npilosity . sides of the head disc , pronotum , pedicel , gaster and legs with sparser , clubbed hairs . each fovea of the mesosoma , pedicel , gaster and legs with an appressed hair . gastral sternites with less , short , erect , pointed , hairs .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 08 - 5 . 64 ; hl 1 . 36 - 1 . 56 ; hw 1 . 22 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 31 - 0 . 34 ; pw 1 . 16 - 1 . 34 ; pew 0 . 64 - 0 . 75 ; ppw 0 . 60 - 0 . 71 ; hbal 0 . 23 - 0 . 25 ; hbaw 0 . 13 - 0 . 14 ; ci 89 . 7 - 97 . 4 ; pi 105 . 2 - 114 . 5 ; ppei 181 . 2 - 194 . 2 ; pppi 174 . 6 - 212 . 7 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 61 . 5 .\ndiffering from the soldier in the following characters . floor of the disc flat posteriorly , declivous and with raised border anteriorly . vertexal depression deeper . humeral angles obtuse . pronotal carina lower . pronotum , mesonotum and scutellum flat . sides of the basal face of the propodeum anteriorly convex and posteriorly with a pair of minute denticles slightly diverging externally .\nanterior face of the petiole more oblique and gently concave medially . petiolar sides with a pair of small denticles . postpetiolar sides with a pair of expansions variably developed , round apically or , sometimes , bearing a pair of minute denticles pointed backwards .\nsculpture . as in the soldier but the foveae cover the whole disc . foveae on the mesosoma variably impressed . foveae on the propodeum slightly smaller . upper mesopleurae and center of the lower mesopleurae foveolate , the foveae denser and deeper on the upper mesopleurae .\npilosity . as in the soldier except for the slightly denser clubbed hairs on the mesosoma , pedicel , gaster , and legs .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 22 - 7 . 84 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 32 - 1 . 52 ; el 0 . 36 - 0 . 39 ; pw 1 . 32 - 1 . 48 ; pew 0 . 52 - 0 . 66 ; ppw 0 . 62 - 0 . 74 ; hbal 0 . 32 - 0 . 37 ; hbaw 0 . 18 - 0 . 20 ; ci 89 . 2 - 92 . 7 ; pi 100 . 0 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 212 . 9 - 253 . 8 ; pppi 180 . 1 - 212 . 9 ; hbai 50 . 0 - 59 . 4 .\ndiffering from pallidus in the following characters . frontal carinae lower . clypeus convex posteriorly , straight or with a superficial incision anteriorly . pronotum in dorsal view with the sides diverging backwards ; lateral margination of the pronotum variably developed .\nsculpture . head dorsum minutely reticulate ; posterior third of the head dorsum irregularly foveolate - rugose ; frons with sparse , small foveae and thin , longitudinal rugosities . sides of the head in front of the eyes and area between the scapes with thin , transversal rugosities . ventral part of the head , mesosoma and pedicel as in pallidus except for the presence of longitudinal rugosities on the declivous face of the propodeum ; rugosities on the mesopleurae more impressed . gaster subopaque to shining .\ncolour . black with lighter pedicel and gaster . coxae and two proximal thirds of the femora brown . remaining parts of the legs dark yellow .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 46 - 5 . 17 ; hl 0 . 71 - 0 . 75 ; hw 0 . 88 - 0 . 96 ; el 0 . 35 - 0 . 40 ; pw 0 . 88 ; pew 0 . 39 ; ppw 0 . 43 - 0 . 47 ; hbal 0 . 39 - 0 . 46 ; hbaw 0 . 07 - 0 . 08 ; ci 123 . 9 - 12 8 . 0 ; pi 100 . 0 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 225 . 6 ; pppi 187 . 2 - 204 . 6 ; hbai 17 . 4 - 17 . 9 .\nholotype soldier from brazil labeled : utiariti ( 325 m ) , rio papagaio , mato grosso , brasil , vii . 1961 , k . lenko . paratypes : 8 workers , 1 male , same data as the holotype , all museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo .\nthis page was last modified on 22 june 2015 , at 06 : 41 .\nthis page was last modified on 13 november 2017 , at 22 : 40 .\nbasal and declivous faces of the propodeum forming an angle of 90\u00b0 and separated by a pair of spines . pronotum with a pair of lateral spines\npropodeum without distinct basal and declivous faces , i . e . , inclined , or , if angulate , the two faces never separate by a pair of spines . pronotum , laterally , at most denticulate , but never with spines\nposterior fourth of the head dorsum with curved , thick hairs . gaster pilosity thinner and much sparser\nbody covering with hairs of different types , but never long , pointed and flexuous . a few pointed hairs may be present on the external border of the frontal carinae and on the sides of the meso - and metasoma , of the petiole , of the postpetiole and on the gaster\nbody pilosity sparser . gaster superficially or completely shining . cephalic foveae sparse and larger , i . e . each fovea ~ 1 / 4 the maximum eye length\nfirst gastral tergite with massive anterior lobes concolorous with the rest of the gaster . body colour reddish brown , dark brown or black . hind femora never angulate\nfirst gastral tergite without expansions , or with anterior lamellaceous or membranaceous expansions paler than the rest of the gaster . if semimembranaceous lobes are present ( incertus ) then , colour ferruginous or yellowish brown and hind femora angulate\nsides of the frontal carinae with sub clavate or clavate hairs . dorsum of the mesosoma and of the pedicel never with erect , short , sub truncate hairs\nat least head and mesosoma with deep foveae ; foveae of the first gastral tergite always well visible ( figs . 292 , 318 ) . hbal \u2264 27\npronotum , laterally , with a pair of broad lamellaceous expansions fused with a spine visible in transparency . body foveae absent to superficial ; hairs simple to broad\npropodeum differently shaped , either without denticles or with two or three pairs of denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole spiniform and as long as or longer than the maximum length of the petiole\nhead , mesosoma , pedicel and gaster deeply sculptured ; the foveae with thick border , irregular , contiguous and deep ( figs . 215 , 218 ) ; first gastral tergite with well recognisable sculpture over its whole surface\nsides of the pronotum generally without denticles and broadly expanded . if the pronotal expansions are weakly denticulate ( kukulcan , scutulatus , incertus , caribicus ) and narrow ( incertus , caribicus , kukulcan ) , the hind femora are angulate\nsides of the pronotum with a narrow , denticulate lamella . if the pronotum is only weakly denticulate ( bimaculatus ) , the hind femora are not angulate\npetiole without membranaceous expansions and with a pair of lateral spines . propodeum laterally incised\npetiole with broad membranaceous lateral expansions , never with true spines . propodeal sides never incised\nfoveae on the head dorsum shallower and more regular . membranaceous expansions of the gaster flat\nhead ( mandibles excluded ) shorter than the maximum pronotal width . lower meso - and metapleurae with less than 25 appressed , canaliculate hairs\npropodeum with three pairs of lateral denticles . lateral expansions of the petiole and postpetiole longer than the maximum length of the respective segment\nsecond pair of pronotal teeth in shape of triangular lobes and directed upwards . hind femora not angulate . postpetiole with long spines\nspines between the basal and declivous faces of the propodeum at least 1 . 5 times longer than the basal face\nfirst gastral tergite black with or without a transversal strip or with a pair of variably developed coloured spots . body sculpture impressed\npetiolar dorsum with a minute pair of denticles . lateral expansions of the postpetiole pointed or obtuse . postpetiole with traces of a v - shaped carina . vertexal angles without or simply with narrow lamellae\nbody foveae more superficial and sparse , their interspace much broader than the maximum fovea diameter ( figs . 253 , 258 )\ndorsum of the mid and hind femora densely covered with hairs . petiolar and postpetiolar expansions spiniform or round , never crenulate\npropodeal sides with a pair of spines followed by a pair of teeth ( figs . 158 , 147 )\nfrontal carinae yellow and semitransparent , not concolour with the head . vertexal angles never denticulate , with a yellowish , lamellaceous border\nhbai ( hind basitarsal index ) < 32 . external border of the pronotal lamella incised\nthis page was last modified on 28 january 2016 , at 21 : 02 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n% pdf - 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{"id": 318, "summary": [{"text": "thliptoceras fulvimargo is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( guangxi ) , india ( khasia hills ) and burma .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are smoky fuscous . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "thliptoceras fulvimargo", "paragraphs": ["mimocomma fulvimargo warren , 1895 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 473\nthliptoceras calvatalis swinhoe , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 2 ) : 275\nthliptoceras distictalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : katha , burma\nthliptoceras ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 178 ; [ globiz ]\nzhang , d . d . & he , f . x . ( 2010 ) two new records of thliptoceras warren , 1890 ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) from china , entomotaxonomia , 32 ( 1 ) , 71\u201373 .\nthe species of the genus thliptoceras warren , 1890 from the oriental region of china are reviewed , and a description of the genus is given . five new species , t . bicuspidatum sp . nov . , t . semicirculare sp . nov . , t . bisulciforme sp . nov . , t . filamentosum sp . nov . and t . impube sp . nov . are described . t . fulvimargo ( warren , 1895 ) is newly recorded for china . a key to the species of the oriental region of china is provided , along with diagnoses for previously described species . illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented .\nb\u00e4nziger , h . ( 1987 ) description of new moths which settle on man and animals in s . e . asia ( genera thliptoceras , hemiscopis , toxobotys , pyralidae , lepid . ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 94 ( 4 ) , 671\u2013681 .\nmunroe , e . g . ( 1967 ) a new species of thliptoceras from thailand , with notes on generic and specific synonymy and placement and with designations of lectotypes ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 99 ( 7 ) , 721\u2013727 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncircobotys phycidalis snellen , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 4 ) : 599\nthliptocera coenostolalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : sierra leone\nthliptocera polygrammodes hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 180 ; tl : natal , mooi river\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\na catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j . elwes and the late otto m\u00f6ller\nwarren , 1896 new species of pyralidae from khasia hills ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 ( 102 ) : 452 - 466 , 18 ( 103 ) : 107 - 119 , 18 ( 104 ) : 163 - 177 , 18 ( 105 ) : 214 - 231\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naurivillius , c . ( 1910 ) lepidoptera . in : sj\u00f6stedt , y . ( ed . ) , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen expedition nach dem kilimandjaro , dem meru und den umgebenden massaisteppen deutsch - ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter leitung von prof . dr . yngve sj\u00f6stedt . 9 . k\u00f6nigl schwedische akademie der wissenschaften , stockholm , pp . 1\u201356 , pls . 1\u20132 .\ncaradja , a . ( 1925 ) ueber chinas pyraliden , tortriciden , tineiden nebst kurze betrachtungen , zu denen das studium dieser fauna veranlassung gibt ( eine biogeographische skizze ) . academia romana memoriile sectiunii stiintifice , seria 3 , 3 ( 7 ) , 257\u2013383 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nde joannis , j . ( 1932 ) l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res des mascareignes . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 427\u2013456 , 1 pl .\nfletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . ( 1984 ) the generic names of moths of the world , volume 5 : pyraloidea . publications british museum ( natural history ) , london , 1\u2013185 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1891 ) illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii . the lepidoptera heterocera of the nilgiri district . printed by order of the trustees , london , i\u2013iv , 1\u2013144 , pls . 139\u2013156 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1896 ) the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma , moths . vol . iv . printed by taylor and francis , london , i\u2013xxviii , 1\u2013594 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1899 ) a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part ii . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london , 172\u2013291 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1913 ) descriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , series 8 , 11 , 322\u2013342 . urltoken\nhampson , g . f . ( 1918a ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 1 , 265\u2013280 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1918b ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 2 , 181\u2013196 .\nheppner , j . b . ( 1995 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . vol . 3 . checklist : part 2 hyblaeoidea - pyralidae - tortricoidea . association for tropical lepidoptera . gainesville , i\u2013liv , 1\u2013243 .\nleech , j . h . ( 1889 ) new species of deltoids and pyrales from corea , north china , and japan . the entomologist , 22 , 62\u201371 , pls . 2 - 4 .\nli , h . h . & zheng , z . m . ( 1996 ) methods and techniques of specimens of microlepidopera . journal of shaanxi normal university ( natural science edit ion ) , 24 ( 3 ) , 63\u201370 .\nmabille , p . ( 1899\u20131900 ) lepidoptera nova malagassica et africana . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 68 , 723 \u2013753 .\nmaes , k . v . n . ( 1994 ) some notes on the taxonomic status of the pyraustinae ( sensu minet 1981 [ 1982 ] ) and a check list of the palaearctic pyraustinae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae ) . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d ' entomologie , 130 , 159\u2013168 .\nmaes , k . v . n . ( 1995 ) a comparative morphological study of the adult crambidae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d ' entomologie , 131 , 383\u2013434 .\nmarion , h . ( 1952 ) ebauche d\u2019une classification nouvelle des pyraustidae . revue fran\u00e7ais l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie , xiii , 260\u2013270 .\nmarion , h . ( 1961 ) r\u00e9vision des pyraustidae de france . alexanor , 2 ( 1 ) , 11\u201318 ; 2 ( 3 ) , 83\u201390 ; 2 ( 5 ) , 173\u2013180 ; 2 ( 6 ) , 224\u2013226 ; 2 ( 8 ) , 297\u2013304 .\nmunroe , e . g . ( 1976 ) pyraloidea ( in part ) . in : dominick , r . b . , et al . ( eds . ) , the moths of america north of mexico including greenland , 13 . 2a . e . w . classey ltd et the wedge entomological foundation , london , 1\u201378 .\nmunroe , e . g . & mutuura , a . ( 1968 ) contributions to a study of the pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) of temperate east asia ii . the canadian entomologist , 100 ( 8 ) , 861\u2013868 . urltoken\nnuss , m . , landry , b . , vegliante , f . , tr\u00e4nkner , a . , mally , r . , hayden , j . , segerer , a . , li , h . , schouten , r . , solis , m . a . , trofimova , t . , de prins , j . & speidel , w . ( 2003\u20132013 ) global information system on pyraloidea . available from : urltoken ( accessed 8 april 2014 )\nrobison , g . s . ( 1976 ) the preparation of slides of lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the microlepidoptera . entomologist\u2019s gazette , 27 , 127\u2013132 .\nrose , h . s . ( 1982 ) male genitalia of the type - species of some pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) from north india and its taxonomic significance . journal of entomology research , 6 ( 1 ) , 51\u201367 .\nschaus , w . ( 1912 ) new species of heterocera from costa rica . pyralidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 8 , 9 , 289\u2013311 .\nshaffer , m . , nielsen , e . s . & horak , m . ( 1996 ) pyraloidea . in : nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds . ) , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera 4 . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , pp . 164\u2013199 .\nsnellen , p . c . t . ( 1880 ) lepidoptera . in : veth , p . j . ( ed . ) , midden - sumatra . reizen en onderzoekingen der sumatra - expeditie uitgerust door het aardrijkskundig genootschap 1877 - 1879 . 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 8 ) . e . j . brill , leiden , pp . 1\u201392 , pls . 1\u20135 .\nsnellen , p . c . t . ( 1890 ) a catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j . elwes and the late otto m\u00f6ller , with notes by h . j . elwes . transactions of the entomological society of london , 38 , 557\u2013647 , pls . 19\u201320 . urltoken\nsnellen , p . c . t . ( 1895 ) aanteekeningen over pyraliden met beschrijving van nieuwe genera en soorten . tijdschrift voor entomologie ' s gravenhage , 38 , 103\u2013161 , pls . 5\u20136 .\nsong , s . m . ( 2001 ) pyralidae . in : huang , b . k . ( ed . ) , fauna of insect in fujian province of china . vol . 5 . lepidoptera , moths . fujian science and technology press , fuzhou , pp . 101\u2013226 .\nstrand , e . h . ( 1918 ) sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : pyralididae , subfam . pyraustinae . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris , 32 ( 1\u20132 ) , 33\u201391 .\nswinhoe , c . ( 1890 ) the moths of burma . transactions of the entomological society of london , 38 , 161\u2013296 , pls . 6\u20138 .\nswinhoe , c . ( 1900 ) noctuina , geometrina and pyralidina . in : swinhoe , c . , walsingham , l . & durrant , j . h . ( eds . ) , catalogue of eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford university museum , part ii . clarendon press , oxford , pp . 1\u2013540 , pls . 1\u20138 .\nviette , p . ( 1996 ) heterocera ( lepidoptera ) from reunion ( = bourbon ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9unionnaise des amis du museum , saint - denis , 1\u2013117 . [ with the collaboration of guillermet , c . ]\nwang , j . s . , song , s . m . , wu , y . y . & chen , t . m . ( 2003 ) fauna of pyralidae of wuyishan nature reserve in china . china science and technology press , beijing , 1\u2013328 , pls . i\u2013iv .\nwarren , w . ( 1895 ) new genera and species of pyralidae , thyrididae , and epiplemidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 6 , 16 , 460\u2013477 .\nwarren , w . ( 1896 ) new species of pyralidae from the khasia hills . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 6 , 18 , 107\u2013119 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 319, "summary": [{"text": "tropheops modestus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 6.4 centimetres ( 2.5 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "tropheops modestus", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : tropheops modestus [ orgn ] .\ntropheops\nelongatus bar ,\nphotographed underwater at maleri island . konings ( 1995c : 71 ) believes this entity is t . modestus . from plate 6i of ribbink et al . , 1983 ; reproduced by permission of the zoological society of southern africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nafrica : known from the type locality , waters off makanjila , lake malawi .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5684 )\nkonings , a . , 2007 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . 4th edition . cichlid press , el paso , usa . 424p . ( ref . 79521 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 14 september 2017 ) .\njohnson , d . s . 1974 . three new cichlids from lake malawi . today ' s aquarist 1 ( 3 ) : 38\u201342 .\nkonings , a . 1990 . konings ' s book of cichlids and all the other fishes of lake malawi . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city new jersey .\nkonings , a . 1995 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . second edition . cichlid press , st . leon - rot , germany .\n( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t61172a117850934 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlast update : 6 november 2010 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 322, "summary": [{"text": "barbus haasi , or the \" catalan barbel \" ( catalan : barb cua-roig ; spanish : barbo colirrojo or barbo de cola roja ) , is a species of freshwater fish in the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a small size barbel found only in the northeast of the iberian peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "morphologically it is similar to barbus bocagei , but it is smaller and rarely reaches sizes longer than 20 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are rivers and inland karsts in all ebro basin , but mainly in inner catalonia , especially in the bages comarca area .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species is threatened by habitat loss and the introduction of non-native species such as the pumpkinseed ( lepomis gibbosus ) and the wels catfish ( silurus glanis ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "barbus haasi", "paragraphs": ["outbreaks of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in redtail barbs barbus haasi in a mediterranean stream during drought .\nectoparasites of native cyprinid barbus haasi : first record of trichodina acuta and trichodina fultoni in iberian catchments .\noutbreaks of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in redtail barbs barbus haasi in a mediterranean stream during drought . - pubmed - ncbi\nreproduction and growth of barbus haasi in a small stream in the n . e . of the iberian peninsula\nreproduction and growth of barbus haasi in a small stream in the n . e . of the iberian peninsula - archiv f\u00fcr hydrobiologie volume 142 number 1 \u2014 schweizerbart science publishers\nparasitological studies of wild freshwater fish in iberia are needed to provide baseline data for management strategies , but the conservation status of many species means application of non - lethal sampling procedures is mandatory . a survey of iberian redfin barbel ( barbus haasi ) from five mediterranean streams in north - eastern of spain using mucus scrapings revealed the presence of trichodina acuta , t . fultoni and gyrodactylus spp . with prevalences of 35 - 60 % , 8 % , 2 - 50 % and densities of 54 - 197 , 42 - 89 , 2 - 50 parasites / mm2 on fish skin , respectively . biometrics of the trichodinid species are provided , and we discuss the potential application of trichodinids as eutrophication bioindicators in these rivers .\njustification : b . haasi has undergone an estimated population decline of 30 % in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction , introduced species and habitat destruction ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) . this decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate with desiccation being the main threat ( carmona , j . pers comm ) .\ndiagnosed from other species of barbus and luciobarbus in iberian peninsula by having the following characters : body with numerous small black dots , more or less aligned in longitudinal series along scale rows ; anal , part of caudal and pelvic fins red during spawning season ; lower lip with a median lobe ; last simple dorsal ray slender , with small or without serrae posteriorly ; and lateral line with 46 - 50 + 3 - 4 scales ( ref . 59043 ) .\nin 2008 , inland waterways in catalonia ( northeast iberian peninsula , spain ) experienced one of the worst droughts recorded in this region in recent decades . during this period , an epizootic of ichthyophthirius multifiliis was detected for the first time in a mediterranean stream , with 21 % prevalence in a population of redtail barbs barbus haasi . environmental features and the fish population in this stream were compared during 2007 - 2009 . fish density and the average fish size were reduced significantly after the outbreak of i . multifiliis in this population . during 2008 , parasitized fish were significantly larger than nonparasitized fish . in addition , a significant , positive correlation was found between parasite load and fish size . the origin of i . multifiliis is unknown , but an introduced species detected in april 2007 may have carried it . the combination of stress to the redtail barbs due to suboptimal conditions and favorable environmental conditions for parasite multiplication ( e . g . , suitable water temperature and low water flow ) could have enhanced fish susceptibility to the parasite in april 2008 . further studies are needed to establish the incidence of freshwater fish diseases in mediterranean watersheds , and water management policies should be reviewed to improve the conservation of native fish fauna .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 )\noccurs in water bodies on low - lying plains , with little current ; in water courses at high altitudes and in springs and associated wetlands ( ref . 26100 ) . most frequently found in upper , cooler stretches of streams , with current and stone bottom . feeds mainly on benthic macro - invertebrates , especially insect larvae . spawns on vegetation and under stones ( ref . 59043 ) . is threatened by water abstraction , pollution , and habitat destruction ( ref . 26100 ) .\nkottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00977 ( 0 . 00617 - 0 . 01549 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 38 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 17 ; tm = 1 - 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 62 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\nit is restricted to headwaters of streams belonging to the ebro river basin and to several coastal river basins in spain .\nit is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) , living in the upper part of rivers with cold , rapidly running waters and gravel stony substrate . reproduction takes place between april and june . life span is 5\u20136 years .\nwater pollution and extraction and invasive species have been the main threats . dam construction is also destroyng some of the species habitat . desiccation is seen as a major future threat to the species .\nlisted on annex v of the european union habitats directive as b . copito .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalso known as barbo de cola roja ( barbo colirrojo ) , the catalonian barbel is a small barbel ( cyprinidae ) found in the cold , running waters of mountain streams in the ebro river catchment and several other coastal river basins of catalonia in eastern spain . listed on the iucn red list as vulnerable , it has undergone an estimated population decline of 30 % in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction , introduced species , dam construction and habitat destruction . the iucn states that this decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate with desiccation cited as being the main threat . the beautiful limestone mountains and green crystal clear waters of the upper matarranya river at el parrissal near beceite is a great place to visit and explore . the area is part of the national park ports de beseit and all swimming is prohibited in order to protect the aquatic life , including an endangered species of crayfish . this video was filmed with an old gopro hero hd camera placed in the shallows at the water edge . the fish were naturally schooling in this area , there was no enticement with baits etc . there will also be an edited version available soon giving more of an idea of this biotope and some of the other creatures that inhabit the area . \u00a9 greg wallis urltoken\ndiscus , angel fish , and german blue rams . welcome to the beast tank\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj aquat anim health . 2009 sep ; 21 ( 3 ) : 189 - 94 . doi : 10 . 1577 / h08 - 054 . 1 .\nmaceda - veiga a 1 , salvad\u00f3 h , vinyoles d , de sostoa a .\ndepartament de biologia animal , facultat de biologia , universitat de barcelona , avda , diagonal 645 , e - 08028 barcelona , spain . albertomaceda @ urltoken\narchiv f\u00fcr hydrobiologie volume 142 number 1 ( 1998 ) , p . 95 - 110\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 23 : 43 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 323, "summary": [{"text": "galearctus avulsus is a species of slipper lobster that lives around new caledonia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described in 2011 , having previously been included in galearctus kitanovirosus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it differs from the other species of the genus galearctus most noticeably in the shape of a groove on the sternum . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "galearctus avulsus", "paragraphs": ["taxid : 1008998 galearctus avulsus ( species ) , galearctus avulsus yang , chen & chan , 2011 ( authority ) , galearctus sp . chy - 2011 ( includes ) .\nthe following term was not found in genome : galearctus avulsus [ orgn ] .\nhave a fact about galearctus avulsus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for galearctus avulsus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntaxid : 1008997 galearctus rapanus ( species ) , galearctus rapanus ( holthuis , 1993 ) ( authority ) .\ntaxid : 521337 galearctus kitanoviriosus ( species ) , galearctus kitanoviriosus ( harada , 1962 ) ( authority ) , scyllarus kitanoviriosus ( synonym ) , scyllarus kitanoviriosus harada , 1962 ( authority ) .\ntaxid : 521364 galearctus timidus ( species ) , galearctus timidus ( holthuis , 1960 ) ( authority ) , scyllarus timidus ( synonym ) , scyllarus timidus holthuis , 1960 ( authority ) .\ntaxid : 521309 galearctus aurora ( species ) , galearctus aurora ( holthuis , 1982 ) ( authority ) , scyllarus aurora ( synonym ) , scyllarus aurora holthuis , 1982 ( authority ) .\nthis species was previously misidentified as galearctus kitanoviriosus ( t - . y . chan pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nyang , c . ; chen , i . ; chan , t . ( 2011 ) . a new slipper lobster of the genus galearctus holthuis , 2002 ( crustacea , decapoda , scyllaridae ) from new caledonia . zoosystema . 33 ( 2 ) : 207 - 217 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nid 586272 taxonomy ; de galearctus ( genus ) . pa 59755 ( parent id ) cc authority = galearctus holthuis , 2002 cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cc this entry is a placeholder for the corresponding entry in the ncbi cc taxonomy urltoken cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / /\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as least concern . this species has a reasonably broad geographic range and faces no major threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nyang , chen & chan , 2011 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 762301 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthis species is only known from its type locality on rapa iti , french polynesia : 2736s , 14416w ( holthuis 2002 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ntaxid : 59755 scyllaridae ( family ) , slipper lobsters ( genbank common name ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 324, "summary": [{"text": "urodeta aculeata is a moth of the family elachistidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 6.3 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the thorax , tegula and forewing are grey brown , mottled with blackish brown tipped scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded in the beginning of may . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "urodeta aculeata", "paragraphs": ["urodeta aculeata sruoga & prins , 2011 , sp . n . - plazi treatmentbank\nurodeta aculeata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b025 ' n 012\u00b047 ' e , 275m\nfigures 33 \u2013 36 . urodeta aculeata , sp . n . , holotype . 33 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 34 , head , latero - frontal view ; 35 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 36 , phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 601 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5275 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nurodela [ = urodeta ] stainton , 1869 ; tineina south . europe : 226 ; ts : urodela [ sic ] cisticolella stainton\ntype species : urodeta cisticolella stainton , 1869 [ = u . hibernella staudinger , 1859 ] . the tineina of southern europe : 226 . by monotypy .\nurodeta absidata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta crenata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 7 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 275m , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b040 ' e\nurodeta cuspidis sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b025 ' n 012\u00b047 ' e , 275m\nurodeta falciferella ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 54 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta faro sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta gnoma ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta maculata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta quadrifida sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1000m , tswaing crater reserve , 26\u00b028 ' s 23\u00b046 ' e\nurodeta taeniata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 56 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta tortuosa sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 10 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta trilobata sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 51 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25\u00b024 ' s 28\u00b005 ' e\nurodeta acinacella sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 , 53 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25\u00b024 ' s 28\u00b005 ' e\nurodeta acerba sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 5 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nurodeta bucera sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 6 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nurodeta talea sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2012 . a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species . - zootaxa : 1\u201322 .\nurodeta inusta kaila , 2011 ; monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : western australia , 163km se by e broome , 18\u00b049 ' s 123\u00b017 ' e\nlarva on cistus monspeliensis [ me5 ] , 195 , cistus salviaefolius , c . ladaniferus , c . x _ ledon de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55\nphthinostoma maculata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : namibia , waterberg national park\nphthinostoma taeniata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 22 ; tl : namibia , otavi mts . , varianto farm\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nstaudinger , 1859 diagnosen nebst kurzen beschreibungen neuer andalusischer lepidopteren stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 211 - 259\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstainton h . t . 1869 . the tineina of southern europe . - \u2014 : i ~ viii , 1\u2013370 .\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2011 . new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . - zootaxa 3008 : 1\u201332 .\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2009 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species . - zootaxa 2172 : 1\u201331 .\nmey w . 2007b . microlepidoptera : smaller families . \u2013 in mey , w . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . part 2 . - esperiana memoir 4 : 9\u201330 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about urodid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for urodid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsruoga , virginijus & prins , jurate de , 2011 , new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo , zootaxa 3008 , pp . 1 - 32 : 6\nriver camp , 275 m , 08\u00b0 25 \u2019n 012\u00b0 47 \u2019e , 04 . v . 2005 , leg . j . & w . de prins . specimen id : rmca\n, known from kenya ( for external characters and male genitalia refer to sruoga & de prins 2009 ) . however , the forewing in the new species is without white oblique streak as in\n, as both these species have well developed , apically rounded juxta lobes and vesica with few large and numerous small cornuti . these species can be separated most easily by the shape of valva , the number of large cornuti and the very peculiar medial carina of phallus in\n) . uncus short . spinose knob of gnathos wider than long , rounded apically . valva short and broad ; sacculus ventrally curved at obtuse angle ; cucullus short and narrow , tapered apically ; transtilla short , strongly sclerotized . ventral shied of juxta large ; juxta lobes well developed , apically bilobed . vinculum ushaped , proximal margin concave . phallus short , as long as valva , with strongly sclerotized narrow streak along ventral margin ; medial carina of phallus long , apically bent ; vesica with 3 large cornuti and two groups of smaller cornuti : basal group with long and very narrow cornuti , medial group with larger ones , slightly different in size .\nflight period . the only one known specimen was captured in the beginning of may .\netymology . the species name is derived from the latin aculeatus ( provided with prickles ) in reference to the numerous cornuti .\nremarks . in the male genitalia the juxta apically is fused with the phallus , therefore during preparation , if the phallus is removed , the juxta lobes can be separated from the juxta along with the phallus .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . collecting localities of the afrotropical elachistinae species . 1 , cameroon , north province , faro river floodplain ; 2 , drc , bas - congo , mayumbe forest ; 3 , general map indicating collecting sites ; 4 , collecting site in cameroon ; 5 , collecting site in drc .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 328, "summary": [{"text": "boninena callistoderma is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family enidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is currently only endemic to haha-jima and ane-jima in the ogasawara islands ( japan ) , having been extirpated from other parts of this archipelago . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "boninena callistoderma", "paragraphs": ["boninena leptostraca ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\nboninena warburgi ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : boninena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 6 sp )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n- - - - - - family : enidae b . b . woodward , 1903 ( land ) db counters : genus = 65 , subgenus = 16 , species = 452 , subspecies = 68 ( 225 species and 40 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 5 , subspecies = 0\ngenus : borlumastus a . \u00f6rstan & m . z . yildirim , 2004 ( db : 1 sp )\ngenus : coniconapaeus i . abbes , s . nouira & e . neubert , 2009 ( db : 3 sp )\npalaeomastus complanatus ( a . e . reuss , 1849 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npalaeomastus filocinctus ( a . e . reuss , 1849 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npalaeomastus hassiacus ( w . a . wenz , 1919 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nsubfamily : andronakiinae - genus : andronakia w . a . lindholm , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : adzharia p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : amimopina t . iredale , 1933 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : buliminus h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 19 sp )\nbuliminus djurdjurensis c . m . f . ancey in c . a . westerlund , 1892\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : buliminus ( pene ) p . m . pallary , 1929 ( db : 5 sp )\nbuliminus ( pene ) sidoniensis ( j . g . f . de charpentier , 1847 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : clausilioides w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : coccoderma o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1901 ( db : 10 sp )\ncoccoderma abbreviata ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1915 )\ncoccoderma clausiliaeformis ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\ncoccoderma corti ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )\ncoccoderma messageri ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1900 )\ncoccoderma scaber ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\ncoccoderma tonkiniana ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\ncoccoderma varians ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1912 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : luchuena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 6 sp )\nluchuena nesiotica ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : mirus j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 18 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : omphaloconus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( cirna ) p . m . pallary , 1928 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( kabylia ) p . m . pallary , 1928 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : omphaloconus ( mauronapaeus ) w . kobelt , 1899 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : pupinidius o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1901 ( db : 8 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - subgenus : pupinidius ( petraeomastus ) o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1901 ( db : 4 sp )\npupinidius ( petraeomastus ) breviculus ( o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1902 )\npupinidius ( petraeomastus ) qii s . y . wang & min wu , 2013\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : serina p . v . gredler , 1898 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : sesteria j . r . bourguignat , 1884 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : buliminusinae - genus : yakuena t . habe , 1955 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : chondrulopsininae - genus : chondrulopsina w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\nsiraphoroides moltschanovi ( i . m . likharev & e . s . rammelmeyer , 1952 )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : chondrula h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 23 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : chondrus g . l . c . f . d . cuvier , 1817 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : ena w . e . leach in w . h . turton , 1831 ( db : 15 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( caucasicola ) p . hesse , 1917 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( paramastus ) p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : ena ( peristoma ) i . krynicki , 1833 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : georginapaeus a . a . schileyko , 1998 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : imparietula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : jaminia a . risso , 1826 ( db : 11 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : mastus h . h . beck , 1837 ( db : 29 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : meijeriella r . a . bank , 1985 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : multidentula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : napaeus j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 73 sp )\nnapaeus badiosus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus helvolus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus lajaensis r . garcia del castillo , y . yanes , m . r . alonso & c . m . ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , 2006\nnapaeus myosotis ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus roccellicola ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus terverianus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nnapaeus variatus ( p . b . webb & s . berthelot , 1833 )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : napaeus ( napaeinus ) p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 9 sp )\nnapaeus ( napaeinus ) bechi m . r . alonso & c . m . ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , 1993\nnapaeus ( napaeinus ) esbeltus c . m . ib\u00e1\u00f1ez & m . r . alonso , 1995\nsubfamily : eninae - genus : zebrina f . held , 1837 ( db : 15 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( brephulopsis ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )\nzebrina ( brephulopsis ) konovalovae n . gural - sverlova & r . i . gural , 2010\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( napaeopsis ) r . sturany & a . wagner , 1914 ( db : 5 sp )\nzebrina ( napaeopsis ) minimus r . a . bank & h . p . m . g . menkhorst , 1992\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( ramusculus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : eninae - subgenus : zebrina ( thoanteus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 4 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : euchondrus o . b\u00f6ttger , 1883 ( db : 16 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : improvisa a . a . schileyko , 1978 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : pentadentula a . n . suvorov , 2006 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : euchondrinae - genus : senaridenta a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : merdigerinae - genus : merdigera f . held , 1837 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : akramovskiella a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : differena a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : geminula w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 2 sp )\ngeminula isseliana ( j . r . bourguignat in a . issel , 1865 )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : laevozebrinus w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : ljudmilena a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : mastoides c . a . westerlund , 1896 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : nepaliena a . a . schileyko & a . frank , 1994 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : ottorosenia i . v . muratov , 1992 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : pseudochondrula p . hesse , 1933 ( db : 6 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : pseudonapaeus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 33 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : pseudonapaeus ( aridenus ) a . a . schileyko , 1984 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : pseudonapaeus ( siraphorus ) w . a . lindholm , 1925 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : spaniodonta w . kobelt , 1902 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : subzebrinus c . a . westerlund , 1887 ( db : 17 sp )\nsubzebrinus hazarica ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1914 )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - genus : turanena w . a . lindholm , 1922 ( db : 15 sp )\nsubfamily : pseudonapaeinae - subgenus : turanena ( asuranena ) a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1995 ( db : 11 sp )\nturanena ( asuranena ) conicula ( e . c . von martens , 1882 )\nturanena ( asuranena ) inversa a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1995\nturanena ( asuranena ) margaritae ( a . a . schileyko & s . e . moiseeva , 1989 )\nturanena ( asuranena ) martensiana ( e . c . von martens , 1874 )\nsubfamily : retowskiinae - genus : retowskia o . b\u00f6ttger , 1881 ( db : 1 sp )\nbeing a registered user gives you privilege to save all cruise itineraries that you build in your account and access them later on any device .\nhahajima - oki ; \u3057\u3093\u304b\u308f\u306a - | urltoken | | | creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0\nview from hahajima - island and the minamizaki tokyo , japan ; \u3057\u3093\u304b\u308f\u306a - | urltoken | | | attribution - sharealike 3 . 0\nis the second - largest island of the ogasawara islands or bonin islands south of the japanese main island chain . it is about 21 km\nthe highest points are chibusayama , ( literally\nbreast mountain\n) , approximately 462 metres ( 1 , 516 ft ) , and sakaigatake , 443 metres ( 1 , 453 ft ) . the largest island of the group , chichijima is located approximately 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) to the north . together with nearby smaller islands like anejima and im\u014dtojima and muk\u014djima , hahajima forms the hahajima rett\u014d ( \u6bcd\u5cf6\u5217\u5cf6 ) , or in former times , the\nbaily group\n.\nthe island is within the political boundaries of ogasawara village , ogasawara subprefecture , tokyo , japan .\nthe first european discovery of the bonin islands is said to have taken place in 1543 , by the spanish explorer , bernardo de la torre . hahajima was originally called coffin island or hillsborough island and settled by europeans before becoming part of japan . in world war ii , the japanese government removed the locals and fortified the island ; it was the target of several attacks by us forces during world war ii . what is left of the defense works is now one of the tourist attractions of the island . the island can be reached by ferry in about two hours from chichijima . the economy of hahajima is based on commercial fishing , as well as a state - run rum distillery .\ntoday hahajima has a population of 450 , but the population was 1546 in 1904 and 1905 in 1940 . there is one road from the ( now - abandoned ) village of kitamura ( \u5317\u6751 ) at the north end of the island to the village of okimura ( \u6c96\u6751 ) - formerly\nnewport\nat the southern end of the island , where the harbor is located . ogasawara village operates the island ' s public elementary and junior high schools . tokyo metropolitan government board of education operates ogasawara high school1 on nearby chichijima .\nhahajima is of considerable interest to malacologists because of its endemic land snail fauna , including the eponymous lamprocystis hahajimana . due to the widespread presence of invasive species including goats ( which destroy habitat ) and rodents , flatworms and the rosy wolfsnail ( which eat the native snails ) , it was feared that many of the endemics had become extinct .\nbut most if not all of the endemic land snail species seem to persist on the remote higashizaki peninsula on the eastern coast . this is a quite pristine expanse of ground , scenic but very hard to reach ( one has to climb mt . chibusa before descending to the peninsula ) . it consists of sheer seacliffs surrounding a plateau with chinese fan palm ( livistona chinensis ) , pandanus and broadleaf ( e . g . persea kobu , a wild avocado ) forest , and appears to be untouched by invasive species at present . it has been proposed that access to the area should be monitored , so that visitors will not inadvertently contribute to destroying this unique area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow can i put and write and define boning in a sentence and how is the word boning used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528boning\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528boning\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528boning\u9020\u53e5 , boning meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 330, "summary": [{"text": "gastropteridae is a family of sea slugs , gastropod mollusks in the superfamily philinoidea of the clade cephalaspidea , the headshield slugs and bubble snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "gastropteridae", "paragraphs": ["anatomy and histology of a new species of enotepteron ( cephalaspidea : gastropteridae ) from tropical northeastern australia .\nk\u00f6hler , e . ( 2016 ) , published 24 june 2016 , gastropteridae sp . 01 family : swainson , 1840\nit was posted on 16 april 2004 at these websites as gastropteridae sp . a family : swainson , 184 , changed on 28 august 2011 into\ngastropteridae sp . 01 is characterized by it ' s orange colour without any ornaments , and by its orange posterior funnel , in some specimens dark orange .\ndear bill , the attached pictures were found and taken by hisako yamada . this is certainly gastropteridae , we think . but we can ' t determine further identification . can you please help us ?\ngosliner t . m . ( 1989 ) revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia : cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and six new species . the veliger 32 ( 4 ) : 333 - 381 . [ details ]\nbayesian and ml phylogram of relationships of gastropteridae . bootstrap values and posterior probabilities are shown at each node when they are < 0 . 95 or 70 , respectively . all other values indicated with an asterisk ( * ) are highly supported .\nphylogenetic relationships within gastropteridae have been studied based on anatomy ( gosliner , 1989 ) and molecular data ( anthes , schulenburg & michiels , 2008 ) , and the systematics relationships of these two studies are largely congruent . most recently , oskars , bouchet & malaquias ( 2015 ) revised the phylogeny and systematics of the cephalaspidean heterobranchs and reaffirmed the apparent monophyly of gastropteridae and suggested its sister relationship with colpodaspidae oskars , bouchet & malaquias , 2015 , another lineage of cephalaspideans with a reduced internal shell .\nthis study also sheds light on the nature of genetic variation in widely separated populations of gastropteridae . in comparing , populations that are geographically separated , there are wide differences in the amount of genetic divergence based on differences in the coi ( table 3 ) .\ndear haruo , yes this is a species of the gastropteridae and i think it is probably a species of gastropteron . however i don ' t recognise it and think it may be an unnamed species . perhaps someone will recognise it . best wishes , bill rudman\nthe family gastropteridae includes small diurnal species that may or may not have an internal shell . most species have greatly enlarged parapodia that may be used for swimming . they are probably carnivores but little is known about their diet . at least eight species are known from hawaii in four genera (\nty - jour ti - revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species t2 - the veliger . vl - 32 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1989 sp - 333 ep - 381 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - gosliner , tm er -\n@ article { bhlpart96921 , title = { revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 32 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { gosliner , tm } , year = { 1989 } , pages = { 333 - - 381 } , }\nboth ndna ( 28s ) and mtdna [ 16s and cytochrome c oxidase i ( coi ) ] fragments were utilized to estimate gastropteridae phylogeny . these molecular markers have been shown to be effective gene markers to infer heterobranch phylogenetic relationships ( dinapoli & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; g\u00f6bbeler & klussmann - kolb , 2010 ; pola & gosliner ; 2010 ; camacho - garc\u00eda et al . , 2014 ; hallas & gosliner , 2015 ; hallas , simison & gosliner , 2016 ) . the dna was extracted from tissue removed from either the parapodia or foot of the specimen .\nin all three individual gene trees and both concatenated analyses , gastropteridae is monophyletic . gastropteron and siphopteron are not supported in either analysis , while sagaminopteron is strongly supported ( bs = 88 , pp = 1 . 00 ) . the two clades of gastropteron are strongly supported ( rubrum clade : bs = 78 , pp = 1 . 00 ; bicornutum clade : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ) as are the three clades of s . tigrinum clade ( clade 1 ) : bs = 97 , pp = 1 . 00 ; quadrispinosum clade ( clade 3 ) : bs = 89 , pp = 1 . 00 ; and the sp . cas 181575 clade ( clade 2 ) .\nthe topologies of individual gene trees for coi , 16s and 28s consistently show the monophyly of gastropteridae and the major clades within the family . the aligned concatenated dataset was 1839 base pairs in length . this included 750 bp for 28s , 657 bp for coi and 432 bp for 16s ( including gaps and variable regions ) . raxml and bayesian analyses have nearly identical topologies . tracer files showed that bi searchers all converged on the same likelihood score . for comparison purposes , the combined gene bayesian tree is shown with their respective non - parametric bootstrap ( bs ) and posterior probability ( pp ) values from ml and bi ( fig . 23 ) . the only difference between the two trees is that there are three lineages of s . psychedelicum in the bayesian tree and two in the raxml tree .\nevolutionary models for the targeted molecular markers were estimated using partitionfinder v1 . 1 . 1 ( lanfear et al . , 2012 ) ( table 2 ) . a concatenated alignment of all three molecular markers was used to estimate gastropteridae evolutionary relationships using both bayesian inference ( bi ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) approaches . bi searches were run using mrbayes v3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck , 2003 ) for a total of 2 \u00d7 10 7 generations with markov chains sampled every 1000 generations with parameters unlinked . a conservative 25 % burn - in was calculated , and the remaining trees were used to estimate the 50 % majority rule consensus tree and corresponding posterior probabilities ( pp ) . convergence and stationarity of bi searches were checked using tracer v1 . 5 ( drummond & rambaut , 2007 ) . ml search was run using raxml v7 . 2 . 6 ( stamatakis , 2006 ) with the evolution model gtr - gamma . ml dataset was set for 50 000 fast bootstrapping runs . support values for ml bootstrap ( bs ) \u2265 70 ( hillis & bull , 1993 ) and bayesian pp \u2265 0 . 95 were interpreted as significant .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > revision of the gastropteridae ( opisthobranchia , cephalaspidea ) with descriptions of a new genus and 6 new species < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > gosliner , tm < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 32 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the veliger . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> berkeley , ca : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > california malacozoological society . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 32 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 333 < / start > < end > 381 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1989 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\noskars t . r . , bouchet p . & malaquias m . a . ( 2015 ) . a new phylogeny of the cephalaspidea ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) based on expanded taxon sampling and gene markers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 89 : 130 - 150 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gasteropteridae ) costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of gasteropteridae ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to image gallery of natural history museum rotterdam to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngenus : enotepteron y . s . minichev , 1967 ( db : 5 sp , 0 img )\ngenus : gastropteron j . f . meckel in kosse , 1813 ( syn : gasteroptera , gasteropterum , gastroptera , gastropterum , parthenopia , sarcopterus , gasteropteron - db : 14 sp , 5 img )\ngenus : sagaminopteron t . tokioka & k . baba , 1964 ( db : 5 sp , 3 img )\nenotepteron minichev , yu . s . , 196 type species : enotepteron flavum minichev , yu . s . , 1967\ngastropteron meckel , j . f . in kosse , 1813 type species : unknowngenustype\nsagaminopteron tokioka , t . & k . baba , 1964 type species : unknowngenustype\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe anatomy and histology of a new species of gastropterid cephalaspidean , enotepteron heikeae , sp . nov . , from tropical australia is described . enotepteron is the least documented of the gastropterid genera with only two previously recorded species , from yellow sea ( north pacific ) and the seychelles ( indian ocean ) . the unique features of e . heikeae , within the genus , are the long thin tail ( posterior end of the foot ) , cuticular penial armature , and a bilobed prostate . the investigation also reveals the presence of a very large anal gland . this gland maybe a useful taxonomic region , and its discovery considerably broadens the previously known geographical occurrence of the genus . documentation and investigation of this species improves our knowledge of the morphological variation across the genus , and allows reassessment of the generic features to show that the presence of spheres to the posterior edge of the parapodia may be the only unifying character .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 to 2015 , james cook university . all rights reserved . abn 46253211955 member of innovative research universities feedback | terms of use | privacy statement | cricos provider code : 00117j\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nwas originally described from guam , mariana islands . the species has since been found in many other areas of the western pacific as well as the indian ocean . adult animals average about 9mm in length though specimens up to 16mm have been found .\n. the animals are difficult to see on their sponge host since their color and texture match that of the sponge .\nwith egg masses from palau . it was collected 24 sept ' 96 at a depth of 13m ; ' wonder channel ' , palau . the host sponge in this case is\ncan be found in a paper by dr . terry gosliner ( 1989 ) in the\nveliger .\n. the vast majority of the almost thirty species in the family are found in the indo - pacific tropics . most species are small , less than an inch in length . they are unusual for cephalaspideans in that the\nis reduced to a flat , internal plate , found under the skin in the hind end of the animal , or is entirely absent in adults . most species are able to swim by flapping their parapodia and\nflying\nthrough the water .\n( the genus is named for sagami bay , japan , where emperor hirohito collected so many opisthobranchs that have been studied by kikutaro baba ) are all found on sponges , upon which they feed . the feeding biology of other members of the family is virtually unknown .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\na new gastropterid species , enotepteron hayashii , collected from the sea of japan , is described herein . enotepteron is a small genus characterized externally by a small globular protuberance ( sphere ) on the posterior edge of both parapodia . e . hayashii differs from the previously known species by the presence of a small knob - like spur on the median line of the posterodorsal end of the mantle shield . this paper represents the first record of this genus from japan .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe overwhelming majority of species are found in the indo - pacific tropics or in adjacent temperate regions ( gosliner et al . , 2008 ) . while this is a typical pattern of diversity , the extent of distribution of many of these tropical species is poorly understood and there appear to be many undescribed species inhabiting this largest portion of the world\u2019s oceans .\ntwo different extraction methods were utilized , depending on the amount of tissue able to be sampled . for large amounts of tissue , we used the standard qiagen dneasy blood & tissue extraction kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) protocol , and for instances where only small amounts of tissue was sampled , we used the qiagen gentra puregene tissue kit ( valencia , ca , usa ) 5\u201310 mg protocol .\neach polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was conducted in 25 \u00b5l reactions . reactions consisted of 2 . 5 \u00b5l of 10\u00d7 usb buffer , 1 . 25 \u00b5l of mgcl 2 ( 25 mm ) , 1 \u00b5l of each primer ( 10 \u00b5m stock ) , 1 \u00b5l of bsa ( 10 mg / ml ) , 0 . 5 \u00b5l of dntps ( 10 mm ) , 5 \u00b5l of betaine ( 5 m ) , 1 \u00b5l of dmso , 1 \u00b5l of hotstart - it taq polymerase ( 1 . 25 u / \u00b5l ) , 1\u20134 \u00b5l of template dna and then filled to volume with millipore water . primers used for sequencing are all listed in table 2 . pcr cycling conditions for coi and 16s fragments are as follows : initial denaturing for 2 min at 94 \u00b0c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 \u00b0c , annealing for 30 s at 50 \u00b0c and extension for 45 s at 72\u00b0c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 \u00b0c . the coi annealing temperature was relaxed to 48 \u00b0c for the naf / narcoi primers . pcr protocol for 28s was initially denatured for 3 min at 94 \u00b0c , followed by 35 cycles of denaturing for 30 s at 94 \u00b0c , annealing for 30 s at 52 . 5 \u00b0c and extension for 2 min at 72 \u00b0c and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 \u00b0c . all pcr reactions were stained with ethidium bromide and run on 0 . 5 % tris / borate / edta agarose gel using electrophoresis . successfully amplified fragments were purified using exosap - it enzymes and protocol ( usb ) , and unsuccessful amplified reactions were excised using the zymoclean gel dna recovery protocol .\npurified pcr product was cycle sequenced using fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotides ( ddntps ) ( big dye terminator v3 . 1 , applied biosystems ) . cycle sequencing reactions were performed in 10 \u00b5l volumes . all regular cycle sequencing reactions had the same protocol for all primers ; each reaction used 2 \u00b5l of pcr product and the following reaction components : 5 . 45 \u00b5l of millipore water , 1 . 5 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 big dye buffer , 0 . 3 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 \u00b5m ) , 0 . 75 \u00b5l of big dye 3 . 1 . for those samples that required gel excision or had low pcr amplifications , we used modified cycle sequencing protocols that were performed in 20 \u00b5l volumes . each reaction used 3 \u00b5l of pcr product and the following reaction components : 9 . 4 \u00b5l of millipore water , 3 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 big dye buffer , 0 . 6 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 \u00b5m ) , 4 \u00b5l of big dye 3 . 1 and followed the step protocol ( platt , woodhall & george , 2007 ) .\nfluorescently labelled sequences were precipitated using 2 . 5 \u00b5l of di - na edta ( 125 mm ) and cleaned with 30 \u00b5l of 100 % etoh then with 60 \u00b5l of 70 % etoh . the tubes were placed into a 65 \u00b0c incubator for 8 min to dry , then the dna pellets were re - suspended in 10 \u00b5l deionized formamide and denatured at 94\u201396 \u00b0c for 2 min . immediately afterwards , they were placed on an abi 3130 xl genetic analyser ( applied biosystems ) , located in the center for comparative genomics at the california academy of sciences .\nsuccessfully sequenced markers were assembled and edited using geneious 6 . 1 ( biomatters ltd . , 2005 ) . the sequences were aligned using the multiple alignment using fast fourier transform ( mafft ) algorithm ( katoh , asimenos & toh , 2009 ) with the settings set to default . following mafft alignment , variable regions of rdna fragments were manually optimized , and these alignments have been deposited in treebase ( urltoken ) . in sequences where confidence was low , ambiguities were deleted and not analysed . finally , all sequences were trimmed to the length of the outgroup .\nspecies were delimited through an integrative approach with the use of congruence of single - gene topologies , automatic barcode gap discovery ( abgd ) ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) . abgd uses genetic pairwise distances to identify breaks between intra - and interspecific variation , also referred to as the \u2018barcode gap\u2019 . coi genetic distance matrix was created using mega v6 . 06 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) using the tamura nei model and uploaded to the abgd web - based interface ( available at urltoken ) . except for the relative gap width ( x ) , which was set to 1 , the remaining settings were left at their default configuration .\npenial anatomy . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 . ( b ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines , cs = cuticular spine , pp = penial papilla , pr = prostate , rm = retractor muscle . ( c ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 73880269 - 2d0d - 4091 - b9fd - 8ec86ae05ce2\ngastropteron sp . 5 gosliner , vald\u00e9s & behrens , 2015 : 56 , upper right fig .\nholotype : casiz 209032 , originally casiz 182731 , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands , 1\u20136 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman .\nparatypes : casiz 182731 , two specimens , one dissected , honokowai beach park , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands , 1\u20136 m depth , 11 april 2010 , cory pittman . casiz 199181 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , maricaban island , tingloy , luzon , philippines , emerged from algae , 26 april 2014 , patrick krug .\nknown from japan ( rudman , 2002 ) , the hawai\u2019ian islands , the marshall islands and the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe name minutum is derived from the extremely small size of this species , reaching a maximum of 3 mm in length .\nliving animal 2\u20133 mm in length ( fig . 1a , b ) . preserved holotype < 1 mm in length ( fig . 2a ) . ground colour of head shield , parapodia , visceral hump and flagellum almost colourless with opaque white and orange mottling speckling body . orange and off - white spots condensing around visceral hump to form low , rounded tubercles and covering parapodia . head shield and flagellum having fewer spots , almost clear . head shield narrow anteriorly , broadening out before again narrowing posteriorly . posteriorly , head shield forming a simple rolled siphon without medial crest . parapodia covering visceral hump when retracted . at posterior end of visceral hump , elongate , acutely pointed flagellum extending posteriorly . foot extending posteriorly , almost entire length of animal from head to end of visceral hump . at posterior end , foot narrowing into elongate , acutely pointed posterior tip . gill situated on right side of body and consisting of seven tiny lamellae .\nliving animals . ( a ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199181 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) gastropteron minutum sp . nov . , holotype , casiz 209032 , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands , photo by cory pittman . ( c ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( d ) gastropteron multo sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 186048 , mabini , philippines . ( e ) sagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( f ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199129 , tingloy , philippines . ( g ) siphopteron flavolineatum , holotype , nmp 041184 , tingloy , philippines . ( h ) siphopteron flavolineatum , paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( photos by t . gosliner unless otherwise indicated . )\ngastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , maui , hawai\u2019ian islands . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 25 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs . a = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( d ) penis . p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 75 mm .\nthinly calcified , planispiral , tightly coiled , c . 300 \u00b5m in diameter ( fig . 3a ) . protoconch not clearly differentiated from remainder of shell .\ngastropteron minutum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 182731 , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) shell . ( b ) jaw rodlets . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .\nbuccal mass ( fig . 2b ) moderately muscularized , with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 3b ) . radular formula 20 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 in one specimen ( casiz 182731 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of the inner laterals containing 13\u201314 acutely pointed denticles ( fig . 3c , d ) . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller , with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 3c ) .\narrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . owing to small size of animal , details of arrangement of ganglia could not be determined in a single specimen dissected .\ndespite its small size , reproductive system is fully mature and well - developed ; female glands clearly visible ( fig . 2c ) . narrow ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct , curving around top of lobate mucous gland , and expanding into small receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , but hermaphroditic duct joining relatively short bursa copulatrix near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . sperm groove continuing on right side of the body to head , where penis is situated . penis simple with slightly curved prostate . penial papilla straight and devoid of penial armature ( figs 2d , 4a ) .\nthe external anatomy of g . minutum clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with an off - white body colour with opaque white and orange spots . the presence of opaque white spots and rounded tubercles give the entire animal a granular rather than smooth appearance . most species of gastropteron have a smooth body without tubercles or granules . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , none of them is known to have a single flagellum with an elongate extension of the foot . the only described species with an elongate foot is g . bicornutum baba & tokioka , 1965 . it has two flagella , one more dorsally situated on the visceral hump and one more ventrally situated . it has a smooth rather than rugose body and has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth have fewer denticles than g . minutum . both species have a simple penis with an elongate prostate . in our molecular phylogeny , g . minutum is sister to g . rubrum ( rafinesque , 1814 ) , known from the mediterranean and west africa , and is quite far removed from g . bicornutum .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 025f1253 - a0d7 - 4d2a - b332 - ce30df011436\ngastropteron sp . 3 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 55 , lower right fig .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041181 , originally casiz 199130 , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688\u00b0n 120 . 89564\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 3 may 2014 , alexis principe . paratype , casiz 186048 , one specimen , anilao pier ( 13 . 76001\u00b0n 120 . 92615\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 5 m depth , 30 april 2011 , t . gosliner .\nmainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688\u00b0n 120 . 89564\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines .\nthus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , multo , is derived from tagalog word for ghost , owing to the pale ghostly appearance of this species .\nliving animals ( fig . 1c , d ) 7\u201320 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white with fine orange , brown and white dots speckling body or with series of brownish and orange patches . opaque white digestive gland and ovotestis visible through visceral hump . head shield , parapodia , flagella and foot translucent whitish . small orange dots or brown patches covering body , concentrated on siphon and flagella . dorsal flagellum centred on midline of visceral hump . immediately ventral to this flagellum , second , slightly wider flagellar process , either longer or shorter than dorsal one ( fig . 5a ) . white spots outlining visceral hump and parapodia . head shield shaped roughly like cauldron . broadest anteriorly , narrowing and then broadening again posteriorly . head shield terminating in tubular , simple siphon , lacking mid - dorsal ridge . broad parapodia covering body when the animal is actively crawling . foot elongate with long , acutely pointed posterior extension . gill with nine primary folds .\ngastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , p = penis ; scale = 4 mm . ( b ) shell ; scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( c ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , sb = subintestinal ganglion , su = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 1 . 5 mm . ( d ) posterior reproductive organs , am = ampulla , bc = bursa copulatrix , fgm = female gland mass , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 1 . 6 mm .\nthinly calcified slightly curved plate , 2 mm in length ( fig . 5b ) . part of shell appearing decalcified .\nentire buccal mass moderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature present around radular sac . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ( fig . 6a ) . radular formula 25 \u00d7 5 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 5 in one specimen ( nmp 041181 ) ( fig . 6b ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals containing 3\u201316 irregularly pointed denticles on inner edge of masticatory margin ( fig . 6c , d ) . remainder of masticatory margin devoid of denticles . triangular thickening present on inner edge of masticatory border of inner lateral teeth . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base and all lacking denticles ( fig . 6c ) .\ngastropteron multo sp . nov . holotype , ex casiz 199130 . nmp 041181 , mabini , philippines . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth , triangular thickening indicated by arrow . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth .\narrangement of ganglia ( fig . 5c ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . from there , visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .\nthe external anatomy of g . multo clearly differentiates this species from all described species of gastropteron . it is the only species with a translucent white body colour with orange spots and brown patches . of the seven species of gastropteron known from the pacific ocean , only g . bicornutum is known to have dorsal and ventral flagella with an elongate extension of the foot . in g . bicornutum , the posterior extension of the foot is thin and very elongate , while in g . multo it is short and triangular . gastropteron bicornutum has black and yellow spots over the dorsal surface , which are absent in g . multo . internally , the inner lateral radular teeth of g . multo have fewer denticles than g . bicornutum and are restricted to the outer edge of the masticatory border , whereas they are evenly distributed along the border of g . bicornutum . both species have a simple penis , but the prostate is much shorter in g . multo . in our molecular phylogeny , g . multo is sister to g . bicornutum , and the two species differ by more than 22 % in their coi gene and are also clearly separated in the abgd analysis . the two specimens of g . multo that were sequenced do not exhibit any genetic variation between them .\nsagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 75 mm . ( b ) posterior reproductive system , am = ampulla , fgm = female gland mas , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 0 . 85 mm .\nsagaminopteron multimaculatum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041182 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c54f7bab - eb1f - 478d - b828 - 7d2df4a80bab\nsiphopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , anthes et al . , 2008 , misidentification .\nsiphopteron sp . 8 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , middle left fig .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041182 , originally casiz 199127 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner .\ncemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines .\nthus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) and possibly australia ( anthes et al . , 2008 ) .\nthe species epithet , multimaculatum , refers to the many coloured spots ornamenting the parapodia , head shield , visceral mass and foot of this species .\nliving animal ( fig . 1e ) 4 mm in length . colour clear to translucent white around its foot . majority of body green\u2013brown with white , orange and canary yellow spots . small yellow dots covering majority of elongate parapodia and extending well - beyond posterior end of visceral hump . small orange dots lining the edges of parapodia . small yellow dots centred linearly on head shield , base of foot and posterior end of foot . larger orange splotch present on anterior side of head shield . white splotches present on either side of head shield . white splotches lining the edge of parapodia and anteriorly near foot . foot translucent white and lined with orange spots . small yellow dots also present on foot . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly . siphon with longitudinal ridge along its anterior margin . parapodia covering body when retracted and overlapping above visceral hump . distinct flagellum absent . gill with four simple plicae .\nmoderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 7a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , not observed in the scanning electron micrographs . radular formula 15 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 8a ) in holotype specimen ( nmp 041182 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with eight to ten irregular , elongate , acutely pointed denticles along entire margin . innermost outer lateral tooth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base , all lacking denticles ( fig . 8b ) .\narrangement of ganglia is euthyneurous , with a short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia cannot be determined in single specimen dissected .\nreproductive system fully mature with well - developed female glands clearly visible ( fig . 7b ) . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , with hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis simple with short , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 7c ) . penial retractor muscle short . penial sac straight and penial papilla lobed , but devoid of any penial armature ( fig . 4c ) .\npenial anatomy . ( a ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , entire penis , pr = prostate . ( b ) sagaminopteron pohnpei ( hoff & carlson , 1983 ) , casiz 180408 , penial sac detail , pb = penial bulb . ( c ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( d ) siphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines ( e ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , paratype , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , entire penis . ( f ) siphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . , casiz 199132 . tingloy , philippines , philippines , penial bulb detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines 2 , ps3 = penial spines 3 , ps4 = penial spines 4 .\nsiphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) dorsal view of preserved specimen , scale = 1 . 7 mm . ( b ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) penis , scale = 0 . 56 mm .\nsiphopteron vermiculum sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041183 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) jaw rodlets . ( b ) entire radula . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth . ( d ) half - row of radular teeth showing detail of denticles and lateral teeth .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 87679efcb0e8 - 427b - a63b - 1b1521bd79d4\nsiphopteron sp . 4 , gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , middle left fig .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041183 , originally casiz 199134 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199126 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 2 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199129 , three specimens , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner .\nthus far , known only from the philippines ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , vermiculum , refers to the vermillion colour ornamenting the body of this species .\nmoderately muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 10b ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas of small irregular rodlets ( fig . 11a ) . radular formula 18 \u00d7 2 - 3 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 2 - 3 . ( fig . 11b ) in one specimen ( nmp 041183 ) . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with irregular series of 2\u20133 wide areas ( fig . 11c , d ) . under higher magnification , these areas bear numerous striations ( fig . 11d ) , suggesting that they may represent fusion of denticles . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 11d ) .\narrangement of ganglia euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . details of arrangement of ganglia not determined in single specimen dissected .\nfully mature but poorly preserved . well - developed female glands clearly visible . elongate , convoluted ampulla extending into straighter hermaphroditic duct curving around top of lobate mucous gland and expanding into short lobe of receptaculum seminis before curving around female glands once more . opening of hermaphroditic duct into female glands not visible , and hermaphroditic duct joining near gonopore , leading to external sperm groove . bursa copulatrix not visible . sperm groove continuing on the right side of the body to head where penis is situated . penis complex with elongate , sharply curved prostate ( fig . 10c ) . secondary duct connecting anterior end of prostate with anterior part of penis . penial sac straight , containing arch of c . 23 interiorly directed , acutely pointed cuticular spines ( fig . 9d , ps1 ) . second row of 20 much smaller spines found inside arch of the larger spines ( fig . 9d , ps2 ) . secondary papilla found at anterior end of penial sac , lacking any armature .\nbased on its coloration , s . vermiculum is distinct from other members of the genus . it is the only species with a bright vermillion red ground colour . based on internal morphological characters , s . vermiculum appears to be most similar to siphopteron nigromarginatum gosliner , 1989 and siphopteron flavum ( tokioka & baba , 1964 ) . all three species are the only members of the family known to have a complex penis with two papillae where the primary papilla has a series of cuticular spines and where the secondary papilla lacks armature ( gosliner , 1989 ) . all three species also have an irregularly shaped masticatory margin of the inner lateral tooth , but the denticles in s . vermiculum are reduced to striations , whereas they are more prominent in s . nigromarginatum and s . flavum . in s . vermiculum , there are two rows of penial spines , whereas s . flavum possesses only a single band of penial spines , and s . nigromarginatum has four distinct bands of spines ( gosliner , 1989 ) .\nin our molecular analysis , s . vermiculum is sister to siphopteron sp . 2 ( am421863 ) and both are sister to s . sp . 1 ( am421862 ) . siphopteron vermiculum and siphopteron sp . 2 are only 4 . 4 % different in their coi p - distance , suggesting that they may be the same species . no other information about the appearance of s . sp . 2 is available , based on the unpublished genbank sequences .\nsiphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , sg = salivary gland ; scale = 0 . 8 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion ; scale = 0 . 56 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive system am = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 7 mm . ( d ) penis , cs = copulatory spine , p = penis , pr = prostate ; scale = 1 . 0 mm .\nsiphopteron flavolineatum sp . nov . paratype , casiz 199132 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half - row of radular teeth . ( c ) half - row of radular teeth showing outer lateral teeth .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 05a33467 - ce3a - 4e95 - ba4a - 57b2d47b4365\nsiphopteron sp . 6 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 59 , bottom two figs .\nholotype , nmp 041184 , originally casiz 199132 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199132 , two specimens , one dissected , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz , 199124 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 26 april 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 204848 , gal 73 , one specimen , shipyard , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , t . gosliner . , casiz 204850 , one specimen , gal 98 , giant clam , puerto galera harbor , mindoro oriental , philippines , 18 m depth , gustav paulay .\nthus far , known only from the philippines and malaysia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , flavolineatum , refers to the yellow medial line on the posterior end of the foot , which distinguishes this species .\nliving animal 5\u20137 mm in length ( fig . 1g , h ) . parapodia and foot ground colour clear to translucent white to ochre . parapodia lined with yellow and vermillion accents . white spots dotting parapodia , head shield and visceral hump . visceral hump is more opaque than its appendages . visceral hump ochre to vermillion towards flagellum with white spots . flagellum opaque ochre with vermillion outlined by yellow stripes at the end with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central yellow stripe down middle . flagellum ( fig . 1g , h ) centred on midline of visceral hump . head shield roughly triangular in shape , broadest anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe that bisects vertically on anterior side . siphon with two symmetrical white dots on either side of head shield on a translucent ground colour transitioning posteriorly into ochre colour on siphon . yellow stripe present on posterior side of siphon , lined with darker vermillion on either side . siphon with prominent medial crest on posterior side , extending slightly above level of lateral margins . gill small with three primary folds .\nhighly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 12a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets ; not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 13a ) in one specimen ( casiz 199132 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated triangular denticles ( fig . 13b , c ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base . outer laterals all lacking denticles ( fig . 13c ) .\narrangement of ganglia ( fig . 12b ) euthyneurous , with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large , separated by short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion .\nliving animals . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , partaype , casiz 199114 , tingloy , philippines . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , holotype nmp 041186 , calatagan , philippines . ( d ) siphopteron dumbo sp . nov . , nmp 041187 , puerto , galera , philippines . photos by t . gosliner .\nsiphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines . ( a ) buccal mass , scale = 0 . 5 mm . ( b ) central nervous system , c = cerebral ganglion , pe = pedal ganglion . pl = pleural ganglion , su - subintestinal ganglion , sp = supraintestinal ganglion , v = visceral ganglion , scale = 0 . 67 mm . ( c ) posterior reproductive organs , a = ampulla , al = albumen gland , bc = bursa copulatrix , me = membrane gland , mu = mucous gland , rs = receptaculum seminis ; scale = 0 . 58 mm . ( d ) penis , scale = 0 . 5 mm .\nsiphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , scanning electron micrographs . ( a ) entire radula . ( b ) half row of radular teeth .\npenial anatomy . ( a ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , entire penis . ( b ) siphopteron nakakatuwa sp . nov . , holotype , nmp 041185 , tingloy , philippines , penial sac detail , ps = penial spines 1 , ps 2 = penial spines , ps3 = penial spines 3 , cs = cuticular spine . ( c ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of penial spines , ps = penial spines . ( d ) siphopteron makisig sp . nov . , casiz 199134 . calatagan , philippines , philippines , detail of cuticular spine and penial papilla , cs = cuticiular spine , p = penial papilla .\nlsid urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0d0afdd2 - aa44 - 4c25 - aa98 - f59c138ba098\nsiphopteron sp . 7 gosliner et al . , 2015 : 60 , upper two figs .\nholotype , dissected , nmp 041185 , ex casiz 199135 , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . paratypes : casiz 199135 , one specimen , cemetery beach ( 13 . 68428\u00b0n 120 . 83024\u00b0e ) , tingloy , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 6 may 2014 , t . gosliner . casiz 199125 , one specimen , mainit bubbles ( 13 . 68688\u00b0n 120 . 89564\u00b0e ) , mabini , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 27 april 2014 , alexis principe . casiz , 199114 , one specimen , bilbago reef south , calatagan ( 13 . 929165\u00b0n 120 . 612299\u00b0e ) , batangas , luzon , philippines , 7 m depth , 17 may 2014 , t . gosliner .\nthus far , known only from the philippines and indonesia ( gosliner et al . , 2015 ) .\nthe species epithet , nakakatuwa , is a tagalog word meaning \u2018amusing or cute\u2019 .\nliving animals 4\u20137 mm in length ( fig . 14a , b ) . parapodia and foot ground colour translucent white to orange . white spots covering parapodia ; each spot lined by bright orange . parapodia lined with accents converging on foot . white spots with opaque white punctations inside larger spot . these large spots dotting head shield , parapodia and visceral hump . visceral hump rounded with long flagellum near midline of body . elongate flagellum ( fig . 14a , b ) opaque vermillion with white spots ending with black tip . foot translucent white , lined with orange edges and central white triangular stripe down middle . stripe merging into yellow tip . head shield roughly triangular , broadest anteriorly , and narrowing posteriorly into siphon . siphon with central white stripe on anterior face , bisecting vertically . posterior side of siphon with prominent ridge extending above lateral margins . siphon with vermillion ground colour and yellow tip with vermillion edges and white spots . gill with four simple folds .\nhighly muscularized with series of circular muscles anteriorly and more complex musculature around radular sac ( fig . 15a ) . buccal mass containing labial cuticle with a pair of minute areas with small irregular rodlets , rodlets not visible in scanning electron microscopy preparation . radular formula 16 \u00d7 4 . 1 . 0 . 1 . 4 . ( fig . 16a ) in one specimen ( nmp 041185 ) examined . inner lateral teeth broad with single primary cusp . masticatory margin of inner laterals broad with two large , well - separated , triangular denticles ( fig . 16b ) . outer lateral teeth with moderately broad base and primary cusp without secondary denticles . successive outer laterals becoming progressively smaller with narrower base ; all lacking denticles ( fig . 16b ) .\narrangement of ganglia ( fig . 15b ) euthyneurous with short visceral loop . cerebral ganglia large ; separated by a short commissure . pedal ganglia as large as cerebral ganglia , separated by elongate commissure passing ventrally to buccal mass . supraintestinal ganglion immediately posterior to right pleural ganglion . visceral loop connecting to visceral and subintestinal ganglia and curving anteriorly to join left pleural ganglion ."]}
{"id": 338, "summary": [{"text": "the napo saki ( pithecia napensis ) , also known as the napo monk saki , is a species of saki monkey , a type of new world monkey .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "its range includes parts of eastern ecuador and northern peru .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the name is derived from the napo river in its locality .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species was originally described by l\u00f6nnberg as the subspecies pithecia monachus napensis and has been treated as a synonym of p. monachus monachus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "hershkovitz retained it under p. monachus in 1987 , but it was raised to full species status in 2014 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "napo saki", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about napo saki ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for napo saki ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndear goshan your comments make our staff in napo wildlife center and kichwa a\u00f1angu comunity full feel of proud and energy to continue improving in our project . best regards\ngenerally , sexual dimorphism\u2014differences in size , color , and / or body structure between the male and female of a species\u2014is subtle among sakis . however , in species such as the guianan saki , sexual dimorphism is distinct . guianan males have all - black , shaggy , long fur coats with a pale , yellow - orange face and black nose ; female guianans have gray - brown fur coats with white - tipped hairs and white stripes on the sides of their noses\nlong , coarse hair covers the saki\u2019s body , including its bushy , tapered tail . fur color varies from black , to gray , to rust , depending on species . the hair on their body and tail piloerects ( \u201cstands on end\u201d ) when the monkeys perceive a threat\u2014giving the illusion that the monkeys are bigger than their actual size . a moppy head of hair , akin to a bad toupee , sits above a fuzzy face ( the faces of some species are naked , however ) , and long hair drapes over their shoulders like a furry cape .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nno one has contributed data records for pithecia monachus napensis yet . learn how to contribute .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nwe stayed here for 3 nights , and we absolutely loved it ! ! ! the place is really amazing - be it the diversity of the wildlife or the warmth and smiles of the staff of the lodge . the room was really special - we stayed right next to the lake , and it was so amazing to sit on the porch and listen . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nnew world monkeys : new world monkeys are native to central and south america , whereas old world monkeys are native to africa and asia . new world monkeys tend to be smaller than old world monkeys , typically have prehensile ( grasping ) tails , and color vision . visit primate facts for additional differences in physical characteristics between new world vs . old world primates . genus : a group of related animals or plants that includes several or many different species . disturbed habitat : a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem . secondary forest : a forest that has regrown after a major habitat disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest ( including clear cutting of a forest ) , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest . . palm swamp : palm swamps are formed in low , seasonally inundated flat areas with poor drainage and are characteristic of the amazon basin . these particular swamps are dominated by a 115 - foot tall ( 35 - m ) palm tree known as the aguaje . ecosystem : a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment .\nboth males and females are equipped with distinct throat glands that they use for scent marking .\n) . early wildlife biologists had mistakenly identified the distinct chest ruff of sakis as a \u201cbeard\u201d ; however , later biologists determined that \u201ctruly bearded sakis\u201d are a separate species .\ndiet sakis are mainly frugivores ; that is , they feast predominantly on fruits , which comprise 90 percent of their diet . but they are a special kind of frugivore . whereas some monkey species seek out lush , ripe fruit , sakis have a penchant for unripe fruits . they also enjoy munching on seeds , which they grind between their teeth with assistance from their powerful jaws . the remaining 10 percent of their diet consists of leaves , insects , and spiders .\nsakis are called \u201cflying monkeys\u201d by locals because of the speed and agility the monkeys use to leap from tree to tree .\nthe page you were looking for could not be located on our site . please try entering the information you were looking for into our search :\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably , and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies , goals , and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range\u2014influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\nyou don ' t have to travel far to join us for an event . attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds , you will be redirected to nwfactionfund . org , the site of the national wildlife action fund , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 339, "summary": [{"text": "fagesia is a small , subglobular ammonite ( suborder ammonitina ) belonging to the vascoceratid family of the acanthocerataceae that lived during the turonian stage of the late cretaceous , 92-88 ma ago .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the shell of fagesia is about 9.5 cm ( 3.47 in ) in diameter , typically with blunt umbilical tubercles from which spring 2 or three ribs each , but which are lost in the late growth stage .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the suture is ammonitic with long spikey lobes and saddles with rounded subelements . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "fagesia", "paragraphs": ["belongs to fagesia according to f . barroso - barcenilla and a . goy 2009\ntree of life web project . 2000 . fagesia . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .\nno one has contributed data records for edwardsiella ( fagesia ) yet . learn how to contribute .\nfagesia shastensis : cas 2358 . 01 , a shell . its type locality is middle fork of cottonwood creek , which is in a turonian marine siliciclastic in california .\n( of edwardsiella ( fagesia ) carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinqui\u00e8re , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinqui\u00e8re , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . pachydiscoides spath , and neoptychites cephalotus ( courtiller ) have also been presented . in addition we have described one new species : f . mortzestus . studies of the morphologies and the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of all these species have led to the identification of several phylogenetic relationships between them , and to distinguishing one main phase in the evolution of the family vascoceratidae douvill\u00e9 , characterised by the dominance of fagesia with neoptychites .\n( of fagesia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n. . . it seems to coincide with the 3 rd order depositional sequence uza - 2 . 5 ofhaq et al . ( 1988 ) and with the sequences dc - 6a and dc - 6b of floquet ( 1998 ) , ucof wrightoceras with donenriquoceras , in the pseudotissotiidae , of hoplitoides , in the coilopoceratidae , and the upper part of fagesia with neoptychites , with the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) obliquus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) reveliereanus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) combesi , spathites ( ingridella ) depressus , spathites ( spathites ) laevis , spathites ( spathites ) sulcatus , mammites nodosoides , fagesia superstes , neoptychites cephalotus , wrightoceras munieri , donenriquoceras forbesiceratiforme and hoplitoides ingens . in it , the taxonomic diversity is comparatively high ( 12 species ) , and among the represented forms the endemic ones stand out , such as s . ( j . ) obliquus , s . ( i . ) depressus and s . ( s . ) sulcatus ( santamar\u00eda - zabala , 1995 ; barroso - barcenilla 2007 ) , together with those which seem to have arisen by means of processes more or less marked of adaptation to the platform palaeoenvironments , such as s . ( j . ) combesi and f . superstes ( batt , 1989 ; westermann , 1996 ) . . . .\nthe ' plattenkalk ' of vallecillo , approximately 100 km north of monterrey in north - eastern mexico , has yielded an ammonite assemblage of both north american ( western interior ) and tethyan elements , comprising tragodesmoceras bassi morrow , quitmaniceras reaseri powell , watinoceras coloradoense ( henderson ) , pseudaspidoceras pseudonodosoides ( choffat ) , p . flexuosum powell , mammites nodosoides ( schl\u00fcter ) , vascoceras birchbyi cobban and scott , fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , and a few indeterminate forms . the excellent pres - ervation of the shells , for instance of apertures , stomach contents or spines joined to the body chambers of p . flexuosum , as well as the occasional presence of aptychi , indicate rapid burial shortly after death . correlation with the cenomanianeturonian boundary gssp at pueblo , colorado , indicates continuous deposition from the latest cenomanian to the early turonian at vallecillo . the index species p . flexuosum shows a diachro - nous first appearance datum between the two sections .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : vascoceratidae according to w . j . kennedy and a . s . gale 2016\nsee also barroso - barcenilla and goy 2009 , chancellor 1982 , cobban and hook 1983 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy et al . 2008 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 , reyment 1954 , sepkoski 2002 and zaborski 1987\nsee also anderson 1958 , chancellor 1982 , faraud 1940 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 and renz 1982\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 97 . 5 , shell diameter 201 . 6\ndaly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .\nfautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .\nedwardsiidae with the column divisible into scapus and scapulus , the former very long and provided with an usually strong , sometimes very thick cuticle . aboral end rounded , flattened or rarely physa - like . scapus without nemathybomes and tenaculi , with nematocysts either scattered or arranged in groups . scapulus often ridged with numerous nematocysts on the ridges . tentacles 6 + 6 + 12 to about 40 , the inner longer than the outer ones . a single , ventral siphonoglyph . mesenteries as in edwardsia . retractors diffuse , fairly restricted , parietal muscles well developed . cnidom : spirocysts , basitrichs , microbasic b - and p - mastigophors .\ncarlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .\nthe information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .\nplease note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .\nkeyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\n( of milne carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of milne - edwardsia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia carnea gosse , 1856 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia microps gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of favesia ( milne - edwardsia ) carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of halcampa microps gosse , 1858 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwell - defined , slightly polygonal due to thickening of the body wall between the macrocnemes .\nthis pretty little anemone occurs in holes and crevices amongst rocks , particularly the empty , or even occupied , borings of piddocks . it is found in sheltered places out of the light , such as beneath overhangs or in caves , often forming large local populations . when exposed by the receding tide the tentacles are retracted leaving only the white or yellow tip of the introverted\nvisible ; thus it may prove difficult to find and is frequently overlooked , although common in some areas . it occurs from about mtl to shallow water offshore .\nrecorded from all coasts of britain but is most common in the south and west . elsewhere it is known from south scandinavia and north france and may extend to the mediterranean (\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . suture not completely preserved but preserved part consisting of narrow and denticular lobes with wide , convex , and denticular saddles ( fig . 12a5 ) . , 1907 ; robaszynski et al . , 1990 ; chancellor et al . , 1994 ; meister & abdallah , 2005 ) , jordan ( ali et al . , 2008 ) , israel ( freund & raab , 1969 ) , spain ( barroso - barcenilla goy , 2009 ) , and france ( kennedy & wright , 1979b ) . in egypt , it is known from the lower turonian of khashm el tarif , central east sinai ( ali & abdel - gawad , 2001a ) , and the eastern desert ( el qot , 2008 ) . . . .\ncenomanian - turonian ammonites from eastern sinai , egypt , and their biostratigraphic significance . beringeria 42\ndepositional sequences and cephalopod assemblages in the upper cenomanian - lower santonian of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) .\n1 , identificar las secuencias y parasecuencias deposicionales del santoniense - maastrichtiense de la cuenca ib\u00e9rica . 2 , posicionar las unidades litoestratigr\u00e1ficas actuales respecto de las secuenci\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe ammonite genus vascoceras choffat , 1898 ( family vascoceratidae douville , 1912 ) in the iberian tr . . .\nthe ammonites assigned to the genus vascoceras of the wiedmann ( universit\u00e4t tubingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( universidad complutense de madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . subsequently , new representatives of the species vascoceras gamai , v . charoni sp . nov . , v . barcoicense , v . durandi , v . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe ammonites assigned to the family pseudotissotiidae of the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new , mainly lower turonian , specimens of the species pseudotissotia sp . , choffaticeras ( choffaticeras ) quaasi ( peron , 1904 ) , c . ( c . ) pavillieri ( pervinqui\u00e8re , 1907 ) , c . ( c . ) segne ( solger , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nnew ammonite successions from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough are studied and compared with the assemblages obtained by other authors . as a result , the upper cenomanian eucalycoceras rowei , calycoceras ( calycoceras ) naviculare , neolobites vibrayeanus , metoicoceras mosbyense , metoicoceras geslinianum , vascoceras gamai and spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) subconciliatus , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrevision and new data of the ammonite family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the lower tu . . .\nthe ammonites assigned to the family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . new specimens of the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) tavense ( faraud , 1940 ) , s . ( j . ) saenzi ( wiedmann , 1960 ) , s . ( j . ) postsaenzi ( wiedmann , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrevision and new data on the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia in the iberian peninsula ( spain a . . .\nthe types of the species of the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia peron , 1897 , identified in the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , which are currently held in the wiedmann ( universit\u00e4t t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and choffat ( instituto geol\u00f3gico e mineiro , portugal ) collections , have been revised and refigured . new specimens of the taxa hemitissotia ceadouroensis choffat , 1898 , . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . peyrot et al . ( 2007 peyrot et al . ( , 2008 ) provided the first palynological studies . the palaeontological and biostratigraphical conclusions reached by barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 ) were contrasted with the results obtained from other regions by barroso - barcenilla ( 2006 ) and were presented by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) , barcenilla and goy ( 2007 , 2010 ) and , who identified 29 cephalopod species and proposed a new ammonite zonation for the upper cenomanian and lower turonian succession of the iberian trough . in recent years , other relevant studies of fossil groups and geochemical isotopes similar to those analysed in the present paper have been described in other sections that are closely or broadly related to the puentedey section , such as those of lamolda ( 1977 ) , herngreen ( 1980 ) , colin et al . ( 1982 ) , lamolda et al . ( 1989 , 1997 ) , babinot and crumi\u00e8 airaud ( 1990 ) , garc\u00eda - z\u00e1 rraga and rodr\u00edguez - l\u00e1 zaro ( 1990 ) , rodr\u00edguez - l\u00e1 zaro and garc\u00eda - z\u00e1 rraga ( 1992 ) , paul et al . ( 1994 ) , peryt and lamolda ( 1996 ) , fig . 1 . . . .\n. . . the sequence stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous of the iberian trough was studied in detail by several authors , such as gr\u00e4fe andwiedmann ( 1993wiedmann ( , 1998 ) andgr\u00e4fe ( 1994gr\u00e4fe ( , 1996 ) , in the outer navarro - cantabrian platform and the north - castilian sector ; andsegura et al . ( 2001 ) , gil et al . ( 1993 ) , gil ( 1994 , gil and garc\u00eda ( 1996 ) and garc\u00edahidalgo et al . ( 2003 ) , in the central sector . among them , the works of floquet ( 1998 ) and these works , those by mallada ( 1891 , 1892 ) , karrenberg ( 1935 ) , wiedmann ( 1960 , 1964 , 1975a , 1975b , 1979 ) , mojica and wiedmann ( 1977 ) , wiedmann andkauffman ( 1978 ) , segura andwiedmann ( 1982 ) , carreteromoreno ( 1982 ) , mel\u00e9ndez - hevia ( 1984 ) , santamar\u00eda - zabala ( 1991 , 1995 ) , gr\u00e4fe andwiedmann ( 1993 ) , mart\u00ednez et al . ( 1996 ) , k\u00fcchler ( 1998 ) , barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) , barrosobarcenilla and goy ( 2007 ) and barroso - barcenilla et1 . - geographic general location ( a ) and stratigraphic context of the main spanish ( b ) and portuguese ( c ) studied sections and other mentioned places . photographic views of the outcrops of puentedey ( d ) , condemios ( e ) , salmanha ( f ) and nazar\u00e9 ( g ) . fig . . . .\n. . . the main part of the cephalopods collected in the upper cenomanian and the lower turonian of the it ( barrosobarcenilla , 2006 , 2007 barroso - barcenilla and goy , 2007 ) and the wpcp ( callapez , 1998callapez , , 2003callapez and ferreira soares , 2001 ) do not present signs of taphonomic resedimentation or reelaboration ( sensufern\u00e1ndez - l\u00f3pez , 2000 ) , and the few that show any of these signs do not seem to have suffered notable alterations . therefore , it can be considered that all of them maintain their respective original stratigraphic positions ( callapez , 1998 ; barroso - barcenilla , 2006 ) . . . .\n. . . in northern africa , the metoicoceras geslinianum zone of chancellor et al . ( 1994 ) in tunisia and lehmann and herbig ( 2009 ) in morocco are timeequivalent . furthermore , it was also recognized by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) in spain . the metoicoceras geslinianum zone is one of the standard zones in the middle upper cenomanian of nw europe ( kennedy 1984 ; hancock 1991 ) and the tethyan region ( gradstein et al . 2004 ) . . . .\nintegrated biostratigraphy and inter - regional correlation of the cenomanian\u2013turonian deposits of wad . . .\nthe cenomanian\u2013turonian succession exposed in the wadi feiran , sinai , egypt , is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments belonging to the raha ( at the base ) , abu qada and wata formations . biostratigraphically , the succession has been subdivided into five ammonite zones , which are coeval with five planktic foraminiferal zones . the foraminiferal zones are the late cenomanian hedbergella . . . [ show full abstract ]\nedwardsiella carnea is translucent pale orange in colour , with white or yellow markings on the column beneath the disc . the disc may have powdering of white or yellow colour . this species may form large local populations . the tentacles are long and also translucent pale orange in colour . there can be up to 36 of them , but generally there are only 28 . the column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .\nrecorded from plymouth , torquay , port erin ( isle of man ) , millport ( clyde ) , tenby , and holm bay ( strangford lough ) in ireland . for other records see distribution map .\nthis species lives in holes and crevices and empty or possibly occupied borings of piddocks . it can be found in sheltered places that are out of the light , e . g . beneath overhangs or in caves .\nthe tentacles are long and there can be up to 36 but generally there are only 28 .\nthe column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nmanuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nstephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .\npeckett , f . 2003 . edwardsiella carnea a sea anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\n. . . each assemblage provided insight into faunal dynamics during isolated time slices of the late campanian and early maastrichtian of ne mexico . the upper cretaceous of the region turned out to be a\ncrossroad\nbetween major ammonite provinces ( ifrim et al . 2004ifrim et al . , 2005ifrim et al . , 2015bstinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) and regarding other marine organisms ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; vega et al . 2007 ; fuchs et al . 2010 ; giersch et al . 2011 ; . the fossils described here were discovered by el and vh northwest of botellos , a quarter of the town cerralvo , nuevo le\u00f3n ( textfig . . . .\n. . . ammonites , planktonic foraminifers ) and with the paleogeographic reconstructions of the area ( e . g . goldhammer and johnson , 2001 ; stinnesbeck et al . , 2005 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ; gonz\u00e1lez s\u00e1nchez et al . , 2007 ) . aragonitic shells of ammonites and gastropods are recrystallized to calcite . . . .\n. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .\n. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .\n. . . although this distributional mode is similar to that of inoceramids , strong differences in the extinction and recovery patterns have been documented between the two groups ( harries , 1993 ) . we suggest that ammonite hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , shallow water levels close to the surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells fl oating close to the surface , supported by the presence of small ( ~ 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . this interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis of batt ( 1989 ) and westermann ( 1996 ) that heavily spinose morphotypes dwelled in the open water . on the other hand , morphotypes interpreted to have had a demersal , i . e . swimming but bottom - related mode of life such as heteromorphs ( scaphites - like morphotype such as worthoceras , openly coiled morphotypes such as allocrioceras , puebloites , or straight baculites , see new interpretation of this genus by kruta et al . , 2011 ) are absent at vallecillo , but present in coeval localities in texas and the western interior seaway ( see summary in ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . our data suggest that at least the most abundant ammonite species from vallecillo completed their life cycles in the upper water layers . . . .\n. . . their hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , water levels close to the ocean surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells floating near the surface . this hypothesis is supported by the presence of small ( ca . 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells found at vallecillo ( ifrim , 2006 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . therefore represents not only the first record of glyphiteuthis outside the old world , it is the first early late cretaceous gladius from the americas . the new record supports the interpretation that the gulf of mexico region was part of a tethyan province during the early late cretaceous ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . empty ammonoid shells were reused in various ways by other organisms . the most outstanding examples are the inhabitation of empty shells by hermit crabs ( fraaije , 2003 ) and their use as scaffoldings for cirripedes ( witter , 1996 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . in addition , shells lying on the seafloor often trapped lightweight materials , such as smaller ammonoid shells , plant remains , and pumice grains , that were swept by weak bottom currents ( = sheltered preservation ; maeda , 1987 , 1991 ; zaton and marynowski , 2006 ; olivero , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . a taxonomic description of the fossil reptiles was recently published by . regarding vallecillo invertebrates , only the taxonomy of ammonites was hitherto discussed in detail ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . here we present a description of the inoceramid assemblage . . . .\n. . . inoceramids are the only benthic organisms documented from vallecillo . inoceramus pictus , mytiloides hattini , m . puebloensis , m . goppelnensis , and m . kossmati are described here , whereas ammonites were recently described ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . both ammonites and inoceramids allow for a biostratigraphic correlation of the vallecillo section with the gssp and the european reference section at eastbourne , uk . . . .\n. . . the ammonites and inoceramid bivalves known from vallecillo , and also the planktonic foraminifers preserved in the sediment , allow for a very detailed biostratigraphic zonation of the vallecillo section ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) , summarized infigure 2 . the base of the turonian stage is present in the lowest part of the section , giving an early turonian age to all mosasauroid fossils known from vallecillo . the assemblage of planktonic foraminifers changes over the section . . . .\n. . . the mollusks are a mixed western interior\u2013 tethyan assemblage , owing to the paleogeographic position of vallecillo at the junction of the western interior seaway and the expanding atlantic ocean ( fig . 5 ) . the vallecillo area is thus considered to be part of both the western tethyan and the north american molluscan faunal provinces ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) . all mosasauroid remains discussed here , and also three fossil turtles and the tooth of a pliosaur ( buchy et al . , 2005 ) , were found by quarrymen during extraction of rocks . . . .\nit has been difficult to explain the origin of the biota southern south america . there are many models and continental configurations ; however , despite many advances in molecular phylogeny and pale\u2026\n[ more ]\ncenomanian - turonian high - resolution biostratigraphy of north - eastern mexico and its correlation with . . .\nthin - bedded and millimetrically laminated platy marly limestone quarried near vallecillo , north - eastern mexico , contains abundant excellently preserved marine fossils . planktic foraminifers , inoceramids , and ammonites occur throughout the 7 . 7 - m - thick section of this plattenkalk and provide a precise and detailed biostratigraphic zonation from the uppermost cenomanian to early turonian , with a . . . [ show full abstract ]\nupper cretaceous ( cenomanian turonian and turonian coniacian ) open marine plattenkalkdeposits in ne . . .\nin ne mexico , the cenomanian - turonian plattenkalk of vallecillo ( state of nuevo le\u00f3n ) and the turonian - coniacian plattenkalk of m\u00fazquiz ( state of coahuila ) yield abundant fossil vertebrates and invertebrates with an exceptional preservation of soft parts . inoceramid bivalves are the only benthic organisms in both deposits . they allow for detailed biostratigraphic subdivisions , precise dating . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncomment on\nthe oldest stratigraphic record of the late cretaceous shark ptychodus mortoni agassiz , . . .\npaleobiology and paleoecology of the early turonian ( late cretaceous ) ammonite pseudaspidoceras flex . . .\nduring the early turonian , pseudaspidoceras flexuosum was a common ammonite in low and intermediate latitudes . at vallecillo section , northeastern mexico , 160 specimens were recovered from the section , allowing for quantitative analysis . the combination of quantitative data with sedimentology and geochemistry allow for erection of a differentiated model for the mode of life of p . flexuosum . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 357, "summary": [{"text": "farfantepenaeus is a genus of prawns in the family penaeidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its eight species were formerly included in the genus penaeus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first published as a genus name in 1972 by rudolf n. burukovsky , but without the necessary designation of a type species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "that situation was corrected by the same author in 1997 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name farfantepenaeus commemorates the cuban carcinologist isabel p\u00e9rez farfante . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "farfantepenaeus", "paragraphs": ["penaeus ( farfantepenaeus ) brasiliensis latreille , 1817 . nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 : 156 .\ncyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of\nfarfantepenaeus duorarum ( burkenroad , 1939 ) ( usnm 189986 ) lateral view\n.\njeff holmes changed the thumbnail image of\nfarfantepenaeus duorarum ( burkenroad , 1939 ) ( usnm 189986 ) lateral view\n.\nthe brown shrimp , farfantepenaeus californiensis , is the dominant species of the trawl fishery on the continental shelf of the gulf of california . native to northwest mexico , its culture potential in subtropical . . .\nspecies discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages\nburukovsky , r . n . ( 1997 ) . selection of a type species for farfantepenaeus burukovsky ( crustacea : decapoda : penaeidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 110 : 154 . [ details ]\nspecies discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages | journal of crustacean biology | oxford academic\nthe brown shrimp , farfantepenaeus californiensis , is the dominant species of the trawl fishery on the continental shelf of the gulf of california . native to northwest mexico , its culture potential in subtropical and temperate zones is being addressed due to its ability to grow at low temperatures .\npenaeus ( melicertus ) aztecus aztecus perez - farfante , 1969 . before 1939 this species was not distinguished from the other east american species of the subgenus farfantepenaeus , all of which were then indicated as penaeus brasiliensis . in 1967 two subspecies of p . aztecus were recognized , which at present are considered good species : p . aztecus and p . subtilis .\njames g . ditty , jaime r . alvarado bremer ; species discrimination of postlarvae and early juvenile brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) and pink shrimp ( f . duorarum ) ( decapoda : penaeidae ) : coupling molecular genetics and comparative morphology to identify early life stages , journal of crustacean biology , volume 31 , issue 1 , 1 january 2011 , pages 126\u2013137 , urltoken\npenaeus ( melicertus ) duorarum perez - farfante , 1969until 1939 this species was not distinguished from penaeus brasiliensis and the latter name was then used to indicate all western atlantic species of the subgenus farfantepenaeus . in 1967 p\u00e9rez - farfante recognized two subspecies of penaeus duorarum : p . d . duorarum and p . d . notialis . the latter is now treated as a distinct species .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\np\u00e9rez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndistribution martha ' s vineyard , mass . around peninsular florida to sanibel grounds ; appalachiocola bay , fla . , around gulf of mexico to . . .\ndistribution martha ' s vineyard , mass . around peninsular florida to sanibel grounds ; appalachiocola bay , fla . , around gulf of mexico to northern yucatan . [ details ]\npollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfelder , d . l . , \u00e1lvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019\u20131104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwilliams , a . b . ( 1984 ) . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . smithsonian institution press . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndistribution lower chesapeake bay through florida straits , around mexico to cape catoche and isla mujeres at the tip of yucatan peninsula .\ndistribution lower chesapeake bay through florida straits , around mexico to cape catoche and isla mujeres at the tip of yucatan peninsula . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody shrimp - like ; carapace smooth ; color brown with some orange or yellow ; no lateral spot between 3rd and 4th abdominal segment ; 1st abdominal segment overlaps the 2nd segment ; rostrum with 8 - 9 teeth above , 2 teeth below ; groove an both sides of rostrum extending almost to posterior edge of carapace ; dorsolateral grooves on the last abdominal segment broad and well defined ; brown pigment on uropods ( tail fans ) more concentrated on ends ; 1st 3 pair of walking legs chelate ( with claws ) .\nsimilar to pink shrimp but pink shrimp have a lateral spot between 3rd and 4th abdominal segment and their dorsolateral groove is so narrow that a fingernail cannot fit into it . brown shrimp differ from white shrimp by having dorsolateral grooves on the last abdominal segment and the dorsolateral grooves on the carapace extend nearly to posterior margin of carapace .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018 . created by brenda bowling , texas parks and wildlife department .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nproceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\npenaeus duorarum var . cameronensis rossignol & repelin , 1962 ( unavailable name ) .\npenaeus ( melicertus ) duorarum notialis perez - farfante , 1969until 1967 this species was not distinguished from p . duorarum ; in 1967 it was first considered a subspecies of penaeus duorarum , later the two were found to be distinct species .\nen - southern pink shrimp , fr - crevette rose du sud , sp - camar\u00f3n rosado sure\u00f1o .\npenaeus duorarum notialis p\u00e9rez - farfante , 1967 , proc . biol . soc . wash . , 80 : 94 .\neastern atlantic : west african coast from mauritania to angola . western atlantic : greater antilles from cuba to the virgin islands ; atlantic coast of middle and south america from s . mexico ( quintana roo ) to brazil ( s . to rio de janeiro ) .\ndepth 3 to 100 m , rarely as deep as 700 m , usually between 3 and 50 m . bottom mud or sandy mud , and sandy patches among rocks . marine ; juveniles estuarine .\nmaximum total length 175 mm ( male ) , 192 mm ( female ) ; maximum carapace length 41 mm ( male ) , 48 mm ( female ) .\nwith penaeus ( litopenaeus ) schmitti the most important commercial shrimp of the greater antilles and the atlantic coast of central america , venezuela and various areas of brazil , both on a local and commercial scale . the species is also the subject of important fisheries in west africa , both locally and by foreign trawlers . aquaculture experiments with this species have been undertaken in cuba . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 34 900 t . the countries with the largest catches were nigeria ( 27 341 t ) and senegal ( 4 887 t ) .\nfao catalogue vol . 1 - shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . l . b . holthuis 1980 . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , volume 1 .\nen - northern pink shrimp , fr - crevette rose du nord , sp - camar\u00f3n rosado norte\u00f1o .\npenaeus duorarum burkenroad , 1939 , bull . bingham oceanogr . collect . , yale univ . , 6 ( 6 ) : 31 .\nwestern atlantic : bermuda ; atlantic coast of the u . s . a . from maryland to texas ; east coast of mexico from tamaulipas to quintana roo .\ndepth 2 to 70 m , rarely to 230 m , most abundant between 11 and 36 m . bottom firm mud and silt with sand and shells . juveniles can and do live in water with low salinities , adults are marine .\nmaximum total length 269 mm ( male ) , 280 mm ( female ) .\nof great commercial value in the gulf of mexico ; most intensively fished in the tortugas area and in the gulf of campeche , but also off n . w . florida and w . texas . in 1976 , 11 291 t were landed in u . s . a . used for consumption and bait . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 8 868 t . the countries with the largest catches were usa ( 5 925 t ) and cuba ( 2 943 t ) .\nu . s . a . : pink shrimp , spotted shrimp , pink - spotted shrimp , brown - spotted shrimp , grooved shrimp , green shrimp , pink night shrimp , red shrimp , hopper , skipper , pushed shrimp , bait shrimp .\nen - northern brown shrimp , fr - crevette royale grise , sp - camar\u00f3n caf\u00e9 norte\u00f1o .\npenaeus brasiliensis aztecus ives , 1891 , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . , 43 : 190 , 191 , 199 .\nwestern atlantic : atlantic coast of u . s . a . from massachusetts to texas ; east coast of mexico from tamaulipas to campeche .\ndepth 4 to 160 m , highest densities between 27 and 54 m . bottom mud or peat , often with sand , clay or broken shells . salinity : the adults are marine , the juveniles estuarine and marine .\nmaximum total length 195 mm ( male ) , 236 mm ( female ) .\noff north carolina this is the most important penaeus species . also along the north and east coast of the gulf of mexico it is of great commercial value , although sometimes surpassed by p . setiferus ; the grounds off texas are by far the most important . in 1976 , 61 873 t of the species were landed in the u . s . a . aquaculture experiments with p . aztecus have been undertaken in the u . s . a . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 61 206 t . the countries with the largest catches were usa ( 61 206 t ) .\nu . s . a . : brown shrimp , brownie , green lake shrimp , red shrimp , redtail shrimp , golden shrimp , native shrimp .\nen - redspotted shrimp , fr - crevette royale rose , sp - camar\u00f3n rosado con manchas .\nwestern atlantic : atlantic coast of america from north carolina ( u . s . a ) to rio grande do sul ( brazil ) ; bermuda ; west indies .\nbottom mud and sand . juveniles are estuarine , adults marine . bathymetry : from 3 to 365 m , most abundant at 45 to 65 m .\nin the northern part of its range ( west indies , coast of u . s . a . ) it usually forms a small percentage of the total shrimp catch . it is quite important in some localities on the caribbean coast of central and south america ( quintana roo ( mexico ) , nicaragua , e . venezuela ) , and is especially important off the atlantic coast of south america from guyana to northern brazil ( baia de maraj\u00f3 ) , where it produces\ngigantic catches\n( perez - farfante , 1969 : 576 ) . in northeastern brazil the commercial value of the species is limited , but more to the south , in rio de janeiro state it is quite important again .\nu . s . a . : pink spotted shrimp , spotted pink shrimp , caribbean brown shrimp .\nspecies off north carolina and it is of great commercial importance along the north and east coasts of the . . .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n( jgd ) national oceanographic and atmospheric administration , national marine fisheries service , 4700 avenue u , galveston , texas 77551 , u . s . a .\n( jrab ) department of marine biology , texas a & m university at galveston , ocean and coastal sciences building , room 247 , p . o . box 1675 , galveston , tx 77553 , u . s . a .\nfrom the gulf of mexico and verified their species identity using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) assay , which targeted the 16s rrna mitochondrial gene . we examined young with\ndorsal teeth ( dt ) for differences in morphology and used a general discriminant analysis approach and \u2018best\u2019 subsets model - building technique to help identify the \u2018best\u2019 characters to discriminate taxa and predict species membership .\nhave spinules on the epigastric and first dt , a character not previously reported for these two species . differences in antennal scale shape and sixth pleomere length discriminate\nover characters that have been used for species discrimination , some of which are unreliable . the unsatisfactory performance of the models in discriminating\nsp . from the eastern gulf is consistent with the possibility of different ecological populations in the eastern and western gulf that may warrant further study . integration of molecular taxonomy and comparative morphology , as we did here , can provide insight into the patterns of diversity and ecological and evolutionary principles that encompass fisheries management .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 362, "summary": [{"text": "brachyramphus is a small genus of seabirds from the north pacific .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "brachyramphus is from ancient greek brakhus , \" short \" , and rhamphos , \" bill \" .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the species are named as \" murrelets \" ; this is a diminutive of \" murre \" , a word of uncertain origins , but which may imitate the call of the common guillemot .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the genus contains three species : marbled murrelet , brachyramphus marmoratus long-billed murrelet brachyramphus perdix kittlitz 's murrelet , brachyramphus brevirostris these are unusual members of the auk family , often nesting far inland in forests or on mountain tops .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the long-billed murrelet was considered conspecific with the marbled murrelet until 1998 , when friesen et al. showed that the mtdna variation was greater between these two forms than between marbled and kittlitz 's murrelets .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "these species breed in the subarctic north pacific .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they tend to remain coastal in winter , either staying near the breeding grounds , or , in the case of long-billed , migrating to the coast of japan .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "two prehistoric species have been described from late pliocene fossils , found in the san diego formation of the southwestern usa : brachyramphus dunkeli and brachyramphus pliocenum", "topic": 26}], "title": "brachyramphus", "paragraphs": ["identifying nesting habitat of kittlitz ' s murrelets brachyramphus brevirostris : old nests lead to a new breeding record / leah a . kenney .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) proposed rule ; finding that the revision of critical habitat should not be made .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris )\ntitle =\narkive species - kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npresents first breeding record of kittlitz ' s murrelets ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) nesting at adak island , aleutian archipelago , and identifies 14 non - active nests .\nday rh , alexander kp , nigro da . ecological specialization and overlap of brachyramphus murrelets in prince william sound , alaska . auk . 2003 ; 120 : 680\u2013699 .\ncarter ha . at - sea biology of the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in barkley sound , british columbia . ms thesis . university of manitoba . 1984 .\npresents first breeding record of kittlitz ' s murrelets ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) nesting at adak island , aleutian archipelago , and identifies 14 non - active nests . 650 07\nto cite this page : smart , j . 1999 .\nbrachyramphus marmoratus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndesignation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period , notice of availability of draft economic analysis , and amended required determinations .\nbarbaree ba , nelson sk , dugger bd . marine space use by marbled murrelets brachyramphus marmoratus at a mainland fjord system in southeast alaska . marine ornithology . 2015 ; 116 : 173\u2013184 .\nbarrett j . the influence of oceanographic and terrestrial attributes on marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) marine habitat selection during the breeding season . m . sc . thesis , simon fraser university . 2008 .\ncitation : lorenz tj , raphael mg , bloxton td jr ( 2016 ) marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) during the breeding season . plos one 11 ( 9 ) : e0162670 . urltoken\nusfws ( u . s . fish and wildlife service ) . recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in washington , oregon , and california . usfws , portland , oregon . 1997 .\nthe currently accepted scientific name for the marbled murrelet is brachyramphus marmoratus ( gmelin ) . it is in the family alicidae . there are two recognized subspecies but only b . marmoratus marmoratus occurs in north america [\nstenhouse , i . j . , studebaker , s . and zwiefelhofer , d . ( 2008 ) kittlitz\u2019s murrelet brachyramphus brevirostris in the kodiak archipelago , alaska . marine ornithology , 36 : 59 - 66 .\nkuletz kj . foraging behavior and productivity of a non - colonial seabird , the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) , relative to prey and habitat . p . d . dissertation , university of victoria . 2005 .\ncenter for biological diversity . ( 2001 ) petition to list the kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) as endangered under the endangered species act . center for biological diversity , coastal coalition , eyak preservation council , and lynn canal conservation society .\ntesky , julie l . 1994 . brachyramphus marmoratus . in : fire effects information system , [ online ] . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station , fire sciences laboratory ( producer ) . available : urltoken [\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachyramphus brevirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachyramphus marmoratus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nday , r . h . , kuletz , k . j . and nigro , d . a . ( 1999 ) kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\n591 . 5 - - animal behaviour . 591 . 551 - - animals , breeding behaviour . 591 . 563 - - nest - building . 598 . 441 - - alcidae : brachyramphus brevirostris . h5 - - zoology : birds . ( * 3 ) - - arctic regions . ( * 49 ) - - alaska . ( * 495 . 2 ) - - aleutian islands .\nburger , a . e . ; manley , i . a . ; silvergieter , m . p . ; lank , d . b . ; jordan , k . m . ; bloxton , t . d . ; raphael , m . g . 2009 . re - use of nest sites by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in british columbia . northwestern naturalist . 90 : 217 - 226 .\nnettleship , d . n . , de juana , e . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a federally threatened seabird that requires two fundamentally different habitats for breeding . foraging occurs at sea because murrelets are pursuit - diving seabirds whose primary prey are small schooling fish and large zooplankton . however , coastal , old - growth coniferous forests are used for nesting in much of their range . like many alcids , marbled murrelets do not build nests and instead rely on naturally deposited materials for a nest platform . unlike other alcids , however , in the marbled murrelet a single egg is typically laid directly on a large , mossy limb in the forest canopy . in most cases , only large , old trees have limbs of sufficient diameter for these unusual nests .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a small pacific seabird listed as threatened under the endangered species act in california , oregon and washington . all population surveying efforts to date have concluded that the listed population exhibits a long - term downward trend . in the past decade , marbled murrelet populations have decreased by 27 % throughout the listed population ' s range with a more alarming 45 % decline in the state of washington . threats to the marbled murrelet include loss of habitat from commercial timber harvest , nest predation , gill - net fishing operations , oil spills , and marine pollution . the usfws is working with other federal , state , and tribal agencies and private landowners and university researchers to recover the marbled murrelet . for more information on this threatened species , please visit the following usfws websites : urltoken urltoken urltoken we strive to make our electronic and information technology accessible to all . please email us at fw1webmaster @ urltoken if you need the text of this video .\nmarbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) nest predominantly in the canopies of large old - growth conifers , and are listed as threatened in canada and three u . s . states mainly as a consequence of reductions in this habitat owing to logging . we assessed the re - use of nest sites ( nest trees ) by murrelets in british columbia using three types of data : ( 1 ) evidence of return of adults to the same nest site , ( 2 ) evidence of multiple nests within the same tree , and ( 3 ) re - checking known nest trees in subsequent seasons for evidence of re - use . all three methods showed evidence of re - use of nest trees in different years , but there were marked regional differences in the degree of re - use . re - use of nest trees was most frequent in regions with extensive loss of nesting habitat due to logging ( southern mainland coast and east vancouver island ) , and rare in a less disturbed region ( west vancouver island ) . overall , 26 of 143 ( 18 percent ) nest trees climbed showed evidence of multiple nesting in separate seasons . management of nesting habitat should incorporate these results by providing greater protection of habitat in regions where habitat is sparse , and by minimizing predation risk where murrelets more frequently re - use nest sites . because re - use of nest sites is infrequent , managers should aim to provide murrelets with multiple choices for nest sites , such as maintaining large tracts of old - growth forest with many large trees containing potential nest platforms .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a declining seabird that is well - known for nesting in coastal old - growth forests in the pacific northwest . most studies of habitat selection have focused on modeling terrestrial nesting habitat even though marine habitat is believed to be a major contributor to population declines in some regions . to address this information gap , we conducted a 5 - year study of marine resource selection by murrelets in washington , which contains a population experiencing the steepest documented declines and where marine habitat is believed to be compromised . across five years we tracked 157 radio - tagged murrelets during the breeding season ( may to august ) , and used discrete choice models to examine habitat selection . using an information theoretic approach , our global model had the most support , suggesting that murrelet resource selection at - sea is affected by many factors , both terrestrial and marine . locations with higher amounts of nesting habitat ( \u03b2 = 21 . 49 , p < 0 . 001 ) that were closer to shore ( \u03b2 = - 0 . 0007 , p < 0 . 001 ) and in cool waters ( \u03b2 = - 0 . 2026 , p < 0 . 001 ) with low footprint ( \u03b2 = - 0 . 0087 , p < 0 . 001 ) had higher probabilities of use . while past conservation efforts have focused on protecting terrestrial nesting habitat , we echo many past studies calling for future efforts to protect marine habitat for murrelets , as the current emphasis on terrestrial habitat alone may be insufficient for conserving populations . in particular , marine areas in close proximity to old - growth nesting habitat appear important for murrelets during the breeding season and should be priorities for protection .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwelcome to oed online . if you or your library subscribes , dive straight in to the riches of the english language . if not , click on the images below to learn more about the oed , see what ' s new , or take a look at aspects of english , our language feature section .\nthis year sees the 90th anniversary of the publication of the completed first edition of the oxford english dictionary . find out more about our birthday celebrations >\nwhich english words are used where you are ? help us add more regional words to the dictionary . submit your word >\nwhat ' s new : more than 900 new words , senses , and subentries have been added to the oxford english dictionary in our latest update , including binge - watch , impostor syndrome , and silent generation . find out more >\nnew article : coinciding with the 90th anniversary of the publication of the house at pooh corner , several words from winnie - the - pooh have been added to the oed in this update . read more >\nonline access to the full oed , and now incorporating the historical thesaurus of the oed .\nany of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .\nrecent study found that birds from attu i and from gulf of alaska represent two discrete evolutionarily significant units , having been genetically isolated for a very long period # r . monotypic .\nbering sea coasts n into chukchi sea and s to gulf of alaska : in russia probably limited to wrangel i , e chukotskiy peninsula in chukchi sea w to cape schmidta and s to n sea of okhotsk ( shelikhov bay and babushkin bay ) and e kamchatka ; in alaska from just e of cape lisburne s to aleutians and e to glacier bay and stikine r ( gulf of alaska ) . winters mainly offshore near breeding area , from e siberia to n kuril is , but recorded as far s as n japan ( hokkaido ) and from aleutians e to glacier bay .\n22\u201323 cm ; 224 g ; wingspan 43 cm . small alcid with short brownish bill , and darkish brown iris ; brown to darkish brown upperparts mottled buff and white ( cryptic sandy . . .\ngenerally silent , apparently even on breeding grounds , possibly as an additional anti - predator . . .\nneritic , usually along rocky sea coasts . in summer , associated with coastal ( sometimes inland ) . . .\ninformation extremely limited , only 22 nests known ( 1995 ) . timing of breeding varies markedly through range , with start of laying c . 1 . . .\npost - breeding dispersal into bays and fjords of prince william sound occurs late jul and aug . . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . total population size poorly known , but believed to be much smaller than that of\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nshoreline regions of the north pacific ocean : western - japan to kamchatka , russia , eastern - central california to southern alaska .\nthe general habitat of the marbled murrelet is near coastal waters , tide - rips , bays , and mountains . nesting sites are in higher elevations , exclusively in old growth forests of 175 - 600 years in age ( barring a few ground nests on alaskan islands ) . nest sites are large , moss covered , horizontal branches with an average height of 45 meters . the sites are often a substantial distance from the coast ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ; singer , 1990 ) .\nthe marbled murrelet is a very small , chubby , sea bird that seems to lack a neck . it has a dark brown to black dorsum and a white venter and throat . the nonbreeding plumage includes a strip of white between the back and the wing , thus the name\nmarbled\n. the breeding plumage is dark brown dorsally ; ventral feathers are white tipped with brown . males and females are of approximately the same size , 9 . 5 - 10\nwingspan . bill length is 13 - 18 mm ; wing length ( relaxed ) is 120 - 140mm . the voice of the marbled murrelet is a sharp\nkeer\nor lower\nkee .\nthe marbled murrelet breeds on mountains near the coast . breeding season is from mid - april to the end of august . females have been collected with shelled eggs in their oviducts from april 23 to july 13 . the murrelet has single egg clutches . murrelets may not fledge young until mid - september , based on a 30 - day incubation and a 28 - day rearing period . nesting sites are almost exclusively in old - growth forests , yet some have been found in cavities in subalpine areas , and on the ground on islands . murrelet eggs are yellowish and spotted . the first known nest was found in a rock slide far above the timber line at 1900 ft . on chicago island , alaska , on june 13 , 1931 . ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nduring courtship , the murrelet extends its beak upward in display , calls shrilly , paddles rapidly in unison with its mate for several minutes , and then dives repeatedly . once the egg is produced , the male and the female murrelet divide the responsibility of incubating the lone egg in the nest . upon hatching , the nestlings are fed larger prey than that ingested by the parents . the marbled murrelet can fly up to 100 km one way to the sea to look for food for the young . after the rearing period , murrelet fledglings fly to the sea when they leave their nest . marbled murrelets occur in loose aggregations in predictable locations near dependable food sources . groups of one or two birds comprise 63 % of all sightings , but aggregations of 100 - 3197 birds have been reported .\nmarbled murrelets migrate a relatively small distance southward , less than 1000 miles , in the winter months . members of the gulf of alaska population may overwinter in bays of southeastern alaska and northern british columbia ( carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nan adult murrelet was observed carrying a fish , presumably for a hatchling . murrelets eat primarily fish , including pacific sandlance , pacific herring , and seaperch . they forage for food solitarily or in pairs , sometimes amongst mixed species feeding flocks ( carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nincreasing numbers of people are spending considerable sums of money to reach marine bird viewing areas off the coasts of north american states and provinces . these\nnonconsumptive pursuits\n( barry , 1979 ) contribute significant amounts of money to regional economies . also , there are indirect commercial benefits . marine birds play significant roles in their complex ecosystem . disruption of that ecosystem by the extinction of sea birds could have an adverse affect on the fishing industry . marine bird excrement , ( . 12 - . 24 million tons annually ! ! ) is especially rich in nitrates and phosphates , which phytoplankton , the basis of ocean food pyramids , requires ( berry , 1979 ) .\nif additional research finds that the marbled murrelet lives exclusively in old - growth forests and that their numbers decrease proportionally with the decrease in acres of forest , then it could be deemed an indicator species thus a justifiable deterent for further logging operations . the decrease in logging leads to a loss of income and jobs in the logging industry ( carter , morrison ) .\nthe alaskan population is estimated at 250 , 000 birds , centered in south central and south eastern parts of the state , but extending into bristol bay and along the aleutian islands . this represents the bulk of the north american population . logging efforts are expanding in the areas of the greatest murrelet population . continued logging will produce major declines in murrelet numbers . inland records from british columbia , washington , and oregon suggested the presence of nests in old growth forests , although none had been found prior to 1990 . marbled murrelet numbers in british columbia are an estimated 45 , 000 - 50 , 000 birds , with the highest density on the west coast of vancouver island . the marbled murrelet population of washington is estimated at 5 , 000 , centered in the northern puget sound area . oregon ' s population is estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 birds , located mostly in the central coastal region . there is also a small population of murrelets , ( 1400 - 1700 birds ) on the north central coast of california .\nthreats include mainly the loss of old - growth forests ( all locales ) , some mortality from gill nets ( responsible for the annual death of 7 . 8 % of the british columbia population ) , and oil pollution ( alaska and washington ) . very little of the existing old - growth forests are currently protected . one locale of substantial old growth forest in british columbia was expected to decrease 95 % in 50 years due to harvest schedules . four of the five locations where fledglings were found in washington state have been logged . of oregon ' s old growth forests , 44 % is in stands of less than 32 hectares or within 122 meters of a clearcut . this isolation of small patches of forest may decrease reproductive success and increase predation at nest sites . in california , only 4 % of the original acreage of redwood trees is currently protected . this obliteration of habitat could be responsible for the sparse numbers of murrelet in california .\nthe marbled murrelet is considered endanged in california , and threatened in oregon , washington , and british columbia . its low reproductive rate prevents fast recovery from population decreases . the marbled murrelet is one of the few species of alcids whose known and suspected nesting habitat is not protected by federal refuge designation . several lawsuits have been filed to defer the logging of old - growth forests where murrelets are known or suspected to live . in order to save the habitat of the marbled murrelet there need to be larger forest reserves and / or substantial changes in the logging practices .\ntree searches since then have produced 19 nest locations in old growth forests . due to the difficulty of locating the nests of these elusive birds , it is necessary to implement plans for further research before the marbled murrelet becomes an indicator species such as the spotted owl ( carter and morisson , 1992 ) .\nclosely related species include : ( 1 ) kittlitz ' s murrelet , glacier bay , alaska and north . ( 2 ) least auklet , aleutian islands and bering sea , ranges do not overlap . ( 3 ) cassin ' s auklet , same geographic range . ( peterson , 1961 )\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nainley , d . g . et al 1993 . beached marine birds and mammals of the north american west coast : a revised guide to their census and identification . u . s . dept . of commerce .\nberry , t . w . 1979 . wildlife research report ,\nsocial and economic values of marine birds\n. united states dept . of the interior .\ncarter , h . r . , morrison , m . l . 1992 . status and conservation of the marbled murrelet in north america . western foundation of vertebrate zoology .\npeterson , r . t . 1961 . a field guide to western birds . houghton miflin co . boston .\nsinger , s . w . et al 1990 . discovery an observation of two tree nests of the marbled murrelet . the condor . the cooper ornithological society .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\n25 cm . chunky alcid . breeding plumage is dark brown above , heavily mottled below . in winter , dark grey above and white below with white scapulars , dark marks on side of breast , dark ear - coverts and whitish eye - ring . juvenile resembles winter adult but darker scapulars and dusky mottling below .\nis paler , has white outer tail feathers and shorter bill . in winter , has whiter face broken by dark eye and slight eye - stripe , nearly complete breast - band and white tips to secondaries .\nthis species is still abundant , but it is treated as endangered because its population is estimated to have undergone a very rapid reduction , especially in the southern portion of its range , which is expected to continue , owing to a variety of threats .\ncosewic ( 2012 ) estimated the total population to number 358 , 200 - 417 , 500 individuals , rounded here to 350 , 000 - 420 , 000 individuals , based on 271 , 000 individuals in alaska ( piatt et al . 2007 ) , 72 , 600 - 125 , 600 in british columbia ( bertram et al . 2007 ) , and 15 , 400 - 23 , 900 individuals in washington , oregon and california ( falxa et al . 2014 ) .\nthe population was estimated to have declined by c . 11 % in 2000 - 2013 in washington , oregon , and california ( falxa\n2014 ) , with a 50 % decrease in alaska in 1972 - 1992 ( piatt and naslund 1995 ) . at - sea surveys over the past 25 years in british columbia suggest declines of c . 1 % per year ( piatt\n. 2004 ) , has declined by 22 % between 1978 and 2008 , and is continuing ( cosewic 2012 ) . declines are suspected to be very rapid and on - going due to very low measured productivity rates .\nconservation actions underway it is threatened in all range states and province except alaska . detailed conservation recommendations were made in 1990s ( usfws 1992 , ralph et al . 1995 ) . federal land - use in the usa is regulated , areas for management identified and surveyed , and some temporarily removed from logging ( nelson 1997 , raphael 2006 ) . in august 2016 , the usfws released the final determination on critical habitat for the species in the listed range and in january 2010 determined that the species still warrented protection and listing as threatened after numerous challenges by the timber industry . usfws initiated a status review of the species in 2008 , which will also function as a 5 - year status review ( harrison 2008 ) . in canada there has been extensive research , an updated recovery strategy ( environment canada 2014 ) , some ( relatively minor ) habitat protection under the british columbia forest and range practices act , more extensive protection of forest habitat under various land use agreements and a radar monitoring plan developed by the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team ( cmmrt 2003 , cosewic 2012 ) . the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team developed a recovery strategy to be compliant with the canadian species at risk act ( environment canada 2014 ) . this lays out the general strategy for population stability ( population reduction between 2002 and 2032 not to exceed 30 % of the 2002 population and this decline is linked to similar limited decline in available suitable nesting habitat ) . the essential marine and terrestrial action plans required by the species at risk act have not been drafted ( as of 2016 ) and these are not likely to be completed and implemented before 2020 . under the canadian recovery strategy critical nesting habitat requiring protection is defined as 70 % of the 2002 suitable nesting habitat coast - wide , with varying percentages ( 68 - 90 % ) in the six conservation regions in british columbia ( environment canada 2014 ) .\nthe u . s . department of natural resources ( wdnr ) began developing a marbled murrelet long - term conservation strategy in 2007 ( escene 2007 ) ; the final strategy still has not been released as of 2016 . the northwest forest plan ( 1994 ) is expected to ensure the protection of a large proportion of important habitats in the usa ( raphael 2006 ) .\nextensive areas of suitable forest nesting habitat have been set aside in conservancies on the northern and central mainland and in haida gwaii ( formerly queen charlotte islands ) ( cosewic 2012 ) . smaller areas are being protected by other forestry and conservation measures . overall , an estimated 35 % of the 1 , 826 , 828 hectares of suitable habitat in all of british columbia ( based on the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team modeling criteria [ cmmrt 2003 ] ) had been protected under various measures by 2011 ( cosewic 2012 ) . in 1998 , the exxon valdez trustee council protected 179 km\n1999 172 : 23 ) . in 2007 , 1 , 569 ha of forested land on the oregon coast was acquired under conservation easement for the species ( amongst others ) , part funded by the new carissa oil - spill funds ( escene 2007 ) . between 1998 and 2002 , 507 marbled murrelets were radio - tracked in british columbia (\nedited : geographic range , population justification , rationale , habitat and ecology , countries of occurence , threats , conservation actions proposed , underway and in place , important conservation actions needed and research needed . added references and also added new contributors and a new compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22694870a112447662 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species qualifies as near threatened because it is likely to be undergoing a moderately rapid population reduction owing to logging of the old - growth forests where it nests . future oil exploration could exacerbate these declines .\n. based on observations at sea during the breeding season , it might be also breeding in alaska ( sealy and carter , 2012 ) . it was split from marbled murrelet\n. in japan , it is rare in eastern hokkaido , where breeding occur historically and it is possible that very small numbers do still breed there ( namba 2013 ) , but commoner on the sea of okhotsk coast , especially near the shiretoko peninsula . there are few areas in russia where the species is considered common : the lower amur river area , particularly between baydukov island and aleksandra bay ; near magadan along the khmitievsky peninsula , tauyskaya bay , and the koni peninsula ; and on the kamchatka peninsula . it appears to be uncommon in the primorye region and on sakhalin island ( where its distribution is patchy ) , and it is rare on the northern coast of the sea of okhotsk .\nthe global population size has not been accurately quantified , however it is said to number in the ' tens of thousands ( konyukhov and kitaysky 1995 ) . the population in russia has been estimated at < 100 , 000 breeding pairs and < 1 , 000 individuals on migration ( brazil 2009 ) .\nthere are no data , however logging is likely to be driving a moderately rapid decline in this species .\nit breeds in old - growth coniferous forests within 100 km of the coast , wintering in sheltered coastal waters .\nlike marbled murrelet , this species is under increasing threat from the logging of old growth forests which has accelerated in recent years , particularly on sakhalin island and the kamchatka peninsula . intensive development of the oil industry has occurred on the okhotsk and bering sea shelves , and this constitutes a further potential threat .\nconduct surveys to improve knowledge of the breeding and wintering grounds . regularly monitor the population at important sites on both the breeding and wintering grounds . ensure sufficient safeguards are put in place and enforced to prevent pollution in important parts of the at sea range . protect large areas of unlogged forest in important breeding areas .\nextension of comment period for the draft environmental impact statement , and incidental take permit application and proposed habitat conservation plan submitted by plum creek timberlands , l . p . for lands in montana , idaho , and washington\navailability of a draft environmental impact statement and receipt of an application for the proposed issuance of a permit to allow incidental take of threatened and endangered species on plum creek timber company , l . p . , lands in the i\u009690 corridor , king and kittitas counties , wa\nrevised critical habitat for the marbled murrelet - proposed rule ; reopening of public comment period .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 117 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthis is an open access article , free of all copyright , and may be freely reproduced , distributed , transmitted , modified , built upon , or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose . the work is made available under the creative commons cc0 public domain dedication .\ndata availability : the data contained within the paper have been uploaded as a supporting information file .\nfunding : funding was provided by the united states forest service pacific northwest research station , washington department of natural resources , national council for air and stream improvement , olympic natural resources center , and the united states fish and wildlife service . the pacific northwest research station contributed to study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , and preparation of the manuscript ( mgr tdb tjl ) . other funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe first management efforts with marbled murrelets recognized their need for large trees . they also acknowledged that > 100 years of logging in coastal forests from british columbia to california had drastically reduced the amount of murrelet breeding habitat [ 1 ] . in the northwest forest plan [ 2 ] , measures were taken to protect unharvested , late - successional , and old - growth forests on federal lands in washington , oregon , and california . unfortunately , despite these conservation efforts decades ago , multiple studies have reported continued population declines [ 3 \u2013 5 ] . there has been much discussion in the scientific literature about whether these declines are due to losses in nesting habitat that have continued on private lands and / or changes to marine habitat . raphael et al . [ 6 ] documented an 8\u201333 % decline in potential nesting habitat on private lands from washington to california which corresponds with murrelet population declines during that same time period [ 4 ] . nest habitat losses were greatest in washington state , which is where miller et al . [ 4 ] and falxa and raphael [ 5 ] reported the steepest declines in murrelet numbers . additionally , marine conditions have also changed in the last century and since the northwest forest plan . marine factors that have been identified as potential threats to murrelets include overfishing , pollution , unattended fishing gear , human population growth ( and associated disturbance ) , and more recently , climate change [ 1 ] . in the southern portion of their range , peery et al . [ 7 ] examined the relative influence of nesting habitat on reproduction in a declining california population and concluded that marine food and nest predation , rather than availability of nesting habitat , were responsible for the low reproductive output of the population . studies using stable isotopes have indicated that murrelets are foraging on lower trophic levels than historically , and this has contributed to low productivity and population declines [ 8 \u2013 10 ] .\noverall , the conservation of marbled murrelets may hinge on protecting not only nesting habitat\u2013the focus of conservation efforts to date\u2013but also on foraging habitat . in an effort to better understand important marine habitats for marbled murrelets , we conducted a study of marine habitat selection by individually - tagged murrelets . studies of habitat selection by individually tagged animals are important for examining habitat selection for conservation planning [ 11 ] . our objective was to model marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets during the breeding season to better understand the relative influence of marine versus terrestrial habitat features on murrelet space use while at - sea . we conducted this study in northwestern washington , the location of the steepest murrelet declines documented to date .\nall handling and tagging of marbled murrelets was in accordance with the u . s . fish and wildlife service endangered species 10a1a permit ( permit # te - 070589 - 2 ) and in compliance with the ornithological council guidelines for the use of wild birds in research [ 12 ] . scientific collection permits were obtained annually from washington department of fish and wildlife , and a federal bird banding permit was obtained from the u . s . geological survey , bird banding lab . field studies involved handling a federally threatened seabird , and consequently all sampling and handling procedures were approved by a u . s . fish and wildlife service endangered species 10a1a permit prior to the start of our study , as noted above . permissions to access field sites were provided by united states ( u . s . ) forest service , u . s . park service , washington department of fish and wildlife , washington department of natural resources , washington state parks , and british colombia ministry of forests , lands , and natural resource operations .\nwe conducted this study in northwestern washington state ( approximately 47\u00b0 48\u2032 n , 123\u00b0 40\u2032 w ) and southwestern british columbia ( approximately 48\u00b0 24\u2032 n , 123\u00b0 40\u2032 w ) ( fig 1 ) . we were logistically constrained to capturing birds in u . s . waters , although we radio - tracked murrelets in both u . s . and canadian waters . we used standard techniques to capture murrelets at - sea , which involved locating birds at night from small boats using night - lighting and capturing them in long - handled dipnets [ 13 ] . we captured and tagged murrelets from april to july , 2004\u20132008 . with the exception of a few individuals that were released without transmitters because of concerns over handling stress , all birds were fit with a vhf transmitter ( 1 . 5 % of body weight ; advanced telemetry systems , isanti , mn ) using a subcutaneous anchor following newman et al . ( 1999 ) [ 14 ] . unlike newman et al . [ 13 ] however , we did not use anesthesia or sutures . murrelets were released at the site of capture within 1 hour .\nstudy area used to examine resource selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington and southwestern british columbia , 2004\u20132008 .\nthe marine 99 % population - level kernel ( from all radio - tracked murrelets ) is depicted in yellow to green tones , where darker shading indicates areas with a high probability of use and lighter yellow shading areas with a low probability of use by the population of tagged murrelets . black dots represent 5 , 388 marine telemetry locations from all murrelets tracked in this study .\nwe located radio - tagged murrelets using aerial tracking from fixed wing aircraft . we initiated searches within three days after the first murrelet was tagged in each year . we ended searches after the last known nest had fledged or failed and when significant numbers of transmitters were no longer detectable within our study area , indicating post - breeding dispersal or transmitter battery failure . weather permitting , we conducted tracking flights daily . tracking flights lasted for up to ~ 5 hours until either all birds had been located or the aircraft needed refueling . aerial searches focused on marine areas , but also included terrestrial areas to locate nest sites of breeding murrelets . if an individual murrelet was not located at - sea or on an inland nest for ~ 2\u20133 consecutive days , we expanded our search area to find the missing bird and generally focused on areas beyond the location that the missing murrelet was last detected .\nwhen a murrelet\u2019s radio signal was detected from the air , pilots circled over the transmitter and used a gps unit to mark the location from which they heard the loudest radio signal . tests with stationary transmitters indicated that location accuracy from aircraft was 385 m on average ( sd = 230 , range 93\u2013685 m ) . we omitted all telemetry locations obtained at night ( defined by civil twilight on each day ) because past research indicates murrelets do not actively feed at night [ 15 ] and we were primarily interested in habitat selection by active and foraging murrelets .\ndescription of parameters considered for examining marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , usa , 2004\u20132008 .\nwe measured the linear distance from each telemetry relocation to the shore . we also measured water depth ( bathymetry ) at each relocation point because murrelets are thought to forage in shallow water [ 26 ] . human activity can affect marbled murrelet space use at - sea [ 27 \u2013 28 ] and we therefore included indices of marine and terrestrial human footprint for our study area . the marine footprint was obtained from halpern et al . [ 29 ] and the terrestrial footprint from sanderson et al . [ 30 ] . the marine footprint combined 17 factors ranging from fishing activity , pollution , and shipping traffic [ 29 ] . the terrestrial footprint considered three main factors : human population density , light pollution , and transportation infrastructure ( including roads , railways , coastlines , and rivers ) [ 30 ] . both datasets were calculated at ~ 1 km resolution and classified the marine or terrestrial landscape on a scale of 0\u2013100 in the relative influence of human activity .\nwe included a categorical variable for the average relative wind speed ( or \u201cwindiness\u201d ) because murrelets may preferentially foraged in areas of calm water [ 31 ] . we obtained spatial data on estimated wind energy potential ( i . e . , wind power class ) at 500 m resolution from the national renewable energy laboratory [ 32 ] and used this as a proxy for the relative wind speed on waters within our study area . based on this dataset [ 32 ] we classified windiness within our study area as a dichotomous variable ( high or low ) where high winds were associated with areas with a wind power class \u22653 ( areas suitable for wind energy development , with annual average wind speed at heights of 50 m > 6 . 4\u20137 . 0 m / s ) and low winds in areas with a wind power class < 3 ( areas unsuitable for wind energy development , with annual average wind speed at heights of 50 m < 6 . 4\u20137 . 0 m / s ) [ 32 ] .\nsand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are considered one important prey of breeding marbled murrelets ( [ 16 ] , and references therein ; [ 33 ] ) . they are associated with fine gravel or sandy - bottomed coastal waters and thus marbled murrelets may select sandy bottomed areas over rock or other substrates . we could find no spatial data on bottom types for our study area and so we used the nearest shoreline type as a proxy [ 34 \u2013 35 ] . we obtained spatial data on shoreline composition from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration for u . s . shorelines [ 36 ] and british columbia ministry of forests , lands and natural resource management for canadian shorelines . we then classified the entire shoreline of our study area into two classes , \u201csand / gravel beach\u201d and \u201cother\u201d shoreline . our class for \u201csand / gravel beach\u201d included sand and mixed - gravel beaches . our class for \u201cother\u201d included shores classified as rock shoreline ( cliff to level , rocky shores ) , human structures , and vegetated , tidal wetlands .\nthe availability and proximity of potential nesting habitat has been implicated as an important factor affecting the marine density of murrelets in multiple studies [ 26 , 37 ] . we estimated the proportion of nesting habitat within a 5806 - km 2 circular area centered on each telemetry location , equal in radius to the mean distance traveled to sea for breeding murrelets in our study . we obtained spatial data on suitable nesting habitat for our study area from raphael et al . [ 6 , 26 ] . for the u . s . portion of our study area , raphael et al . [ 6 ] defined nesting habitat primarily using landtrendr data ( landsat - based detection of trends in disturbance and recovery methods ) [ 38 ] and gradient nearest neighbor ( gnn ) models [ 39 ] . for the canadian portion of our study , nesting habitat was defined based on areas classified as old growth management areas by the ministry of forests , lands , and natural resources [ 40 ] . while this dataset does not explicitly model nest habitat for murrelets , it was the most recent and comprehensive layer for potential nesting habitat that we were able to obtain , and has been used in other publications modeling murrelet nesting habitat availability [ 26 ] .\nwe did not consider distance to nest site as a factor [ 41 \u2013 42 ] because only a few radio - tagged murrelets in our study were confirmed breeders with known nest sites . however , by including the proportion of nesting habitat as a factor , we assumed that the effect of nest site proximity and availability was adequately accounted for in our analysis . also , we did not differentiate between breeders and nonbreeders in our analysis because few murrelets bred ( 13 % ) . because murrelets commonly visit nesting habitat even when not actively breeding [ 43 \u2013 44 ] we did not exclude proportion of nesting habitat from our analysis for non - breeders . we expected that availability of nesting habitat had the potential to influence murrelet marine space use regardless of breeding status . we did not differentiate between males and females in our analysis because past studies have found that marine movements and space use do not vary by sex [ 42 , 45 ] , which is supported by observations of murrelets associating as pairs while at - sea during the breeding season [ 46 ] . we did not consider some factors that had poor support in past studies and which exploratory analyses indicated were not influential in our study , including distance to nearest river [ 26 , 35 ] , distance to kelp beds [ 47 \u2013 48 ] , and underwater slope [ 35 ] ."]}
{"id": 366, "summary": [{"text": "perittia unicolorella is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by sinev in 1992 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "perittia unicolorella", "paragraphs": ["species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2007 annual checklist - perittia andoi inoue et al . 1982\nid : of the 6 ephestia species on the british list , all of which look similar , this is the only one that is not a warehouse pest . only this and e . elutella can be obtained in the wild . e . unicolorella predominates in the south of england , while e . elutella predominates elsewhere . genital dissection is required to separate these species . male genitalia : short process from dorsal edge of valva ~ 1 / 2 way along its length in e . unicolorella , missing in e . elutella female genitalia : ductus bursae heavily spiculate in anterior half in e . elutella , minimally so near corpus bursae in e . unicolorella\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nephestia woodiella ( = ephestia parasitella ) false cacao moth - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\none of six very similar species of ephestia found in the uk , which are generally separable only by dissection of the genitalia .\ndissected records from wheatfen . scole , leziate and several widespread records in recent years .\nrecorded in 41 ( 59 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1998 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nws : 14 - 20mm ; jun - sep ; detritus , dead leaves , dried vegetable matter ; local in gardens and farmland in s . england synonym : ephestia parasitella\n\u00a71 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 16 / 07 / 2007 ; fw 9 . 8mm \u00a72 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 14 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 7 . 7mm \u200b\u00a73 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 07 / 2008 ; fw 9 . 4mm \u00a74 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 8 . 9mm \u00a75 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 23 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 9 . 5mm \u00a76 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 09 / 06 / 2010 ; female ; fw 7 . 8mm \u00a77 foulness , essex ; 08 / 05 / 2011 ; male \u200b\u00a78 belfairs wood , essex ; 30 / 06 / 2015 ; male ; fw 9 . 1mm ; to light \u00a79 chobham common , surrey ; 23 / 05 / 2017 ; female ; fw 7 . 4mm all images \u00a9 chris lewis\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\n( 1999 ) : phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) ;\ns . str . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) , with descriptions of 15 new species .\nof the west palaearctic region with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) .\n2009 : the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species .\nthis page was last edited on 2 june 2018 , at 02 : 34 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 367, "summary": [{"text": "monochroa niphognatha is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gozm\u00e1ny in 1953 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in great britain , germany , denmark , poland , slovakia , hungary , sweden , finland , latvia and ukraine .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in june and july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed in the stem of persicaria amphibia . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "monochroa niphognatha", "paragraphs": ["all galleries > > butterflies & moths of sweden > > micro > > gelechiidae > 0962 monochroa niphognatha 038 . jpg\nafter its discovery in britain in kent in 1984 , the species has been found in the same single locality on a regular basis since . in 2002 a specimen turned up in devon , and the photo is of one taken in an mv light trap at portsmouth in hampshire .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 16 : 23 : 55 page render time : 0 . 2212s total w / procache : 0 . 2885s\nrare , known with regularity from only one site in kent where it was regularly reported until 1995 and thereafter only once in 2017 . there are also single records from devon ( 2002 ) and hampshire ( 2009 ) but it is not known if these relate to wanderers or localised undiscovered colonies .\na small hole in the stem , indicating the presence of a larva , has been reported in denmark .\nin england found regularly in a single extensive freshwater reed - bed . the other records are associated with a rough coastal meadow and mixed reed - bed and grassland . in denmark it is associated with damp meadows .\nlarva : look for small holes in the stem of the foodplant in september which may indicate the presence of a larva .\nadult : sweeping areas of the foodplant may be worthwhile . it comes readily to light .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to a single marsh in kent , where first recorded in 1984 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at southsea on 29 june 2009 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 13 - 15 mm . larva feeds within stems of amphibious bistort .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nl\u00e4nsvis f\u00f6rekomst och status f\u00f6r fyrpunkterad dystermal baserat p\u00e5 sammanst\u00e4llningar och bed\u00f6mningar av gjorda fynd .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nnikon d300s , nikkor 105mm f / 2 . 8g ed - if af - s vr micro"]}
{"id": 370, "summary": [{"text": "hydrocynus is a genus of large characin fish in the family alestidae commonly called \" tigerfish , \" endemic to the african continent .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name is derived from ancient greek \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 ( \" water \" ) + \u03ba\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd ( \" dog \" ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "( in fact , this fish is popularly referred to as poisson chien ( dog fish ) in french-speaking west africa . ) the genus contains five species , all popularly known as \" african tigerfish \" for their fierce predatory behavior and other characteristics that make them excellent game fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "hydrocynus are normally piscivorous but h. vittatus is the only freshwater fish proven to prey on birds in flight . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "hydrocynus", "paragraphs": ["introduction , acknowledgements & suggested reading general care key to species hydrocynus goliath hydrocynus brevis hydrocynus forskahlii hydrocynus vittatus hydrocynus cf .\nstout vatf\nhydrocynus cf .\nbig eye\nhydrocynus tanzaniae references \u200b\n- lower congo , sympatric with hydrocynus goliath and hydrocynus vittatus s . s . \u200b\nafrican tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) id and care guide 3 . 0 | urltoken\na guide to the care and id of african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) 3 . 0\ncryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events .\nthe five recognised and named species of hydrocynus . from bottom . . . | download scientific diagram\nthe spatio - temporal congruence of cladogenic events in hydrocynus with episodes of tectonism in the african rift system .\nlewis , d . s . c . ( 1974 ) the food and feeding habits of hydrocynus forskahlii cuvier and hydrocynus brevis gunther in lake kainji , nigeria . j . fish biol . 6 : 349 - 363 pdf\nbayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\nbayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in mrbayes , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\nmaximum parsimony of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in paup , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\ncryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . - pubmed - ncbi\ndated bayesian tree of the cyt b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\npaugy , d . and j . - f . gu\u00e9gan 1989 note \u00e0 propos de trois esp\u00e8ces d ' hydrocynus ( pisces , characidae ) du bassin du niger suivie de la r\u00e9habilitation de l ' esp\u00e8ce hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) . rev . hydrobiol . trop . v . 22 ( no . 1 ) : 63 - 69 .\nbell - cross , g . ( 1966 ) preliminary observations on hydrocynus vittatus in the upper zambezi river system . fish res . bull . zamb . 4 : 21 - 27 pdf\nsummary of 88 genotyped individuals of hydrocynus characterized in this study , together with 2 genbank sequences , ordered by taxa with corresponding haplotype designations ( total = 42 ) and their collection sites .\ncompletely absent from the hobby . what we thought were tatf were in fact cf .\nbig eye\n, which matches the scale counts for hydrocynus tanzaniae perfectly , but is indisputably from the congo river . \u200b\nmap . the principal drainage systems and localities of key relevance to tigerfish biogeography and associated research . distributional lacunae depicted in yellow denote lakes and rivers where tigerfish do not occur . the distribution of tanzanian tigerfish , hydrocynus tanzaniae is highlighted for the rufiji - ruaha drainage system ( white ) . although hydrocynus are listed as occurring in the rovuma drainage system ( green ) , the identity of these fish , if present , awaits elucidation .\nfin clips or muscle tissue were collected from 88 hydrocynus individuals sampled from 12 drainage systems in the study area , preserved in 96 % ethanol and stored at room temperature or 4\u00b0c until dna extraction ( table s1 ) .\nhydrocynus tanzaniae . i ' ve had this pic forever , but i don ' t remember where it came from . this is the only in - tank shot i ' ve ever seen that appears to match a true tanzy . \u200b\nbrewster , b . ( 1986 ) a review of the genus hydrocynus cuvier 1819 ( teleostei , characiformes ) . bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 50 ( 3 ) : 163 - 206 . pdf\nwith the aim of resolving the cryptic diversity in hydrocynus , current research is examining representative museum specimens of all these taxa in a multi - faceted generic revision . this revision will include formal taxonomic evaluation of all cryptic lineages revealed by mtdna genotyping .\nthe inaugural publication on tigerfish evolution is published in plos one . an overview of the project ( cotterill and goodier 2009 ) summarizes the described diversity of hydrocynus , and also places the phylogeographic aspects of the research into the context of drainage evolution .\nnot formally described . broadly matches the overall appearance and published description of hydrocynus vittatus s . s . , but scale counts perfectly match those of hydrocynus tanzaniae : 43 - 47 lateral line scales and 3 scale rows between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion . known from the lower congo , sympatric with hydrocynus goliath and hydrocynus vittatus s . s . . cf .\nbig eyes\nare a bright , whitish silvery color . they can have red , orange or yellow caudal fins with both lobes having color . the center of the caudal fin , regardless of color , is often red . paired fins are often pale yellow or orange . the anus is often orange or red . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . vatf from the upper zambezi display sexually dimorphic coloration ; it is unclear if this applies to cf .\nbig eye\n. mature males had bright yellow caudal fins with bright red markings on the bottom lobe . mature females had bright orange caudal fins . \u200b\ni ' ve done little to no research on this fish , since it has not been readily available . you can check out various fishing web sites under the african tiger fish or genus name hydrocynus and that should give you a lot of native habitat information .\ncitation : goodier sam , cotterill fpd , o ' ryan c , skelton ph , de wit mj ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . plos one 6 ( 12 ) : e28775 . urltoken\nthis study provides the first complete molecular phylogeny of hydrocynus , which incorporates all described species , with representative geographical coverage . moreover , spatio - temporal resolution of diversification in hydrocynus , revealed by molecular dating of cladogenic events and structuring of genetic variation , points to pervasive control of landscape evolution , within and across extant drainage basins . these implications , pertinently as tests of tectonic control , are discussed in detail below . however , first we set in place the platform of taxonomic and phylogeographical knowledge informed by this phylogeny and associated phylogeographic statistics .\nbrewster , b . 1986 ( 31 july ) a review of the genus hydrocynus cuvier 1819 ( teleostei : characiformes ) . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) zool . v . 50 ( no . 3 ) : 163 - 206 .\na definitive key to identify african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) ( version 1 . 1 of this guide ) on the problem of identifying african tiger fish and the mythical black goliath . hydrocynus sp . tiger fish clarification show us you goliath tiger fish show your atf tatf , vatf , lake tanganyika , exporters and why you don ' t know what atf you have big eye atf id definitive proof . . . tatf ! another atf riddle solved . brevis & forskahlii ; same tank , same time . how to id . an interesting article on atf \u200b\nwith other fish . the author can testify to the fearless , bold nature of hydrocynus brevis . he kept a young specimen that was singularly fearless ; this species is easily the boldest and most aggressive species . the author ' s six inch batf would terrorize his foot long gatf .\nwinemiller , k . o . & kelso - winemiller , l . c . ( 1994 ) comparative ecology of the african pike , hepsetus odoe , and tigerfish , hydrocynus forskahlii , in the zambezi river floodplain . j . fish biol . 45 ( 2 ) : 211 - 225 . pdf\nhydrocynus tanzaniae - gill rakers approximately one - third the length of the gill filaments ; lateral line with 43 - 47 pored scales ; anal fin with 3 soft , unbranched and usually 12 branched rays ; vertebrae 46 - 47 ; lateral stripes distinct ; confined to eastward flowing rivers of tanzania . \u200b\nif the tectonism that reconfigured african drainage basins has had only marginal impacts on ancestral populations of tigerfishes , then rifting history will be decoupled from the tempo and mode of hydrocynus evolution . conversely , contingent on spatio - temporal resolution , we can expect phylogeographic records of hydrocynus to preserve fingerprints of paleogeographic history , which would testify to impacts of tectonism across the african plate . if subsequent dispersals are prevented , new drainage divides forged by tectonism can be expected to become foci of biotic disjunction . we should equally expect distinct phylogeographic structuring across dispersal barriers within larger drainage basins , which reflect reduced admixture between neighbouring populations .\nwith the exception of group e in the sanaga river ( figure 3 ) , all these newly discovered cryptic lineages occur in sympatry with at least one described species of hydrocynus . it is still unclear if these sympatric lineages occupy different ecological niches and / or breeding habitats , given the evidence of their allopatric origin , within ancestral distributional barriers , before subsequent dispersals resulted in the sympatry seen today . this discovery endorses the need for morphological , ecological and behavioural studies of hydrocynus to evaluate the hypotheses as to whether different niches ( habitat selection ) or breeding biology explain the reproductive isolation represented in these lineages of tigerfishes .\na mid - miocene divergence event at 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5\u20137 . 1 ) ma separates h . goliath from all other hydrocynus species . the cladogenic event that founded h . brevis and the forskahlii complex at 6 . 8 ( ci : 10 . 8\u20133 . 2 ) ma , in the late miocene and pliocene ) corresponds to isolation of the niger and sanaga basins along the northern congo basin [ 64 ] , when the youngest geologically - dated tectonic events modified the cameroon volcano - tectonic rift . this is the last remaining active part of a longer lived central african rift system that started in the cretaceous during the opening phases of the indian and atlantic oceans [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 65 ] ( figure 6 ) . further sampling of hydrocynus is required to reconstruct its evolutionary history in the nilo - sahelian basins in adequate detail , and further test the neogene paleogeographical model [ 66 ] , [ 67 ] . nevertheless , the cladogenesis that founded nilo - sahelian hydrocynus overlaps with molecular dating of a late miocene divergence in african crocodylus , dated at 8 . 13 ( ci : 5 . 24\u201312 . 64 ) ma [ 68 ] . corroborating the hydrocynus fossils in the chad basin ( late miocene \u223c7 ma ) [ 27 ] , [ 67 ] , these phylogeographic records constitute independent evidence for a late miocene occurrence of tigerfishes north of the congo basin . molecular dating constrains when the latter were isolated from congo hydrocynus by drainage rearrangement across the central african rift zone , associated with the cameroon volcano - tectonic rift ( figures 4 and 6 ) .\nour phylogeographic results reveal key spatio - temporal details of how divergence events and demographic responses of tigerfishes have played out across african drainage systems over the late cenozoic . these cladogenic and dispersal events testify to the marked sensitivity of hydrocynus to the geomorphic evolution that fragmented and reconfigured drainage basins . this biogeographical resolution corroborates that obtained for galaxiid fishes and drainage evolution in the southern alps , new zealand [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . collectively , they demonstrate how combined geological and genetic data provide the keys to unravel the histories of drainage basins and their biodiversity . these insights position us to evaluate how biotic events in hydrocynus interfaced with the geological evolution of neogene africa .\nbeyond corroboration of morphological evidence for five species recognised in the current taxonomy of hydrocynus [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , the discovery of five previously unknown lineages ( groups a\u2013e ) , each with independent evolutionary histories initiated in the plio - pleistocene , indicates that significant tigerfish diversity has been overlooked in africa . we argue that these cryptic species await formal taxonomic characterization . in particular , these discoveries highlight the existence of three distinct lineages in the congo basin , sympatric with h . goliath and h . vittatus . the discoveries of cryptic diversity in hydrocynus raise poignant questions about the future management of fisheries as well as the existence of other undiscovered biodiversity in african drainage systems .\n\u2026freshwaters , tigerfishes of the genus hydrocynus ( sometimes hydrocyon ) are admired game fishes of the characin family , characidae ( order cypriniformes ) . they are marked , depending on the species , with one or several dark , lengthwise stripes and are swift , voracious , salmon - shaped carnivores with daggerlike teeth that protrude when the mouth is closed . there\u2026\nbesides representative geographical coverage , the cyt b genotypes obtained in this study ( table s1 ) include topotypical representatives of all five recognized hydrocynus species ( figure 2 ) : from the nile river ( h . forskahlii ) , khartoum , nile ( h . brevis ) , main congo river ( h . goliath ) , ruvu and rufiji rivers ( h . tanzaniae ) , and okavango delta ( h . vittatus ) [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] ( figure 2 ) . recovery of congruent evolutionary relationships with multiple phylogenetic methods lends confidence in the phylogeny obtained for hydrocynus , with strong nodal support ( bootstrap , gsi and posterior probability ) . the sampling representation in this study not only underscores the taxonomic representativeness of our genetic results but lays to rest any residual controversy pertaining to brewster ' s [ 56 ] treatment of h . vittatus as a synonym of h . forskahlii . beyond endorsing the previous refutation of this synonymy on morphological grounds [ 55 ] , genetic evidence reveals that the marked phylogenetic divergence between h . forskahlii and the vittatus complex ( including h . vittatus ) represents a relatively deep ( miocene ) cladogenic event in the evolution of hydrocynus ( table 2 , figures 2 and 3 ) . clearly , the mtdna phylogeny produced in this study significantly improves our knowledge of the diversity of the genus and evolutionary relationships among its species . moreover , the spatio - temporal complexity in hydrocynus relationships , revealed in molecular dating of divergence events , focuses questions awaiting biogeographical explanation .\na combination of primers designed in this study and modified universal pcr primers were used to amplify the cyt b region ( table s5 ) . alignment of available hydrocynus sequences , sequences of closely related characiforms from genbank [ 90 ] and partial cyt b sequences [ 18 ] were used to design primers . the final cyt b fragment was amplified as two parts . two primer combinations ( l14724hycf2 or l14990fishf and h15494hycr2 , and l15408hyc with one of three reverse primers ( hycgr2 , hycr3 or h15919hycr ) were used to amplify the respective , partially overlapping amplicons . the large number of reverse primers used was a result of the variability among hydrocynus species at the region initially selected for primer binding , based on the partial genbank sequences and related characiformes .\nhydrocynus goliath - usuallly with 12 - 14 teeth in the upper jaw . gill rakers very short , less than one - third the length of the filaments ; lateral line with 53 - 58 pored scales ; anal fin with 3 soft , unbranched and usually 14 branched rays ; vertebrae 52 - 54 ; lateral stripes not distinctive ; found in the congo river . \u200b\nonly posterior probabilities over 0 . 90 are shown . error bars indicate the 95 % confidence intervals on the node dates ; numbers inside the bars are the dates estimated by beast ; those inside ovals are discussed in the text . the horizontal axis depicts time before present in millions of years ( ma ) . the colour coding of hydrocynus lineages corresponds to the drainage system ( s ) represented in each haplotype .\nopefe was recently sent 5 preserved african tiger fish juveniles . on march 22 , 2000 opefe secured 2 live specimens of hydrocynus vittatus . most of these were sent to oregon state university where dr . douglas markle will be using them for his neo - tropical division students . the fish measured about 5 - 6 inches each and all were positively identified by dr . markle ' s student as h . vittatus .\nhydrocynus somonorum - h . somonorum was described by daget in 1954 on h . brevis material . it was described as being a separate species based on morphological variation within h . brevis . this species was rejected as invalid in that the supposed differences fell well within the described perimeters for h . brevis . as such , h . somonorum is a junior synonym of h . brevis , which remains valid . \u200b\nhydrocynus brevis - gill rakers approximately one - third the length of the gill filaments ; 4th infraorbital width broad , approximately 7 . 7 percent of the standard length ( range 6 . 9 - 8 . 9 percent ) ; body deep ; lateral line with 47 - 55 pored scales ; vertebrae 49 - 51 ; lateral stripes conspicuous ; found from the nilo - sudan region to the west coast of northern africa . \u200b\nviewed at a continental scale , the phylogeography of hydrocynus reveals that the diversity and distribution of extant species reflects a complex history in which incidents of vicariance caused principal cladogenic events , but dispersal events expanded distributions of particular species to result in sympatry . the interplay of these processes is exemplified in the congo basin , where vicariants ( pertinently group c ) appear to have seeded the congo basin from the south , after their evolution in geographically isolated drainage basins , formerly centred on plio - pleistocene lakes in the bangweulu , mweru and upper zambezi basins [ 12 ] . as advocated by the chrono - biogeographic strategy [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , our analyses reveal two modes of speciation in hydrocynus . allopatry can be caused by either dichopatric speciation , where a widely distributed ancestral species became isolated across a new geographical barrier , or peripatric speciation , where founders disperse across an across an existing barrier with subsequent divergence . this dichotomy in mode of diversification reflects a critical difference in how biodiversity dynamics have interfaced with paleo - environmental dynamics [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . moreover , relatively recent range expansions of dichopatric lineages explain the sympatry of hydrocynus in the congo basin , into which group c and h . vittatus have dispersed from the luapula ( lake mweru ) and upper zambezi , respectively .\nthis map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database and the aeon africa rivers database , . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .\nhydrocynus forskahlii - gill rakers long , approximately equal in length to gill filaments ; 4th infraorbital width ( widthe of head just below eyes ) approximately 6 . 1 percent ( range 5 . 1 to 7 . 5 percent ) of the standard length ; body not deep ; lateral line with 46 - 53 pored scales ; vertebrae 45 - 51 ; lateral stripes prominent ; found in the nile , sanaga and omo rivers and western cameroon . \u200b\nhere we use analyses of genetic variation and molecular dating methods to test for geomorphic control by paleo - drainage dynamics of the evolution of hydrocynus . a chrono - biogeographical approach [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] structures this paper , employing phylogeographic analyses in a cross - disciplinary , geobiological framework [ 12 ] . quantified patterns of spatio - temporal genetic variation enable tests for relative roles of vicariance and / or dispersal in shaping tigerfish diversity . a biochronological reconstruction of diversification in hydrocynus frames analyses of the demographic structuring of genetic variation in a phylogeny informed by mtdna sequence data . molecular dating of principal nodes in the phylogeny provides critical constraints to test the relative fidelity of biotic events against tectonic events . besides orthodox statistical tests of nodal support ( bootstrapping and bayesian posterior probabilities ) in phylogenetic reconstruction , we employ statistical tests of genetic admixture and genetic variation among tigerfish lineages to evaluate influences of drainage rearrangements , and thus tectonism .\nin order to estimate the ages of the lineage divergences of hydrocynus , a relaxed phylogenetics method was implemented in beast 1 . 4 . 8 [ 41 ] . this method employs a relaxed molecular clock that co - estimates the tree and dates of divergence of the lineages , given the stipulated model of nucleotide substation ( gtr ) . an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock prior with a species birth - death tree prior was used to estimate the timing of divergences between lineages [ 97 ] . short runs of 100 000 generations were performed to optimise the operators , which allows the algorithm to sample the target distribution faster and more efficiently , using the suggestions of the previous run in the following run until no more suggestions were made . a long run of 50 000 000 generations was then performed , logging parameters every 1 000 generations . all other priors and operators were kept at the default settings . burnin was set to the first 5 000 logged trees . the minimum age of appearance of hydrocynus at approximately 12 ma [ 22 ] , [ 26 ] was used as a calibration point of the root of the tree with a lognormal distribution . as there is no hydrocynus specific cyt b evolutionary rate , a generalised teleost cyt b substitution rate of 0 . 76\u20132 . 2 % per million years was used as a uniform prior [ 98 ] . all other priors and operators were kept at the default settings .\nhydrocynus vittatus is a demersal , potamodromous species . it prefers warm , well - oxygenated water , mainly larger rivers and lakes . all but the largest form roving schools of like - sized fish ; aptly described as fierce and voracious . hydrocynus vittatus feeds on whatever prey is most abundant but brycinus , micralestes , barbus , and limnothrissa are favoured ( skelton 1993 ) . it is a useful food fish in some areas ( eccles 1992 ) . breeding takes pace on a very few days each year , when the first good rains have swollen rivers and streams , usually in december and january at which time it undertakes a spawning migration up rivers and into small streams ( jackson 1961 ) . the females spawn a great number of eggs in very shallow water , among the stems of grasses and other submerged and partly submerged vegetation and here the young live until the falling of the flood water forces them out of this refuge ( jackson 1961 ) .\nfigure 1 . the five recognised and named species of hydrocynus . from bottom ( clockwise ) : a ) h . brevis , b ) h . vittatus , c ) h . goliath , d ) h . forskahlii and e ) h . tanzaniae . photo credits : a ) stan nabozny , b ) ryan clark , c ) mike de wit , d ) dirk neumann , e ) keith clover . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0028775 . g001\nbeast [ 41 ] , mr bayes [ 42 ] and paup [ 43 ] all produced trees with consistent major branching orders that exhibit a strong topological congruence ( figures s1 , s2 and s3 , respectively ) . the dated phylogeny ( figure 4 ) exhibits equally close congruence , and illustrates divergence dates in millions of years ( ma ) with confidence intervals ( ci ) ( tables 2 and 3 ) . a total of ten unique evolutionary mtdna lineages were recovered with high support ( bootstrap and posterior probability ) . beyond recovering lineages that correspond to the five species recognised by morphological characters [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] these data reveal the existence of previously unrecognized diversity within hydrocynus , with the ranges of three of these lineages confined within the extant congo drainage basin ( table 4 , figures 2 , 3 and 4 ) . until such time that this taxonomic complexity of hydrocynus is formally characterized , these previously unrecognized lineages are distinguished as follows ( table 4 ) :\nthis map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .\nhydrocynus vittiger - h . vittiger was originally described by boulenger as h . vittatus , but had to rename it due to the existence of h . vittatus that we are familiar with in the hobby today , which was already described and named by castelnau in 1861 . as such , boulenger renamed what he believed to be his new taxa h . vittiger in 1907 . h . vittiger was examined by brewster in 1986 and found to be morphologically identical to h . goliath , which makes h . vittiger a junior synonym and confirms h . goliath as valid . \u200b\nmicralestes acutiden s ( genbank accession number : ay791418 . 1 ) and ladigesia roloffi ( ay791417 . 1 ) were selected as outgroups due to their close genetic relationship to hydrocynus identified by calcagnotto et al . [ 18 ] . taxa were accepted as representing a certain species based on their affinities to known sequences from respective species from known localities , where available , and to sequences from topotypical material ( obtained from the type locality ) , and identified voucher specimens . for example , h . vittatus from the okavango delta is considered topotypical [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] .\nthis species has a wider distribution area than other hydrocynus species since it occurs in both , the savannah as well as the forested areas . it ranges from senegal to ethiopia , and egypt to uganda and kenya . central africa : hydrocynus forskahlii is known from the lower and central congo river basin and from pool malebo ( stanley pool ) . the records from lake mweru are possibly hydrocinus vittatus . eastern africa : it is present in lake albert , the albert and murchison niles , and lake turkana northern africa : this species is found along the river nile , and lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . the population used to increase during flood season before the construction of aswan dam . northeast africa : it is known from the ghazal and jebel systems in sudan , tekeze and setit in eritrea , and the rift lakes , and baro and omo rivers , ethiopia western africa : in west africa it is found in the basins of the chad , niger / benue , ogun , ou\u00e9m\u00e9 , mono , volta , como\u00e9 , bandama , sassandra , nipou\u00e9 ( cess ) , st . paul , mano , little scarcies , gambia , and senegal .\nthe estimated divergence dates on the dated cyt b tree exhibit fairly large confidence intervals ( e . g . 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5\u20137 . 1 ) ma on the divergence between h . goliath and all other taxa . this most likely reflects the use of only one calibration point and a universal estimate of substitution rate in teleost cyt b . however , despite this large uncertainty , the estimated dates provide reliable evidence to discuss the evolutionary history of hydrocynus since even approximate estimates can be used to explain biogeographical history [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] .\nas judged by scattered sampling locations , several thousand kilometres apart , several populations of hydrocynus share haplotypes across vast distances in the congo basin ( table s1 , figure 2 ) . this indicates that these populations ( representing h . goliath and h . vittatus , respectively ) were connected and / or underwent major dispersals in the recent geological past . this is somewhat surprising due to the large size of the basin and physical barriers proposed to restrict fish dispersal ( e . g . kisangani falls and portes d ' enfer on the lualaba river ) [ 17 ] , [ 60 ] . nevertheless , it is interesting how knickpoints in the luvua river [ fl\u00fcgel et al . unpublished data ] can be invoked to have prevented upstream dispersal of h . goliath and h . vittatus into lake mweru , yet group c appears to have dispersed downstream through the luvua ( as represented by its occurrence across the congo basin , figures 2 and 3 ) . at least in the case of hydrocynus group d , the demonstration of shared haplotypes across the zambian congo drainage system corroborates bell - cross ' s [ 6 ] hypothesis that waterfalls on the luapula river ( linking the formerly isolated lakes bangweulu and mweru ) no longer restrict fish dispersal entirely ( figure 3 ) .\nhydrocynus forskahlii is a pelagic , potamodromous species that forms shoals . it is an open water predator often found near the water surface ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) and feeds on fishes , preferring long bodied fish as they are easier to swallow and also takes insects , shrimps , grass and snails ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . this species is cannibalistic . it is preyed upon by fish eagle haliaeetus vocifer ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . breeding migrations have been reported up several tributaries of lake kariba during the rains ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . spawning takes place most of the year .\nthe pliocene cladogenic event at 3 . 9 ( ci : 6 . 9\u20131 . 6 ) ma isolated group a in the congo basin from the clade today represented by h . tanzaniae and the vittatus complex . its timing concurs with constraints on activity in the western branch of the active east african rift system ( figure 6 ) , presently geologically - dated to have started between 4\u201312 ma , with an apparent focus around 5 . 5 ma [ 36 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] . this event in hydrocynus is interpreted as vicariance of a formerly contiguous drainage system that linked the eastern congo basin to the tanzanian plateau . association of this event in hydrocynus , with initiation of the rifting that formed lake tanganyika overlaps with estimated timings for three lacustrine radiations : in synodontis catfish in the late miocene at 5 . 5 ( ci 7 . 3\u20134 . 0 ) ma [ 71 ] , mastacembelus eels at 7\u20138 ( ci 10 . 6\u20135 . 5 ) ma [ 72 ] and platythelphusid crabs conservatively dated at 3 . 3\u20132 . 5 ma in the late pliocene [ 73 ] . the disruption of the former east - west drainage system , archived as a cladogenic event in these extant hydrocynus , therefore slightly postdates the geologically - dated tectonic uplift in this region of the east african rift . nevertheless , despite significant uncertainty in geological dates , together with the wide error on molecular dates , there is a remarkable agreement between the geological - and biological - clocks to support strong linkages between the tectonic and cladogenic events . initiation of this rifting that formed lake tanganyika has recently been reappraised to \u223c5 . 5 ma [ 36 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] , and it constitutes the plausible mechanism that disrupted a former east - west drainage system to isolate the tanzanian plateau from the eastern congo basin . the lukuga and malagarasi rivers are possibly extant vestiges of the former contiguous river ( figure 3 ) .\nhydrocynus goliath is the largest species of atf and the one that most people go searching for when they first try to get one . these things have attained huge popularity thanks to their inclusion in an episode of river monsters with jeremy wade . these are probably the most sought after species , and as such are the most misidentified species . this is because the shippers in africa know that goliath fetches the highest prices and often willfully mislabel their fish as goliath when they know full well the fish aren ' t actually gatf . distributors will then sell the fish as whatever their distributor tells them it is , which invariably confuses the customers . there are three apparent varieties of hydrocynus goliath in the hobby . a faster growing population that is thicker bodied with a longer , flatter dead ; a slower growing variety that is thinner bodied , more torpedo shaped with a more conical head ; and a rumored black variety . there are credible reports of all black gatf existing , but are exceedingly rare . based on my conversations with douglas dann in 2013 , it appears as though the greatest preponderance of black gatf came from what he called the black river in the war torn region between the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo . the increasing political unrest is why he left the country , and could explain the lack of black specimens in the hobby . \u200b\nphylogenies of hydrocynus using the cyt b data set were constructed in beast 1 . 4 . 8 package [ 41 ] , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 [ 42 ] and paup 4 . 0b10 [ 43 ] , using the gtr model parameters for each data set . however , only the beast data are presented and discussed . beast uses bayesian inference and a mcmc sampling procedure to reconstruct a phylogeny by estimating the probability distribution given sequence data [ 41 ] , [ 42 ] . this algorithm weights trees in proportion to their posterior probability , such that a branch with a posterior probability close to 1 is considered well supported , whereas a value close to 0 is considered very weakly supported .\nhydrocynus vittatus is known from most of sub - saharan africa from senegal to ethiopia , and south to south africa . central africa : hydrocynus vittatus is found throughout the congo river basin . in lower guinea , it is found in the cross and sanaga basins . eastern africa : this species is known from lake tanganyika and major affluent rivers , including malagarasi river , as well as lake albert and murchison nile , lake turkana ( seegers et al . 2003 ) and lake rukwa . it is also present in the lower shire river , rufigi and ruaha rivers . according to hopson and hopson ( 1982 ) in the turkana basin this species is principally riverine and ecological changes in the lake level have tended to inhibit incursions of h . vittatus into the lake . however , an erroneous identification by worthington and ricardo ( 1936 ) for h . forskahlii is also possible . in the latter case h . vittatus most likely does not occur in kenya ( seegers et al . 2004 ) . northeast africa : it is present in the ghazal and jebel systems , white and blue niles , and nile to lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . southern africa : it occurs in the zambezi and okavango ( but not the kafue or lake malawi ) , south to the save , limpopo and phongolo systems ( skelton 2001 ) . it has also been found in lake kariba ( losse 1998 ) . western africa : in west africa , this species occurs in the basins of the chad , niger / benue , ou\u00e9m\u00e9 , and senegal .\nthis map was constructed with arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database and the aeon africa rivers database , . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context . arrows designate type localities [ in square parentheses ] for the five recognized species of hydrocynus : b = h . brevis ( g\u00fcnther 1864 ) [ white nile ] ; f = h . forskahlii ( cuvier 1819 ) [ white nile ] ; g = h . goliath boulenger 1898 [ main congo , mbandaka ] ; t = h . tanzaniae brewster 1986 [ lower ruvu river ] ; v = h . vittatus ( castlenau 1861 ) [ okavango delta ] . the northern , southern and eastern boundaries of the congo basin coincide with the tectonically active cameroon rift and central african thrust zone , , southern equatorial divide and east african rift system ( ears ) , respectively .\nhydrocynus ( or fish dogs , or fish tigers ) are known strict ichthyophagous for their promptness and their voracity . all the fish belonging to this kind appreciably look the same and only an attentive examination makes it possible to differentiate them . they have a torpedo form , which they use to their advantage of nourishing itself , since they continuously chase their prey . the fish are generally silver plated and brilliant . the scales are marked with a dark spot , thus forming especially visible parallel stripes above the side line . according to certain species ' , these lines are more or less dark . the dorsal fin is inserted into the same level as the ventral fins or a little ahead . the mouth is armed with only one series of teeth , very developed and sharp , on each jaw . the eye is almost entirely covered with a fat eyelid .\nhydrocynus forskahlii is very unique among the african tiger fishes in that it is probably the only one that is actually suitable to be kept in an aquarium , which is a very good thing as they are one of the most readily available species as well . they are truly a dwarf species , at least when compared to the monsters that the other four species can become . these fish can be kept for life in a tank that is as small as a 180 , though they ' d probably be happier with the extra room to swim in a 240 . forskahlii are also a very attractive and colorful species , generally having the same color patterns as a vittatus . these fish also tend to have fairly dramatic teeth for their size . there is a fair amount of variation in the morphology of forskahlii as there are two distinct genetic populations awaiting scientific description . \u200b\nmismatch distributions [ 100 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 102 ] , the distributions of the observed number of differences between pairs of haplotypes , were used to quantify historical changes in population size in the hydrocynus lineages . a unimodal ( \u2018smooth\u2019 ) distribution indicates recent population growth compared to a multimodal ( \u2018ragged\u2019 ) distribution which indicates demographic stability . here harpending ' s \u2018raggedness\u2019 index ( r ) [ 101 ] quantifies the \u201csmoothness\u201d of the distribution . mismatch distributions were only calculated for lineages that showed a significantly negative tajima ' s d [ 50 ] and / or fu ' s fs [ 51 ] . tajima ' s d , fu ' s fs and the mismatch analyses were only performed on sample groups with four or more individuals . the amova , tajima ' s d , fu ' s fs and the mismatch analyses were carried out in arlequin 3 . 11 [ 46 ] with 10 000 bootstrap replications conducted for each analysis .\nthis map was constructed with arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context . arrows designate type localities [ in square parentheses ] for the five recognized species of hydrocynus : b = h . brevis ( g\u00fcnther 1864 ) [ white nile ] ; f = h . forskahlii ( cuvier 1819 ) [ white nile ] ; g = h . goliath boulenger 1898 [ main congo , mbandaka ] ; t = h . tanzaniae brewster 1986 [ lower ruvu river ] ; v = h . vittatus ( castlenau 1861 ) [ okavango delta ] . the northern , southern and eastern boundaries of the congo basin coincide with the tectonically active cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] and east african rift system ( ears ) [ 17 ] , respectively .\nthe gatf is the largest species of hydrocynus . it has the least distinctive stripes of the genus . it has between 53 and 58 pored scales on the lateral line . the anal fin has 3 soft , unbranched rays and usually 12 branched rays . the dorsal profile of the head is straight . the depth of the body in adults is 19 . 4 to 32 . 7 percent of the length , with an average of 23 percent . the length of the head is 19 . 2 to 23 . 1 percent of the total length . the teeth can have between 12 - 20 in the upper jaw and 8 - 14 in the lower jaw . this wide variation is due to their having several small teeth that may or may not protrude through the gums near the back of the mouth . these fish are silvery in color with a red tail that most often only has color on the lower lobe . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . \u200b\nexcept for hydrocynus goliath , batf has the least developed striping of all members of the genus . 3 - 4 scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion . batf have a lateral line scale count of 47 - 55 pored scales . anal fin ray count 3 soft , unbranched rays with 11 - 13 branched rays . batf on average has the deepest body to length ratio with an average of 24 . 4 percent and a range of 19 . 1 to 29 . 6 percent of the total length . batf have 10 to 12 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 13 in the lower jaw . batf have a golden or dusky base color with tan or grey paired fins . the adipose fin is often very large in relation to the other atf species . their caudal fin has a base of dark gray with a very dark red lower lobe . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . \u200b\nin this respect , the boundaries of the congo basin are of focal interest , because these watersheds were forged by diastrophism and / or epeirogeny . the northern , eastern and southern boundaries of this basin are the cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the east african rift system ( ears ) and southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] . moreover , geochronological evidence for the central african thrust zone and albertine rift ( western arm of the ears ) reliably constrains when volcanism and tectonism formed these hydrological boundaries around the congo basin . so it delimits when first and second order rivers of this basin were redirected and / or impounded by faulting and uplift events ( figure 2 ) . therefore we can employ phylogeographic statistics to test whether or not evolutionary events in hydrocynus were coupled with this drainage disruption , linked with propagation of rifting across the african plate ( exemplified by the formation of lake tanganyika ) [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] .\nfatf have pronounced stripes . they have two scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion , as opposed to 3 - 4 for a brevis . they have a lateral line scale count of 46 - 53 scales . their anal fin ray count is 3 soft , unbranched rays with 11 - 14 branched rays . body depth averages 22 . 6 percent of the length with a range of 17 . 2 to 27 . 8 percent . fatf is normally the most slender member of hydrocynus , but girthy specimens are possible . the head averages 19 . 8 percent of the body length with a range of 15 . 3 to 25 . 3 percent . fatf has 9 to 14 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 12 in the lower jaw . this fish often has a very short , upturned jaw . fatf are bright , silvery white in color , similar in appearance to vatf , but with a grayish caudal fin that has red , orange or yellow only on the bottom lobe of the caudal fin . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . fatf will often overlap h . brevis in range . \u200b\nnot formally described . broadly matches the overall appearance and published description of hydrocynus vittatus s . s . , but with 3 - 4 scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion and often fewer lateral line scales than h . vittatus s . s . possibly corresponds to genetic lineage b , c or d from goodier , s . , cotterill , f . , o ' ryan , c . , skelton , p . , de wit , m . ( 2011 ) . known from the congo watershed , exact location unclear . vatf are a bright , whitish silvery color . they can have red , orange or yellow caudal fins with both lobes having color . the center of the caudal fin , regardless of color , is often red . paired fins are often pale yellow or orange . the anus is often orange or red . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . vatf from the upper zambezi display sexually dimorphic coloration ; it is unclear if this applies to cf .\nstout vatf\n. mature males had bright yellow caudal fins with bright red markings on the bottom lobe . mature females had bright orange caudal fins . \u200b\na measure of genealogical sorting is important to assess differentiation of genetic variation between and within species . the genealogical sorting index ( gsi ) [ 47 ] quantifies the degree of exclusive ancestry of groups of individuals on a rooted phylogenetic tree . this statistic was used to quantify the common ancestry of cyt b sequences of hydrocynus in an interspecific context . a gsi value of 1 represents a monophyletic group , while a group of completely mixed genealogical ancestry will have a gsi value of 0 . beyond qualitative assessments of lineage history and orthodox statistical tests of nodal support ( including bootstrapping ) in phylogenetic reconstruction [ 47 ] , gsi is an informative statistic because it enables explicit testing of roles of hypothesized paleo - environmental controls ( in this study drainage rearrangements and tectonism ) , by determining the levels of differentiation among lineages ; and since individuals can be assigned to groups on criteria of sampling locality , gsi enables structured tests of candidate determinants of the history of different populations . the null hypothesis will expect genealogical admixture across lineages that manifest in low gsi statistics , so correctly rejecting inappropriate candidates as biogeographical determinants . all analyses were run on the gsi website [ 99 ] . the groups in the assignment file for the cyt b gsi analysis were set according to species and evolutionary lineage and , in order to test for structuring by drainage system , h . vittatus samples were grouped based on the drainage system within which they were sampled . a newick version of the beast tree was used in the analysis . the number of bootstrap replications conducted was 10 000 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .\n\u00a9 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .\nresearchers have had the pleasure to examine a rare occurrence in the animal kingdom , with footage of an african tigerfish leaping from the water to snatch a bird in flight .\naccording to time , the footage is the first to capture this phenomenon , which has been known to happen since the 1940s . the fish has been known to catch birds as they are stationary or moving slowly , but in the video , the tigerfish snatches a swallow , known to be quick and agile in the air .\nwatch the video below , but pay close attention , the tigerfish strikes extremely quickly .\nthe whole action of jumping and catching the swallow in flight happens so incredibly quickly that after we first saw it , it took all of us a while to really fully comprehend what we had just seen ,\nnico smit , director of the unit for environmental sciences and management at north - west university in south africa , told nature .\nthe first reaction was one of pure joy , because we realized that we were spectators to something really incredible and unique .\nthe authors of a study published in the journal of fish biology said this is the first video evidence of a freshwater fish preying on a bird in flight . unconvinced of the rumored capabilities of these tigerfish , smit and his team took to a south african lake in the mapungubwe national park to examine their migration habitat .\nthe researchers said they saw as many as 20 successful mid - air strikes per day .\nthe african tigerfish is one of the most amazing freshwater species in the world ,\nsaid smit , a study co - author , told bbc news .\nit is a striking fish with beautiful markings on the body , bright red fins and vicious teeth ."]}
{"id": 383, "summary": [{"text": "fusinus wallacei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "fusinus wallacei", "paragraphs": ["species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )\nsubgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815\nspecies fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )\nspecies fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999\nspecies fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 \u2020 accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) \u2020\nspecies fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 \u2020 accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) \u2020\nspecies fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )\nspecies fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )\n\u00bb species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )\nspecies fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )\nspecies fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )\nbuzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]\nspecies fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )\nspecies fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )\nspecies fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )\nspecies fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 \u2020 accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) \u2020\nspecies fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )\n\u00bb species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )\nhadorn r . & fraussen k . 2006 . five new species of fusinus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from western pacific and arafura sea . novapex 7 ( 4 ) : 91 - 102 . [ details ]\niczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]\n( of fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nfusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )\ntaxonomy established as a substitute name for\nfusus lamarck\n[ = fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .\ntaxonomy established as a substitute name for\nfusus lamarck\n[ = fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]\n( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]\n( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]\n( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 \u2020 ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276\u2013324 . [ details ]\n( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]\nsnyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1\u2013431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]\n( of fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1\u2013431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division m\u00e9thodique de la famille des purpurid\u00e9s . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de pal\u00e9oconchologie compar\u00e9e . quatri\u00e8me livraison . paris , the author and soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' \u00e9ditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 387, "summary": [{"text": "normannites is a strongly ribbed evolute middle jurassic ammonite included in the stephanoceratoid family stephanoceratidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "normanites was previously included in the otoitidae by arkell et al. 1957 .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "more recent classifications show it to belong to the family stephanoceratidae , along with genera like stephanoceras and stemmatoceras . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "normannites", "paragraphs": ["photo information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 )\nintraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites .\nphoto information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 ) - the fossil forum\n3d reconstructions of the two specimens of normannites mitis , modern nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) , and their phragmocones .\nintraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites . - pubmed - ncbi\nvolumes and widths of chambers plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . squares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively .\nvolumes plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . the volumes prior to chamber 25 ( nm . 1 ) and 27 ( nm . 2 ) have not been measured .\n( 1a ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 1 ) ; ( 1b ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 2 ) ; ( 1c ) extracted phragmocone of nm . 1 ( 1d ) ; extracted phragmocone of nm . 2 ; ( 2a , b ) 3d models of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2c ) extracted phragmocone of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2d ) backface of 3d model of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) . scale bars are 1 cm .\nspecimen count 1 site number 27579 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy snowshoe fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda ammonoidea collector dr . ralph w . imlay see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place harney county , oregon , united states collection date 1959 type citation imlay . 1973 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 756 ) : 82 , pl . 41 , f . 9 . usnm number pal168581 published name normannites ( normannites ) orbignyi buckman\nthis is one of the finest normannites we have had for sale on fossils direct . both lappets are complete and the ammonite ' s centre is pin point immaculate . this specimen was colleted in 1989 and is from an old collection andy cowap has since spent many hours in preparing this stunning specimen . to get both lappets preserved is exceptionally rare . ammonites of this superior quality only rarely come on to the open market for sale . serious collectors of rare ammonites will really appreciate this unique fossil approximately 170 million years old .\nspecimen count 1 site number 19773 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy kialagvik fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda collector l . b . kellum see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place alaska , united states type status holotype type citation imlay . 1964 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 418 - b ) : b43 , pl . 13 , f . 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 . usnm number pal131401 published name normannites kialagvikensis imlay\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntajika a 1 , morimoto n 2 , wani r 3 , naglik c 1 , klug c 1 .\nlaboratory of physical anthropology , graduate school of science , kyoto university , kyoto , japan .\nfaculty of environment and information sciences , yokohama national university , yokohama , japan .\npmid : 26500816 pmcid : pmc4614987 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 1306\n( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .\n( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and phragmocone volumes .\ncomparison between males and females . chamber volumes plotted against chamber numbers in nautilus pompilius .\nsquares and diamonds represent the female and male , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( b ) semilog scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( c ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .\nsquares , diamonds , and triangles represent the female , male , and indeterminable sex , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and chamber numbers of a specimen ; ( b ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and the phragmocone volume .\nsquares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively . ( a ) specimen 8 ; ( b ) specimen 7 ; ( c ) specimen 53 . specimens with different growth trajectories were analysed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nthesis ( phd - - geology ) - - university of auckland , 2004 .\nbajocian\u2013bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae - palaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 \u2014 schweizerbart science publishers\nbajocian\u2013bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae\npalaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 ( 2010 ) , p . 115 - 213\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 19 : 53 : 41 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\n\u2013 gsl fellows : log in with your lyell username and password . ( please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n\u2013 other users : log in with the username and password you created when you registered . help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article . this will require you to create an account if you don ' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens , you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote : we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article , and that it is not junk mail . we do not retain these email addresses .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would be interested in this article in journal of the geological society .\n. colonization of novel environments can alter selective pressures and act as a catalyst for rapid evolution in nature . theory and empirical studies suggest that the ability of a population to exhibit an adaptive evolutionary response to novel selec . . .\n. dna typing offers a unique opportunity to identify individuals for medical and forensic purposes . probabilistic inference regarding the chance occurrence of a match between the dna type of an evidentiary sample and that of an accused suspect , howe . . .\n. since our public officials now lack the courage and political will to raise taxes or to constrain medicare and medicaid benefits , we can expect that : 1 ) the private sector and future generations will pay an increasing share of these entitlements , . . .\n. isolated left ventricular non - compaction is a rare genetic disorder manifesting mainly with heart failure , ventricular arrhythmias and systemic embolism . isolated ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract is an a . . .\n. the course of total gorwth and of total natural removal ( mortality caused by natural agencies ) in naturally normal stands of pinus sil - vestris , picea abies , and betula alba on various sites in n . and s . finland were compared . growth continuously e . . .\nstevens , b . m . ; folts , c . j . ; cui , w . ; bardin , a . l . ; walter , k . ; carson - walter , e . ; vescovi , a . ; noble , m .\n. we discovered that glioblastoma ( gbm ) cells use cool - 1 / \u03b2 - pix to inhibit normal activation of the c - cbl ubiquitin ligase via the redox / fyn / c - cbl pathway and that c - cbl inhibition is critical for gbm cell function . restoring normal c - cbl activity b . . .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . outside europe , data concerning middle jurassic belemnites often lack precise taxonomic and / or stratigraphic information . exceptions are , for the northern hemisphere , the aalenian - bajocian belemnite faunas described by sachs & nalnjaeva ( 1970 , 1975 ) from north siberia , ne russia and the russian far east , which have been stratigraphically reviewed by meledina et al . ( 2005 ) . their taxonomic composition is characterized by the presence of hastitidae ( hastites , sachsibelus ) , pseudodicoelitidae ( lenobelus , pseudodicoelites ) and megateuthididae ( orthobelus [ = rarobelus ] , mesoteuthis [ = megateuthis ] , paramegateuthis ; see also dzyuba & weis 2015 ) . . . .\n. . . aberhan ( 1998 ) arrived at similar plate tectonic reconstructions based on the pattern of pliensbachian ammonite and bivalve distributions . also , the comparative palaebiogeographic analysis of bivalves and ammonites ( benthic and nekto - benthic ) in the jurassic of siberian basins showed a good agreement ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . however , liu et al . ( 1998 suggested that the boundaries of provinces based on ammonites and bivalves do not always coincide and explained this by the differing mode of life of the two groups . . . .\n. . . in west - central nevada , the ammonite diversity is basically not affected by eustatic changes at all , probably due to special conditions of local ecology , environment or preservation . in general , broad patterns of the ammonite diversity show good correlation with eustatic fluctuations ( e . g . , o ' dogherty et al . , 2000 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ) . the changes in diversity and faunal turnover at small scales ( zone level ) are usually the result of multiple factors , including eustatic changes , and therefore need to be interpreted on a case by case basis . . . .\n. . . since the upper toarcian , only the genus pseudolioceras existed in the arctic seas , that brings some uncertainties to the understanding of the stratigraphic extent of the upper toarcian and the possibility of its subdivision . in the middle jurassic , there was a significant change in the ammonite composition in the arctic seas caused by the isolation of the arctic from the west european seas ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . european genera or species are almost absent . . . .\n. . . the belemnite distribution over the section is also nonuniform . they occur massively near the lower - middle jurassic boundary , and they are also abundant in the upper jurassic and lower half of the lower cretaceous ( dzyuba , 2013 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks and nal ' nyaeva , 1979 ) . in the bajocian - oxfordian and hauterivian , the number and taxonomic diversity of belemnites in siberian sections are low . . . .\n. . . increasing seawater temperatures produced a massive bloom of the diverse marine species and the immigration of abundant west european faunas ( saks , 1976 ) . this time was also marked by colonization of the siberian seas by a belemnite fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks anf nalnyaeva , 1975 ) . . . .\n. . . faunal interchange increased and decreased alternately . sometimes some groups colonized the vast expanses of boreal seas for a long time and evolved there ; this resulted in the wide spread of the endemic groups of the boreal fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; zakharov et al . , 2002 ) . in early studies ( saks et al . , 1980 ) , the jurassic zonation was based on data on ammonite occurrence in the numerous sections of central siberia and northeastern russia . . . .\n. . . knyazev ' s ammonite zonal scale for the upper toarcian correlates with the bivalve , foraminiferal , ostracod , and microphytofossil zones distinguished simultaneously in the same sections , this scale is still incorporated into the regional scale for northern siberia and into the boreal jurassic zonal standard ( resolution , 2004 ; shurygin et al . , 2000 ; zhamoida and petrov , 2008 ) . in the middle jurassic , there was a considerable change in the taxonomic composition of ammonites in the arctic seas because of their isolation from the western european ones ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . here , european genera and species were nearly absent . . . .\n. . . comparative analysis of taxonomic diversity of jurassic benthic associations in different facies areas of the boreal basins allows the definition of development phases of macro - and microfaunal associations and certain marker levels with the sharpest structural and taxonomic changes as well as their relation to the main abiotic factors ( nikitenko & mickey 2004 ; meledina et al . 2005 ; nikitenko 2008 ) ( fig . 5 ) . in the early jurassic and aalenian there was a stable connection between the biota of the arctic and palaeopacific , while the connection with the palaeoatlantic was only periodically intensified during the major transgressions , which were accompanied by climate warming . . . .\nstages in development of mollusks , paleobiogeography of boreal seas in the early - middle jurassic and . . .\nwe compared stages of the taxonomic restructurings that occurred in communities of ammonites , belemnites , and bivalves in siberian sea basins in the second half of the early jurassic and at the beginning of the middle jurassic . in general , the main stages are similar in different groups of mollusks , but the restructuring borders often do not coincide . degree of endemism and portion of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncylindroteuthid belemnite correlation of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary strata in northern siberia . . .\nin the northern hemisphere there are some sections of the jurassic / cretaceous ( j / k ) boundary strata where boreal and tethyan molluscan fauna can be found together . they are all located on the pacific margins , in northeast asia ( far east of russia , northeast china ) and on the western coast of north america ( western british columbia in canada , northern california and southwest oregon in the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncomprehensive zonal subdivisions of siberian jurassic and their significance for circum - arctic corre . . .\nwe show the present state of the set of parallel zonal scales for the siberian jurassic , based on various fossil groups , and the principles of their construction . we discuss the significance of siberian biostratigraphic scales for the boreal zonal standard of the jurassic units . the stratotype region for this standard must have a typical boreal ( arctic rather than mixed ) fauna . a possible . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe jurassic / cretaceous boundary in northern siberia and boreal - tethyan correlation of the boundary . . .\nthere is no international consensus regarding the gssp for the berriasian , the basal stage of the cretaceous system . any of the events discussed by the international expert community can be regarded as a marker of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary : a phylogenetic change of taxa , paleomagnetic reversal , or isotopic excursion . however , the problem of identification of this level in boreal . . . [ show full abstract ]\nammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late \u2026 | marta zunino - urltoken\nammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late \u2026\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : zell p , stinnesbeck w ( 2016 ) paleobiology of the latest tithonian ( late jurassic ) ammonite salinites grossicostatum inferred from internal and external shell parameters . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0145865 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2016 zell , stinnesbeck . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\nfunding : the research ( including all scientific analyses ) was funded by the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft to ws ( dfg sti 128 - 17 and sti 128 - 31 ) . the dfg had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nammonite morphology and internal structures yield important information on both the systematic position of species as well as their paleobiology ( e . g . dimorphism , habitat preferences , migration during sexual maturity , responses to seasonality ) , but only a small number of taxa has been analyzed in detail by using a combination of external and internal sets of data ( e . g . [ 1 ] ) . in consequence , the complete shell ontogeny of ammonites from embryonic to late post - embryonic stages is little known to date . for instance , an analysis of septal spacing in combination with shell diameter and ornamentation data revealed a gradual decrease in septum distances in adults reaching maturity ( e . g . [ 2 ] ) , while septal crowding was regarded as rare in premature individuals [ 2 ] . in other taxa septal crowding was attributed to adverse ecological circumstances , or injuries [ 2 \u2013 6 ] .\nhere we provide a detailed analysis of the ontogenetic development of the late jurassic ammonite salinites grossicostatum ( imlay 1939 ) [ 7 ] , combining data on external morphology with internal characters such as septal spacing and angles , suture and siphuncular position and size . our data allow us to differentiate sexual dimorphism and four stages of growth . we discuss the implications of these data for the interpretation of life span , habitat preferences , seasonal environmental changes and migration of mature macroconchs .\nmap of mexico with inset of northeastern mexico and the jurassic - cretaceous transition at puerto pi\u00f1ones .\nsalinites grossicostatum specimens described here originate from a shaly limestone of the latest tithonian \u201c kossmatia - durangites - salinites beds\u201d ( cf . [ 12 ] ) , respectively the uppermost crassicollaria zone [ 8 ] . locality map after [ 13 ] . puerto pi\u00f1ones : n25\u00b002 . 719\u2019 / w101\u00b003 . 396\u2019 .\nour collection of salinites grossicostatum consists of 169 specimens ( fig 2 ) preserved three - dimensionally ( cpc - 1214\u20131242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405\u20131413 ) . they were collected by wolfgang stinnesbeck between 1986 and 1994 . no permits were required to access the sampling site at puerto pi\u00f1ones . logistic support and export licenses were provided by the facultad de ciencias de la tierra of the universidad aut\u00f3noma de nuevo le\u00f3n .\nspecimens were collected from a single layer of the uppermost tithonian la caja formation at puerto pi\u00f1ones . d = diameter .\nsalinites grossicostatum is well preserved and suturelines are locally visible . the body chamber is completely preserved in most specimens and a long apophysis is present in eight individuals . descriptive terms are those of arkell et al . [ 14 ] , verma & westermann [ 15 ] and wright et al . [ 16 ] , and the ontogenetic description follows neige ( [ 17 ] , and references therein ) . abbreviations for ammonites : d , diameter ; wh , whorl height ; ww , whorl width ; u , umbilical diameter ; u / d , umbilical ratio ; ww / wh , whorl height to width ratio . specimens analyzed here are deposited in the colecci\u00f3n de paleontolog\u00eda de coahuila ( cpc - 1214\u20131242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405\u20131413 ) of the museo del desierto , carlos abendrop d\u00e1vila no . 3745 , parque las maravillas , saltillo , coahuila c . p . 25015 , mexico ( urltoken ) .\nthe latest tithonian [ 8 ] hildoglochiceras grossicostatum was first described by imlay [ 7 ] and was assigned to the genus salinites by cant\u00fa - chapa ( [ 18 ] , p . 19 ) .\nrepresenting an ontogenetic series from juvenile ( a ) to mature ( i ) .\n( a ) cpc - 1405 ; ( b ) cpc - 1406 ; ( c ) cpc - 1407 ; ( d ) cpc - 1408 ; ( e ) cpc - 1409 ; ( f ) cpc - 1410 ; ( g ) cpc - 1411 ; ( h ) cpc - 1412 ; ( i ) cpc - 1413 ; scale bars = 10 mm .\nan explicit sexual dimorphism is indicated by differential growth rates and internal growth features as detailed below , indicating that the assemblage consists of roughly equal numbers of micro - and macroconchs . the largest specimens ( d = 53\u201363 mm ) are here interpreted to represent macroconchs , while no individuals with shell diameters between 45 and 53 mm were found . this bimodal distribution pattern ( fig 2 ) may indicate changing habitat preferences of female adults during sexual maturity .\nsalinites grossicostatum is endemic to the ancient gulf of mexico , where it is restricted to shallow marine , outer shelf environments at the transition between the continental platform and slope [ 7 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , [ 18 \u2013 24 ] .\nthe embryonic ammonoid , termed ammonitella [ 25 ] , consists of the protoconch ( initial chamber ) and approximately one spiral whorl initiating at the caecum and terminating at the primary constriction [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] . in salinites grossicostatum , the center of the protoconch ( sensu [ 17 ] ) was used to determine the diameter of protoconch and ammonitella ( fig 4a 2 ) . the mean minimum diameter of the protoconch is 0 . 18 mm and its mean maximum diameter is 0 . 265 mm ( fig 4 ) . this considerable variation ( 68 % ) is due to the subellipsoidal form of the protoconch . the mean diameter of the ammonitella is 0 . 58 mm ( fig 4 ) . the ratio between the diameters of ammonitella and maximum protoconch values averages 2 . 15 .\n( a ) cpc - 1217 , with sketch to the right ( a 2 ) to illustrate internal shell structures ; ( b ) cpc - 1214 ; measurements are provided in mm .\napertural heights and their corresponding diameters were measured in four specimens from the protoconch to the shell opening at the end of the last whorl . results are illustrated in fig 5 as a logarithmic ratio between the apertural height and shell diameter . our measurements reveal a small but significant break in growth between the embryonic and post - embryonic stages , coincident with the primary constriction . our data also indicate that allometric growth was higher in the post - embryonic development than in the initial ontogenetic stage considered as embryonic .\napertural height ( ah ) versus shell diameter ( d ) for two micro - and two macroconchs ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 ) .\nnote that apertural height is illustrated logarithmically . the regression lines indicate a change in growth at the primary constriction and that allometric growth is higher during post - embryonic stages than before .\nthe siphuncular diameter was measured in five specimens ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 and 1228 ; fig 6 ) . septa are mostly straight but are slightly incised concavely at the position of the septal neck . the latter is retrochoanitic during the earliest ontogenetic stages ( fig 4a 2 ) and becomes prochoanitic ( fig 6b ) at d\u22481 . 8 mm , after approximately 18 septa and in the first half of the second whorl ( in cpc - 1214 ) . the connecting ring is thin and concave . the siphuncle is initially located in a subcentral position but gradually shifts to a ventral position shortly after the primary constriction ( fig 4a 2 ) . the siphuncle resumes its final ventral position at d\u22480 . 77 mm . due to recrystallization and partial internal fragmentation , the siphuncle is only partially preserved in cpc - 1214\u20131217 and 1228 ( fig 6b ) . however , it is well - preserved in the two specimens cpc - 1214 and 1228 , with a minimum siphuncular diameter of 0 . 05 mm at d = 0 . 56 mm ( cpc - 1228 ) . a maximum diameter of 0 . 9 mm was reached at the last septum ( end of the phragmocone ) of macroconch cpc - 1214 at d = 40 . 9 mm ( postembryonic stage ) . the siphuncular diameter gradually increases in size and reveals a uniform first stage up to d\u224828 mm ( ah\u224810 mm ) . in macroconchs this stage is followed by an abrupt increase in siphuncular diameter . in general , however , the increase of the siphuncular diameter is slower than that of the increase in shell diameter and apertural height , thus indicating a negative allometry .\nthe upper plot illustrates the ratio between siphuncular diameter [ ds ] versus shell diameter [ d ] ; the lower plot figures the siphuncular diameter versus apertural height at the plane of coiling [ ah ] . to the right , high - resolution scans illustrate the siphuncle ; ( a ) longitudinal median section of cpc - 1228 ; ( b ) transversal section through the plane of coiling in cpc - 1214 . black arrows indicate position of the siphuncle ; scale bars = 2 . 5 mm .\nthe complete number of septa was analyzed in four adult specimens ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 ) and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ; fig 7 ) . the number of septa in the four adult individuals reaches a maximum of 97 and shows no major variation ( maximum between 86 and 97 ) , even though the two adult microconchs ( cpc - 1216 and 1217 ) are considerably smaller ( d = 11 mm , cpc - 1217 ; d = 18 . 7 mm , cpc - 1216 ) than the macroconchs ( d = 42 . 8 mm , cpc - 1214 ; d = 37 . 6 , cpc - 1215 ) . the number of septa thus appears to be genetically confined to a maximum of about 100 in both micro - and macroconchs . fig 7 illustrates the correlation between the number of septa and the diameter of s . grossicostatum . the general shape of these graphs is similar in the five individuals analyzed and reveals a uniform first stage of ontogenetic development , up to septum numbers of 25 to 30 . subsequently , however , the growth rates of micro - and macroconchs differ substantially ( fig 7 ) . the end of growth in specimen cpc - 1215 is marked by an inflection .\nsexual dimorphism is indicated between septum numbers 25 and 30 by a considerably higher growth increase in macroconchs .\nthe interseptal angle , which corresponds to interseptal spacing , varies during ontogeny ( fig 8 ) . three general phases are indicated in mature specimens ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 ) . specific septal \u201cevents\u201d are detected here and are indicated , in fig 8 , by dashed lines .\nratio between septal angle versus septal number for four mature specimens and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ) .\nspecific correlative septal \u201cevents\u201d are marked by dashed lines . d = diameter at the last septum .\neach trajectory initiates with a stable stage of strong septal angle variations , with widest angles reaching 39 . 4\u00b0 . this stage ends after 20 to 23 septa and is followed by a stable stage in macroconchs ( cpc - 1214 and 1215 ) , and a relatively unstable stage in microconchs ( cpc - 1216 , 1217 , 1231 ) , with the majority of angles of about 16 . 6\u00b0 but also including extremely low angles of 5\u00b0 . this stage ends after approximately 63 septa . the final growth stage ( 64 septa and more ) is characterized by septal crowding with angles ranging between 6\u00b0 ( cpc - 1215 ) and 18 . 3\u00b0 ( cpc - 1214 ) , with an average of about 12 . 7\u00b0 .\nsuture lines are only fragmentarily visible in three specimens ( fig 9 ) . in the early post - embryonic stage ( d = 8 mm ; fig 9c ) , the largest visible saddle is the third lateral , while the first lateral is smaller . the largest lobe is the second lateral . the ventral lobe is simple and small , higher than wide . the ventral saddle becomes larger and wider towards late ontogenetic stages . at d = 20 . 9 mm , the ventral saddle is subrectangular and furcated , while lateral lobes and saddles are stronger furcated .\n( a ) cpc - 1218 ; ( b ) cpc - 1219 ; ( c ) cpc - 1220 .\nthe ornamentation shows five ontogenetic stages ( fig 3 , fig 10 ; see also [ 7 ] , p . 27 ) . the earliest ontogenetic stages are smooth with the exception of fine growth lines , which are , however , not visible on internal molds . ventrolateral ribs appear at a diameter of 6 . 4 mm ; they gradually increase in strength . a smooth keel is first seen at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm , which agrees with the description of imlay [ 7 ] who noted a keel at diameters of about 10 mm . a spiral groove , situated at about mid - flank , first appears on internal molds at diameters of about 9 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 13 . 1 mm in macroconchs . the keel becomes serrated at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs . the serration gradually increases in strength and finally reaches the ventrolateral plain . an apophysis is first present at diameters of about 19 . 5 mm in microconchs and of about 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs ; it is here interpreted to represent the adult stage , in accordance with previous interpretations of this character ( e . g . [ 26 ] ) .\nin macroconchs , the spiral groove , the serration of the keel and the apophysis appear at larger diameters .\nthe adult stage starts by the first appearance of an apophysis at d\u224819 . 5 mm in microconchs and at d\u224825 . 3 mm in macroconchs . it is characterized further by a distinct reduction of space between the septa , marking the final stage of their secretion ( fig 8 ) . a similar pattern was previously documented in other ammonite taxa [ 2 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 27 \u2013 29 ] , among other authors . in the most completely preserved macroconchs ( e . g . cpc - 1411\u20131413 ) a slight decrease in the whorl overlap ratio is present at d > 38 mm and the apophysis is consequently projecting ventrolaterally ( fig 3g , fig 3h , fig 3i ) , thus expressing a change in shell geometry . a crowding of growth lines , an additional characteristic of mature ammonites [ 29 ] , is only visible in macroconch cpc - 1413 ( fig 3i ) at a diameter of 63 mm .\nour analysis of the ontogeny of salinites grossicostatum is based on 169 specimens collected from a single limestone layer at puerto pi\u00f1ones , coahuila and assigned to the latest tithonian \u201c durangites beds\u201d . results are summarized in fig 11 .\nsexual dimorphism and four major stages are recognized : embryonic , neanic , juvenile and mature . the diameter indicates the first occurrence of characteristic modifications .\nseptal spaces during earliest ontogenetic stages agree in all four specimens analyzed here ( micro - and macroconchs ) and are marked by strong variations in septal spacing . septal crowding during similarly early ontogenetic stages in nautiloids , bactritoids and ammonoids were interpreted to be related to hatching ( e . g . [ 6 ] , [ 30 \u2013 33 ] ) .\nnumerous authors considered ammonite hatchlings to be planktonic ( e . g . [ 40 \u2013 45 ] ) . in that case , the highly variable septal angles observed in early ontogenetic stages of s . grossicostatum could reflect a change of life habit to the juvenile stage ( cf . [ 6 ] ) . during the neanic development and up to about 30 septa , the ratio between the number of the septa and the diameter remains uniform for all specimens analyzed here .\nthe shell remains unornamented until diameters of about 6 . 4 mm , where ventrolateral ribs first appear . a smooth keel develops at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm . a spiral groove was identified in microconchs at about 9 . 2 mm diameter and in macroconchs at about 13 . 1 mm . serration of the keel is first present at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs .\nthe abundance of juveniles ( d\u224810 mm ) at puerto pi\u00f1ones , but also at sierra de parras and sierra de jimulco originally described by imlay [ 7 ] , may indicate high mortality rates during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum reproduced early , quickly , and in large numbers , to ensure that at least some offspring of the population survive ( r - selection ) . ammonites associated with s . grossicostatum at puerto pi\u00f1ones are mostly represented by single adult individuals .\nbased on our analysis of septal spacing we propose that seasonal environmental changes are evidenced in salinites grossicostatum . ten low septal angle events with almost constant amplitudes of fluctuation were identified during the ontogenetic development of this ammonite , all separated by eight to nine wide and regularly spaced septa . in nautilus , these fluctuations in septal spacing are related to variations in the overall rate of growth and to the shape of shell and soft body ( [ 39 ] , and references therein ) , even though they are also seen in nautilus kept in captivity [ 64 ] .\nsix ornamentational stages are differentiated . during early ontogeny , s . grossicostatum is unornamented . this phase is followed by the subsequent appearance of ventrolateral ribs , a smooth keel , a spiral groove , and by the serration of this keel . maturity is reached at approximately 19 . 5 mm diameter in microconchs and 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs , and is marked by the appearance of an apophysis and a reduction of septal spacing . additional mature characteristics are expressed in macroconchs , including smoothening of surface ornamentation , increase in siphuncular diameter , reduced whorl overlap ratio , and the crowding of growth lines on the apophysis .\nmortality rates were high during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum was an r - selective species . size distribution and a sudden increase in siphuncular diameter in macroconchs may indicate changing habitat preferences of macroconchs during an interval after reaching sexual maturity and before their end of growth . macroconchs may have left the mating area at puerto pi\u00f1ones to reach shallow water areas for egg deposition .\nthe authors acknowledge seija beckmann ( institut f\u00fcr geowissenschaften , heidelberg ) for photography . we thank the referees and editor of plos one for their helpful comments that greatly improved the quality of this work .\nconceived and designed the experiments : pz ws . performed the experiments : pz . analyzed the data : pz . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ws . wrote the paper : pz ws . collected samples : ws . designed the figures : pz .\nlandman nh , cobban wa , larson nl . mode of life and habitat of scaphitid ammonites . geobios . 2012 ; 45 : 87\u201398 .\nkraft s , korn d , klug c . patterns of ontogenetic septal spacing in carboniferous ammonoids . neues jahrb geol min abh . 2008 ; 250 ( 1 ) : 31\u201344 .\n( ammonoidea ) aufgrund einer frakturanalyse . mitt inst geol - palaeontol hamb . 1975 ; 44 : 195\u2013206 .\nbayer u . cephalopoden - septen , teil 2 : regelmechanismen im geh\u00e4use - und septenbau der ammoniten . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 1977 ; 155 : 162\u2013215 .\narai k , wani r . variable growth modes in late cretaceous ammonoids : implications for diverse early life histories . j paleontol . 2012 ; 86 ( 2 ) : 258\u2013267 .\nimlay rw . upper jurassic ammonites from mexico . geol soc am bull . 1939 ; 50 : 1\u201378 .\nadatte t , stinnesbeck w , hubberten h , remane j . the jurassic - cretaceous boundary in northeastern mexico . confrontation and correlations by microfacies , clay mineral mineralogy , calpionellids and ammonites . geobios mem spec . 1994 ; 17 : 37\u201356 .\nzell p , beckmann s , stinnesbeck w . late jurassic - earliest cretaceous belemnites ( cephalopoda : coleoidea ) from northeastern mexico and their palaeobiogeographic implications . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 2013 ; 270 / 3 : 325\u2013341 .\n( inoceramidae ) from the upper jurassic\u2013lowermost cretaceous of mexico . j south am earth sci . 2015 ; 60 : 92\u2013103 .\nzell p , stinnesbeck w . kimmeridgian ( late jurassic ) cold - water idoceratids ( ammonoidea ) from southern coahuila , northeastern mexico , associated with boreal bivalves and belemnites . rev mex cien geol . 2015 ; 32 ( 1 ) : 11\u201320 .\ncant\u00fa - chapa a . new upper tithonian ( jurassic ) ammonites from chinameca formation in southern veracruz , eastern mexico . j paleontol . 2006 ; 80 ( 2 ) : 294\u2013308 .\narkell wj , furnish wm , kummel b , miller ak , moore rc , schindewolf oh , et al . cephalopoda , ammonoidea , mollusca 4 , part l . in : moore rc , editor . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . kansas : geological society of america and university of kansas press ; 1957 . pp . 1\u2013472 .\nverma hm , westermann geg . the tithonian ( jurassic ) ammonite fauna and stratigraphy of sierra de catorce , san luis potos\u00ed , mexico . bull am paleontol . 1973 ; 63 ( 277 ) : 107\u2013320 .\nwright cw , calloman jh , howarth mk . ( cretaceous ammonoidea ( revised ) . in : kaesler r , editor . treatise of invertebrate paleontology part l , mollusca 4 . kansas : the geological society of america and the university of kansas press , boulder / lawrence ; 1996 . pp . 1\u2013362 .\nfrom the jura of france . eclogae geol helv . 1997 ; 90 : 605\u2013616 .\n\u201d del noreste de mexico . inst mex petr . 1968 ; 2 : 19\u201326 .\nmyczy\u0144ski r . ammonite biostratigraphy of the tithonian of western cuba . ann soc geol pol . 1989 ; 59 : 43\u2013125 .\nimlay rw . late jurassic fossils from cuba and their economic significance . geol soc am bull . 1942 ; 53 : 1417\u20131478 .\njudoley cm , furrazola - berm\u00fadez g . estratigraf\u00eda y fauna del jur\u00e1sico de cuba . publicaci\u00f3n especial icrm , la habana . 1968 : 1\u2013126 .\ncant\u00fa - chapa a . el contacto jur\u00e1sico - cret\u00e1cico , le estratigraf\u00eda del neocomi\u00e1no , el hiato hauterivi\u00e1no superior - eoceneo inferior y las amonitas del pozo bejuco 6 ( centro - este de m\u00e9xico ) . soc geol mex bol . 1976 ; 37 ( 2 ) : 60\u201383 .\nimlay rw , herman g . upper jurassic ammonites from the subsurface of texas , louisiana and mississippi . in : ventress wps , bebout dg , perkins bf , moore ch , editors . the jurassic of the gulf rim . gcssepm foundation , third annual research conference proceedings ; 1984 . pp . 149\u2013170 .\nmyczy\u0144ski r , pszcz\u00f3\u0142kowski a . tithonian stratigraphy in the sierra de los organos , western cuba : correlation of the ammonite and microfossil zones . atti ii conv . int . f . e . a . pergola , 1987 . 1990 : 405\u2013415 .\ndrushchits vv , khiami n . structure of the septa , protoconch walls and initial whorls in early cretaceous ammonites . j paleontol . 1970 ; 1 : 26\u201338 .\nmakowski h . problem of sexual dimorphism in ammonites . palaeontol pol . 1962 ; 12 : 1\u201392 .\nklug c . mature modifications , the black band , the black aperture , the black stripe , and the periostracum in cephalopods from the upper muschelkalk ( middle triassic , germany ) . mitt hamb geol - palaeontol inst . 2004 ; 88 : 63\u201378 .\nebbinghausen v , korn d . conch geometry and ontogenetic trajectories in the triangularly coiled late devonian ammonoid\nand related genera . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 2007 ; 244 : 9\u201341 .\nklug c , zato\u0144 m , parent h , hostettler b , tajika a . mature modifications and sexual dimorphism . in : klug c et al . , editors . ammonoid paleobiology : from anatomy to ecology ( chapter 7 ) . topics in geobiology 43 . dodrecht : springer science + business media dodrecht ; 2015 . pp . 253\u2013320 .\nmiller ak , unklesbay ag . the siphuncle of late paleozoic ammonoids . j paleontol . 1954 ; 17 : 1\u201325 .\ni ego znachenie dlya izucheniya iskopaemykh golovonogikh . moskovskoe gosudarstvo pedagogov instituta v . n . lenina . 1948 ; 52 ( 3 ) : 78\u2013151 .\nteichert c . morphology of hard parts . in : teichert c et al . , editors . treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part k , mollusca 3 , cephalopoda general features\u2013endoceratoidea\u2013actinoceratoidea\u2013nautiloidea\u2013bactritoidea . kansas : lawrence , geological society of america & university of kansas press ; 1964 . pp . 12\u201353 .\nstridsberg s . silurian oncocerid cephalopods from gotland . foss strat . 1985 ; 18 : 1\u201365 .\n( michelin ) ( ammonitina , albien ) . comparaison avec le nautile et la spirule . bull mus hist nat , paris , 3e ser . , 511 , sciences de la terre . 1978 ; 68 : 1\u201336 .\nlandman nh . ontogeny of upper cretaceous ( turonian - santonian ) scaphitid ammonites from the western interior of north america : systematics , developmental patterns , and life history . bull am mus nat hist . 1987 ; 185 ( 2 ) : 117\u2013241 .\nlandman nh , waage km . scaphitid ammonites of the upper cretaceous ( maastrichtian ) fox hill formation in south dakota and wyoming . bull am mus nat hist . 1993 ; 215 : 1\u2013257 .\nvoorthuysen jh . beitrag zur kenntnis des inneren baus von schale und sipho bei triadischen ammoniten . van gorcum and comp . , assen ; 1940 .\ndoguzhayeva la , mutvei h . retro - and prochoanitic septal necks in ammonoids , and transition between them . palaeontogr abt a . 1986 ; 195 ( 1\u20133 ) : 1\u201318 .\nbucher h , landman nh , klofak sm , guex j . mode and rate of growth in ammonoids , chapter 12 . in : landman n et al . , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , volume 13 . new york : topics in geobiology , plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 407\u2013461 .\nkulicki c . remarks on the embryogeny and postembryonal development of ammonites . acta palaeontol pol . 1974 ; 19 : 201\u2013224 .\nkulicki c . ammonoid shell microstructures . in : landman nh , tanabe k , davis ra , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , new york : plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 65\u2013101 .\ntanabe k , ohtsuka y . ammonoid early internal shell structure : its bearing on early life history . paleobiology . 1985 ; 11 ( 3 ) : 320\u2013322 .\nrouget i , neige p . embryonic ammonoid shell features : intraspecific variation revised . palaeontology . 2001 ; 44 : 53\u201364 .\nmapes rh , n\u00fctzel a . late palaeozoic mollusk reproduction : cephalopod egg - laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology . lethaia . 2009 ; 42 : 341\u2013356 .\ntajika a , wani r . intraspecific variation of hatchling size in late cretaceous ammonoids from hokkaido , japan : implication for planktic duration at early ontogenetic stage . lethaia . 2011 ; 44 : 287\u2013298 .\nlukeneder a , harzhauser m , m\u00fcllegger s , piller we . ontogeny and habitat change in mesozoic cephalopods revealed by stable isotopes ( \u03b4\nwestermann geg . form , structure and function of shell and siphuncle in coiled mesozoic ammonoids . life sci contr , roy ontario mus . 1971 ; 78 : 1\u201339 .\ntanabe k , obata i , fukuda y , futakami m . early shell growth in some upper cretaceous ammonites and its implications to major taxonomy . bull nat sci mus , ser c , geology , paleontology . 1979 ; 5 ( 4 ) : 153\u2013176 .\ncallomon jh . sexual dimorphism in jurassic ammonites . transactions of the leicester library and philosophical society . 1963 ; 57 : 21\u201356 .\nof the blue hill member , carlite shale , upper cretaceous , kansas . univ kans paleontol contr . 1978 ; 88 : 1\u201328 .\ndavis ra , landman nh , dommergues j - l , marchand d , bucher h . mature modifications and dimorphism in ammonoid cephalopods . in : landman nh , tanabe k , davis ra , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , new york : plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 463\u2013539 .\nklug c , br\u00fchwiler t , korn d , schweigert g , brayard a , tilsley j . ammonoid shell structures of primary organic composition . palaeontology . 2007 ; 50 : 1463\u20131478 .\ntajika a , morimoto n , wani r , naglik c , klug c . intraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid\nkorn d , bockwinkel j , ebbighausen v . the ammonoids from the argiles de teguentour of oued temertasset ( early late tournaisian ; mouydir , algeria ) . fossil record . 2010 ; 13 : 35\u2013152 .\nkorn d , titus a . the ammonoids from the three folks shale ( late devonian ) of montana . fossil record . 2006 ; 9 : 198\u2013212 .\nde beats k , klug c , monnet c . intraspecific variability through ontogeny in early ammonoids . paleobiology . 2013 ; 39 : 75\u201394 .\nde beats k , klug c , korn d , bartels c , poschmann m . emsian ammonoidea and the age of the hunsr\u00fcck slate ( rhenish mountains , western germany ) , palaeontogr abt a . 2013 ; 299 ( 1\u20136 ) : 1\u2013113 .\nmignot y . un problem de pal\u00e9obiologie chez les ammono\u00efd\u00e9s ( cephalopoda ) . croissance et miniaturisation en liaison avec les environnements . documents des laboratoires de g\u00e9ologie , lyon . 1993 ; 124 : 1\u2013113 .\nsv boletzky . sepia officinalis . in : boyle pr , editor . cephalopod life cycles , vol . i . academic press , new york ; 1983 . pp . 31\u201352 .\nand developmental features of the suborder pinacoceratina . j paleontol . 1977 ; 4 : 445\u2013451 .\nin captivity : a case study of abnormal shell growth . berl geow abh . 1995 ; e16 : 663\u2013681 .\nzell p , beckmann s , stinnesbeck w . age and depositional condition of the marine vertebrate concentration lagerst\u00e4tte at gomez far\u00edas , southern coahuila , mexico . j south am earth sci . 2014 ; 56 : 91\u2013109 .\nthomson sa , sydeman wj , santora ja , black ba , suryan rm , calambokidis j , et al . linking predators to seasonality of upwelling : using food web indicators and path analysis to infer trophic connections . prog oceanogr . 2012 ; 101 ( 1 ) : 106\u2013120 .\nklug c , meyer e , richter u , korn d . soft - tissue imprints in fossil and recent cephalopod septa and septum formation . lethaia . 2008 ; 41 ( 4 ) : 477\u2013492 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !"]}
{"id": 398, "summary": [{"text": "north light ( foaled march 1 , 2001 ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , and active sire , bred in ireland but trained in the united kingdom .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he is best known as the winner of the epsom derby in 2004 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he currently stands at the adena springs stud in aurora , ontario , canada . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "north light", "paragraphs": ["a decision has not been reached as to where north light will enter stud .\nnorth light finished in fifth spot and trainer sir michael stoute admitted it just was not his day in paris .\nnorth light coaching is a private equine gestalt coaching practice based in northern virginia and partnered with loudoun therapeutic riding at morven park .\nkieren fallon had made it clear he intended to dictate the pace of the race in paris as he guided 9 - 2 favourite north light into the early lead .\na pelvic injury forced the retirement of north light , winner of the 2004 vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) and runner - up in the irish equivalent , the budweiser irish derby ( ire - i ) .\nnorth light was always in a good position to land the 225th derby , giving trainer sir michael stoute his fourth win in the race and jockey kieren fallon his third to go with his oaks win on ouija board on friday .\nbut fallon did not have to be as hard as early on north light as he had a year ago on kris kin , who had to be cajoled to hold his place on the rails throughout the first half of the race . fallon claimed that he always had his eyes on this prize with north light . the irishman said : ' this was always one of my favourite horses . when i first rode him at sandown on his debut , i thought :\nthis could be my derby horse .\nhe keeps on improving . '\nnorth light , by danehill , retired with three wins and three seconds from seven starts and earnings of $ 1 , 989 , 577 from racing at ages two through four . his dam , sought out ( by rainbow quest ) , was a champion twice in france and once in germany .\n\u201cif you have not been to the mill , you really need to . the north light story is fantastic and you really understand what sven , laura and karyn are trying to do . the mill , 1661 animal farm and the island are magical . oh , and the dogs are awesome . \u201d\nhis trainer , michael stoute , said :\nnorth light has sustained a stress fracture of the right ilial wing ( in the pelvis ) and will now be retired . he has been a joy to train and we shall long remember his victories in the ( totesport ) dante stakes ( eng - ii ) and epsom derby .\ndettori ' s and fallon ' s fortunes were neatly encapsulated in the race after the derby , when fallon on starry lodge just held the not - so - italian , on swift tango , by a head . fallon , as the expression goes , got first run , just as he had on the rest of the field aboard north light .\nirish - bred north light was bred by and raced for ballymacoll stud . he ended 2004 by finishing fifth to bago in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe lucien barriere ( fr - i ) and raced once this year , coming home second to new morning in the urltoken brigadier gerard stakes ( eng - iii ) at sandown park may 31 when looking uncomfortable on the fast ground .\nshortly after turning into the home straight , fallon asked north light to take the lead and win his race , seemingly confident that his mount would see out the distance . american post briefly looked dangerous , but his stamina gave out as the out - and - out stayers , rule of law and let the lion roar , came from behind to fill the places . fourth home was percussionist , who was in trouble down the hill but kept on well in the straight . the result was a near carbon copy of the dante stakes at york , in which north light beat rule of law half a length with let the lion roar two - and - a - half lengths away in third . this time the distances were a length - and - a - half and a head .\nstoute trains north light for the family of the late lord weinstock , who died in 2002 , a few days before fallon forced golan home in front in the king george and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot . the weinstock family were out in force to celebrate this success , 25 years after troy , owned in partnership with sir michael sobell , had carried the weinstock colours to win the 200th derby .\npercussionist ' s trainer , john gosden , said : ' we had a great run and just got going too late on ground faster than he really wants . ' but he did not sound as though he was ready to have another go at north light , adding : ' i thought the winner had the tactical speed and was the best horse by far . ' that was how it looked from the stands .\nnorth light fibers designs are based on timeless design principles of clean lines , simplicity and geometrics as well as a blend of texture and color . the \u201cless - is - more\u201d approach should be effortless to wear , offer space / comfort and elicit movement reflecting the block island seas and winds . block island is located 12 miles into the atlantic and if you cannot come to the island , please visit our website , join our mailing list and like us on facebook , instagram and ravelry . we hope you enjoy our website and thank you for visiting .\nthe trainer ' s attention to detail was exemplified by his inspection of the fresh strip of ground against the far rail as the runners were at the start for the hilarious sport relief mascot derby , run before the first race . fallon , drawn next to the rail in the opening vodafone live handicap on lord mayor , looked as though he was following the trainer ' s instructions by sticking to the fence until pulling his mount out to begin a winning challenge with two furlongs to run . it was a ride that bore strong similarities to the one the champion jockey gave kris kin last year . that was to be the blueprint for north light ' s success , too . stoute and fallon , it would appear , feel that an early rails pitch close to the pace is the key to winning the derby . watching reruns of lester piggott ' s nine derby wins shown at epsom yesterday , it was not hard to see where the idea came from .\npeter reynolds , manager of ballymacoll stud , remarked :\nwe are all gutted here in ballymacoll . we bred him , his mother , and his grandmother .\nhe was such a brave horse at epsom . i feel that possibly that was even the undoing of the horse on that fast ground . he was very unlucky because he hit fast ground again in both the irish derby and the arc , which is unheard of . i suppose sandown was the final straw .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbago delivered a late burst of pace to steal the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamps and restore his reputation .\nthe three - year - old ' s credentials had been doubted after defeats at york and longchamp this season but there was no mistaking his ability in the arc .\nthe jonathan pease - trained horse came from the middle of the pack to close down leader cherry mix .\nthierry gillet guided bago through to push cherry mix into second with british raider ouija board third .\nit ' s terrific and i ' m so glad he ran ,\nbritish trainer jonathan pease , who has been based in france for nearly 25 years , told bbc sport .\nhe ' s the best horse i trained . we had slight doubts before the race but they ' re put to rest now .\nbut the epsom derby winner quickly became wrapped up in a battle with japanese raider tap dance city .\nthe pair were oblivious to the challenges from the rest of the field and andre fabre ' s charge cherry mix surged into contention .\nbut bago , the son of nashwan and unbeaten as a juvenile , produced his best when it counted finishing fast to notch up the first arc win for the niarchos racing family .\nwe were nicely settled in front at one stage but the ground was just too quick for him which concerned us greatly ,\nstoute told bbc sport .\nhe ' s come out of it with great credit and hopefully he ' ll stay on as a four - year - old .\nthe challenge also failed to materialise from irish derby winner grey swallow , who had gone into the race heavily backed .\ni ' m disappointed ,\nsaid trainer dermot weld .\nhe was bumped and knocked about a bit .\nwe didn ' t see the real grey swallow - he ran a bit flat .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nfrankie dettori , seeking his first derby win at the twelfth attempt , was struggling a long way out on the other 7 - 2 joint favourite snow ridge .\nit was snow ridge ' s godolphin stablemate rule of law , who stuggled to stay in touch early in the race , who came through late to finish second . but he was never able to get in a position to challenge the winner , on whom fallon had always been travelling easily behind the pace set by meath .\nstoute , greeting a back - to - back winner of the race after kris kin last year , was understandably delighted , saying : ' this is a lovely horse to train . we thought there was a possibility of a muddling race , but we knew he stays and knew he loves the firm , so we were going to be positive . '\nwith piggott introduced to the jockeys in the parade ring 50 years after his first derby win , it must have been a particularly daunting occasion for kerrin mcevoy , the young australian jockey riding rule of law in his first derby , especially as he ' d had an unhappy run on sundrop in friday ' s oaks . however , mcevoy , who reported that rule of law ' had trouble coming up the hill ' , was rewarded with second place . let the lion roar ' s trainer , john dunlop , will not be afraid to take on the winner in the irish derby in three weeks .\n' i think he was unlucky as he got boxed in behind percussionist coming down the hill when that horse was going nowhere , ' he said .\nyou ' ve read the piece , now have your say . email your comments , be as frank as you like , we can take it , to sport . editor @ urltoken , or mail the observer direct at sport @ urltoken\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nfor the artist , maker and ( forever ) inspired artist network is with you every step of your art journey . come have fun with us ! come make art with us !\nplease enter your email address . we will send you an email to reset your password .\nplease validate your email , by clicking\nconfirm my account\nin the welcome email we sent you after registration .\nthank you for registering , please check your email to confirm your account and complete the registration process .\nto manage your subscriptions purchased on this site you must login first . if you purchased your subscription via some other method , click here .\nwe invite you to enjoy our yarns , visit block island and tour our micro yarn mill where we produce handcrafted artisanal yarns made 100 % on block island . the natural fibers are handled over 20 times as we take the fiber from shearing and dyeing to carding , spinning and plying to create deep hued and heathery color blends . we also work with women owned and disadvantaged weaving and knitting centers to create beautiful garments and home d\u00e9cor items from our yarn .\n\u201cwater street is luscious , soft and elegant . the heathery colors are perfect . it is on the top of my list ! \u201d\n\u201ci was a bit skeptical as i am not a knitter but my wife is and she really wanted to go . while she loved the yarn and all the patterns , the tour of the mill was great and the discussion we had about the island , the mill and year round economic development was really cool . \u201d\n\u201cthe spring street fingering yarn is a joy to knit . the way laura and karyn spin it and the colors are just right . thank you . \u201d\nuse of this site is subject to terms and conditions as expressed on the home page ."]}
{"id": 401, "summary": [{"text": "cerithiopsis virginica is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the northwestern atlantic ocean .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by henderson and bartsch , in 1914 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerithiopsis virginica", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in nucleotide : cerithiopsis virginica [ orgn ] .\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nreferences : henderson & bartsch ( 1914 ) nsewm ; abbott ( 1974 ) s ? ( of ^ c . greenii ^ )\nlittoral marine mollusks of chincoteague island , virginia proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2055 ) 411 - 421 , pls . 13 - 14 . [ stated date : 29 oct 1914 . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 402, "summary": [{"text": "the cardinal myzomela ( myzomela cardinalis ) is a species of bird in the honeyeater family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is named for the scarlet color of the male .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is found in american samoa , new caledonia , samoa , solomon islands , and vanuatu .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it frequents areas with flowers , such as gardens .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this is a small , active bird , measuring about 13 cm ( 5.1 in ) from bill to tail .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "males are red and black in coloration , females are grayish-olive , sometimes with a red cap or red head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its long , curved bill is especially adapted for reaching into flowers for nectar .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "cardinal myzomela populations have vanished from the island of guam since the invasion of the brown tree snake . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cardinal myzomela", "paragraphs": ["cardinal myzomela ( myzomela cardinalis ) is a species of bird in the meliphagidae family .\nother synonyms catalan : mel\u00b7l\u00edfer cardenal czech : med\u00e1cek rudohlav\u00fd , medosavka tangarovit\u00e1 danish : kardinalhonning\u00e6der german : kardinalhonigfresser , kardinal - honigfresser english : cardinal honeyeater , cardinal myzomela , cardinal or samoan myzomela , guam cardinal honeyeater spanish : meloncillo cardenal , mielero cardenal estonian : kardinal - meelind finnish : kardinaalimesikko french : myzom\u00e8le cardinal , myzom\u00e8le cardinal ou m . des samoa , sucrier cardinal hungarian : kardin\u00e1lism\u00e9zev\u0151 italian : mangiamiele cardinale , mizomela cardinale japanese : mitsusui japanese : \u30df\u30c4\u30b9\u30a4 latin : certhia cardinalis , myzomela [ cardinalis or nigriventris ] , myzomela cardinalis , myzomela cardinalis cardinalis lithuanian : kardinolin\u0117 mizomela , kardinolion\u0117 mizomela dutch : kardinaaldwerghoningeter , kardinaal - dwerghoningeter norwegian : kardinalhonningeter polish : miod\u00f3wka kardynalska russian : \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 , \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0441 slovak : med\u00e1rik \u010derven\u00fd swedish : kardinalmyzomela chinese : \u6df1\u7ea2\u6444\u871c\u9e1f chinese ( traditional ) : \u6df1\u7d05\u651d\u871c\u9ce5\nhiggins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . cardinal myzomela ( myzomela cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myzomela cardinalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common throughout its range ( doughty et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .\nmap edited : deleted from manua group ( e american samoa ) . eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22703868a118657750 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsometimes treated as conspecific with m . chermesina ; formerly treated as conspecific with m . rubratra , but differs in morphology and vocalizations . variation among subspecies sometimes pronounced , and several species may be involved ; small black - breasted lifuensis and strangely outlying nigriventris merit taxonomic study , including vocalizations ; songs of birds in solomons , vanuatu and samoa all appear to vary , and \u201cmelodious white - eye - like\u201d dawn song of sanfordi regarded as unique # r . race pulcherrima apparently a recent invader of san cristobal from ugi and / or three sisters in early 20th century , perhaps hybridizing with m . tristrami in the past # r . eight subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 makira ( san cristobal ) , ugi and three sisters is , in se solomons .\n\u2013 islands of santa cruz group , including nepani , reef is ( fenualoa , lonlom ) , duff is , nendo , utupua , vanikoro , and torres is ( hiu , loh ) .\nmayr , 1937 \u2013 tucopia i ( e of vanikoro ) , in santa cruz group .\nmayr , 1937 \u2013 banks is and n & c vanuatu ( s to \u00e9fat\u00e9 ) .\n\u2013 s vanuatu ( erromango , tanna , aniwa , futuna , anatom ) .\n\u2013 samoa ( savaii , upolu and offshore islets of apolima , manono and nu\u2019utele ) and w american samoa ( tutuila ) .\nvocal , but not noisy , with variety of short , sharp syllables . usual call a sharp high - pitched \u201c . . .\nprimarily forest , but occupies wide range of habitats on all islands on which recorded , occurring . . .\nnectar , also pollen , possibly other plant material ; also small arthropods , including insects and spiders ( araneae ) . a small snail ( . . .\nin vanuatu season sept to dec / jan , with some evidence of breeding jun ; in samoa thought to breed in all months ( nestlings found in jul and . . .\nresident , some local movement in search of blossom or other food sources . locally , may be . . .\nnot globally threatened . restrictedrange species : present in solomon group eba , in rennell and bellona eba , in vanuatu and temotu eba , in new caledonia eba , and in samoan . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nsongs from a bird moving fairly high through dense humid forest on limestone karst .\nmale singing from about 15 ' away while female and juvenile hung out in the background . some typical calls mixed in as well .\ncalls of a bird in top strata of secondary forest . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702\nm . cardinalis chasing m . tristrami , probably cardinalis vocalizing . tape ref . a 47 - 49\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 989 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n( torres is . . vanuatu . and santa cruz is . ( e solomons ) )"]}
{"id": 405, "summary": [{"text": "a gribble / \u02c8g\u0279\u026ab\u0259l / ( or gribble worm ) is any of about 56 species of marine isopod from the family limnoriidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are mostly pale white and small ( 1 \u2013 4 millimetres or 0.04 \u2013 0.16 inches long ) crustaceans , although limnoria stephenseni from subantarctic waters can reach 10 mm ( 0.4 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gribble", "paragraphs": ["gribble was designed to be ioc friendly . the following demonstrates how to configure structuremap and gribble with nhibernate :\nthe 16th century thatched cottage that is today the gribble inn , was once the home of local school teacher rose gribble .\nanything to keep gribble ' s mind off the incredible run he was making .\nmo gribble , vs voruganti , sa cole , k haack , . . .\ngribble allows you to work with table schema through the tableschema class which implements itableschema .\nmo gribble , bv howard , jg umans , nm shara , ka francesconi , . . .\nnm maruthur , mo gribble , wl bennett , s bolen , lm wilson , . . .\nmo gribble , cm crainiceanu , bv howard , jg umans , ka francesconi , . . .\np balakrishnan , d vaidya , n franceschini , vs voruganti , mo gribble , . . .\nmo gribble , vs voruganti , cd cropp , ka francesconi , w goessler , . . .\nthe gribble welcomes amongst others ; locals , rambler & walkers , cyclists , well behaved children and dogs .\ngribble antimony mine ( star metal mine ) , island mountain district , elko co . , nevada , usa\nm tellez - plaza , mo gribble , vs voruganti , ka francesconi , w goessler , . . .\nm grau - perez , cc kuo , mo gribble , p balakrishnan , mj spratlen , . . .\ncc kuo , bv howard , jg umans , mo gribble , lg best , ka francesconi , . . .\nmo gribble , w tang , y shang , j pollak , jg umans , ka francesconi , . . .\ni alcock , mp white , t taylor , df coldwell , mo gribble , kl evans , . . .\njl reiner , pr becker , mo gribble , jm lynch , aj moors , j ness , . . .\ngribble allows you to work with data through the table class which implements itable < t > and iqueryable < t > .\ngribble integrates with nhibernate . more specifically it will use the nhibernate sql connection and enlist in an nhibernate transaction if one has been started . the integration is avaiable as a seperate assembly . the following example demonstrates how to use gribble with nhibernate :\nmo gribble , r karimi , bj feingold , jf nyland , tm o ' hara , mi gladyshev , . . .\ngribble , which resemble pink woodlice , plagued seafarers for centuries by boring through the planks of ships and destroying wooden piers .\nstrunz classification mineral list for gribble antimony mine ( star metal mine ) , island mountain district , elko co . , nevada , usa\nbut new research that shows how the gribble digests wood could hold a key to the production of carbon - neutral fuels from waste .\na team of government - funded british researchers has learned that gribble have a gift for digesting wood not seen in any other animal .\nthe onsite micro - brewery has been active since the opening of the pub in 1980 . head brewer , rob cooper , has brewed beer at the gribble since it opened . his late father was the head brewer before him and both had the pleasure of knowing rose gribble\nbut now the humble \u2018gribble\u2019 could hold the key to the production of sustainable carbon - neutral fuels , thanks to their unusual digestive system .\na gribble - like processing plant could make sugars from woody raw material that can be fermented into alcohol - based fuels for vehicle engines .\nthis is exciting to scientists investigating green fuel sources , because it means gribble could hold the key to converting wood and straw into liquid biofuel .\nresearchers at the universities of york and portsmouth made the discovery after carrying out an extensive study of digestive genes from the gribble species limnoria quadripunctata .\nthe scientists investigated a digestive organ in gribble called the hepatopancreas , a sort of appendix consisting of two blind - ended sacs connected to the stomach .\nit seems possible from the four spots on the rear end of this little chap that the species represented here is limnoria quadripunctata holthuis , 1949 ; but in the absence of any online gribble guide it\u2019s hard to be sure . any gribble experts want to speculate ? [ update : see comments below for elucidation ]\ncody gribble pulled away with five birdies on the back nine , leading to his first career victory on the pga tour . ( marianna massey / getty images )\ngribble was strolling down the 6th fairway that runs along the water thursday at the arnold palmer invitational when he spotted an alligator sunning itself along the fairway ' s edge . at this point the obvious course of action would have been to change direction and avoid any interaction with the reptile , but gribble chose a different path .\nin thursday ' s opening round of the john deere classic , cody gribble did something all weekend hackers are familiar with . hitting a fairway wood on the par - 5 17th at tpc deere run , gribble topped his second shot in embarrassing fashion . how the pga tour rookie reacted , however , is something most golfers could learn from .\nthe gribble offers comfortable chesterfield sofas surrounding two roaring log fires to warm you in the winter months and a pretty cottage garden in which to enjoy the long summer evenings .\nfor centuries , seafarers were plagued by wood - eating gribble that destroyed their ships , and these creatures continue to wreak damage on wooden piers and docks in coastal communities .\nnote : gribble also provides a stock entity ( gribble . entity < tkey > ) and class map ( gribble . intkeyentitymap / guidkeyentitymap ) out of the box that only contains an id and values property . this is handy if you need to work with a table that is completely dynamic and do not want to create an entity and map . table contains static factory methods , discussed next , that omit the mapping and will use the built in one ( table . create < tkey > ( . . . ) ) .\ngribble played in college at texas and is the second member of the school ' s 2012 national championship team to win a pga tour event . the other is jordan spieth .\nthis is true of both cows and termites . but gribble have no symbiotic microbes in their digestive systems , and produce all the enzymes needed to convert wood into sugars themselves .\nwhether the gribble worm ' s process is scalable is another issue , but such minor details do not seem to make it into the hyperbolic press releases announcing these ' discoveries . '\ngribble allows you to execute sql statements through the sqlstatement class which implements isqlstatement . simple return types like numeric , datetime and guid are supported by all methods in addition to reference types .\ngribble allows you to execute stored procedures through the storedprocedure class which implements istoredprocedure . simple return types like numeric , datetime and guid are supported by all methods in addition to reference types .\nand why not ? even the world ' s best players are capable of bloopers - - just ask shank masters ian poulter and webb simpson . gribble wound up making par on the hole .\njackson , miss . - - cody gribble and his caddie talked a ton during the final nine holes of his impressive run to a sanderson farms championship victory . very little was about golf .\nby examining genes that are expressed in the guts of gribble , the researchers have demonstrated that its digestive system contains enzymes which could hold the key to converting wood and straw into liquid biofuels .\nthe gribble worm is more known as a pest that eats the hulls of ships . it turns out the bacteria in its stomach produces the requisite enzymes that can break cellulose into simple sugars .\nscientists at the university of york believe that potent digestive enzymes that the gribble produces to convert wood into the sugars they live on , could be harnessed as a crucial component in making liquid biofuels .\ngribble are voracious consumers of wood and have all the enzymes needed for its digestion . the enzymes attach to a long chain of complex sugars and then chop off small soluble molecules that can be easily digested or fermented . the researchers identified a cellulase ( an enzyme that converts cellulose into glucose ) from gribble that has some unusual properties and used the latest imaging technology to understand more about it .\nunlike termites and other wood - eating animals , gribble have no helpful microbes in their digestive system . this means that they must possess all of the enzymes needed to convert wood into sugars themselves .\ngribble had two birdies on the front nine to stay in contention , then ran off birdies on nos . 11 , 13 , 15 , 16 and 17 . he finished at 20 - under 268 .\nthe york project , headed by professor simon mcqueen - mason , is working with marine biologists at portsmouth university to identify the enzymes in the gribble\u2019s digestive tract that are the most efficient in breaking down wood .\nthey talked about gribble ' s texas longhorns and their big win in football over baylor on saturday . they talked about the chicago cubs and the world series . they discussed their upcoming trip to las vegas .\nwhich brings us to the announcement by the university of york and university of portsmouth in the united kingdom that a crustacean called the\ngribble worm\nis an idiot savant when it comes to transforming wood into sugars .\nthe gribble inn is a charming public house within west sussex , nestled in the quaint village of oving . it is situated close to the south downs with views to goodwood , three miles from the historical city of chichester .\nfollowing her death in 1980 , local farmer peter hague compassionately bought and transformed the cottage into a public house for the local oving parishioners . in memory of rose , peter named the pub \u2018the gribble\u2019 as a lasting tribute .\nwe have just completed our first steps into the world of bottling . we are pleased to announce our santa\u2019s sack limited edition bottled ruby red ale 5 . 4 % is now available to purchase in house at the gribble inn\nthe gribble , a wood - boring marine isopod long has been considered nothing more than a nautical nuisance . its specialty is boring its way into the wooden hulls of ships , turning seafaring into an even more perilous undertaking .\nmost animals that consume wood have digestive tracts packed with microbes that help to digest the cell wall polymers , but the gribble\u2019s is sterile , so it must produce all the enzymes needed to break down the wood itself . we have done extensive dna sequencing of the genes expressed in its gut , and we have detected cellulases never seen in animals before . we want to see if it\u2019s possible to adapt the gribble digestive enzymes for industrial purposes .\nto do this they turned to the destructive power of tiny wood - boring marine isopod called \u2018gribble\u2019 , which historically attacked the timber hulls of seafarers\u2019 ships , and continue to wreak damage on wooden piers and docks in coastal communities .\nthe small talk worked . gribble finished with a 7 - under 65 - - which included five birdies on a spectacular back nine - - to turn a tight fight into a four - stroke victory and his pga tour title .\nthe gribble fluent mapping works the same as fnh . if the column is omitted the property name is used as the column name . the id mapping is only required when creating , modifying or deleting entities . if you will only be querying entities the id mapping is not required . the generated ( ) flag tells gribble that it will need to generate the id . in this case it will generate a guid comb . if the id is generated by the database , as in the case of an identity field or default value , this flag should be omitted . the dynamic ( ) flag this tells gribble that the property will be a catch all bag for columns that are not mapped .\nthis information will help the researchers to design more robust enzymes for industrial applications . while similar cellulases have been found in wood - degrading fungi , the enzyme from gribble shows some important differences . in particular , the gribble cellulase is extremely resistant to aggressive chemical environments and can work in conditions seven times saltier than sea water . being robust in difficult environments means that the enzymes can last much longer when working under industrial conditions and so less enzyme will be needed .\ncody gribble didn ' t have the best first round at bay hill , as evidenced by his triple - bogey at the 3rd hole , but it could have taken a turn for the worse when came across an alligator on the course .\nthe scientists at york are now studying the enzymes to establish how they work , and whether they can be adapted to industrial applications . perhaps one day soon seafarers will be sailing the seas on ships powered with biofuels produced with gribble enzymes .\nso try to follow cody gribble ' s lead when it comes to handling bad shots on the golf course . however , we still recommend that you don ' t follow his lead when it comes to dealing with gators on the golf course .\nwe are proud to present our very own micro - brewery here on site at the gribble inn . we have the capacity to brew up to 4320 litres of beer every week , with the capabilities to vary our types and styles of beer .\nwhile similar cellulase have been characterised from wood - degrading fungi , the enzyme from gribble shows some important differences . in particular , the gribble cellulase is extremely resistant to aggressive chemical environments and can work in conditions seven times saltier than sea water . being robust to difficult environments means that the enzymes can last much longer when working under industrial conditions and so less enzyme will be needed . understanding the structural basis for this robustness will help the researchers to design more robust enzymes for industrial applications .\nspecifically , mcqueen - mason and his team have been studying an enzyme found in the gribble that could show the way to breaking down wood into simple sugars . their work could lead the way in turning waste\u2014paper , scrap wood and straw\u2014into liquid fuel .\non sunday , gribble started slowly , but picked up steam on an unseasonably hot day in jackson where the temperature pushed 90 degrees . he made a short birdie putt on 11 and then hit a difficult downhill 18 - foot putt for birdie on 13 .\ngribble is a simple , linq enabled orm that was designed to work with dynamically created tables . it was not meant to be a replacement for a full fledged orm like nhiberate but to handle a use case that other orm ' s could not handle well .\ni knew i was in a good spot and i knew i was playing well ,\ngribble said .\nit ' s hard not to sit there and look at the scoreboard , look where you ' re at and how you ' re doing .\nthe research team\u2014from university of york , university of portsmouth , hampshire , uk , and the national renewable energy laboratory , golden , colo . \u2014have used advanced biochemical analysis and x - ray imaging techniques to determine the structure and function of the enzyme used by the gribble .\na great treat for christmas ! here at the the gribble inn & brewery we offer gift vouchers to purchase for that special someone . they are redeemable against our food and drink offerings , as well as against our brewery talks . we offer voucher denominations of \u00a35 & \u00a310 .\ngribble looked as if he might have trouble just making the cut at the country club of jackson after an opening 73 . he bounced back with a 63 in the second round to jump into contention - - one shy of the course record - - and followed it up with a 67 on saturday .\ngribble obviously has a way to go to match the accomplishments of spieth , who is among the world ' s best players , but the sanderson farms win is certainly a good start . he earned $ 756 , 000 , 300 fedexcup points and exempt status on tour through the 2018 - 19 season .\ndr . gribble is a molecular biologist broadly interested in the evolution , ecology and life history of marine and freshwater plankton . she combines her training in biological oceanography , evolution , and molecular biology to investigate how environment and genetics influence the phenotypic plasticity of life history strategy and morphology to allow adaptation to changes in environmental conditions and to determine evolutionary fitness . by understanding the outcomes induced by specific environmental conditions , the molecular genetic bases of phenotypic changes , and the evolutionary conservation of plasticity , dr . gribble\u2019s research enables predictions about the results of changing environmental conditions at scales ranging from the individual to the ecosystem .\nkirk won the tournament in 2011 , back when it was called the viking classic and played at nearby annandale golf club . he was in contention again at the country club of jackson after shooting a 65 in the third round , but nobody was able to keep up with gribble ' s torrid pace on sunday .\nsimon mcqueen - mason has seen the destructive power of the tiny gribble first hand . before he became a plant scientist , mcqueen - mason\u2014who today works in the centre for novel agricultural products at the university of york , heslington , york , uk\u2014was a commercial fisherman who owned his own wooden - hulled fishing boat .\n\u201cwhen simon cragg first looked at gribbles through an electron microscope he was able to see their gut was completely sterile , which means nature had got there before us . what is happening inside a gribble\u2019s gut is nature\u2019s own bioreactor and now we have the blueprint of this enzyme , we just need to copy it . \u201d\nusing ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) ) ; var tableschema = tableschema . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\nseveral of our beers have recently been featured at the great british beer festival including pukka mild , c . h . i . p . a . and the very popular sussex quad hopper 4 . 0 % . you will find up to 6 of our own ales served at the gribble inn bar , including old favourites such as fuzzy duck .\nwhat ' s a gribble ? it ' s a tiny marine shrimp found on the southern coast of britain - - and its ability to digest wood may provide a breakthrough in < a href =\nurltoken\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> efficient biofuel production < / a > . researchers are studying the gribble ' s digestion process at a new < a href =\nurltoken\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> uk bioenergy centre < / a > in order to synthetically copy the process so that grasses , husk , straw and willow can be converted more efficiently into biofuels . . . . < br > < br > < a href = ' urltoken ' > read article < / a >\ndr mcgeehan said : \u201cthe 3d structure has revealed that although the skeleton of the gribble enzyme is very similar to the equivalent enzymes in fungi , the surface is unrecognisable . it appears that the consequence of evolution in a marine environment is an acidic coat that protects the enzyme from high concentrations of salt . this unusual salt tolerance and stability represent exciting properties with great potential benefit to industry . \u201d\nin research published in the proceedings of the ( u . s . ) national academy of sciences , a team headed by simon mcqueen - mason and neil bruce at york , and simon cragg at portsmouth reveal that the gribble digestive tract is dominated by enzymes that attack the polymers that make up wood . one of the most abundant enzymes is a cellulose degrading enzyme never before seen in animals .\nthe ultimate aim is to reproduce the effect of this enzyme on an industrial scale . rather than trying to get the cellulase from gribble , the team have transferred the genetic blueprint of this enzyme to an industrial microbe that can produce it in large quantities , in the same way that enzymes for biological washing detergents are made . by doing this they hope to cut the costs of turning woody materials into biofuels .\nfemale brachionus manjavacas . brachionus rotifers are approximately 500 \u00b5m long , are composed of 1000 cells , and have defined digestive , nervous , reproductive and muscular systems . monognont rotifers like b . manjavacas generally reproduce asexually , with occasional bouts of sexual reproduction . they play a significant role in freshwater and marine ecosystems as consumers of phytoplankton and bacteria and are emerging as an important model system for studying questions of evolution and the biology of aging . photo credit : kristin gribble\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var tableschema = tableschema . create ( connectionmanager , profiler : new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var tableschema = tableschema . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\nupdate : the release of the gribble armada after our brave little tv stars had managed to survive over 24 hours away from seawater they were starting to look a bit sluggish when asked to perform yet again under the lights this morning at work . the ranger decided they needed to be given a fighting chance to go off and nibble some toff\u2019s yacht in cowes . so down to the river medina went the gribbles , wrapped in a magazine , and they were sent off in a little flotilla of wooden fragments .\nusing advanced biochemical analysis and x - ray imaging techniques , scientists from the centre for novel agricultural products ( cnap ) in the department of biology at york , the university of portsmouth and the national renewable energy laboratory in the usa have determined the structure and function of a key enzyme used by gribble to digest wood . this will help the researchers to reproduce its effects on an industrial scale in a bid to create sustainable liquid biofuels . the research is published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa .\nduke gribble received his state of california k\u009612 teaching credential and baccalaureate degree from northridge university , while majoring in english and theater . he has over 10 years experience as an environmental sciences educator in california and has been recognized by the united states presidency for service to the nation through environmental protection . as an avid outdoor enthusiast and naturalist , duke has traveled and studied extensively throughout natural ecosystems in america and abroad . he is currently writing and editing technical documents for an entomological website database and working on educational theatre projects for the dietrick institute .\nwe create a sqlstatement object by passing in a connection manager , an optional class map ( only used when returning entities ) and an optional profiler . you can create a sqlstatement object with the new keyword or one of the static factory methods . there is a connection manager that takes a system . data . sqlconnection or connection string and one that takes an nhibernate . isession ( when using nhibernate integration ) . gribble supports the go keyword and will automatically split the statement into seperate batches . it uses the last batch for return values , preceding batches are executed non query .\ncurrent research in the gribble lab focuses on studies of evolution , life history , and aging using monogonont rotifers . rotifers are aquatic invertebrate animals with many advantages as a model in aging and maternal effects research : small size and a two - week lifespan enables high replication and rapid experimentation , transparency allows easy microscopy , clonal propagation permits direct examination of maternal effects without changes in genome , and inducible sexual reproduction enables crossing and traditional genetics . tools for rotifer research include genomes , transcriptomes , and rnai . rotifers are thus a tractable and robust system for investigating many basic biological questions , including the evolution of mate recognition and speciation , the influence of environmental conditions on phenotypic plasticity , and the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of aging , lifespan - extending interventions , and maternal effects .\nlife cycle of the monogonont rotifer brachionus manjavacas . ( a ) left , the asexual cycle , in which a female produces clonal diploid eggs by mitosis . right , the sexual cycle , in which crowding conditions prompt a portion of females in the population to become mictic , producing haploid gametes via meiosis . if haploid gametes are not fertilized , they hatch into diminutive haploid males . fertilized gametes develop into a dormant resting egg , able to dessicate and overwinter in the sediments . upon hatching , the resting egg restores the sexual cycle . ( b ) amictic ( asexual female ) carrying a single egg ; ( c ) haploid male ; ( d ) amictic female egg ; ( e ) male egg ; ( d ) dormant resting egg , the product of sexual reproduction . scale bars for ( b ) \u2013 ( e ) are 100 \u00b5m . photos : k . gribble and e . corey\npublic class registry : structuremap . configuration . dsl . registry { public registry ( ) { / / nhibernate registration forsingletonof < isessionfactory > ( ) . use ( context = > fluently . configure ( ) . database ( mssqlconfiguration . mssql2008 . connectionstring (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) . mappings ( map = > map . fluentmappings . addfromassembly ( assembly . getexecutingassembly ( ) ) . conventions . add ( autoimport . never ( ) ) ) . buildconfiguration ( ) . buildsessionfactory ( ) ) ; for < isession > ( ) . use ( context = > context . getinstance < isessionfactory > ( ) . opensession ( ) ) ; / / gribble registration scan ( x = > { x . thecallingassembly ( ) ; x . addalltypesof < iclassmap > ( ) ; } ) ; forsingletonof < entitymappingcollection > ( ) . use < entitymappingcollection > ( ) ; for < iconnectionmanager > ( ) . use < gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager > ( ) ; for < itablefactory > ( ) . use < tablefactory > ( ) ; for < itableschema > ( ) . use < tableschema > ( ) ; } } public class data { private itablefactory _ tablefactory ; private itableschema _ tableschema ; public data ( itablefactory tablefactory , itableschema tableschema ) { _ tablefactory = tablefactory ; _ tableschema = tableschema ; } public t getrecord < t > ( string tablename , object id ) { var table = _ tablefactory . createfor < t > ( tablename ) ; return table . get ( id ) ; } public ienumerable < string > getcolumns ( string tablename ) { return _ tableschema . getcolumns ( tablename ) ; } } objectfactory . initialize ( x = > x . addregistry < registry > ( ) ) ; using ( var container = objectfactory . container . getnestedcontainer ( ) ) { var data = container . getinstance < data > ( ) ; var result = data . getrecord < address > ( id ) ; }\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager , profiler : new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with implicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with explicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var mapping = new entitymappingcollection ( new iclassmap [ ] { new addressmap ( ) } ) var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager , mapping ) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var sqlstatement = sqlstatement . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager , profiler : new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with implicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . } / / existing connection with explicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var mapping = new entitymappingcollection ( new iclassmap [ ] { new addressmap ( ) } ) var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager , mapping ) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var storedprocedure = storedprocedure . create ( connectionmanager ) ; . . . }\nthis thesis uses a vulnerability assessment approach that has been applied in a variety of fisheries and natural resource management contexts . this approach has been taken because vulnerability assessments provide a useful framework for organising and integrating different types of information . vulnerability frameworks have been used to assess a variety of fisheries related risks including the risks to bycatch species such as sea snakes and turtles ( griffiths et al . , 2006 , milton , 2001 ) and sharks and rays ( stobutzki et al . , 2002 ) ; the economic risks climate change poses to fisheries ( fletcher , 2005 ) ; sustainability and risks of targeted fishing for sharks and rays ( salini et al . , 2007 , walker , 2005a ) , and a wide range of other fisheries ( see hobday et al . , 2007 for review ) . australian fisheries have used vulnerability frameworks which compare a species\u2019 susceptibility to the fishery against its productivity to describe sustainability ( gribble et al . , 2005 , hobday et al . , 2007 , salini et al . , 2007 , stobutzki et al . , 2001 ) . vulnerability frameworks are also used in assessing the vulnerability of species and systems to climate change ( chin et al . , 2010 , f\u00fcssel & klein , 2006 , johnson & marshall , 2007 ) .\n/ / connection string and console profiler using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) , new consoleprofiler ( ) ) ; . . . } / / existing connection using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) ) ; . . . } / / implicit mapping using ( var connection = new sqlconnection (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { connection . open ( ) ; var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager ( connection ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n) ; . . . } / / nhibernate session using ( var session = sessionfactory . opensession ( ) ) { var connectionmanager = new gribble . nhibernate . connectionmanager ( session ) ; var table = new table < address > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n, new addressmap ( ) ) ; . . . } / / static factory method using built in entity and map . requires key column name . using ( var connectionmanager = new connectionmanager (\nserver = localhost . . .\n) ) { var table = table < entity < guid > > . create < guid > ( connectionmanager ,\naddress _ f2a74b\n,\nid\n) ; . . . }\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\nget the latest edition of the times of london online , on tablet or smartphone .\nget unrivalled analysis throughout the world cup from our experts and ex - pros .\nwith 36 correspondents across six continents , don\u2019t miss the biggest stories around the world .\na world of news . anywhere in the world . they\u2019ve played the game , so you can live it . getting her in means the truth gets out .\ntheresa may will contest a vote of no confidence if tory mps seek to bring her down after resignations by david davis and boris johnson . a downing street source said that the prime minister would stand and fight to resist being bundled out of no 10 by leave mps furious at her attempts to soften brexit . her official spokesman could only say that mrs may hopes to . . .\ntheresa may will contest a vote of no confidence if tory mps seek to bring her down after . . .\nit looked by mid - morning as though theresa may could contain the fallout from losing her brexit secretary , david davis . . .\nit looked by mid - morning as though theresa may could contain the fallout from losing her brexit secretary , david davis . the departure this afternoon of her foreign secretary , boris johnson , pushed the crisis into new territory . he quit just 30 minutes before the prime minister was due to make a statement . . .\nit looked by mid - morning as though theresa may could contain the fallout from losing her brexit secretary , david davis .\na former ukip councillor killed his wife with a choke hold after she discovered he was having an affair with his son\u2019s partner , a court has been told . stephen searle , 64 , an ex - royal marine , denies murdering his 62 - year - old . . .\na former ukip councillor killed his wife with a choke hold after she discovered he was having an affair with his . . .\na couple poisoned with a lethal nerve agent were exposed to a high dose after handling a vessel used to transport the substance , counterterrorism officers believe . dawn sturgess , 44 , died last night and her boyfriend charlie . . .\na couple poisoned with a lethal nerve agent were exposed to a high dose after handling a vessel used to transport the . . .\nbritain is urging germany to calm president trump\u2019s anger at low european defence spending by investing in railways and bridges that can be used by nato troops in a crisis , the times has learnt . gavin williamson , the defence secretary , is . . .\nbritain is urging germany to calm president trump\u2019s anger at low european defence spending by . . .\npresident trump\u2019s personal confrontation with the nato alliance , which is due to come to a head this week , is all . . .\npresident trump\u2019s personal confrontation with the nato alliance , which is due to come to a head . . .\n1949 norway , denmark , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france , italy , portugal , uk , iceland , canada and the us sign . . .\n1949 norway , denmark , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france , italy , portugal , uk , iceland . . .\ndonald trump\u2019s uk visit has stirred controversy and sparked fierce debate . let us know where you stand\nthe britons who found the boys are experts thanks to the uk\u2019s challenging cave systems , an instructor said . martyn farr , an instructor and explorer with the cave diving group of great britain , said that the small passages , poor visibility and cold . . .\nthe britons who found the boys are experts thanks to the uk\u2019s challenging cave systems , an . . .\nnew homes will have to be built with electric car chargers as part of a plan to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles , it will be announced today . building regulations will be overhauled to require developers to . . .\nnew homes will have to be built with electric car chargers as part of a plan to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel . . .\nthe man booker prize is more about corporate branding and has failed to boost talented fledgling writers since allowing american novelists to enter , two previous winners have claimed . julian barnes and peter carey said . . .\nthe man booker prize is more about corporate branding and has failed to boost talented fledgling writers since . . .\nit might take less time to record what wasn\u2019t included in the dolce & gabbana alta moda presentation in italy . among the clothes on show were kimonos , frock coats , ballgowns , little black dresses , bleached denim , copious amounts of feathers . . .\nit might take less time to record what wasn\u2019t included in the dolce & gabbana alta moda . . .\nthe collapse of carillion has exposed \u201cfundamental flaws\u201d in government outsourcing , which is obsessed with costs and is damaging public services , a review by the commons public administration committee has found . the collapse . . .\nthe collapse of carillion has exposed \u201cfundamental flaws\u201d in government outsourcing , which is obsessed with costs and . . .\nan army veteran who lost his legs on his third tour of afghanistan is to marry the nurse who helped him back to health . david birrell , a black watch soldier , lost his left leg from the knee down in a roadside bomb attack while . . .\nan army veteran who lost his legs on his third tour of afghanistan is to marry the nurse who helped him back to health .\nbritain\u2019s longest heatwave in five years has entered a third week as water companies urge restraint to avoid hosepipe bans . england had its hottest day of the year yesterday , with 32 . 4c recorded in gosport , hampshire . today is forecast to be the . . .\nbritain\u2019s longest heatwave in five years has entered a third week as water companies urge . . .\nthe nhs will have to spend \u00a318 billion over the next three years just to get on top of targets , deal with a maintenance backlog and improve staffing levels and finances , analysis suggests . nhs providers , which represents trusts . . .\nthe nhs will have to spend \u00a318 billion over the next three years just to get on top of targets , deal with a . . .\na christian doctor was turned down for a job as a disability assessor with the department for work and pensions after refusing to refer to transgender people using their preferred pronoun of \u201cshe\u201d or \u201che\u201d . david mackereth , a . . .\na christian doctor was turned down for a job as a disability assessor with the department for work and pensions after . . .\nsir , with her latest attempt at a solution to the brexit conundrum ( \u201cjohnson in firing line as pm claims brexit win\u201d , news , july 7 ) , theresa may may be about to achieve what few would think possible : she\u2019ll alienate nearly every one who voted in . . .\nsir , with her latest attempt at a solution to the brexit conundrum ( \u201cjohnson in firing line as pm . . .\nus : president donald trump announces his nominee for us supreme court justice , to replace anthony kennedy , who is retiring at the end of the month .\nvietnam : the us secretary of state , mike pompeo , concludes his visit to vietnam .\nin 1540 the marriage of king henry viii and anne of cleves was annulled after six months ; in 1877 the first lawn tennis championship was held at wimbledon ; in 1917 the british battleship hms vanguard , a veteran of jutland , blew up in scapa flow with the loss of more than 800 men ; in 1942 allied troops began airborne landings in sicily ; in 1951 dashiell hammett , the author of the maltese falcon , was sentenced to six months in prison for contempt of court , having refused to give testimony that would help to trace communists accused of conspiring against the us ; in 1982 michael fagan , an unemployed father of four , broke into buckingham palace and made his way to the queen\u2019s bedroom ; in 1984 york minster was struck by lightning , setting fire to the south transept ; in 1993 the remains of the last tsar of russia , nicholas ii , and his family were positively identified .\nsome skylarks are still singing over the fields and a few of them will be heard for another week or two . beneath them harvesting is beginning in the barley fields , where much of the grain is ripe and golden , and the first combine harvesters are at work . however , the hot dry weather has meant that many farmers are expecting a relatively modest yield this year . the wheat came on more quickly with the hot weather and farmers have been saying : \u201cthe wheat needs a drink . \u201d there are still some spotty - looking young skylarks lurking among the corn when their parents had a third brood , but they should be able to flit away \u2014 or if necessary run away , which they are good at doing \u2014 and escape the combines . the greater threat to them comes from a shortage of drinking water , especially if streams run dry .\na purge of more than 18 , 000 police , soldiers , judges , academics and other civil servants began in turkey yesterday as president erdogan prepared to assume the greater powers he will exercise from this week . mr erdogan will be inaugurated as president for a second term today after his victory in . . .\na purge of more than 18 , 000 police , soldiers , judges , academics and other civil servants began in turkey yesterday as president . . .\nitaly\u2019s new populist government has revived a 2008 deal promising $ 5 billion in reparations to libya to stop migrants sailing across the mediterranean . enzo moavero milanesi , the italian foreign minister , called the deal significant and promising after a meeting in tripoli with fayez al - sarraj , the head of libya\u2019s un - backed government , at . . .\nitaly\u2019s new populist government has revived a 2008 deal promising $ 5 billion in reparations to libya to stop migrants sailing . . .\npakistan\u2019s ousted prime minister has vowed to return from self - imposed exile this friday , in a move that could pitch the country into turmoil days before a general election . nawaz sharif , the disgraced three - time prime minister who was last week convicted in absentia of corruption and sentenced to ten years in jail . . .\npakistan\u2019s ousted prime minister has vowed to return from self - imposed exile this friday , in a . . .\na canadian climber leading an international mountaineering expedition has died on pakistan\u2019s treacherous k2 , an . . .\na canadian climber leading an international mountaineering expedition has died on pakistan\u2019s . . .\nthe german government plans to send 170 anti - bullying experts to selected schools to counter a rise in assaults and . . .\nthe german government plans to send 170 anti - bullying experts to selected schools to counter a . . .\nthe us extreme sportsman travis pastrana successfully recreated three of evel knievel\u2019s famous motorcycle jumps in las vegas last night . in a televised evel live special on the history channel , mr pastrana used an indian scout ftr750 to jump 143 . . .\nthe us extreme sportsman travis pastrana successfully recreated three of evel knievel\u2019s famous . . .\nsoaring numbers of chinese couples are filing for divorce in order to get their children into good schools . the practice has become pronounced in the northern city of shijiazhuang , which introduced an enrolment policy that . . .\nsoaring numbers of chinese couples are filing for divorce in order to get their children into good schools . the . . .\nthe new leader of mexico has spent the days following his landslide election win promising to create an austere government . andr\u00e9s manuel l\u00f3pez obrador arrived to meet members of the country\u2019s most powerful business lobby in . . .\nthe new leader of mexico has spent the days following his landslide election win promising to create an austere . . .\nthe competition watchdog has challenged the accounting profession to find ways to improve choice in the auditing market that could save the big four firms from being broken up . andrea coscelli , chief executive of the competition and markets authority , issued the challenge in meetings with the . . .\nthe competition watchdog has challenged the accounting profession to find ways to improve choice in the auditing market that . . .\nthe takeover of a british aircraft component maker by a chinese rival has collapsed , leaving hundreds of jobs at risk . better capital , the listed venture capital fund owned by jon moulton , the financier , had been poised to sell northern aerospace to shaanxi ligeance mineral resources . however , the \u00a344 million takeover has fallen apart after . . .\nthe takeover of a british aircraft component maker by a chinese rival has collapsed , leaving hundreds of jobs at risk . better . . .\nthe troubled retailer mothercare is to raise \u00a332 . 5 million in a deeply discounted fundraising as it prepares to close 60 shops with the loss of about 1 , 000 jobs as part of a big restructuring . existing shareholders backed a one - for - one 19p - a - share equity issue to bolster its finances after the completion of a . . .\nthe troubled retailer mothercare is to raise \u00a332 . 5 million in a deeply discounted fundraising as . . .\ncentral banking has a long , inglorious history of obfuscation . \u201cnever explain , never excuse , \u201d was montagu norman\u2019s . . .\ncentral banking has a long , inglorious history of obfuscation . \u201cnever explain , never excuse , \u201d was . . .\nnobody much likes paying tax . from time to time most taxes come under the spotlight for their perceived unfairness or . . .\nnobody much likes paying tax . from time to time most taxes come under the spotlight for their . . .\nit might seem unthinkable . the big four accounting firms in britain look as strong and lasting as granite , but behind the fancy offices , sober suits and reassuringly dull marketing they are built on quite flimsy financial foundations . it wouldn\u2019t . . .\nit might seem unthinkable . the big four accounting firms in britain look as strong and lasting as . . .\nthe former chief executive of stobart group has accused the company of treating shareholders with contempt for ignoring a vote that reinstated him as a director of the company . shareholders at stobart\u2019s annual meeting on friday . . .\nthe former chief executive of stobart group has accused the company of treating shareholders with contempt for . . .\ncomcast is expected to submit a formal \u00a322 billion takeover bid for sky this week , laying the ground for a bidding war for britain\u2019s largest commercial broadcaster . brian roberts , chairman and chief executive of the giant . . .\ncomcast is expected to submit a formal \u00a322 billion takeover bid for sky this week , laying the ground for a bidding . . .\ngary neville had his doubts , like we all did . when itv invited him to join their punditry team for the world cup , he was unsure whether he really wanted to spend five weeks in moscow . he recalled a sense of foreboding when he came here on his first away trip with manchester united as a 17 - year - old .\ngary neville had his doubts , like we all did . when itv invited him to join their punditry team for the world cup , he was unsure . . .\nthe more raheem sterling is criticised , the more he is praised . the more he is praised , the more he is criticised . during england\u2019s ill - fated euro 2016 campaign , he referred to himself as \u201cthe hated one\u201d . this time it is different . as he prepares for a world cup semi - final against croatia , he is feeling the love as well as the usual hate .\nthe more raheem sterling is criticised , the more he is praised . the more he is praised , the more he is criticised . during . . .\nthe first thing you notice about st\u00e9phane guivarc\u2019h , as he raises an incongruously dainty espresso cup to his lips in a small caf\u00e9 in western brittany , is his hands . big , tough , coarse hands , with calluses on the palms and roughened nails . hands that have known the toll and texture of hard work . hands that have . . .\nthe first thing you notice about st\u00e9phane guivarc\u2019h , as he raises an incongruously dainty . . .\ni should have been heartbroken , like every other three lions fan , when chris waddle skied england\u2019s last spot kick in . . .\ni should have been heartbroken , like every other three lions fan , when chris waddle skied . . .\ni watched the england quarter - final at my home in southwest london . i was on my own because my wife and children . . .\ni watched the england quarter - final at my home in southwest london . i was on my own because my . . .\ngareth southgate has changed his email address , averted his gaze from social media and turned off his phone when it has buzzed constantly with good - luck messages \u2014 but there is no escaping the life - changing immensity of what he , and his vibrant . . .\ngareth southgate has changed his email address , averted his gaze from social media and turned off . . .\nfor some of the england fans in the mosh - pit behind one goal , it was just too much to take in at the final whistle . england had reached a world cup semi - final for the first time in 28 years , and they were beyond joy , beyond words . some of the older ones among the 4 , 000 celebrating were in turin at italia 90 and have sat and stood and suffered through 42 hours of playing . . ."]}
{"id": 411, "summary": [{"text": "calliphara nobilis is a species of insect in the family scutelleridae ( hemiptera ) .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the larvae live exclusively on the mangrove excoecaria algallocha , feeding on the developing seeds .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults are 10 \u2013 15 millimetres ( 0.4 \u2013 0.6 in ) long . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "calliphara nobilis", "paragraphs": ["a jewel bug called calliphara nobilis . | bugs | pinterest | insects , moth and reptiles\nshield / stink bug ( calliphara nobilis ) ng , peter k . l . & n . sivasothi , 1999 . a guide to the mangroves of singapore ii ( animal diversity ) . singapore science centre . 168 pp .\nshield / stink bug calliphara nobilis family pentatomidae adult length : 15 mm larvae are found only on excoecaria agallocha , feeding on developing seeds , but adults can be abundant in gregarious swarms beneath any large leaves ( e . g . , rhizophora spp . ) and disperse with a loud buzzing when disturbed . < < back to insects\nthe most conspicuous jewel bugs are often brilliantly colored , exhibiting a wide range of iridescent metallic hues that change with the view angle . the colors are the result of a combination of factors . some species like chrsyocoris stockerus and scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin .\nthough some species are quite drab , the most conspicuous jewel bugs are often brilliantly colored , exhibiting a wide range of iridescent metallic hues that change with the view angle . the colors are the result of a combination of factors . some species like chrsyocoris stockerus and scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin . the colors often change or become duller when the specimens are dried , due to the topmost chitinous layer becoming opaque and obscuring the colors of the bottom layer . the colors can be restored by moistening the surfaces with water .\nthey are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration . they are also known as shield - backed bugs due to the enlargement of the last section of their thorax into a continuous shield over the abdomen and wings . these insects feed on plant juices from a variety of different species , including some commercial crops . like stink bugs , a vast majority of jewel bugs , both adults and nymphs , are also capable of releasing pungent defensive chemicals from glands located on the sides of the thorax . typical compounds exuded by jewel bugs include alcohols , aldehydes , and esters . nymphs and adults often exhibit clustering behavior , being found in large numbers close to each other . this behavior is thought to have an evolutionary advantage . the more individuals present in an area , the stronger the odour of the chemicals released when the bugs are threatened . if this fails , stink bugs will react to threat by flying away or dropping to the ground . the colors are the result of a combination of factors . some species like chrsyocoris stockerus and scutellera nobilis display colors from multiple thin layers of pigmented chitin . the colors often change or become duller when the specimens are dried , due to the topmost chitinous layer becoming opaque and obscuring the colors of the bottom layer . the colors can be restored by moistening the surfaces with water\nfrom\na guide to mangroves of singapore\n, peter k . l . ng and n . sivasothi ( editors ) volume 1 : the ecosystem and plant diversity and volume 2 : animal diversity authors : kelvin k . p . lim , dennis h . murphy , t . morgany , n . sivasothi , peter k . l . ng , b . c . soong , hugh t . w . tan , k . s . tan & t . k . tan bp guide to nature series published by the singapore science centre , sponsored by british petroleum \u00a9 2001 raffles museum of biodiversity research , the national university of singapore & the singapore science centre\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na bug found on the fruits of its host plant , blind - your - eye tree ( excoecaria agallocha ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nlinnaeus , c . 1763 ,\ncenturia insectorum , quam , praesidae d . d . car . von linne , proposuit boas johansson , calmariensis\ngu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , f . e . 1839 ,\nsatyrus latreille and procris\n, magasin de zoologie ( paris ) , ser . 2 , vol . 1 , pp . 2 fig . 4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 033f5b39 - cf1e - 4cba - 82ca - d6c0a160f0d7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 339088\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ndistribution : in asia , from china and burma , through malaysia and the philippines to borneo . the easternmost limit of its distribution runs through halmahera , sulawesi and flores .\nno part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .\nchrysocoris stollii is a polyphagous species of jewel bugs ( scutelleridae ) common in continental southeast asia .\nscutelleridae is a family of true bugs . they are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs due to their often brilliant coloration of which there are around 450 species worldwide\njewel bugs are small to medium - sized oval - shaped bugs with a body length averaging at 5 to 20 mm ( 0 . 20 to 0 . 79 in ) .\njewel bugs are also known to mimic the colors , patterns , and shape of other organisms for defensive purposes .\ncalcutta ; thacker , spink & co . , w . thacker & co . , 2 creed lane , london , 1909 .\nscutelleridae is a family of true bugs . they are commonly known as jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs by afroz jahan prity\njewel bugs are small to medium - sized oval - shaped bugs with a body length averaging at 5 to 20 mm ( 0 . 20 to 0 . 79 in ) . they can easily be distinguished from stink bugs ( pentatomidae ) because the shield - like enlarged last section of their thorax ( known as the scutellum , latin for\nlittle shield\n) completely covers the abdomen and the wings .\ndespite their resemblance to beetles , jewel bugs are hemipterans or true bugs . the scutellum is an extension of the thorax , unlike the elytra of beetles which are hardened forewings . as such , jewel bugs have four membranous wings underneath the scutellum in contrast to two in beetles . [ 6 ] the scutellum in jewel bugs also does not have a division in the middle and thus does not ' split open ' when they take flight like in beetles .\nthe heads of jewel bugs are triangular and the antennae have three to five segments . like all heteropterans , jewel bugs are characterized by a segmented beak - like mouthpart ( known as the rostrum ) . during feeding , jewel bugs inject proteolytic enzymes in their saliva into plants , digesting plant matter into a liquid form which they then suck up . the tarsus has three segments ( tarsomeres ) .\niridescence ( or goniochromism ) in jewel bugs like poecilocoris lewisi are the result of structural coloration . instead of pigments , the colors are caused by the interference , diffraction , or scattering of light by numerous tiny structures .\nin poecilocoris lewisi , multiple tiny conical protuberances around 900 nm in height and averaging at a diameter of 360 nm are scattered on the epicuticle . these structures affect light passing through them , producing their oily - looking blue sheen ( known as the tyndall effect or mie scattering ) .\nin other species like the african shield bug ( calidea panaethiopica ) , the dorsal cuticle is dotted with tiny regularly spaced hemispherical cavities . the depressions act like bragg mirrors . when light hits the pitted surface , it gives off multiple reflections resulting in the distinctive two tone yellow - blue iridescence .\nthe colors and patterns on jewel bugs can vary significantly between instars and even within adults of a species .\njewel bugs are also known to mimic the colors , patterns , and shape of other organisms for defensive purposes . an example is the yellow - spotted black steganocerus multipunctatus which exhibits m\u00fcllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle chiridopsis suffriani .\nimage from page 95 of\nrhynchota . .\n( 1902 ) by internet archive book images\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nubescens , walk . op . cit . m , p . 507 ( 1868 ) . bluish - green or indigo - blue ; antenna ? , central lobe of head , anda spot at the area of each eve , six spots on the pronetum arrangedin two transverse series , the posterior largest , ten spots on the scutelium\u2014three basal , themiddle one linear and elon - gated , two before the middle , sometimes attached to thelateral margins and some - times connected , two smalland lateral , sometimes con - nected with the preceding , two a little before apexsometimes connected , andone subapical , \u2014black ; late - ral margins of the pronotumand sternum ( sometimesabsent ) , lateral margins and a central basal discal patch to abdomenirregularly ochraceous or reddish - ochraceous , the basal ochraceousspace generally black - spotted . the transverse impression and theanterior margin to the pronotum are very coarsely punctate . length 13 | to 14 ^ millim . hah . sikhim . north t \\ h ; isi hills ( chenneu ) ; xaga hills ( doherti / ) . burma : bhamo , mitanga ( fea ) . \u2014also malay peninsula , java , and china .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nimage from page 96 of\nrhynchota . .\n( 1902 ) by internet archive book images\nthe samples were collected from an , ano mie ; hj , honjo saga ; ig , ishigaki okinawa ; hn , hitachinaka ibaraki ; je , joetsu niigata ; ki , kitaibaraki ibaraki ; km , kasama ibaraki ; ks , kagoshima kagoshima ; kz , kanzaki saga ; mk , mashike hokkaido ; mt , mito ibaraki ; nh , naha okinawa ; ob , obihiro hokkaido ; ot , otaru hokkaido ; sm , shimizu kouchi ; sp , sapporo hokkaido ; sw , suwa nagano ; tb , tomobe ibaraki ; tk , tsukuba ibaraki ; tm , tomakomai hokkaido .\ninfection : a or b single infections , aa , ab or bb double infections or abb triple infection . if multiple individuals were tested for a species , the number infected out of the number tested is indicated in parentheses .\nthe following numbers of species for each family group were infected : miridae , 2 out of 10 ( 20 % ) ; nabidae , 2 out of 2 ( 100 % ) ; reduviidae , 0 out of 6 ( 0 % ) ; tingidae , 2 out of 3 ( 67 % ) ; aradidae , 0 out of 1 ( 0 % ) ; berytidae , 1 out of 1 ( 100 % ) ; malcidae , 0 out of 1 ( 0 % ) ; lygaeidae , 12 out of 22 ( 55 % ) ; scutelleridae , 0 out of 7 ( 0 % ) ; pentatomidae , 4 out of 30 ( 13 % ) ; largidae , 0 out of 2 ( 0 % ) ; pyrrhocoridae , 1 out of 6 ( 17 % ) ; coreidae , 9 out of 17 ( 53 % ) ; alydidae , 1 out of 3 ( 33 % ) ; rhopalidae , 2 out of 3 ( 67 % ) ; urostylidae , 0 out of 1 ( 0 % ) ; plataspidae , 4 out of 5 ( 80 % ) ; cydnidae , 2 out of 3 ( 67 % ) ; acanthosomatidae , 5 out of 11 ( 45 % ) .\ntesarius caelatus ( leconte , 1857 ) syn . : psammodius caelatus ( leconte , 1857 ) | ecology and natural history"]}
{"id": 414, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa vulneratana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in italy , austria , switzerland , fennoscandia , russia ( alai , sajan , irkutsk , amur , kamchatka , transbaikal ) , the pamir mountains and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in north america ( from alaska to british columbia and south to colorado ) and japan ( hokkaido , honshu ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species is found in arctic-alpine habitats .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 21 \u2013 24 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phtheochroa vulneratana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa vulneratana ( zetterstedt , 1839 ) is now recognized among the north american fauna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\npowell & opler ( 2009 ) reported the immature stages and host plant are unknown .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , 2009 . moths of western north america , plate . 20 . 20 , p . 157 .\nzetterstedt , j . w . , 1839 . insecta lapponica descripta : 979 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 16 july , 2013 - 9 : 39am additional contributions by steve nanz , randy hardy last updated 5 february , 2018 - 1 : 25pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 20 . 20m ; p . 157 . book review and ordering\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbrown , j . w . 2005 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . in world catalog of insects , vol . 5 . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark , 741 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nmetzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - 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2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - 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01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nthe wingspan is 21\u201324 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august ."]}
{"id": 417, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena tenuipalpis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by champion in 1891 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena tenuipalpis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for tenuipalpis definition . you find here tenuipalpis meaning , synonyms of tenuipalpis and images for tenuipalpis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\n\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tenuipalpis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tenuipalpis and , of course , tenuipalpis synonyms and on the right images related to the word tenuipalpis .\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 420, "summary": [{"text": "agonopterix atrodorsella is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by clemens in 1863 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , new brunswick , new hampshire , new york , north carolina , ohio , ontario , quebec and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are yellow ochreous with several black costal dots from the base to the tip of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a black dot on the basal portion of the disc with a rufous patch beyond this .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are yellowish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded in all months of the year depending on the collection locality .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is however only one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on eupatorium and coreopsis species , as well as bidens frondosa and myrica asplenifolia .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the species overwinters as an adult . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "agonopterix atrodorsella", "paragraphs": ["depressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]\nredescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini\nagonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594\nagonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )\nagonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113\nagonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111\nagonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40\nagonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233\nagonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38\nagonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34\nagonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42\nagonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati\nagonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135\nagonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira\nagonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia\nagonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb\nagonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m\nagonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m\nagonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo\nagonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m\nagonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8\nagonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near m\u00f6dling , 48\u00b04 . 8n ; 16\u00b016 . 6e\nagonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m\n= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california\nagonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft\nagonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44\u00b009 ' n , 40\u00b004 ' e , majkop , 1300m\nagonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava\nagonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california\nagonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico\nagonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail\nagonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania\nagonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon\nagonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california\nagonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois\nagonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia\nagonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17\nagonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nagonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1974 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 2 , p . 25 ; pl . 1 . 20 - 21 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ndepressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok\ndepressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape\nacuta stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416\ndepressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola\nlarva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38\ndepressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida\nlarva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk\naperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43\ndepressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\n669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\ncalifornia - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39\ndepressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\nlarva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ns . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]\nlarva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nbabaella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136\nagonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . \u00f6st . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran\ndepressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota\ndepressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo\ndepressaria cadurciella chr\u00e9tien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat\nconnecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33\ncanuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\ndepressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes\ntinea carduella h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439\nlarva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181\ndepressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13\ndepressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4\nalberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum\nlarva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956\nagonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california\nlarva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\ns . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]\ngelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania\nlarva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\nhaemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237\ndepressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schlu\u00df ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 \u2642 ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend\ndepressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5\ndepressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn\ndepressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\nlarva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens\ndepressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627\ndepressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\ncuillerella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\ne . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria curvilineella beutenm\u00fcller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york\ndepressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir\ncynarivora meyrick , 1932 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280\ndepressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45\nlarva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nagonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456\ndeliciosella turati , 1924 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61\ndeltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\ndideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3\nsouth carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ndepressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje\ndepressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]\nelbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234\ndepressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan\ndepressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon\npennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl :\nchanka - meer\n; suifun\ndepressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nfarsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457\ndepressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chr\u00e9tien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nlarva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nconnecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\nlarva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\nlarva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267\nhungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28\ndepressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis\ngalbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36\ndepressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada\nlarva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco\ndepressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen\ndepressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\ndepressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft\ndepressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\ndepressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96\nintersecta filipjev , 1929 \u00b2 ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2\ninvenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293\ndepressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nagonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas\nlatipennella zerny , 1934 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8\ndepressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174\nlarva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ncroatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece\ndepressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nnova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\nastria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton\nlarva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26\nmetamelopa meyrick , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72\nmiyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1\nmonotona caradja , 1927 \u00b2 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33\ndepressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\ndepressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit\ndepressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato\ndepressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts\nlarva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe\nbritish columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41\nnew york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\ndepressaria nodiflorella milli\u00e8re , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11\ndepressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon\nlarva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\ndepressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro\ndepressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut\nlarva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus\ndepressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13\nomelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97\nlarva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\npallidior stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\npanjaoella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\naustria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]\nlarva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166\ndepressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts\ndepressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska\ndepressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51\nsyllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon\ndepressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon\nlarva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\nprobella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\npseudorutana turati , 1934 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\nagonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois\nlarva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nnew hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62\nceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa\ndepressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nrhododrosa meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476\nrhodogastra meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\nnova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35\nalaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]\n: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32\nroseocaudella stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\nagonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nrubrovittella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nsalangella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5\ndepressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona\nlarva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37\ndepressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nscopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schlu\u00df ) : 73\naustria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167\nlarva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81\ndepressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia\nlarva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ndepressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska\ndepressaria seraphimella chr\u00e9tien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9\ndepressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221\nlarva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222\ndepressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13\ndepressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar\ndepressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana\nnaf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]\nsutschanella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43\ntabghaella amsel , 1953 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69\ndepressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo\ndepressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7\nlarva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30\ntolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37\ntriallactis meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594\ndepressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley\ndepressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas\nvasta amsel , 1935 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58\nnova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\nxylinopis caradja , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14\nn . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis\nleptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84\nmalaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86\ntinea deplanella h\u00fcbner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274\ndepressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin\ntinea rubidella h\u00fcbner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221\ndepressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nergebnisse der \u00f6sterreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae"]}
{"id": 421, "summary": [{"text": "tiller ( foaled 14 april 1974 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "racing mainly on turf he won sixteen of his forty races between february 1977 and september 1980 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was not a champion , but won many important races and defeated many of the best racehorses of his era including exceller and john henry .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was unraced as a two-year-old and won three minor races as a three-year-old in 1977 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he showed much-improved form , winning seven races including the fort marcy handicap , edgemere handicap , bowling green handicap and tidal handicap as well as finishing second in the washington d c international .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1979 he raced in california , winning the san marcos handicap and san antonio handicap on dirt and the san juan capistrano handicap on turf .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he also finished second to affirmed in that year 's santa anita handicap .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a six-year-old he won the sword dancer invitational handicap and a second tidal handicap before he sustained a career-ending injury in september . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "tiller ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["shop for the troy - bilt horse\u2122 ( 20\n) 306cc forward rotating rear tine tiller at tillers direct . research rototiller accessories online . find rototiller accessories & troybilt horse garden tiller features and specifications .\nthe horse garden tiller qualifies for financing ! call 800 - 828 - 5500 for financing details and to apply .\nto bring those ideas in your head to life , you need a tiller that works like this horse . the horse garden tiller can do all your heavy duty garden chores , including groundbreaking in new beds or premium soil preparation in existing ones .\ndoes anyone know where i can get a rim or set of rims or a 89 pto horse model tiller ? any leads much appreiciated . thanks ray\naqha members share a passion for the american quarter horse and the vast lifestyle created by the world\u2019s most popular horse .\nother notables trained by whiteley included highland blade , tiller , french colonial , instrument landing and bailjumper .\nwhether you\u2019re a seasoned horse show veteran , a fan of the race track , a backyard horse enthusiast or simply someone dreaming of someday owning a horse , aqha membership will benefit you in countless ways .\nasmussen trained curlin to horse of the year honors in 2007 and 2008 and rachel alexandra to the horse of the year title in 2009 .\nat 3 : 2nd tiller s . ( bel , 7ft ) , capital city s . ( pen , 8ft )\ncharles - we have the owner ' s manual for the current model of the horse tiller right on our web site . click on the\nspec\ntab for the horse tiller horse tiller and you ' ll find the owner ' s manual in the upper right part of the page . you can also get an owner ' s manual right off the troy - bilt web site . make sure you have the serial number of your tiller - you ' ll need it . there is a link on the troy - bilt web site for owner ' s manuals . click on the link , enter your serial number , and you can either download and print off the manual , or order one and have it mailed to you .\nmaybe horse who revealed his brilliance at epsom . - free online library\nmiss keller hits wire first in three - horse e . p . taylor photo\nwatch the american quarter horse journal ' s video interviews with every world champion .\nhi roger - the troy - bilt horse garden tiller is only available with a standard recoil start system . troy - bilt does not offer the horse with an optional electric start . the only troy - bilt tiller series that offers an electric start model is the troy - bilt pony . the standard recoil start model is $ 1 , 199 . 99 and the electric start model sell for $ 1 , 329 . 99\nharken roller furling , 9 . 9 horse johnson outboard , sails in good condition .\nmark , you are a better man than i . . . the reason i bought a tiller was to reduce the need for hand tools .\nmike - you may want to take a look at our buyer ' s guide for rear tine tillers . this will answer your question in detail , and give you some other things to think about and look for when choosing the right tiller . just click on this link : pick the perfect tiller\ni use my horse to till before planting in spring , and after fall crops have finished producing , and use the honda fg - 100 for cultivating , so the horse doesn ' t get a lot of use . actually , if i didn ' t already own it , i ' d just rent a big tiller twice a year .\nadhir says mukul is being used by bjp as troy horse to break tmc to reap benefit .\nit is also purdue ' s homecoming . since joe\ni am wilford brimley ! i am wilford brimley !\ntiller took over in 1997 , purdue has not lost :\nfin keel sloop , tiller steering , distinctive jean - marie finot design . fast and seakindly , a joy to sail . well maintained and ready to sail away . details \u00bb\ni ' m not sure it ' s a horse . it runs and operates though and i like the odds .\nthe american quarter horse association , located in amarillo , texas , is the world\u2019s largest equine breed registry and membership organization .\nrandy - troy - bilt no longer assigns a hp rating on any of their engines . this tiller has a 305cc briggs and stratton engine , which probably equates to approximately 7 to 8 hp .\nhall of fame finalist lava man was a star older horse in california on all surfaces ( alex evers / horsephotos . com )\nif the distance between the tines at the center is more than 4 inches the tiller will not be very effective , new tines give u a distance of 3 inches and cost about 100 dollars , they last about one season or so depending on your soil and amount of use . i have had two horse tillers and sold them both , 8 hp b & s . i hande spade and fork everything now in permanite beds . much better than the tiller and a lot cheaper . i can easily dig 100 sq ft bed in one hour .\njust one hand\u00ae operation lets you guide your troy - bilt\u00ae tiller with literally one hand . because the machine is engineered to be well - balanced and easy to control , it does the work \u2013 not you .\ntoday , a stroke of luck and bingo . . . i picked up a decent looking\nhorse\n? for $ 200 . 00\nhello , i verified the engine stampings are : hh60 105115h s / n 4033d i agree , i will assume the unit has not been serviced and get the manual and get the tiller all serviced prior to garden work .\nxam , the original post in this thread had a pic of a tiller . the third post also had a pic of tiller from different angle . that second pic is what i refered to . your pic also shows the block near the top right and the little wheel is resting below the block as in the second pic . since i have never seen your lever system , gr probably knows something else . however you should still check the block .\n13 ' sail boat for sale ! used escape model ' rumba ' in good shape ( worth $ 750 with sail ) moored in springfield nh . includes all rigging ( no sail ) , neat sailing books , boom , mast & tiller .\nthe official program of the 1956 , monmouth handicap featuring nashua , the 1955 horse of the year . nashua - eddie arcaro -\nsunny\nfitzsimmons .\ngood luck with the old tecumseh . i ' ve had nothing but carburetor issues with them . i pulled the tecumseh ( hh80 i think it was ) off my roto - hoe tiller and repowered it with a 10 hp briggs intek and never looked back .\nmodels equipped with honda gx120 , gx160 and gx200 engines hold 0 . 63 quart of oil . when performing general tilling in air temperatures from negative 5 to more than 100 degrees fahrenheit honda recommends using a four - stroke automotive detergent oil that is sae 10w - 30 with an api rating of sj . if you plan to use your tiller for long periods of time when the temperature is above 50 degrees fahrenheit , use sae 30 oil . it is heavier than sae 10w - 30 and will reduce wear on internal parts , especially when breaking up heavily compacted soil . if you have a newer four - speed horse tiller model , it may be equipped with a honda gx engine .\nthe jockey club of canada announced its 42nd annual sovereign award winners april 14 at the palais royale in toronto , ontario , led by canadian horse of the year caren .\ntiller ( nz ) br . m , 1995 { 4 - b } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 6 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : nz $ 200\nup for bid is a dec . 24 , 1943 tropical park , miami horse racing program . in good condition . no missing pages or water damage . please ask questions .\nthe unit ' s serial number : 715545 made in march 1984 . 6 horsepower . but ( hh60 105115h s / n 4033d ) may have engine that was changed look at hh number again on engine that horsepower should be 7hp hh70 = 7hp hh60 = 6hp so on . in 1982 all horses where changed to pto model that means take off tiller shaft with 2 bolts at flange behind transmission . you join the troybilttillerclub at yahoo dot com make that into link to search . you also should have 4 speed which uses one belt gain 3rd 4th speed by moving belt over to next pulley grooves . own mtd site for model use 1 and can use 1 for serial number . one advice if may give is never think your horse tiller every been serviced most never have . i have 1973 2 speed and 1977 just 4 speed they had original air filter in both tillers one so bad pull engine oil up into air filter a dirty air filter cause high crankcase pressure . good luck with tiller and join group file there tell hold story .\n\u2013 is a well - bred \u201cdark horse\u201d from the john sherriffs barn who makes his us debut after finishing on the board in 7 of 8 starts in france\u2026the wildcard in this race .\nzenyatta posted a career mark of 19 - 1 - 0 from 20 starts and earnings of $ 7 , 304 , 580 , was named horse of the year in 2010 and won a total of four eclipse awards in her career . . trained by john shirreffs , zenyatta was named champion older mare in 2008 , 2009 and 2010 along with her horse of the year honor .\ntiller dandy ( usa ) br . f , 1957 { 23 - b } dp = 6 - 0 - 8 - 4 - 6 ( 24 ) di = 0 . 71 cd = - 0 . 17 - 53 starts , 3 wins , 1 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 5 , 244\nin 2008 , tracks across the united states held an \u201cexceller day\u201d to raise awareness and money for the exceller fund . fund - raising efforts included sales of a cocktail named in the horse ' s honor .\nwhat kind of lub and where to lub on a 1970 ' s ( model 2644772 ) 7 hp tuc engine troy bilt horse ? i just got it and want to be sure it stays in good shape .\nthese are all in solid condition ! featured on the belmont program cover is the great secretariat , 45 years after capturing that legendary triple crown . this was horse racing ' s historical 13th triple crown winning campaign .\nclean , good condition , renovated teak interior , new cushions , yanmar 1gm dsl , roller furling , reefing dutchman maim sail , hunter green dodger and bimini , 2burner . propane stove , ice chest , magma grill , jabsco head , many accessories , roomy cushioned cockpit w / tiller , yard kept dingy w / sail kit , 21 / 2hp\ni have a 7 hp kohler troy - bilt horse . i love it . the tine / pto clutch doesn ' t fully engage . . . are there any adjustments i can do ? . . . . thanks\nrachel alexandra was named horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old filly in 2009 and posted a career record of 13 - 5 - 0 from 19 starts with earnings of $ 3 , 506 , 730 .\nthis is a video of my friend wally , repairing a rear tine tiller . the gear selector had stopped working recently and the owner was unable to shift the tiller out of gear . i thought some of you might be interested in the process of tearing it down , diagnosing the problem , and then reassembling it . thanks for watching and commenting , we appreciate it ! the background music track is whiskey on the mississippi by kevin macleod . available under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license . download link : urltoken macleod ' s description : genre : blues length : 3 : 15 instruments : guitar , bass , kit , organ , ep tempo : 90 with a jumping bass and off - beat syncopation , this is straight from memphis ' beale street . the hammond organ and electric guitar play together as longtime friends , while the melody changes hands from guitar to organ to electric piano . 011 isrc : us - uan - 11 - 00709 bouncy , grooving 2010 how to repair repairing rear tine tiller rototiller home garden equipment tilling shifting disassemble reassembly fixing mechanic wally ramblinaround rambling vlog hd partner\nthanks for all the great thoughts . i was able to locate an old horse bumper . i feel fortunate to get my hands on one . . . i am looking forward to learning more and see a learning curve in my future ! bob\ntroy ' s third - place prize money from the arc took his total earnings to \u00a3450 , 428 , a record for a horse trained in britain or ireland , which stood for three years until it was surpassed by glint of gold . [ 17 ]\nif you ' ve had to replace the engine on your troy - bilt tiller and it ' s a kohler courage sh265 , keep it running at peak performance at any temperature by filling it with a high - quality sae 10w - 30 oil with a sj api rating . when you want to get a jump on spring tilling while temperatures are below 40 degrees fahrenheit use sae 5w - 30 . it ' s a lighter - weight oil that flows when temperatures are cold , providing better lubrication than heavier oils that tend to thicken in cold temperatures . kohler warns that not changing the oil at recommended intervals can shorten the life of the engine . horse i and ii models sometimes have courage model engines .\nrated at 125 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1977 , 1 pound below highweighted majestic light but 2 pounds above american champion turf horse johnny d . ( a 3 - year - old ) . highweighted at 137 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1978 , 1 pound above second - rated tiller and 4 pounds above the official divisional champion , mac diarmida ( a 3 - year - old ) . rated at 126 pounds on the daily racing form ' s free handicap for american turf runners of 1979 , 4 pounds below champion bowl game . earned a maximum timeform rating of 129 pounds while racing in europe .\nmore photos available please contact .\nskon\nbarberis show 27 . cantieri designed 27ft cruiser racer with standing head room , aft head , tiller steering , main , harken furling genoa , 2 spinnakers , spinnaker pole , safety gear , all equipment you need is on boat . main , harken furler / genoa , 2 spinnakers , spinnaker pole , 2 anchors , sailcover , safety gear , pfds , stove , sink , head with shower , radio , radar reflector , anchor roller , metal toe rail , vented propane locker , boarding ladder , lewmar 30 self tailing winches 2 , lewmar 13 self tailing winches 2 , barberis 113 winch 2 , fenders , sealed keel bolts , plastimo compass , rigid vang all lines led aft . traveler in cockpit teak folding table nav . desk standing head room 6ft diesel engine - yanmar 2g masthead sloop tiller steering / tiller pilot uscg doc . number 697307 hull number saqz704m85i hull type : fin keel w / spade rudder mast / boom aluminum listed sa : 298 ft displacement : 4000 lbs . ballast : 1433 lbs . fiberglass bal . type : lead fin keel est . forestay length . : 32 . 71 ' / 9 . 97m phrf handicap at 195 with 147 % furling genoa please respond with phone number and we will set up viewing > > > > thanks details \u00bb\nadding the right kind of oil to your troy - bilt tiller ' s engine guards it from damaged parts . knowing which oil to add depends on the engine model and the air temperature when it ' s working . over the years , troy - bilt tillers have been equipped with several different brands of engines , so to be sure you ' re adding the right kind of oil , check the engine ' s owner ' s manual .\nsam - son farm ' s homebred southern ring , back home at woodbine after a winter at tampa bay downs , dug in to win the $ 125 , 000 whimsical stakes ( g3 ) april 23 and spoiled the seasonal debut of 2016 canadian horse of the year caren .\nkona gold was the eclipse award winner for champion sprinter and runner - up for horse of the year as a 6 - year - old in 2000 , kona gold posted a career record of 14 - 7 - 2 from 30 starts with earnings of $ 2 , 293 , 384 .\n1996 laser competition boat which sailed in the 1996 atlanta olympics trials . hull # 158798 . hull in near perfect condition . sailed on the potomac and james river . original sails in good shape with numbers . fully race ready . ( if you want , we can rig it up and take a picture ) the boat comes with : a trailer ( tires need to be replaced ) one race sail # 20 clean spars rigging and lines tiller and extension blades blade bag\nupdate - just put $ down on a ducati , the boat has to go $ 3 , 900 . 2004 precision 185 , garage kept , honda 2 . 5 4strk with low hours , performance trailer with folding tongue so will fit in a 20 ' garage . 38 photos of all components at your request . roller furling , sail and tiller covers , jib sock , mainsail head float ttd equp . cockpit easy for family of 4 . forgiving but fast . std equp listed below .\ni have a big magnum kohler k181 . . . # 825981 ( 1986 ? ) it keeps popping out of gear when till i till deep . i have changed roller , changed belt and made numerous adjustment without luck . . . any ideas what else to check ? also : the pto is locked in tiller position and i am unable to move it . . . i read that their was a replacement update parts for this . . . anyone know where to get the parts and are they available ?\nanalysis : the wise - guy horse . and there always is one in this race . only race at churchill was a second in maiden special weight . was unimpressive in the rebel but came back to romp in the sunland derby . don ' t see the son of street boss as the one for the roses .\nbaymee , i attached a link showing the tines . . . . they seem to be in decent condition . if / when ( yes sir , i ' m keeping this old work horse ) i buy new / replacement tines , i will buy genuine tines . i just bought a manual . thank you very much !\ni have an older ( circa 1970 ) horse model . there ' s a bolt that screws into the bottom of the carburetor , presumably to drain the carburetor bowl . the problem is that gasoline leaks out there after i shut the engine down . has anyone had this experience and how was it fixed ? thanks , john\nmy 1987 horse is on its 2nd set of tines - the\nnew\nones are 12 years old , and still in usable condition ; these tines came from the original manufacturer ( garden way ) . i have middling - good soil , no rocks . don ' t know about tines provided by the new troy bilt manufacturer .\nafter spending the winter in california , native dancer began his 3 - year - old campaign at jamaica in the inaugural running of the gotham stakes . after a perfect 2 - year - old ( 9 for 9 ) season and co - horse of the year honors in 1952 , native dancer made the gotham his 10th consecutive win .\nmelatonin \u2013 is 2 for 2 over this surface and has hit he board in 8 of 10 lifetime starts\u2026takes a huge step up in class but i always respect horses who are consistent and who like the track\u2026\u2026\u2026 general a rod \u2013 pops a big race / win / triple digit speed figure now and again but is far too inconsistent to back with any confidence . good looking horse by roman ruler comes off an enormous race / win at gulfstream ( his favorite track ) but he hardly ever follows up a big race with another big race . nice horse , but he doesn\u2019t appear to me to be in the best of spots , even with this relatively weak field .\nwe have a blockbuster weekend of horse racing this weekend with our focus primarily being at santa anita park in california . \u201cthe great race place\u201d will be hosting four major contests highlighted by the 2016 , $ 1 million santa anita handicap , a mile and a quarter test for four year olds and up . effinex will spearhead the field of nine .\neven as bill mott tries to explain that saturday ' s grade 3 , $ 150 , 000 westchester is just a prep for to honor and serve to get to next month ' s grade 1 , $ 750 , 000 metropolitan handicap , it ' s hard to believe the hall of fame trainer won ' t have his horse ready for a big effort . and even though the seven - horse field for the westchester includes fellow grade 1 winners boys at tosconova and jersey town \u2013 both with recent good form \u2013 it ' s hard to believe to honor and serve isn ' t still the horse to beat in the first graded event of the belmont spring / summer meet . the westchester , a one - turn mile , will be to honor and serve ' s first race since he won the grade 1 cigar mile at aqueduct last nov . 26 . it will be to honor and serve ' s first race at belmont since he won a 1 1 / 16 - mile maiden event here by 8 3 / 4 lengths in oct . 2010 . read more\nanalysis : a major player in this race . have to love the 15 - 1 morning - line odds and do not be surprised if he is shorter than that come post time . the florida derby race is better than it looks . he will be rolling late . the big question is navigating traffic and a trip in a 20 - horse field .\nanalysis : the absolute horse for the course . mccraken is 3 - for - 3 over churchill downs and the importance of that cannot be understated . draws nicely and has won four of his five starts . the concern ? his third - place finish in the bluegrass was far from impressive . however , his love of this racing strip is a major advantage .\nenglish channel posted a career record of 13 - 4 - 1 from 23 starts and earned $ 5 , 319 , 028 . . trained by todd pletcher and ridden in all but one of his 23 career starts by john velazquez , english channel won the 2007 eclipse award for outstanding turf horse . he was the winner of seven graded stakes , including six grade i events .\nhe makes his 2016 debut in this spot with a solid line of works and meets a relatively weak field ( for such a big race ) \u2026looks best\u2026 . good luck to owner / breeder dr . russell cohen dmv , who has treated some of my horses in the past and is quite the character\u2026 . of course , his ex - wife didn\u2019t appreciate him naming this horse .\ntrainer bill mott ' s team swooped into southern california with ron the greek to snare the $ 750 , 000 santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) in convincing style march 3 . the 3 1 / 2 - length triumph was the first graded stakes win in more than two years for the 5 - year - old son of full mandate owned by jack t . hammer , nils brous , and adam wachtel . the big - striding bay , ridden by jose lezcano , lost ground on the far turn when he was hemmed inside behind traffic by jockey victor espinoza aboard setsuko . but ron the greek would re - gather himself to rally impressivley in the lane , sweeping past setsuko in the middle of the track to score easily as the 7 - 2 third choice .\ni didn ' t want to be on the inside so i had to use him the whole way to make him keep going ,\nlezcano said .\nat the half - mile pole i had a lot of horse , but i had to keep asking my horse . my horse is like a bicycle , you keep asking and he will keep running .\nread more\n\u2013 has been an astounding first or second in nine of 11 career starts including showing a 10 - 4 - 4 - 0 record over this track . that being said , if you look up \u201chorse cycling out of form\u201d in the dictionary , you might see a picture of this guy\u2026 . even with the sensational work last week ( 3f - : 34 . 4 ) , he\u2019s still a risky proposition .\neven though his horse was the 7 - 5 second choice in the race , trainer chad brown knew the only real chance his last gunfighter had to win saturday ' s grade 2 suburban was if the multiple grade 1 winner flat out was off his game . looking at flat out in the belmont park paddock before the race , brown didn ' t see anything amiss with the favorite .\nrunning against a horse of his quality , as a trainer , i ' m observing him to see if there were any chinks in the armor ,\nbrown said .\nbill [ mott ] had him dead on today . the horse looked great , he acted good in the paddock , and he ran his \u2018a ' race .\nas he always does at belmont , flat out did run his \u2018a ' race , sitting a closer - than - usual second early on under junior alvarado before pulling away from the field in the stretch to win the grade 2 , $ 350 , 000 suburban handicap by 2 1 / 2 lengths at sweaty belmont park . last gunfighter , who had won his last six races , got up by a nose for second over fast falcon . alpha and the pacesetting percussion completed the order of finish . read more\nsand cove\u2019s victory here in last sunday\u2019s steady growth boosted his career earnings to $ 1 , 039 , 732 . but , if there is a way to make a million the hard way , sand cove\u2019s workmanlike victory in the $ 125 , 000 steady growth continued a case in point , as the ontario - sired 6 - year - old horse was making his 34th career start and winning his ninth stakes race for trainer roger attfield and owner ralph johnson . \u201cwhat a tough little campaigner he is , \u201d said attfield , who had watched sand cove tote highweight of 126 pounds including regular rider richard dos ramos and prevail by a neck over a game j j for dave , who carried 117 pounds . \u201cit\u2019s tough , to give that kind of weight away . i have a lot of admiration for this horse . \u201d read more\ncarolyn wilson\u2019s arena elvira won her fourth straight start as she captured the $ 193 , 725 falls city handicap ( g2 ) on thursday at churchill downs . trained by bill mott , arena elvira collared eventual runner - up afleeting lady in the final furlong to win as the even - money favorite under jockey junior alvarado . arena elvira covered 1 1 / 8 miles in 1 : 50 . 76 on a track rated as fast to win by a neck . \u201cwhen we turned for home , she switched leads and i knew i had plenty of horse , but when she got real close to [ afleeting lady ] she didn\u2019t really want to go by her , \u201d alvarado said . \u201ci always thought i had enough horse to get there by the wire , though . she\u2019s a nice filly . she ran great last time and ran well today . \u201d read more\nthe debate over the horse - of - the - year title , which inspired such passion at the end of the last two racing seasons , will be muted in the wake of the 2011 breeders ' cup . with the world ' s best thoroughbreds gathered at churchill downs , not a single one could muster a performance that would merit the sport ' s highest honor . while the breeders ' cup was a compelling event , filled with exciting finishes , human drama , and astronomical parimutuel payoffs , it hardly lived up to its purpose of showcasing the american thoroughbred at his best . on a day when several horses had the chance to become the horse of the year by winning the main event , the $ 5 million classic , all of them flopped and finished behind the long - shot drosselmeyer , who had not won a race of consequence in 17 months . read more\nin the john mcsorley stakes , varsity broke alertly and set all of the fractions to post a half - length victory over triple e , who rallied late but failed to catch the winner . conditioned by christophe clement , varsity covered 5 \u00bd furlongs on firm turf in 1 : 00 4 / 5 , just one tick off the course record , and paid $ 4 . 20 , $ 3 and $ 2 . 80 as the even - money favorite in the field of six . triple e completed the $ 43 . 60 exacta and returned $ 8 . 40 and $ 4 . tune me in was another length - and - a - quarter back in third , good for a $ 3 . 20 show mutuel .\nthis horse is not a typical christophe clement horse . this horse is fast , fast , fast ,\nsaid winning jockey joe bravo .\nall i had to do was hold on for the ride and then smile .\nthe mcsorley victory was the fourth in eight tries and the first stakes win for varsity , a five - year - old son of indian charlie out of the mt . livermore mare tears of joy . the winner ' s share of the purse boosted the gelding ' s lifetime earnings to $ 130 , 675 for owners and breeder diana and bertram firestone .\ntroy - bilt ' s junior model has a smaller 3 . 5 - horsepower briggs and stratton engine in either the 91000 , 92000 or 94000 series . these models can be run on 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 synthetic oil at any air temperature . if you prefer a detergent oil use , select one with an api rating of sf , sg , sh or sj and use 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 below 40 degrees fahrenheit and sae 30 above 40 degrees fahrenheit . if you plan to operate the tiller all day , check the oil every eight hours . if it has dropped below the\nfull\nmark , top it all with the same weight of oil in the engine .\ncourtesan , a 2 - year - old daughter of street sense , rallied from near the rear of the 11 - horse field for owner ramona bass and trained christophe clement . graded stakes - placed earlier this year , courtesan was ridden to victory by joe bravo and paid $ 7 . 20 . super fantasy , the tepid 2 - 1 favorite , finished a tiring seventh after taking a run at the leader approaching the stretch . read more\nexceller stood 16 hands . a handsome , racy - looking horse , he had long cannons and long , upright pasterns . he was slightly taller than he was long and had a high action but was capable of acting on any surface , though he was at his best on firm going . like most european - trained horses , exceller ran best when covered up early and usually won his races with a blistering turn of foot in the final quarter .\nthere are times when horse racing can produce maddening , inexplicable results , waved away with a shrug and a common refrain ,\nthat ' s horse racing .\nthen there are times when everything comes together as if pre - ordained . the best jockey , on the best horse , prepared by the best trainer , bred by a family that has been competing at the top of racing for generations , wins the kentucky derby . so it was saturday at churchill downs , at the 139th kentucky derby , when orb brought trainer shug mcgaughey , the nation ' s leading rider , joel rosario ; and the families of ogden phipps and stuart janney iii their first derby victory with a convincing , 2 1 / 2 - length win . orb ( $ 12 . 80 ) went off the tepid favorite , the product of coming into the derby with a four - race win streak and the positive impression he made all week here at churchill downs , including a sharp final workout monday . then he went out and ran like he trained . over a track rated sloppy after extensive rain earlier in the day , orb completed 1 1 / 4 miles in 2 : 02 . 89 . the pace was surprisingly fast early \u2013 a half - mile in 45 . 33 seconds , six furlongs in 1 : 09 . 80 \u2013 and resulted in horses who were well back early sweeping the first three spots . read more\ntower of texas stormed up the rail and won the $ 200 , 000 king edward stakes in his turf debut june 21 at woodbine . eurico rosa da silva relaxed off a quick early pace with the 4 - year - old son of street sense , who hugged the rail into the stretch to rally . he overtook dueling front - runners , stacked deck and excaper , midway down the lane and drew off to a 2 3 / 4 - length victory . tower of texas is perfect in three starts this year , all at woodbine , and earned his first stakes win in the king edward , finishing the mile race in 1 : 32 . 45 on a firm turf course . platinum glory was all out to grab second in a three - horse race for the runner - up spot , just a nose in front of stacked deck , who bested 9 - 5 favorite excaper by a head for third in the seven - horse field . read more\ncourageous cat\u2019s gritty win in saturday\u2019s grade 1 , $ 300 , 000 shoemaker mile at hollywood park left winning jockey patrick valenzuela in a forecasting mood after the race . \u201cthis horse is so much better than when i rode him in the shadwell mile , \u201d valenzuela said , referring to a third - place finish in the grade 1 race at keeneland last fall . \u201ci can almost guarantee he\u2019ll win the breeders\u2019 cup mile , even if they bring that filly over . \u201d read more\nlooks like a\nhorse\nto me ! i had a 6 h . p . horse with a tecumseh engine . it did everything it was designed to do . if you have never worked with a troy bilt tiller , be careful that the thing doesn ' t tip too far forward while tilling as it might , and has , broken off the mounting holes and lugs on the engine casting . would be a good idea to try to find the correct\nbumper\nthat bolts on and keeps the breakage to a minimum , if at all . you could even make one . just stay with the tec engine , if it runs ok . note : if you change the transmission oil , the oil must have sulphur in it , to keep the gears in good shape . to fill the tranny , you must remove the handle bar mounting casting . also , down under the handle bars , is a rectangular steel casting , held in the vertical position by one bolt , and being tapered towards the upper end . the roller on the gear shifter arm moves up and down on the tapered block , and adjusting the block will suffice to make it stay in gear . from the pics , it looks to be in good condition , just needs a good clean - up . warning : if you have to remove a wheel , be very careful if it is stuck on . hammering or jacking on it will break some retainers inside the tranny , meaning lots of time to fix it . i got one just like yours , as a trade for two lawn mowers . it had a broken rod . i fixed it and sold it , and the buyer is still using it , after 9 years ! hth : rusty jones\nllanarmon ( $ 20 . 40 ) graduated in dramatic style saturday at woodbine in the grade 2 natalma stakes , in which the favored ready to act unseated jockey rajiv maragh , who appeared to escape serious injury . ready to act stalked the front - running unspurned in the one - mile turf route for 2 - year - old fillies before making the lead early in the stretch . ready to act ducked in at the eighth pole , and a trailing horse came over the top of the fallen maragh . ready to act , a new york shipper trained by chad brown , came back fine . meanwhile , llanarmon rallied wide from seventh to prevail by three - quarters of a length over another maiden , spanish flower . appreciating , the 5 - 2 second choice in the eight - horse field , finished a neck farther back in third , a head in front of madly truly . emma - jayne wilson rode llanarmon for harlequin ranches and trainer roger attfield . read more\nwhen point of entry finished fourth in the curlin stakes on the saratoga main track last summer , trainer shug mcgaughey decided it was time for the phipps stable homebred to make the permanent switch to grass .\ni thought he was a grass horse ; i was just taking a shot ,\nmcgaughey said of the curlin experiment .\nif he ' d run good , it might have given us a travers horse . but he just ran o . k . so we went to the turf .\nthe rest , as they say , is history . since the change of surface , point of entry has won 5 - of - 6 starts , including the last four in a row . the most recent victory came saturday in the $ 600 , 000 sword dancer invitational when the son of dynaformer , sent off as the 7 - 5 favorite , overpowered a solid field of older turfers to win the grade 1 co - feature by four widening lengths . read more\nwhat type of oil you put in a troy - bilt tiller equipped with a briggs and stratton 110000 , 120000 , 200000 or 210000 series engine depends on what time of year you plan to use it . a high - quality detergent sae 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 oil should be used when the air temperature is between zero and 40 degrees fahrenheit , but use sae 30 when the temperature is above 40 degrees fahrenheit . to prevent damaging the engine , use an oil with an american petroleum institute rating of sf , sg , sh or sj listed on the label . if using a synthetic oil , sae 5w - 30 or 10w - 30 can be used at any temperature . two troy - bilt models models equipped with 110000 and 120000 , 200000 or 210000 series engines are the bronco and super bronco .\nlava man posted a career record of 17 - 8 - 5 from 47 starts with earnings of $ 5 , 268 , 706 . among california - bred horses , only hall of famers tiznow and best pal have higher career earnings . lava man won three consecutive editions of the hollywood gold cup ( [ g1 ] 2005 - 07 ) , matching a feat hall of famer native diver accomplished from 1965 through 1967 . lava man also won back - to - back runnings of the santa anita h . ( g1 ) in 2006 and 2007 . his other significant wins included the pacific classic ( g1 ) and charles whittingham memorial h . ( g1 ) . with his victory in the whittingham in 2006 , lava man became the first horse since vanlandingham 21 years earlier to win a grade 1 on both dirt and turf in the same year . lava man was also the first horse to win the hollywood gold cup , santa anita h . and pacific classic in the same year ( a feat since equaled by game on dude ) .\nespinoza , 43 , a native of tulancingo , mexico , has won 3 , 266 races with earnings of $ 186 , 231 , 530 through march 8 . an eclipse award finalist in 2015 when he rode horse of the year american pharoah to the first triple crown in 37 years , espinoza has a total of seven victories in the triple crown series , including five in the past two years . he has three wins in both the kentucky derby ( amercian pharoah , war emblem and california chrome ) and preakness stakes and one in the belmont .\nin the official international classification for 1978 , troy was rated the tenth best two - year - old in europe , seven pounds behind the top - rared tromos . troy was given a rating of 122 by the independent timeform organisation , twelve pounds behind tromos and was described in their annual racehorses of 1978 as\njust the type to develop into a high - class three - year - old\n. [ 6 ] troy was given an end of season rating of 137 by timeform in 1979 , the fourth highest awarded to a derby winner up to that time , [ 17 ] and was named their horse of the year . in the gilbey racing awards , based on poits accrued in major races troy was named champion racehorse of the year and middle distance champion . the compilers of the international classification was less impressed : he was named the best three - year - colt in europe but was rated a pound behind three troikas . [ 10 ] he was named british horse of the year for 1979 by the racecourse association , taking twenty - seven of the thirty - two votes . [ 17 ]\nblue maiden beat whipsaw city by a half - length on thursday in the $ 80 , 750 glowing honor stakes for fillies and mares at belmont park . julien leparoux was aboard for trainer christophe clement as the 5 - year - old got her fourth win in 17 starts , finishing the seven furlongs on turf in 1 : 21 . 51 . blue maiden paid $ 6 . 40 and $ 2 . 70 , and whipsaw city returned $ 2 . 50 . trix in the city was third in the four - horse field ahead of sure route . read more\ntroy , a big , powerfully built bay horse with three white socks , was bred in county meath , ireland , by the ballymacoll stud , the breeding operation of his owners , industrialist sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock . [ 3 ] he was sired by petingo , the leading english two - year - old of 1967 , and was out of the mare la milo . [ 4 ] la milo had previously produced washington d . c . international winner admetus . troy was sent into training with dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire .\naccording to priscus , who visited attila\u2019s headquarters on the great hungarian plain along with visiting roman ambassadors in 449 , the hun leader threw a banquet at which he served the guests a luxurious meal on silver plates . attila himself , priscus observed , was served separately . he \u201cate nothing but meat on a wooden trencher\u2026his cup was of wood , while his guests were given goblets of gold and silver . \u201d unlike his subordinates , who arrogantly displayed their gold and gems on their horse\u2019s bridle or weaponry , attila\u2019s \u201cdress , too , was quite simple , affecting only to be clean . \u201d\no ' day 222 in great shape . newer sails ( used 4x ) asymmetrical spinnaker . roller furling . new abs rudder and tiller , all wood susceptible to water replaced with new teak or switched to starboard . porta potty . galvanized double axle trailer . 8hp 2 cycle runs perfectly . cushions in perfect condition . i think the boat is priced fairly for quick sale . have loved and cared for this boat for years but family has outgrown it and switched to a much bigger boat . i can help you rig it and get going for the first few sails if needed . could probably talk my son into delivering it for a fee . this boat holds a ton of people and is fun and easy to sail . everything you need to get going is included : dock lines , anchor / line , pump , extinguisher , cockpit cushion and 4 life jackets . boat is presently on its trailer but can be launched at a moments notice .\nza approval , a gray horse whose hair has gone nearly white , usually is not hard to pick out in a race , but so buried was he in traffic saturday at monmouth park during the red bank stakes that the striking coat was difficult to locate . but , finally extricated from trouble at the top of the stretch , there came za approval , running down another light gray horse , tune me in , to win the red bank in a game performance . a 5 - year - old gelding bred and owned by live oak plantation and trained by christophe clement , za approval only graduated from allowance - class racing to stakes this past winter at gulfstream park , but now he has won back - to - back grade 3s , having captured the appleton in his start before the red bank . za approval ' s win in the $ 100 , 000 red bank might well have been his best performance yet , with the ghostzapper gelding forced to overcome multiple spots of traffic before finding space to launch a strong rally under joe bravo . tune me in had put away pacesetting two notch road before turning for home and was clear a furlong from the finish , but he was no match for za approval ' s sharp move . read more\nbig horse sire tiznow lived up to his nickname once again on saturday when norumbega won a thriller in the $ 500 , 000 brooklyn invitational ( g2 ) at belmont park . the victor became the 50th career stakes winner for tiznow , whose progeny have now earned over $ 3 . 6 million this year , placing him third on the 2014 general sire list . norumbega , a stuart janney iii homebred 4 - year - old , needed every bit of the belmont stretch to earn his first graded stakes win the 1 and 1 / 2 - mile marathon . after breaking fifth with joel rosario aboard , norumbega was three wide in fifth , some five lengths back of the lead , for the first mile before making his move for the front . rosario went between horses on the turn , then set his sights on micromanage , who had spurted clear by about two lengths inside the furlong marker . with one last surge , norumbega powered to the lead in the final strides to win by a neck in 2 : 27 . 13 .\ni had a really good trip and my horse ran great ,\nadded rosario . i was aware they were going too fast in front of me . when i asked him , he had plenty to give .\nread more\non a cool , comfortable summer day , to honor and serve found himself back in the winner ' s circle after holding off odds - on choice mucho macho man to take the grade i woodward stakes by a neck saturday . it was quite the contrast to when he last ran on july 7 in the suburban handicap at belmont park , when he finished fourth to mucho macho man on a hot , sultry day , beaten by almost eight lengths .\nit was better ,\ntrainer bill mott said .\nhe got a little frantic the other day . it seemed like he was very agitated with the heat . it was a 97 , almost 100 - degree day , and i barely made it through the paddock procession myself .\nit was just the second win of the year from four starts for the 4 - year - old colt , who earlier won the grade iii westchester handicap .\ni knew he had it in him ,\nsaid the hall of fame trainer .\nhe ' s been training well . he ' s a sound horse and there was no reason for him not to . i think he just threw a real stinker , but he did come back today and proved that he ' s a pretty darn good horse .\nread more\nthe harmonic lines , and performance hard - chine hull shape , provides for a wonderful lightweight and responsive easy to sail overnight pocket cruiser . her hull speed will surprise you . she is a joy behold on the water and a pleasure to transport on her custom trailer . light weight and easy to tow with a four cylinder automobile . she is simply an elegant modern classic comfortable in lakes bays and coastal cruising and certainly at home in the club racing circuit . the malbec 18 now being manufacturer in america at the new corporate manufacturing facility in oxnard california . the malbec 18 is hand made quality watercraft with attention to detail , incorporating the best materials available . brand name sails , rigging , and hardware . our sail program is complete with multi size head sails and optional downwind asymmetrical spinnaker . we have an ability to customize the malbec 18 to your requirements . our option list is complete . we like to say that less is more when it comes to sailing . the feel of the wind and the responsiveness of the tiller puts you at the command of your personal adventure ."]}
{"id": 424, "summary": [{"text": "xylodromus concinnus is a species of rove beetle in the omaliinae subfamily , that can be found everywhere in europe , the near east , and australia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "xylodromus concinnus", "paragraphs": ["xylodromus concinnus ( marsham , 1802 ) = omalium brunnipennis stephens 1834 = omalium brunnipes stephens 1834 = omalissus castaneus broun 1893 = omalium lacustris casey 1893 = omalium picinus stephens 1834 = omalissus scutosus broun 1915 = omalium ater gerhardt 1901 = xylodromus fuliginosus heer 1839 .\nxylodromus concinnus ( marsham , 1802 ) family : staphylinidae size : 3 . 1 mm ( 3 , 0 to 3 , 5 mm ) distribution : west . palaearctic , australian region ecology : synanthropic in stables and barns location : germany , rheinland - pfalz , hunsrueck , loetzbeuren leg . j . scheuern , 28 . x . 1978 ; det . wunderle , 1993 photo : u . schmidt , 2016 xylodromus concinnus ( flickr )\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nbroun , t . 1915 ,\ndescriptions of new genera and species of coleoptera . part iv .\n, bulletin of the new zealand institute , vol . 1 , pp . 267 - 346\nfauvel , a . 1878 ,\nles staphylinides de l ' am\u00e9rique du nord .\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 linn\u00e9enne de normandie , vol . 3 , no . 2 , pp . 167 - 269\nblackburn , t . [ 1887 ] 1888 ,\nfurther notes on australian coleoptera with descriptions of new species\n, transactions and proceedings and reports of the royal society of south australia , vol . 10 , pp . 177 - 287\ngerhardt , j . 1901 ,\nneuheiten der schlesischen k\u00e4ferfauna aus dem jahre 1900 .\n, deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , vol . 1901 , no . 1 , pp . 157 - 158\ncasey , t . l . 1894 ,\ncoleopterological notices , v .\n, annals of the new york academy of sciences , vol . 7 , pp . 281 - 606 , pl . 1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a4137178 - d525 - 1d1d - e044 - 00144f3b4a43\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 43622716 - d0c9 - 43e7 - 85a4 - e5923c77adcf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 519119\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 427, "summary": [{"text": "berthelinia ganapati is a species of a sea snail with a shell comprising two separate hinged pieces or valves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family juliidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "berthelinia ganapati", "paragraphs": ["phrases that include ganapati : berthelinia ganapati , dagadusheth halwai ganapati temple , g . ganapati sastriar , ganapati atharvashirsa , list of ganapati temples , more . . . words similar to ganapati : ganesa , ganesh , ganesha , more . . .\nberthelinia caribaea m . edmunds , 1963 = \u00bb berthelinia caribbea m . edmunds , 1963\nberthelinia chloris belvederica a . m . keen & g . smith , 1961 = \u00bb berthelinia chloris ( w . h . dall , 1918 )\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nganapati\nis defined .\nberthelinia typica ( j . h . gatliff & c . j . gabriel , 1911 )\nberthelinia ( anomalomya ) corrugata a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 \u2020 ( fossil )\nberthelinia ( anomalomya ) elata a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 \u2020 ( fossil )\nganapati pn , sarma aln ( 1970 ) bivalved gastropods of the indian seas . proc ind nat sci acad 38b ( 3 and 4 ) : 240\u2013241\nganapati pn , sarma aln ( 1972 ) faunal associations of algae in the intertidal region of vishakhapatanam . proc ind nat sci acad 38b ( 5 and 6 ) : 380\u2013396\nsubfamily : bertheliniinae - genus : berthelinia j . c . h . crosse , 1875 ( db : 16 sp )\nscintilla chloris w . h . dall , 1918 = \u00bb berthelinia chloris ( w . h . dall , 1918 )\nberthellina pseudochloris e . a . kay , 1964 = \u00bb berthelinia pseudochloris ( e . a . kay , 1964 )\n( of berthelinia ( tamanovalva ) kawaguti & baba , 1959 ) sarma , a . l . n . 1975 . three new species of the bivalved gastropods julia and berthelinia found in eastern indian ocean . venus 34 : 11 - 25 . [ details ]\ntamanovalva waltairensis a . l . n . sarma , 1975 = \u00bb berthelinia waltairensis ( a . l . n . sarma , 1975 )\nsubfamily : bertheliniinae - subgenus : berthelinia ( anomalomya ) a . e . m . cossmann , 1887 \u2020 ( db : 2 sp )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsearch for ' ' returned 105 matching records , showing records 1 - 100 . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\nascobulla pusilla ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 ) accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla fischeri a . adams & angas , 1864 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla pusilla g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla sculpta g . nevill & h . nevill , 1869 accepted as ascobulla fischeri ( a . adams & angas , 1864 )\ncylindrobulla turtoni bartsch , 1915 accepted as volvatella laguncula g . b . sowerby iii , 1894\ncylindrobulla ulla er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 accepted as ascobulla ulla ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 )\nworms - world register of marine species - juliidae e . a . smith , 1885\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of prasinidae stoliczka , 1871 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nto biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nall images are copyrighted by the photographers . no form of reproduction is authorized . alle aufnahmen sind durch copyright gesch\u00fctzt . keinerlei vervielf\u00e4ltigung ist erlaubt .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n- - - - - - family : juliidae e . a . smith , 1885 ( sea ) db counters : genus = 8 , subgenus = 1 , species = 32 , subspecies = 1 ( 16 species and 1 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 9 , subspecies = 0\ncamptoceratops americanus garvie , 1992 \u2020 = \u00bb camptoceratops priscus h . h . godwin - austen , 1882 \u2020\nsubfamily : bertheliniinae - genus : namnetia a . e . m . cossmann , 1905 \u2020 ( db : 2 sp )\nnamnetia sphaericula ( a . e . m . cossmann , 1886 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nsubfamily : gougerotiinae - genus : hemiplicatula g . p . deshayes , 1861 \u2020 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : juliinae - genus : julia a . gould , 1862 ( db : 10 sp )\nalder j , hancock a ( 1864 ) notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in india by walter elliot esq . , with descriptions of several new genera and species . trans zool soc lond 5 pp 113\u2013147 ( pls 28\u201333 )\napte da ( 2009 ) opisthobranch fauna of lakshadweep islands india with 52 new records to lakshadweep and 40 new records to india part 1 . j bombay nat hist soc 106 ( 2 ) : 162\u2013175\napte da ( 2012 ) field guide to the marine life of india . animesh apte , mumbai , p 502\n( r\u00fcppell and leuckart 1828 ) from lakshadweep archipelago , india . j bombay nat hist soc 107 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013262\napte da , bhave vj , parasharya d ( 2010 ) an annotated and illustrated checklist of the opisthobranch fauna of gulf of kutch gujarat india with 20 new records for gujarat and 14 new records for india part 1 . j bombay nat hist soc 107 ( 1 ) : 14\u201323\nbaba k ( 1986 ) janolus in japan . shells sea life 18 ( 11 ) : 182\u2013184\n( pease 1860 ) ( anthobranchia : doridoidea : dorididae ) . the veliger 36 ( 2 ) : 124\u2013133\nkelaart a rare nudibranch from the indian subcontinent . mem nat mus victoria 31 37\u201340 ( pl 6 )\ndhivya p , sachithanandam v , mohan pm ( 2012 ) new records on the opisthobranch fauna of the andaman islands india . indian j geomarine sci 41 ( 3 ) : 215\u2013217\neliot cne ( 1906a ) on the nudibranchs of southern india and ceylon with special reference to the drawings by kelaart and the collections belonging to alder and hancock preserved in the hancock museum at newcastle - on - tyne . proc zool soc london 2 : 636\u2013691 ( pls 42\u201347 )\n. in : j stanley gardiner ( ed ) the fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagos being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900 . 2 : 540\u2013573 ( pl 32 )\neliot cne ( 1909 ) report on the nudibranchs collected by mr . james hornell at okhamandal in kattiawar in 1905\u20131906 . in : report to the government of baroda on the marine zoology of okhamandal . 1 pp 137\u2013145\neliot cne ( 1910a ) nudibranchs collected by mr stanley gardiner from the indian ocean in hms sealark . in : reports of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 under the leadership of mr . j . stanley gardiner ma . trans linn soc zool series 2 13 ( 2 ) : 411\u2013439 ( pl 25 )\neliot cne ( 1910b ) notes on nudibranchs from the indian museum . rec ind mus 5 ( 4 ) : 247\u2013252 ( pl 19 )\neliot cne ( 1916 ) mollusca nudibranchiata . in : fauna of the chilka lake . mem ind mus 5 : 375\u2013380\nfarran gp ( 1905 ) report on the opisthobranchiate mollusca collected by professor herdman at ceylon in 1902 . in : report to the government of ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of manaar . part 3 suppl rept ( 21 ) : 329\u2013364 ( pls 1\u20136 )\n( class : gastropoda ; family : hydatinidae ) from the northeast coast of india . mar biod rec 2 : 161\ngosliner tm , behrens dw , valdes a ( 2008 ) indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs a field guide to the world\u2019s most diverse fauna . sea challengers natural history books and the california academy of sciences p 426\n. in : report to the government of baroda on the marine zoology of okhamandal . 1 : 145\u2013148\nhornell j ( 1949 ) opisthobranchia . in the study of indian mollusks ( part ii ) . j bombay nat hist soc 48 ( 3 ) : 547\u2013553\nhornell j ( 1951 ) nudibranchia . in : indian molluscs . bom nat hist soc , mumbai 41\u201342 ( pl 1 )\nswennen ( nudibranch ) from the mangrove habitat of mandovi estuary goa ( central west coast ) india . curr sci 96 ( 1 ) : 30\u201333\n( blue ocean slug ) from nagapattinam coastal waters southeast coast of india . int j curr res 5 : 071\u2013073\nmcdonald gr ( 2009 ) nudibranch systematic index ( second edition ) . university of california , santa cruz . p 418\nmelvill jc , abercrombie a ( 1893 ) the marine mollusca of bombay . mem proc manch lit philos soc 47 : 17\u201351\nnarayanan kr ( 1968 ) on three opisthobranchs from the south - west coast of india . j mar biol assoc india 10 ( 2 ) : 377\u2013380 ( pls 1\u20132 )\nnarayanan kr ( 1969 ) on the opisthobranchiate fauna of the gulf of kutch . in : proc of the symposium on mollusca held at cochin , from jan 12\u201316 , 1968 part i : 189\u2013213 ( pls 1\u20132 )\n( opisthobranchia : notaspidea ) of the gulf of kutch . j mar biol assoc india 12 ( 1\u20132 ) : 210\u2013212\nnarayanan kr ( 1971 ) on two doridacean nudibranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the gulf of kutch new to indian coast . j bombay nat hist soc 68 ( 1 ) : 280\u2013281\no\u2019donoghue ch ( 1932 ) notes on nudibranchiata from southern india . proc malacol soc lond 20 : 141\u2013166\no\u2019donoghue ch ( 1933 ) kelaart\u2019s work on the nudibranchiata of ceylon . proc malacol soc lond 20 ( 4 ) : 221\u2013226 ( pl 19 )\n( ald and han ) . rec ind mus 38 ( 1 ) : 41\u201379 ( pl 3 )\na new nudibranch ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from madras . j zool soc india 3 ( 2 ) : 229\u2013238\nbergh from indian waters not hitherto been recorded . j mar biol assoc india 3 ( 12 ) : 253\u2013256\n( kawaguti and baba 1959 ) from the indian ocean . nature 208 : 404\u2013405\nbergh 1888 re - described with notes on anatomy and early development . j mar biol assoc india 7 ( 1 ) : 61\u201368\nrao kv ( 1967 ) on a few little known opisthobranchiate mollusca from the palk bay and the gulf of mannar with notes on their development . symposium on mollusca held under the auspices of the mar biol assoc india at ernakulam ( cochin ) , 12\u201316 jan 1968 , p 37\nrao kp ( 1968 ) on a new genus and some new species of opisthobranchiate gastropods of the family eubranchidae from the gulf of mannar . in : proc of the symposium on mollusca held at cochin , from jan . 12\u201316 , 1968 part i : 51\u201360\nfrom the gulf of mannar . special publication dedicated to nk panikkar . mar biol assoc india cochin ( india ) p 321\u2013332\nehrenberg from goa : mollusca \u2013nudibranchiata . j mar biol assoc india 15 ( 1 ) : 242\u2013250\n( alder and hancock ) . ind j mar sci 2 ( 1 ) : 32\u201337\n( alder and hancock ) . j mar biol assoc india 16 ( 3 ) : 689\u2013699\nsp . nov . a sacoglossan mollusc from the gulf of manaar . j mar biol assoc india 5 : 232\u2013238\nrao kv , sivadas p , kumary lk ( 1974 ) on three rare doridiform nudibranch molluscs from kavaratti lagoon laccadive islands . j mar biol assoc india 16 ( 1 ) : 113\u2013125\nrudman wb ( 1973 ) chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from the indo - west pacific . zool j linn soc 52 ( 3 ) : 175\u2013199\nrudman wb ( 1980 ) aeolid opisthobranch molluscs ( glaucidae ) from the indian ocean and the south - west pacific . zool j linn soc 68 ( 2 ) : 139\u2013172\n( mollusca : gastropoda : anaspidea : aplysiidae ) from the andaman sea india . j oceanogr mar sci 2 ( 8 ) : 165\u2013167\nfound in eastern indian ocean . japanese j malacol venus 34 ( 1and 2 ) : 11\u201325\nsatyamurthi st ( 1952 ) the mollusca of krusadai island 1 amphineura and gastropoda . bull mad govt mus ( nat hist ) 1 ( 2 ) : 216\u2013251\nalder and hancock 1864 from the inshore waters of bay of bengal along chennai coast . indian j fish 59 ( 1 ) : 151\u2013154\nsreeraj cr , rajan pt , raghuraman r , raghunathan c , rajkumar r , immanuel t , ramakrishna ( 2010 ) on some new records of sea slugs ( class : gastropoda subclass : opisthobranchia ) from andaman and nicobar islands . in : recent trends in biodiversity of andaman and nicobar islands zoological survey of india , kolkata , p 289\u2013298\nsreeraj cr , sivaperuman c , raghunathan c ( 2012a ) report on ten newly recorded opisthobranchs ( opisthobranchia gastropoda ) from andaman and nicobar islands , india . int j oceano mar ecol syst 1 : 50\u201359\nsreeraj cr , sivaperuman c , raghunathan c ( 2012b ) an annotated checklist of opisthobranch fauna ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) of the nicobar islands india . jott 4 ( 4 ) : 2499\u20132509\nsubba rao nv , dey a ( 2000 ) catalogue of marine molluscs of andaman and nicobar islands . occasional paper no . 187 rec zool surv india zsi , kolkata p 323\nsubba rao nv , sastry dk ( 2005 ) fauna of marine national park gulf of kuchchh ( gujarat ) . zoological survey of india p 79\neliot ( mollusca : dorididae ) from the west coast of india . bull zool surv india 2 ( 2\u20133 ) : 219 pl iv\nsubba rao kv , maitra s , ramakrishna sb ( 2004 ) marine mollusca ( part - i : polyplacophora gastropoda and scaphopoda ) . zool surv india : state fauna series 8 : fauna of gujarat 263\u2013331\nvaldes a , mollo e , ortea ja ( 1999 ) two new species of chromodoris ( mollusca nudibranchia chromodorididae ) from southern india with a redescription of chromodoris trimarginata ( winckworth 1946 ) . proc calif acad sci 51 ( 13 ) : 461\u2013472\nwawra e ( 1988 ) sand - opisthobranchia aus dem golf von bengalen [ sand opisthobranchia from the bay of bengal ( indian ocean ) ] . ann naturhist mus wien ser b bot zool 90 ( b ) : 427\u2013432\nyogesh kumar js , sreeraj cr , sornaraj r ( 2011 ) opisthobranchs of the gulf of mannar biosphere reserve , tamil nadu , india . indian j fish 58 ( 4 ) : 105\u2013114\nvishal b . , deepak a . ( 2013 ) current status of indian opisthobranch fauna . in : venkataraman k . , sivaperuman c . , raghunathan c . ( eds ) ecology and conservation of tropical marine faunal communities . springer , berlin , heidelberg"]}
{"id": 430, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius glabratus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius glabratus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius glabratus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius glabratus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius glabratus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius glabratus .\npesi portal - nassarius glabratus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\nhow to identify nassarius glabratus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius glabratus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius glabratus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius glabratus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius glabratus can be found .\nnassarius glabratus by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nnassarius glabratus - nassariidae - gambia seashell - 10 . 5mm - lot 1 on ebid singapore | 121913788\nnassarius glabratus - nassariidae - gambia seashell - 10 . 5mm - lot 1 on ebid australia | 121913788\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius glabratus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 )\n( of strombus glabratus g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius obliquus ( kiener , 1835 ) ) gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nadam w . & knudsen j . 1984 . r\u00e9vision des nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda prosobranchia ) de l\u2019afrique occidentale . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 55 ( 9 ) : 1 - 95 , 5 pl . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( naytia ) glabrata ( sowerby , 1842 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 216 seconds . )\nnassariidae fast moving , medium sized neogastropods . they are often living in large numbers in the intertidal zone on mud flats or quiet sand bottoms in bays . many have a superb aperture , an intricate sculpture and variable colours . about 300 species .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 253 seconds . )\nnassariidae fast moving , medium sized neogastropods . they are often living in large numbers in the intertidal zone on mud flats or quiet sand bottoms in bays . many have a superb aperture , an intricate sculpture and variable colours . about 300 species .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 097 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp .\nadam w . & knudsen j . 1984 . r\u00e9vision des nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda prosobranchia ) de l\u2019afrique occidentale . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 55 ( 9 ) : 1 - 95 , 5 pl .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 .\n( g . b . sowerby ii , 1842 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\njavascript is disabled ! not all shop functions are available . please check your browser settings .\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany ) stock level : 1 piece\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n' * price per piece , unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product ' s name , e . g . ( x2 ) for 2 pieces or ( 10g ) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article , you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description . otherwise , pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo . '\nitem is from australia , bids are aud ( a $ ) , sgd ( sg $ ) prices are estimates .\neconomy air = a $ 22 . 50 ( sg $ 23 . 48 )\naustralian customers can pay by direct bank deposit ( preferred ) , paypal or cheque . overseas customers please pay by paypal unless other arrangements have been made\nprices quoted below are for regular airmail . please note that we can register and / or insure on larger orders . please enquire .\ncombining items in the one package is the most economical way to buy as postage stays the same up to 500grams .\nas postage figures vary dramatically from state to state and country to country please message us if you need an accurate quote .\nwe offer a money - back guarantee if not happy with the item . money will be refunded once the item has been returned in its original condition . return postage is the buyers responsibility .\nthis is a single item listing . if an auction is running , the winning bidder will be the highest bidder .\ngreat first 6 months of the year , over 1 , 000 items sold and nearly every single record i had previously achieved has been well and truly obliterated . holiday notice was on for a month as well so i am way ahead of where i thought i would be . the only target i missed was listing numbers . . . . due to sales , so i can live with that .\n46 created tue 10 jul 2018 03 : 13 : 35 ( sgt ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd\nthank you so much ! i sent an email with a query and received a reply 30 minutes later and they actually answered my question and were very helpful . on a bank holiday monday too !\n45 created tue 10 jul 2018 06 : 45 : 04 ( aest ) . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 ebid ltd"]}
{"id": 435, "summary": [{"text": "idiosepius thailandicus is a species of bobtail squid native to the indo-pacific waters off thailand .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "females grow to 10 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 7 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected in the gulf of thailand and is deposited at the marine fisheries division in bangkok . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "idiosepius thailandicus", "paragraphs": ["idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991\na new pygmy cuttlefish from the gulf of thailand , idiosepius thailandicus n . sp . ( cephalopoda : idiosepiidae )\nbobtail squid - idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991 - overview - encyclopedia of life\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nand which we believe is restricted in its distribution to the east coast of africa .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . for instance , it is uncertain even how widely distributed this species is . the apparent association of this species with seagrasses and mangroves is cause for concern given the decline of these habitats in certain areas and more research is required to assess the threats to this species .\noccurs off thailand in shallow waters ( reid 2005 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report it ( as\n) from both the east of the gulf of thailand and from the andaman sea . von byern and klepal ( 2010 ) report records of\nlive in shallow coastal waters amongst seaweed or seagrasses ( norman 2003 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report this species ( as\n) on a variety of habitats : in rayon province and neighbouring chantaburi province in eastern thailand it was found associated with seaweed in the littoral zone and in a mangrove biotope respectively . in the latter case , the squids attached their eggs to the mangrove roots . in the andaman sea , it inhabited subtidal seagrass beds at the mouth of mangroves and on sand bars with rocks and the squids and the eggs were attached to the underside of blades of seagrasses . members of the idiosepiidae family have a glue gland on their dorsal body surface that allows them to stick to seaweed , seagrass and other objects ( norman 2003 ) . development is thought to include a pelagic stage ( reid 2005 ) .\nthe threats to this species include habitat loss given its apparent association with seagrass beds and mangroves . its distribution may include japan which has suffered particular decline in seagrass beds . all species of\noccur in highly populated inshore waters and are therefore likely to be affected by anthropogenic influences .\nmonitoring of the habitat of this species is important . research is required to determine population size and distribution . further information is required on life history and ecology to determine this species ' use of various seagrass species . population trends of both the species and potential habitats should be monitored . this will determine whether habitat protection is required .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\ntaxon validity : [ fide ; taxon not yet reviewed ] . repository : mfdt holotype . type locality : ban don bay , gulf of thailand\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 448, "summary": [{"text": "the archonta are a group of mammals , considered a superorder in some classifications , which consists of the following orders : primates plesiadapiformes ( extinct \u2014 primate-like archontans ) scandentia ( treeshrews ) dermoptera ( colugos ) while bats were traditionally included in archonta , recent genetic analysis has suggested that bats actually belong in laurasiatheria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a revised category , euarchonta , excluding bats , has been proposed .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it has been suggested that this taxon may have arisen in the early cretaceous ( more than one hundred million years ago ) and so there may be other explanatory models for mammalian evolution beside an explosive radiation from a single surviving lineage following the cretaceous-paleogene extinction of the mesozoic megafauna , such as a series of prior radiations related to the breakup of gondwana and laurasia allowing for more survivors . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "archonta", "paragraphs": ["phylogeny : archonta : ( scandentia + dermoptera ) + * : plesiadapiformes + primates .\narchonta .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\narchonta .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nif you want the real village cyprus , you will find it here with androula at to spitiko toy archonta . the location is amazing , the village is traditional and quiet , the room ( melanie ) was spacious , well equipped and perfect for us . androula has made this . . .\nto spitiko tou archonta , is a self catering accommodation , in troodos mountain . our lodge is located in an elevated position in the heart of the village . the house is more than 100 years old and has recently been restored . while preserving the architectural heritage the house has been adapted for its new use . the old furniture remains , adding charm and contributing to the original atmosphere of the house .\nthe superorder archonta has been hypothesized to include primates , tree shrews , bats , and flying lemurs as descendants of a common ancestor . more recently , a diphyletic origin for bats has been proposed . to evaluate these hypotheses , the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene was determined from a bushbaby ( galago senegalensis ) , flying lemur ( cynocephalus variegatus ) , tree shrew ( tupaia glis ) , spear - nosed bat ( phyllostomus hastatus ) , rousette bat ( rousettus leschenaulti ) , and nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) and was compared with published sequences of a human , cow , and mouse . phylogenetic analyses of the sequences give evidence that primates , tree shrews , and flying lemurs have a recent common ancestor but that bats are genealogically distant . the monophyletic origin of bats is supported . contrary to interpretations based on morphological data , tree shrews are shown to be no more closely affiliated with primates than are flying lemurs . analyses of the cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene give marginally more support to a dermoptera - scandentia clade than to a dermoptera - primates clade .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\n\u00a9 a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe name euprimateformes was coined fairly recently by bloch et al . ( 2007 ) for a clade uniting crown - group primates and the extinct plesiadapoids ( the exact definition was\nthe clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of carpolestes simpsoni and homo sapiens ) , excluding even more basal stem primates such as paromomyids . the plesiadapoids include the taxa plesiadapidae , carpolestidae , saxonella and chronolestes and were found in north america and eurasia from the late early palaeocene to the end of the early eocene ( a possible plesiadapoid has also been described from africa ) .\nplesiadapoids would have been not dissimilar to squirrels or modern tree shrews in size and appearance . they possessed large , forward - pointing lower incisors and originally fairly long skulls . few plesiadapoids are known from extensive postcranial remains but what we do know indicates a fair amount of ecological divergence ( bloch et al . , 2007 ) . carpolestes possessed a nail rather than a claw on its hallux ( opposible big toe ) and shorter claws overall , indicating that it was a grasping climber ( wrapping its digits around branches ) like modern primates rather than a clinging climber ( hanging onto branches with its claws ) like squirrels . plesiadapis , on the other hand , had long narrow claws and was probably more of a clinging climber . some authors have suggested a more terrestrial lifestyle for plesiadapis ; such interpretations are not currently popular ( kirk et al . , 2008 ) but it would be interesting if postcrania were available for the largest and one of the latest of the plesiadapids , the european platychoerops , which was comparable in size to a groundhog ( gingerich , 1976 ) . also notable among plesiadapids was chiromyoides which appears to have been a specialised seed - eater with a short and deep jaw ( and presumably skull ) and massive incisors .\nnote : there is little or no agreement on why this is a clade , although multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is something here . the greatest controversy seems to be whether the bats belong here .\n. squirrel - like omnivores of s and se asian forests & esp . borneo & philippines .\nlinks : brain collections : scandentia ; order scandentia / family tupaiidae ; scandentia ; entrez - pubmed closer to rabbits ? ) ; insectivores ; lapins : ronger ne veut pas dire \u00eatre rongeur ( french ) ; lecture 12 - mac / der / scan . ( may be best on the web ) ; insectivores ; genus tupaia ( skulls ) ; scandentia mh ) ; morphological synapomorphies of chiroptera ; what is a tree shrew ? ; tupaia _ tana . html ; scandentia ; apus . ru russian ) ; scandentia - tany ( czech ) ; scandentia ( tree ' shrews ' ) . atw021206 .\nlinks : ant hills , cretaceous mammals , and purgatorious ; the therian clade ; jvp 22 ( 3 ) september 2002 - abstracts 31a bloch et al . abstract on p . 7 ) ; evidence for a paleocene evolutionary radiation ; new basicrania of paleocene - eocene ignacius - re - evaluation of . . . . atw021109 .\ncharacters : very small to large squirrel sized ; snout long ; orbits face laterally ; postorbital bar absent ( plesiomorphic ) ; auditory bulla absent ; floor of middle ear chamber derived from entotympanic ; lower incisors large ; diastema present ; tail long ; flexible hands / feet ; opposable digits probably absent ; digital nails absent ; arboreal and terrestrial , with some gliders . atw030706 .\nnew basicrania of paleocene - eocene ignacius - re - evaluation of . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprasad , verma , sahni , parmar & khosla , 2007 [ treated as basal ungulated by prasad et al . , 2007 ] | ` - - + - - \u2020\nde bast , e . , sig\u00e9 , b . & smith , t . , 2012 : diversity of the adapisoriculid mammals from the early palaeocene of hainin , belgium . \u2013acta palaeontologica polonica : vol . 57 , # 1 , pp . 35 - 52 [ doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 2010 . 0115 ]\nbloch , j . i . & boyer , d . m . , 2002 : grasping primate origins . \u2013science : vol . 298 , pp . 1606 - 1610\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nfox , r . c . & scott , c . s . , 2011 : a new , early puercan ( earliest paleocene ) species of purgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ) from saskatchewan , canada . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 85 , # 3 , pp . 537 - 548 [ doi : 10 . 1666 / 10 - 059 . 1 ]\ngoswami , a . , prasad , g . v . r . , upchurch , p . , boyer , d . m . , seiffert , e . r . , verma , o . , gheerbrant , e . & flynn , j . j . , 2011 : a radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the late cretaceous of india . \u2013proceedings of the national academy of sciences : vol . 108 , # 39 , pp . 16333 - 16338 [ doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1108723108 ]\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629\npettigrew , j . d . , jamieson , b . g . m . , robson , s . k . , hall , l . s . , mcanally , k . i . , & cooper , h . m . , 1989 : phylogenetic relations between microbats , megabats and primates ( mammalia : chiroptera and primates ) . \u2013philosphical transactions of the royal society of london : biological series , vol . 325 , pp . 489 - 559\nprasad , g . v . r . , verma , o . , sahni , a . , parmar , v . & khosla , a . , 2007 : a cretaceous hoofed mammal from india . \u2013science : vol . 318 , # 5852 , pp . 937 [ doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1149267 ]\nscott , c . s . & fox , r . c . , 2005 : windows on the evolution of picrodus ( plesiadapiformes : primates ) : morphology and relationships of a species complex from the paleocene of alberta . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 79 , # 4 , pp . 635 - 657\nset in the heart of the troodos mountains the lodge is ideal for providing families , friends and couples a respite from their busy lives . visitors to the lodge can sample the tranquility and beauty of the area , relax and enjoy the opportunities offered by the village ' s proximity to forest walks , riverside footpaths , and byzantine history and culture .\nwe aim to maintain tradition by continuing the preparation of local dishes using the original methods .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n{\ncontainerclass\n: null ,\ncontainerattributes\n: null ,\nwidget\n: {\nname\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\ntemplate\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ widget\n,\nmodulelist\n: [\nhandlers\n] ,\ndivclasses\n:\nprw _ rup prw _ ibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\njs\n: {\nhandlers\n:\n( ta . prwidgets . getjs ( this , ' handlers ' ) )\n} ,\ndust\n: {\nnav _ controls\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ nav _ controls\n} } ,\nscriptflags\n: null }\nold , greatly renovated traditional stone cyprus house with a soul and great host - androula . we stayed for 1 week in the beautiful , tiny village of tris elies with our kids ( 7 and 5 y . o ) and we found it a perfect place . the house is . . .\nthank you sylwia for the information you mention for the next guests . i am happy that you enjoyed it , hope to see you again .\nit was three perfect days ! the best cooking in cyprus ! androula was very nice whith us and she prepare the best meal we taste in cyprus . you will can discover cyprus specialities ! she explains us where to go to enjoy our holidays . the room is . . .\nthank you jeremy , i am glad that you enjoyed . i hope to see you again .\ni am happy that you enjoyed what i created here in a small village of troodo ' s , the paradise of cyprus . you are always welcome .\nwe stayed in the one bedroom apartment and it had everything we could wish for . it was spacious , comfortable and clean . androula made us very welcome and we wish we could have stayed longer . this is a perfect place to go either for a relaxing . . .\nwe stayed in melanie . it was perfect for the two of us . in fact we would have happily moved in ! the apartment is cosy and comfortable . the kitchen is exceptionally well equipped . the outdoor spaces are stunning . androula is a wonderful host - generous with . . .\nour company was established in 2005 and our aim is to offer eclectic tourism in a small village , which soon will die if no action is taken . we take every caution to protect the environment , natural and social . the\nhouse once owned by efstatios filakti in treis elies built around 1900 and recently restored , offers self - catering accommodation from two to eight persons in two separate units . the lodge located in the centre of treis elies village and its balconies and windows offer a lovely view to the valley of the village . someone can find here a friendly atmosphere and it is the perfect place for nature lovers , in serene surroundings .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\ni am sorry jill , i didn ' t see your message before . i hope some other time to see you in treis elies . androula christou ,\nthe two apartments are very different but both are lovely . either way you can ' t go wrong !\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . k . gregory . 1910 . the orders of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 27 : 1 - 524\nparent taxon : euarchontoglires according to r . j . asher and k . m . helgen 2010\nsee also gregory 1910 , gunnell 1989 , kielan - jaworowska et al . 2004 , mckenna 1975 and scott 2010"]}
{"id": 451, "summary": [{"text": "trymalitis scalifera is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ethiopia , la r\u00e9union , madagascar , south africa and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "trymalitis scalifera", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , western cape ] , cape province , zonder end peak , caledon c . p . , 4000 ft , xii . 1920 , leg . k . h . barnard .\nmeyrick e . 1926a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 23 ( 2 ) : 325\u2013351 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , zululand , m ' fongosi , xi . 1911 , leg . w . e . jones .\nmeyrick e . 1912d . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 3 ) : 53\u201474 .\nrazowski j . & karisch t . 2015 . records of tortricidae ( lepidoptera from bioco island . - lambillionea 115 ( 3 ) : 217\u2014233 .\nrazowski j . & trematerra p . 2010 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from ethiopia . - journal of entomological and acarological research 42 ( 2 ) : 47\u201479 .\nrazowski j . 1995a . catalogue of the species of tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . part iii : afrotropical chlidanotinae and tortricinae : phricanthini , cochylini and tortricini . - acta zoologica cracoviensia 38 ( 2 ) : 183\u2014193 .\nmartir\u00e9 d . & rochat j . 2008 . les papillons de la r\u00e9union et leurs chenilles . - \u2014 : 1\u2014496 .\nkenya , nairobi region , olulua forest , 09 . iv . 2002 , leg . j . de prins .\nrazowski j . 2014a . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the tervuren museum , 5 : archipini . - shilap , revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 42 ( 167 ) : 449\u2013479 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe names in this tab present an overview of the relationships of this group to other groups in the tree of life , based on the classification hierarchies provided by eol classification partners .\nparents\nare more inclusive groups one level higher up in the hierarchy .\nchildren\nare the subgroups of the current group . in the classification tab , you can use the\ndisplay all classifications\nlink to see a complete list of all the hierarchies provided by our partners . these may include additional related names that are not featured here .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 456, "summary": [{"text": "bicyclus simulacris is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in tanzania , malawi and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bicyclus simulacris", "paragraphs": ["bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79\nbicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068\nbicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076\n= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166\nbicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85\nbicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]\ndicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550\nephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256\ns . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando p\u00f3o ( mac\u00edas nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast\nkenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 \u00b2 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon\nc . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8\nsenegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria\nburundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po\nzululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]\nrhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )\ne . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes\nw . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake\nbrunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97\nw . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon\ne . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar\nmycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348\nghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4\nzaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]\nburundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603\nmycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara\nsw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]\nn . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\nw . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50\nguinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe\nnigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar\nguinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake\nmycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari\nmycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren mission\u00e4ren e . laman und w . sj\u00f6holm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\ndescription d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au lib\u00e9ria , 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nweymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nlepidoptera and odonata collected by r . c . ( tim ) dening from all around the world throughout a lifetime of travel and natural history interest from 1930 to 2000 . the collection , amounting to more than 70 cases , is now held in the\n, in scotland . it features a large number of zambian butterflies and moths .\nthe names of the butterflies in the cases are listed beneath the pictures , with the country of collection under the name .\nthe numbers next to the names relate to the collector ' s original hand written notes . the numbers represent species / subspecies , rather than individual specimen numbers . you can access these original species notes by clicking on the underlined names . this will open a pdf document of the relevant page of notes . locate the correct number on the page to access information on dates and places of collection of that particular species .\nexplanations to help the reader to interpret the collector ' s notes are available here .\nclick on the icon on the left and follow the links for a free copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 461, "summary": [{"text": "spinomantis peraccae is a species of frog in the mantellid subfamily mantellinae , endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the specific epithet honours italian herpetologist mario giacinto peracca . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "spinomantis peraccae", "paragraphs": ["description of two tadpoles of malagasy treefrogs , spinomantis sp . aff . peraccae and spinomantis tavaratra\n- - synonym : mantidactylus ( spinomantis ) peraccae \u2014 glaw and vences , 1994 .\nmantidactylus ( spinomantis ) peraccae \u2014 glaw and vences , 1994 , fieldguide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 2 : 403 .\nno one has contributed data records for spinomantis yet . learn how to contribute .\nrhacophorus ( rhacophorus ) peraccae \u2014 ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 191 .\nthis recently described species is similar to spinomantis peraccae and s . elegans . there is confustion regarding the taxonomy of this group ( additional species might be involved ) , and a revision is needed .\n- - . . . none , mantidactylus opiparis , unknown . none , mantidactylus peraccae , unknown . none ,\nmantidactylus ( guibemantis ) peraccae \u2014 dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 312 .\ndescriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) , and new morphological data for s . brunae and s . massorum\nmantidactylus peraccae \u2014 blommers - schl\u00f6sser , 1978 , genetica , 48 : 32 . blommers - schl\u00f6sser , 1979 , beaufortia , 29 : 43 .\n( pdf ) descriptions of two new spinomantis frogs from madagascar ( amphibia : mantellidae ) , and new morphological data for s . brunae and s . massorum\nm 34 - 44 mm . the only arboreal spinomantis without distinct fringes or spines . usually light brown to greenish on the dorsum with distinct rounded brown patches .\nspinomantis peraccae \u2014 vences and glaw , 2006 , in vences et al . ( eds . ) , calls frogs madagascar : 25 . glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , 6 : 248 ; glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , electron . suppl . , 11 ( 1 ) : 2 .\nandreone , f . , glaw , f . , vences , m . and vallan , d . 1998 . a new mantidactylus from south - eastern madagascar , with a review of mantidactylus peraccae ( ranidae : mantellinae ) . herpetological journal 8 : 149 - 159 .\n. . . for instance , 34 of 77 species of the treefrog genus boophis have been described since 2000 ( e . g . , glaw et al . 2010 ) . in contrast , only two species of spinomantis were described in the same period ( cramer et al . 2008 ) , although another 11 candidate species were identified by molecular data ( vieites et al . 2009 ; perl et al . 2014 ) . spinomantis bertini ( guib\u00e9 , 1947 ) is a poorly known frog of 22\u221228 mm snout\u2013vent length , inhabiting stream edges in primary rainforest of the south - eastern malagasy andohahela massif ( glaw & vences 2007 ) . . . .\nrhacophorus peraccae boulenger , 1896 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 6 , 18 : 421 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 9 . 70 , according to blommers - schl\u00f6sser and blanc , 1991 , faune de madagascar , 75 : 153 . type locality :\nivohimanita\n, northwestern madagascar .\nspinomantis brunae \u2014 vences and glaw , 2006 , in vences et al . ( eds . ) , calls frogs madagascar : 26 . glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , 6 : 248 ; glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , electron . suppl . , 11 ( 1 ) : 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthe taxonomic status of this species is in doubt . some populations assigned to it might belong to other species ( andreone et al . 1998 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species ranges widely in northern , eastern and central madagascar from tsaratanana south to andohahela , at 500 - 2 , 000 m asl . recent records have confirmed it occurring in bemanevika ( rabearivony et al . 2010 ) .\nit is a locally abundant species . due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is an arboreal species living along streams in pristine rainforest and it is not found in altered habitats . the eggs are placed on leaves above water , and the larvae develop in slow - flowing streams .\nits forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , and invasive spread of eucalyptus , livestock grazing and expanding human settlements .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nvariation : specimens from tsaratanana , have a more brownish colour and indistinct patterning and very melodious , \u201cmetallic\u201d - sounding calls , and may represent a different species .\nis larger , with a less granular skin and has only an inner metatarsal tubercle .\nambohitantely , andranomay forest , anjanaharibe , ankazobe , ankeniheny , chaines anosyennes , farihimazava , ranomafana ( maharira forest , ranomena , vohiparara ) . it occurs between 500m - 2 , 000m asl in pristine rainforest ( andreone et al . 2008 ) .\nleaf axil . one calling male was captured in february , about 5 m above a brook in rain forest . several other specimens were heard along forest brooks .\ncall ( from ankeniheny ) : a single ' explosive ' short note that can be described as ' pom ' . note duration is about 75 ms . frequency is between 1 . 2 and 4 . 2 khz , with intensity maxima at 1 . 3 and 2 . 6 khz . call is repeated after intervals of at least about 30 seconds . similar calls were heard at andasibe .\nbreeding takes place in slow - moving streams ( andreone et al . 2008 ) .\nandreone , f . , vallan , d . , and nussbaum , r . ( 2008 ) .\n. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 29 april 2009 .\nmiguel vences and frank glaw ( m . vences at tu - bs . de ) , assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nperacca ' s madagascar frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 101 ) .\nholotype redescribed by andreone , glaw , vences , and vallan , 1998 , herpetol . j . , 8 : 152 . glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 206 - 207 , provided an account .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthis species ranges widely in northern , eastern and central madagascar from . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from franco andreone . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact franco andreone f . andreone [ at ] libero . it . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )\n1111 1111 1111 6022 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nliving within fallen palm leaves : the discovery of an unknown blommersia ( mantellidae : anura ) reveal . . .\nfield observations on some dwarf chameleons ( brookesia spp . ) from rainforest areas of madagascar , wi . . .\nsix species of brookesia dwarf chameleons were recorded during two rainforest expeditions in madagascar . one of these is described as a new species brookesia valerieae based on the arrangement of the nine pairs of dorso - lateral spines , the lack of a pelvic shield , and dorsal chevron markings . observations were made on the defence and roosting behaviours shown by these six species . aspects . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngephyromantis tricinctus guib\u00e9 , 1947 ( anura : ranidae : mantellinae ) , known only from the type series and currently considered as a synonym of mantidactylus biporus , is resurrected as mantidactylus tricinctus , and included in the subgenus brygoomantis . a detailed redescription , based on specimens recently collected in central eastern madagascar , notes on natural history , and a description of . . . [ show full abstract ]\napplications of ecological niche modeling for species delimitation : a review and empirical evaluatio . . .\nalthough the systematic utility of ecological niche modeling is generally well known ( e . g . , concerning the recognition and discovery of areas of endemism for biogeographic analyses ) , there has been little discussion of applications concerning species delimitation , and to date , no empirical evaluation has been conducted . however , ecological niche modeling can provide compelling evidence for . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new phytotelmic species of platypelis ( microhylidae : cophylinae ) from the betampona reserve , easte . . .\nwe describe a new arboreal and diminutive species of the genus platypelis from the r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale n . 1 de betampona , one of the last low - altitude rainforest fragments of eastern madagascar . p . karenae sp . nov . is a phytotelmic species , living among leaves of pandanus spp . and those of a herbaceous plant of the genus crinum . amongst species of comparable size , the new species is . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nc . michael hogan selected\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nto show in overview on\nhapalemur aureus meier , albignac , peyri\u00e9ras , rumpler and wright , 1987\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nprolemur simus\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nliopholidophis sexlineatus g\u00fcnther 1882\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\nliopholidophis grandidieri mocquard 1904\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nmadagascar subhumid forests habitat\nand\npseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis raxworthy & nussbaum 1994\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ntaxonomy - ontology - tool / amphibiaweb . txt at master \u00b7 nescent / taxonomy - ontology - tool \u00b7 github\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 1 , 883 km 2 , all individuals are in fewer than five locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in southeastern madagascar .\nthis species is known from andohahela national park and manantantely in extreme southeastern madagascar . it has been recorded from 300 - 600 m asl and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 1 , 883 km 2 .\nit is thought to be locally moderately common . however , due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit lives in crevices among boulders and rocky areas in pristine forest , usually close to flowing waters , and does not survive in secondary or degraded areas . its breeding biology is unknown , though it possibly takes place in water flowing among rocks .\nthe major threat to this species is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , the invasive spread of eucalyptus , livestock grazing , and expanding human settlements .\nconservation actions it occurs in andohahela national park . conservation needed improved protection and management of its habitat is required , including inside the boundaries of protected areas . research needed further work is required to better understand its population size , distribution , and trends , and its life history and ecology .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nandreone f , carpenter ai , cox n , du preez l , freeman k , furrer s et al ( 2008 ) the challenge of conserving amphibian megadiversity in madagascar . plos biol 6 : 943\u2013946\nandreone f , randriamahazo h ( 2008 ) sahonagasy action plan . conservation strategies for the amphibians of madagascar . mus reg sci nat torino , torino , italy\nbielby j , cooper n , cunningham aa , garner twj , purvis a ( 2008 ) predicting susceptibility to future declines in the world\u2019s frogs . conserv lett 1 : 82\u201390\nbuley k , furrer sc , garcia g , gibson rc , gili c , mattioli f , andreone f ( 2008 ) captive breeding and zoo actions . in : andreone f , randriamahazo h ( eds ) sahonagasy action plan . conservation strategies for the amphibians of madagascar . mus reg sci nat torino , torino , italy : 67\u201374\ndaszak p , cunningham aa , hyatt ad ( 2000 ) emerging infectious diseases of wildlife \u2013 threats to biodiversity and human health . science 287 : 443\u2013449\nand amphibian chytridiomycosis in space , time and host . ann rev microbiol 63 : 291\u2013310\ngascon c , collins jp , moore rd , church dr , mckay je , mendelson jr iii ( 2007 ) amphibian conservation action plan . iucn , conservation international , gland , switzerland , cambridge , uk\ngehring ps , k\u00f6hler j , strau\u00df a , randrianiaina rd , glos j , glaw f , vences m ( 2011 ) the kingdom of the frogs : amphibian radiations in madagascar . in : zachos fe , habel jc ( eds ) biodiversity hotspots . springer , heidelberg\nglaw f , vences m ( 2007 ) a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar , 3rd edn . vences and glaw verlag , cologne , germany\nguisan a , zimmermann n ( 2000 ) predictive habitat distribution models in ecology . ecol modell 135 : 147\u2013186\njames ty , litvintseva ap , vilgalys r , morgan jat , taylor jw , fisher mc et al ( 2009 ) rapid global expansion of the fungal disease chytridiomycosis into declining and healthy amphibian populations . plos pathog 5 : e1000458\nkielgast j , r\u00f6dder d , veith m , l\u00f6tters s ( 2010 ) widespread occurrence of the amphibian chytrid fungus in kenya . anim conserv 13 : 1\u20138\nkremen c , cameron a , moilanen a , phillips s , thomas c , beentje h et al ( 2008 ) aligning conservation priorities across taxa in madagascar with high - resolution planning tools . science 320 : 222\nlermen d , bl\u00f6meke b , browne r , clarke a , dyce p , fixemer t et al ( 2009 ) cryobanking of viable biomaterials : necessities of new strategies for conservation purposes . mol ecol 18 : 1030\u20131033\nlips kr , diffendorfer j , mendelson jr iii , sears mw ( 2008 ) riding the wave : reconciling the roles of disease and climate change in amphibian declines . plos biol 6 : 441\u2013454\nl\u00f6tters s , kielgast j , bielby j , schmidtlein s , bosch j , veith m et al ( 2010 ) the link between rapid enigmatic amphibian decline and the worldwide emerging chytrid fungus . ecohealth 6 : 358\u2013372\nmccallum h ( 2008 ) tasmanian devil facial tumour disease : lessons for conservation biology . trends ecol evol 23 : 631\u2013637\nmittermeier ra , robles - gil p , hoffmann m , pilgrim jd , brooks tm , mittermeier cg et al ( 2004 ) hotspots revisited : earth\u2019s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions . cemex , mexico city\nrahbek c ( 2007 ) disease ecology : the silence of the robins . nature 447 : 652\u2013653\nretallick rwr , mccallum h , speare r ( 2004 ) endemic infection of the amphibian chytrid fungus in a frog community post - decline . plos biol 2 : e351\nr\u00f6dder d , kielgast j , bielby j , schmidtlein s , bosch j , garner twj et al ( 2009 ) global amphibian extinction risk assessment for the panzootic chytrid fungus . diversity 1 : 52\u201366\nr\u00f6dder d , kielgast j , l\u00f6tters s ( 2010 ) the potential of the emerging amphibian chytrid fungus under anthropogenic future climate change . dis aquat org 92 : 201\u2013207\nsmith k , lips k , chase j ( 2009a ) selecting for extinction : nonrandom disease - associated extinction homogenizes amphibian biotas . ecol lett 13 : 1069\u20131078\nsmith kf , acevedo - whitehouse k , pedersen ab ( 2009b ) the role of infectious diseases in biological conservation . anim conserv 12 : 1\u201312\nstuart sn , hoffmann m , chanson js , cox na , berridge rj , ramani p et al ( 2008 ) threatened amphibians of the world . lynx ed , barcelona , spain\nune y , kadekaru s , tamukai k , goka k , kuroki t ( 2008 ) first report of spontaneous chytridiomycosis in frogs in asia . dis aquat org 82 : 157\u2013160\nvallan d ( 2000 ) influence of forest fragmentation on amphibian diversity in the nature reserve of ambohitantely , highland madagascar . biol conserv 96 : 31\u201343\nvieites dr , wollenberg kc , andreone f , k\u00f6hler j , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) vast underestimation of madagascar\u2019s biodiversity evidenced by an integrative amphibian inventory . proc nat acad sci usa 106 : 8267\u20138272\nvoyles j , young s , berger l , campbell c , voyles w , dinudom a et al ( 2009 ) pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis , a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines . science 326 : 582\nweldon c , du preez l ( 2008 ) managing emerging amphibian diseases . in : andreone f , randriamahazo h ( eds ) sahonagasy action plan . conservation strategies for the amphibians of madagascar . mus reg sci nat torino , torino , italy : 34\u201341\nwollenberg kc , jenkins rkb , randrianavelona r , ralisata m , rampilamanana r , ramanandraibe a et al . ( 2010 ) raises awareness of amphibian chytridiomycosis will not alienate ecotourists visiting madagascar . ecohealth 7 : 248\u2013251\nl\u00f6tters s . , r\u00f6dder d . , kielgast j . , glaw f . ( 2011 ) hotspots , conservation , and diseases : madagascar\u2019s megadiverse amphibians and the potential impact of chytridiomycosis . in : zachos f . , habel j . ( eds ) biodiversity hotspots . springer , berlin , heidelberg\nhumid forests in the anosy mountains from andohahela and manantantely , southeastern madagascar , 600 - 800 m elevation .\n, but smaller and nearly without dermal flaps and fringes . females unknown . other characters see next section .\nhand without web ; webbing of the foot 1 ( 0 . 5 ) , 2i ( 1 ) , 2e ( 0 . 25 ) , 3i ( 1 . 25 ) , 3e ( 0 . 25 ) , 4i / e ( 1 . 5 ) , 5 ( 1 ) . skin on the back granular . tubercles are present on the back , on the head , and on the eyes . on the posterior edge of foot and tarsus 8 - 9 small tubercles can be recognized . slightly distinct tubercles on the heels . only slight longitudinal furrows between the eyes .\ncolour in life light brown on the back , with rather irregular brown spots and larger markings , and some greenish colour . hindlegs with dark brown crossbands . some white patches are present on the flanks . underside uniformly whitish except the femurs which are marbled with brown . the bones are light green .\nparatype : adult male , zfmk 57443 , from same locality as holotype . svl is 33 . 5 mm . morphological features very similar to the holotype . the general colour in life of the back and legs was mossy green ; in preservative this colour has disappeared . two distinct tubercles are present on each heel . the femoral glands measure 10x3 . 5 mm .\nbenavony , manongarivo , tsaratanana ( antsahamanara campsite ) . it occurs between 200 - 1 , 100m asl in streams near primary forest but not secondary habitats ( raxworthy and glaw 2008 ) .\nhabits : calling males were found in march along a brook in primary forest about 2 m above the ground . calling activity had a peak at dusk , starting before 17 h and was nearly finished at 19 . 30 h .\ncalls : a single pulsed note , consisting of a minimum of two pulses , but sometimes with more pulses , loud but not very conspicuous , and less \u201cmetallic\u201d in appearance than in other species of the group .\nit might occur in the r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale de manongarivo and r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale du tsaratanana ( raxworthy and glaw 2008 ) .\nadults 50 - 60 mm . tibiotarsal articulation reaches the nostril . hand without webbing , foot webbing 1 ( 0 . 5 ) , 2i ( 1 ) , 2e ( 1 ) , 3i ( 2 ) , 3e ( 1 ) , 4i / e ( 2 ) , 5 ( 0 . 5 ) . dorsal skin smooth . colour dorsally light brown with distinct rounded dark brown patches that are delimited by a white or yellow line . males with distinct , prominent dark femoral glands ; shape and size of vocal sac unknown . similar species : mainly\nandohahela , andohariana , chaines anosyennes , andringitra ( cuvette boby , imaitso forest ) , ivohibe , maharira summit ( ranomafana ) . it occurs between 1 , 350 - 2 , 500m asl along rocky outcrops in forested zones and above tree line ( cadle and raxworthy 2008 ) .\nhabits : a species restricted to high elevations , occurring among large boulders or in small caves above the tree - line or in rainforest above 1200 m elevation . at andringitra , subadults can be found hidden under rocks at high elevations above the tree line . males call from within caves and cavities during day and night . very large blackish tadpoles develop in streams .\ncalls : a very soft and inconspicuous sound for such a relatively large frog , reminding the dripping of water .\nbreeding takes place in streams . it takes at least a year for the tadpoles to begin metamorphosis ( cadle and raxworthy 2008 ) .\n, its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat . it occurs in parc national de ranomafana , parc national d ' andringitra , parc national d ' andohahela , and probably parc national de midongy du sud ( cadle and raxworthy 2008 ) .\n. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 05 may 2009 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n- - elena ' s treefrog ( boophis elenae ) - images . everett ' s tree frog ( rhacophorus everetti ) -\n- - 26 . ranidae . mantidactylus aglavei . adults , eggs , habitat . madagascar . 27 . ranidae .\n- - amphibian species of the world 3 . 0 an online reference . . . .\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 1 . shifting agriculture\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\nblommers - schl\u00f6sser , r . m . a . 1979 . biosystematics of the malagasy frogs . i . mantellinae ( ranidae ) . beaufortia 29 ( 352 ) : 1 - 77 .\nblommers - schl\u00f6sser , r . m . a . and blanc , c . p . 1991 . amphibiens ( premi\u00e8re partie ) . fauna de madagascar 75 : 1 - 379 .\nglaw , f . and vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . second edition . zoologisches forschungsinstitut und museum alexander koenig , bonn .\nglaw , f . and vences , m . 2007 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . third edition . vences & glaw verlag , cologne .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2016 ) .\nrabearivony , j . , raselimanana , a . p . , andriamazava , m . a . , thorstrom , r . and rene de roland , l - a . 2010 . a new locality for the endangered microhylid frog scaphiophryne boribory from northern madagascar and a rapid survey of other amphibians of the bemanevika region . herpetology notes 3 : 105 - 109 .\nraxworthy , c . j . and nussbaum , r . a . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of andringitra massif : a study of elevational distribution and local endemicity . fieldiana zoology 85 : 158 - 170 .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\na small conspicuously coloured frog ; males 22 - 23 mm , females 25 - 28 mm . colour in life unknown . in preservative , dorsum brownish with distinct dark spots , flanks darker with light spots . dorsal surface of legs white with distinct narrow black bands . venter white with dark spots , which are more or less circular on the throat and become more oblong towards the abdomen . skin smooth . nostrils nearer to tip of snout than to the eye . tympanum very distinct , about 1 / 2 of eye diameter . tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye . lateral metatarsalia partly connected . webbing rudimentary . fingers with terminal disks . oblong femoral glands clearly visible in males .\nsimilar species : colouration is unique . morphology is similar to the m . wittei - complex ."]}
{"id": 463, "summary": [{"text": "melanella cinca is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of many species known to exist within the genus , melanella . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "melanella cinca", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : melanella cinca [ orgn ] .\nmelanella conoidalis ( sowerby , 1865 ) : synonym of melanella cumingi ( a . adams , 1851 )\nmelanella indeflexa ( a . adams , 1861 ) : synonym of melanella dufresnei ( bodwich , 1822 )\nmelanella kyurokusimensis nomura & hatai , 1960 : synonym of melanella odontoidea ( a . adams , 1861 )\nmelanella luchuana ( pilsbry , 1901 ) : synonym of melanella cuspidata ( a . adams , 1851 )\nmelanella candida ( marrat , 1880 ) : synonym of melanella martinii ( a . adams in sowerby , 1854 )\nmelanella jamaicensis ( c . b . adams , 1845 ) : synonym of melanella eburnea ( m\u00fchlfeld , 1824 )\nv . 70 1927 - proceedings of the united states national museum . - biodiversity heritage library\na collection of birds from the provinces of yunnan and szechwan , china , made for the national geographic society by dr . joseph f . rock\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntype locality : albatross sta . 2668 , off fernandina , florida [ actually off georgia ] , 30\u00b058 ' n , 79\u00b038 ' w , 294 fathoms\nsmall shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer ' albatross ' in 1885 and 1886 proceedings of the united states national museum 70 ( 2667 ) 1 - 134 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\n( a . adams in h . & a . adams , 1853 - 58 )\n( a . adams , 1854 in h . & a . adams , 1853 - 58 )\nwar\u00e9n a . ( 1984 ) a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies suppl . 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 54\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 472, "summary": [{"text": "the common shovelnose ray , giant shovelnose ray or giant guitarfish ( glaucostegus typus ) is a species of fish in the rhinobatidae family found in the central indo-pacific , ranging from india to the east china sea , solomon islands and northern australia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is found in shallow coastal areas to a depth of at least 100 m ( 330 ft ) , including mangrove , estuaries and reportedly also in freshwaters .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches up to 2.7 m ( 8.9 ft ) in length , and is greyish-brown to yellowish-brown above with a paler snout .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species has been tested for colour vision using choice experiments that control for brightness .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it was the first rigorous behvioural evidence for colour vision in any elasmobranch . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "common shovelnose ray", "paragraphs": ["the common shovelnose ray is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nbirth of common shovelnose rays ( glaucostegus typus ) under captive conditions . - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - common shovelnose ray swimming along seabed\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - common shovelnose ray swimming along seabed\ntitle =\narkive video - common shovelnose ray swimming along seabed\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus )\ntitle =\narkive species - common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe giant shovelnose ray grows to 2 . 7 m in length and occurs in the indo - pacific region .\nthe common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is a poorly studied species of the rhinobatidae family that occurs throughout the indo - west pacific . although common in aquariums throughout the united states , there are currently no records of captive birth events . in 2013 , a female common shovelnose ray housed at the downtown aquarium in houston , texas , usa gave birth to eleven pups . although all pups were stillborn , this event demonstrates that it is possible to breed common shovelnose rays in a controlled environment . the single female and two male common shovelnose rays at the aquarium are of sexually mature size ( between 206 and 240 cm total length , tl ) , demonstrate mating behaviors , and provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the reproductive biology of this species . captive environmental conditions of the birth enclosure may be useful in replicating the birthing event in order to develop a breeding program that could potentially relieve collection pressures on wild populations of guitarfish given their vulnerable status .\nthe giant shovelnose ray has a broadly triangular , opaque snout and enlarged denticles and thorns along its spine . there is no gap between the pectoral and pelvic fins and the lower lobe of the tail fin is small and straight\nfurther research into the population structure , biology and ecology of g . typus is required to assess the extent to which fishing pressure , particularly in relation to finning , and habitat destruction is influencing this species within its range . improved species composition data from all fisheries that take shovelnose rays and guitarfish is necessary .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 6871 ) . tropical ; 24\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s , 91\u00b0e - 156\u00b0e\nindo - west pacific : thailand to new guinea and the solomon islands , south to australia . records from the south coast of india , sri lanka , bangladesh , and myanmar need confirmation .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 150 - 180 cm max length : 270 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9909 )\noccurs inshore and offshore , from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves ( ref . 9909 ) . adults are found offshore waters while young individuals are found inshore on sand flats , around atolls , and in mangrove swamps ( ref . 6871 ) . feeds on shellfish ( ref . 9909 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . reported to live and breed permanently in fresh water ( ref . 6871 ) . probably the major commercial guitarfish in the western central pacific ( ref . 9909 ) . caught regularly by demersal tangle net fisheries operating throughout the area . utilized for its meat , fins ( both very high value ) , skin and cartilage ( ref . 58048 ) . reported to attain a maximum length of 4 m ( ref . 58784 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . born at 38 - 40 cm tl ( ref . 58048 ) .\nlast , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )\n) : 25 . 7 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 1126 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00254 - 0 . 01643 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 76 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 83 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 31 march 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 31 march 2016 ) .\nsome recent changes in the systematics of rhinobatus have elevated the subgenus glaucostegus to full generic status and placed this genus into a family of its own : glaucostegidae ( compagno 2005 , last et al . 2016 ) .\nglaucostegus typus is widely distributed in the indo - pacific ( last and stevens 1994 , compagno and last 1999 ) . another species , g . granulatus , co - occurs with this species at the western extremity of its range but has not been positively identified from the australia and oceania region ( last and stevens 1994 ) .\njuveniles of g . typus occur inshore , e . g . , mangrove systems and estuaries , and around atolls , whilst adults are found in the deeper waters of the continental shelf to about 100 m ( last and stevens 1994 ) . this species has also been reported to be able to live and breed permanently in freshwater . glaucostegus typus is reported to attain at least 270 cm in length ( last and stevens 1994 ) . although no published information is available on size at maturity and reproductive biology of this species , specimens examined from shark bay ( western australia ) showed that females and males appear to mature at between 155 and 175 cm total length ( tl ) , and young are born at approximately 38 to 43 cm tl ( w . white , unpublished data ) . there does not appear to be a distinct seasonal reproductive cycle with newborn young found in most months of the year ( w . white , unpublished data ) . this species is a major predator of crustaceans , with an examination of the diets showing that more than 90 % of food ingested belongs to juveniles of either the blue swimmer crab ( portunus pelagicus ) or the western king prawn ( melicertus latisulcatus ) ( w . white , unpublished data ) . juveniles also utilize shallow sand flats as nursery areas and move into mangrove areas and sand flats at high tide to feed . there is no published information on the age at maturity , longevity and natural mortality of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaster tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 973 6833 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nthe species has a triangular snout , two large dorsal fins and a caudal fin that lacks a lower lobe . there are thorns and denticles along the dorsal midline\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\njuveniles occur in inshore mangrove and coral reef waters . adults occur in deeper marine waters to depths of about 100 m .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .\nlast , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 2009 . sharks and rays of australia . edition 2 . csiro . pp . 644 , pl . 1 - 91 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntimm ll 1 , carter je , frey j sr , prappas j , wells rj .\ndowntown aquarium houston , houston , texas ; texas a & m university , department of marine biology , galveston , texas .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly . we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\nupper body grey - brown to olive with pale to yellow margins on the pectoral , pelvic , dorsal and caudal fins .\n& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010\u20132018 . queensland government"]}
{"id": 473, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus luriei is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hasbrouck in 1964 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including arizona . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "acrolophus luriei", "paragraphs": ["acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152\nacrolophus is a genus of moth in the family acrolophidae , with , typically , great individual variation within species in color pattern , making field identification of many individuals difficult or impossible .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\npfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nrobinson , g . s . 1986 . fungus moths : a review of the scardiinae ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 52 ( 2 ) : 37 - 181 .\nrecord : sta cruz co . , coll . j . f . lawrence ( bmnh )\nhasbrouck , frank f . 1964 . moths of the family acrolophidae in american north of mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum ( vol 114 , pp . 487 - 706 ) number 3475 .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl = yuma , records in texas as well ) .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl =\nhot springs , az\n. records in texas as well ) .\nbruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 478, "summary": [{"text": "gellonia dejectaria , commonly called the brown evening moth , is a moth of the family geometridae , it is native to new zealand .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "g. dejectaria caterpillars eat the leaves of the m\u0101hoe , supplejack and bush lawyer plants . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "gellonia dejectaria", "paragraphs": ["kingdom : animalia phylum : arthropoda class : insecta order : lepidoptera family : geometridae subfamily : ennominae genus : gellonia species : g . dejectaria binomial name : gellonia dejectaria common name : brown evening moth\noriginal filename : gellonia _ dejectaria _ _ brown _ evening _ moth _ 2661x1999 . jpg ( view )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes\ninsects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .\nreptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\nthis is a moth with a 50 mm wingspan and is native to new zealand .\nseen october to december . it rests with its wings widespread aligning the pattern on its wings .\n\u00a9 copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 20 - jun - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - no derivative works 3 . 0 new zealand license ."]}
{"id": 481, "summary": [{"text": "antheraea pernyi , the chinese ( oak ) tussar moth ( or \" chinese tasar moth \" ) , also known as temperate tussar moth , is a large moth in the family saturniidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "antheraea roylei is an extremely close relative , and the present species might actually have evolved from ancestral a. roylei by chromosome rearrangement .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are originally from southern china .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "used for tussar silk production , they have been distributed more widely across subtropical and tropical asia .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "unlike the domestic silkmoth which is entirely dependent on human care , tussah silkmoths can survive in the wild if they escape from captivity ; small local populations of such feral stock may thus occasionally occur .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the colour and quality of the silk depends on the climate and soil .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this is one of the major producers of tussar silk .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it was of commercial importance during the han dynasty and early three kingdoms era , about 200 bc to 250 ad .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "more recently , the hybridogenic species antheraea \u00d7 proylei is being bred for tussah silk production .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it originated from a natural hybrid between male a. pernyi and a. roylei females , f1 females of which were backcrossed to a. pernyi males .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "for reasons unknown , it is a case of paternal mtdna transmission : the mitochondrial genome , normally inherited from the mother only in sexually reproducing organisms , is almost identical to that of the present species . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "antheraea pernyi", "paragraphs": ["cathepsin o is involved in the innate immune response and metamorphosis of antheraea pernyi .\ncathepsin o is involved in the innate immune response and metamorphosis of antheraea pernyi . - pubmed - ncbi\ninsect immunity : isolation and structure of cecropins b and d from pupae of the chinese oak silk moth , antheraea pernyi .\ninsect immunity : isolation and structure of cecropins b and d from pupae of the chinese oak silk moth , antheraea pernyi . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe functions of serpin - 3 , a negative - regulator involved in prophenoloxidase activation and antimicrobial peptides expression of chinese oak silkworm , antheraea pernyi .\nqin l , wang h , jiang y . advance in antheraea pernyi genetics and breeding in china . journal of shenyang agricultural university . 2006 ; 37 ( 5 ) : 677\u2013682 .\nli wl , liu y , li fj , li yj . cloning , identification and expressional analysis of immunity related genes apdorasal from antheraea pernyi . science of sericulture . 2014 ; 40 : 32\u201337 .\nin conclusion , a novel spatzle belonging to the spatzle type 1 family from a . pernyi has been identified . apspz was expressed during all developmental stages of a . pernyi . other genes associated with the toll pathway were mainly expressed in the fat body , suggesting that the toll pathway is important in the a . pernyi innate immune system for defending against pathogenic microorganisms . moreover , infection of a . pernyi with the fungus n . pernyi and the gram - positive bacterium e . pernyi but not by the gram - negative bacterium e . coli activates the toll signaling pathway .\nqu xm , zhang cf , komano h , natori s . purification of a lectin from the hemolymph of chinese oak silk moth ( antheraea pernyi ) pupae . j biochem . 1987 ; 101 : 545\u2013551 pmid : 3298221\nhirai m , terenius o , li w , faye i . 2004 . baculovirus and dsrna induce hemolin , but no antibacterial activity , in antheraea pernyi . insect mol biol . 2004 ; 13 : 399\u2013405 pmid : 15271212\nli f , terenius o , li y , fang s , li w . cdna cloning and expression analysis of pattern recognition proteins from the chinese oak silkmoth , antheraea pernyi . insects . 2012 ; 3 : 1093\u20131104 . pmid : 26466728\nli w , terenius o , hirai m , nilsson as , faye i . cloning , expression and phylogenetic analysis of hemolin , from the chinese oak silkmoth , antheraea pernyi . dev comp immunol . 2005 ; 29 : 853\u2013864 pmid : 15978282\nli f , terenius o , li y , fang s , li w . cdna cloning and expression analysis of pattern recognition proteins from the chinese oak silkmoth , antheraea pernyi . insects . 2012 ; 3 ( 4 ) : 1093 - 1104 .\nsemi - quantitative rt - pcr was performed to examine the expression of genes involved in the toll pathway in different developmental stages and various tissues of the a . pernyi 5th instar larvae ( fig 4 ) . in addition to a . pernyi spatzle , the genes selected were a . pernyi gnbp ( genbank accession no . kf725771 ) , a . pernyi myd88 ( genbank accession no . kf670143 ) , a . pernyi tolloid ( genbank accession no . kf670144 ) , a . pernyi cactus ( genbank accession no . kf670142 ) and a . pernyi dorsala ( genbank accession no . jf488068 ) . to standardize the templates , apactin was used as an internal control [ 25 ] . rt - pcr was performed with the specific primer pairs ( shown in s1 table ) for the each gene .\nlu wx , yue d , hai zj , daihua w , yi zm , fu wc , et al . cloning , expression , and characterization of prophenoloxidase from antheraea pernyi . arch insect biochem physiol . 2015 ; 88 : 45\u201363 . pmid : 25521627\nliu y , chen m , su j , ma h , zheng x , li q , et al . identification and characterization of a novel microvitellogenin from the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi . plos one . 2015 ; 10 : e0131751 . pmid : 26126120\nwu s , xuan zx , li yp , li q , xia rx , shi sl , et al . cloning and characterization of the first actin gene in chinese oak silkworm , antheraea pernyi . afr j agric res . 2010 ; 10 : 1095\u20131100 .\nliu qn , zhu bj , dai ls , fu ww , lin kz , liu cl . overexpression of small heat shock protein 21 protects the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi against thermal stress . j insect physiol . 2013 ; 59 : 848\u2013854 . pmid : 23763950\nliu y , li y , li x , qin l . the origin and dispersal of the domesticated chinese oak silkworm , antheraea pernyi , in china : a reconstruction based on ancient texts . j insect sci . 2010 ; 10 : 180 . pmid : 21062145 .\nwang j , zhang s , xing t , kundu b , li m , kundu sc , et al . ion - induced fabrication of silk fibroin nanoparticles from chinese oak tasar antheraea pernyi . int j biol macromol . 2015 ; 79 : 316\u2013325 . pmid : 25936281\nthe pernyi caterpillars are a little hairier than the polyphemus . this one is wandering over my hand , searching for food .\nto investigate the role of the a . pernyi toll signaling pathway in the response to different pathogens , the relative mrna levels of genes in the toll pathway were assessed by qrt - pcr after a . pernyi was challenged by different pathogenic microorganisms .\nli , f . ; terenius , o . ; li , y . ; fang , s . ; li , w . cdna cloning and expression analysis of pattern recognition proteins from the chinese oak silkmoth , antheraea pernyi . insects 2012 , 3 , 1093 - 1104 .\nthere are significant differences between the domestic silkworm ( bombyx mori ) and the chinese oak silkworm ( a . pernyi ) . unlike the domestic silkworm , a . pernyi larvae are fed on the leaves of oak trees in tussah - feeding oak forests until cocooning during the larval stage . therefore , there is a high risk of a . pernyi larvae infection by different microorganisms in the wild . moreover , substantial economic losses in tussah production are associated with different diseases every year . however , it is evident that a . pernyi must have immune responses to defend against different microorganisms , as tussah production has lasted for hundreds of years . different developmental stages of a . pernyi and survival conditions of a . pernyi larvae are shown in s1 and s2 figs .\nzhang cf , dai ls , wang l , qian c , wei gq , li j , et al . eicosanoids mediate shsp 20 . 8 gene response to biotic stress in larvae of the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi . gene . 2015 ; 562 : 32\u201339 . pmid : 25527122\nli , fengjuan ; terenius , olle ; li , yuan ; fang , suyun ; li , wenli . 2012 .\ncdna cloning and expression analysis of pattern recognition proteins from the chinese oak silkmoth , antheraea pernyi .\ninsects 3 , no . 4 : 1093 - 1104 .\nliu qn , zhu bj , wang l , wei gq , dai ls , lin kz , et al . identification of immune response - related genes in the chinese oak silkworm , antheraea pernyi by suppression subtractive hybridization . j invertebr pathol . 2013 ; 114 : 313\u2013323 . pmid : 24076149\nsericulture was developed in china in ancient times . antheraea pernyi gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville was domesticated at least 2 , 000 yr ago , and chinese farmers developed artificial rearing of a . pernyi before the 17th century . today , > 60 , 000 tons of cocoons are produced in china each year , which accounts for 90 % of the world production . despite the widespread utilization of a . pernyi in china and a long history of domestic research , the knowledge of a . pernyi outside china is limited . therefore , we have in this paper summarized the production , usage , and breeding of a . pernyi . the foremost usage of a . pernyi is as silk producers ; however , about 55\u201370 % is used for other purposes . in this paper , we give examples of how the different developmental stages are used as a food source for human consumption and in traditional chinese medicine , both directly in different preparations and also as a nutrient source for rearing medicinal fungi .\nprevious studies of a . pernyi innate immunity have mainly focused on the prophenoloxidase ( pro - po ) system . it has been reported that lectin increases in response to the intrusion of foreign substances in a . pernyi [ 17 ] . in a . pernyi , the \u03b2 - 1 , 3 - glucan recognition protein ( ap - \u03b2grp ) and lectin - 5 ( aplectin - 5 ) were induced by all microorganisms , including bacillus subtilis , e . coli , antheraea pernyi nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( apnpv ) and saccharomyces cerevisiae , whereas a . pernyi c - type lectin 1 was not induced by gram - positive bacteria , and the genes exhibited significantly different expression levels in different tissues . the results suggest that lectins might have various functions in different a . pernyi tissues [ 18 ] . a 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan recognition protein from a . pernyi ( ap - \u03b2grp ) that specifically binds 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan from yeast but not e . coli or micrococcus luteus has been identified , and the presence of both 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan and ap - \u03b2grp triggered the pro - po system together but not separately [ 19 ] . an a . pernyi c - type lectin ( ap - rctl ) involved in the pro - po activating system plays an important role in a . pernyi innate immunity as a pattern recognition protein that can recognize and trigger the agglutination of bacteria and fungi [ 20 ] . a . pernyi prophenoloxidase ( apppo ) was also cloned , and apppo expression was significantly up - regulated in a . pernyi tissues following microbial infection . recombinant apppo is able to kill bacteria and induce the cecropin transcription in larvae [ 21 ] . additionally , many genes coding for immune proteins from a . pernyi have been cloned , such as hemolin [ 22 ] , which might affect the progress of viral infection in a . pernyi [ 23 ] .\ncitation : sun y , jiang y , wang y , li x , yang r , yu z , et al . ( 2016 ) the toll signaling pathway in the chinese oak silkworm , antheraea pernyi : innate immune responses to different microorganisms . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0160200 . urltoken\nzhang c , dai l , wang l , qian c , wei g , li j , et al . 2015 inhibitors of eicosanoid biosynthesis influencing the transcripts level of shsp21 . 4 gene induced by pathogen infections , in antheraea pernyi . plos one . 2015 ; 10 : e0121296 . pmid : 25844646\nliu qn , lin kz , yang ln , dai ls , wang l , sun y , et al . molecular characterization of an apolipophorin - iii gene from the chinese oak silkworm , antheraea pernyi ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) . arch insect biochem physiol . 2015 ; 88 : 155\u2013167 . pmid : 25348706\nxialu w , jinghai z , ying c , youlei m , wenjun z , guoyuan d , et al . a novel pattern recognition protein of the chinese oak silkmoth , antheraea pernyi , is involved in the pro - po activating system . bmb rep . 2013 ; 46 : 358\u2013363 . pmid : 23884102\nin this study , a novel spatzle gene ( apspz ) from the chinese oak silkworm , a . pernyi , was identified while investigating the toll signaling pathway in response to different microorganisms . furthermore , the expression patterns of genes involved in the toll pathway were examined in a . pernyi infected with different microorganisms . the results of this analysis provide a foundation for further investigation of the toll signaling pathway in a . pernyi .\nthe genes involved in the toll pathway were predominantly expressed in immune - responsive fat body tissue , indicating that these genes play a crucial role in a . pernyi innate immunity . further studies of these genes are underway to clarify the immune response of a . pernyi against infection by microorganisms .\nzhu j , fan d , zhao j , zhang h , huang j , zhou w , et al . enhancement of the gelation properties of surimi from yellowtail seabream ( parargyrops edita , sparidae ) with chinese oak silkworm pupa , antheraea pernyi . j food sci . 2016 ; 81 : e396\u2013e403 . pmid : 26709730\nin summary , the toll signaling pathway in a . pernyi was activated by fungi and gram - positive bacteria but not by gram - negative bacteria .\nyoulei m , jinghai z , yuntao z , jiaoshu l , tianyi w , chunfu w , et al . purification and characterization of a 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan recognition protein from antheraea pernyi larve that is regulated after a specific immune challenge . bmb rep . 2013 ; 46 : 264\u2013269 . pmid : 23710637\nas shown in fig 5 , after infection with different pathogenic microorganisms , significant changes were observed in the transcriptional levels of toll pathway genes in a . pernyi .\nantheraea pernyi variety shenhuang no . 2 was used in this study . the eggs ( on the fifth day ) , fifth instar larvae ( on the third day ) , pupae and moths were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at \u201380\u00b0c until use . the epidermis , silk glands , blood , gonads , malpighian tubules , fat body , midgut , and muscle were dissected from fifth instar a . pernyi larvae , immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at \u201380\u00b0c until use . all of the samples were used for rt - pcr .\nthe toll pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways regulating insect innate immunity . spatzle is a key protein that functions as a toll receptor ligand to trigger toll - dependent expression of immunity - related genes . in this study , a novel spatzle gene ( apspz ) from the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi was identified . the apspz cdna is 1065 nucleotides with an open reading frame ( orf ) of 777 bp encoding a protein of 258 amino acids . the protein has an estimated molecular weight of 29 . 71 kda and an isoelectric point ( pi ) of 8 . 53 . apspz is a nuclear and secretory protein with no conserved domains or membrane helices and shares 40 % amino acid identity with spz from manduca sexta . phylogenetic analysis indicated that apspz might be a new member of the spatzle type 1 family , which belongs to the spatzle superfamily . the expression patterns of several genes involved in the toll pathway were examined at different developmental stages and various tissues in 5th instar larvae . the examined targets included a . pernyi spatzle , gnbp , myd88 , tolloid , cactus and dorsala . the rt - pcr results showed that these genes were predominantly expressed in immune - responsive fat body tissue , indicating that the genes play a crucial role in a . pernyi innate immunity . moreover , a . pernyi infection with the fungus nosema pernyi and the gram - positive bacterium enterococcus pernyi , but not the gram - negative bacterium escherichia coli , activated the toll signaling pathway . these results represent the first study of the toll pathway in a . pernyi , which provides insight into the a . pernyi innate immune system .\ninsects possess an innate immune system that responds to invading microorganisms . in recent years , immune response - related genes have become an important focus of a . pernyi research . fifty immune response - related genes and ten stress response genes were identified from a subtractive cdna library in a . pernyi challenged with escherichia coli [ 12 ] . three small heat shock proteins ( shsps ) encoding hsp21 , hsp21 . 4 and hsp20 . 8 ( named as ap - shsp 21 , ap - shsp 21 . 4 and ap - shsp 20 . 8 , respectively ) were isolated from a . pernyi . further studies have shown that these shsps might play important roles in a . pernyi upon challenge with different microorganisms or under stress conditions [ 13 \u2013 15 ] . expression of an apolipophorin - iii ( apolp - iii ) gene from a . pernyi pupae ( ap - apolp - iii ) was significantly up - regulated in response to different microorganisms , and rna interference showed that ap - apolp - iii might function in the a . pernyi innate immune system [ 16 ] .\nthe fifth instar larvae were inoculated by oral feeding with escherichia coli ( ec ) , enterococcus pernyi ( ep ) , or nosema pernyi ( np ) on the first day , and larvae fed sterile water were used as control samples ( ck ) . fat bodies dissected from each group for rna extraction 24 h and 48 h after inoculation were used for qrt - pcr testing .\nhowever , there is limited information on the toll signaling pathway in antheraea pernyi . the chinese oak silkworm ( antheraea pernyi gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , 1855 ; lepidoptera : saturniidae ) is a well - known wild silkworm used for insect food and silk production . chinese farmers developed rearing methods for the chinese oak silkworm approximately 400 years ago [ 6 ] . currently , the chinese annual output of tussah cocoons is approximately 8\u00d710 4 t , which is nearly 90 % of the total output of wild silk worldwide , and the income from tussah rearing has become the main economic source in many sericultural areas . there are approximately one hundred twenty tussah varieties in china , and they can be divided into four races based on larval skin color : yellow , yellow - cyan , white , and blue [ 7 ] . currently , the products from a . pernyi , such as silk , pupae and moths , are used in many fields . for example , tussah silk fibroin nanoparticles have been used as a sustained drug delivery vehicle [ 8 ] , and tussah pupae homogenates were used to enhance the gelation properties of surimi from yellowtail seabream [ 9 ] . therefore , the use of tussah products is common and wide - ranging . with new developments in biotechnology , more attention has been paid to the functional genes of a . pernyi , and several genes from a . pernyi have been isolated and characterized [ 10 , 11 ] .\nthis species is not very variable in colour , unlike antheraea yamamai , with individuals differing little from the typical fawn colour of the male illustrated below ; however , a chocolate - brown melanic form is known - - f . hartii moore .\nin a . pernyi , many immune genes involved in the toll signaling pathway have been isolated , although there is limited information about toll signaling in this organism . two rel / nf - kb - related genes , apdorasl a and apdorsal b , were cloned from a . pernyi . the cloned genes were differentially expressed in response to different microorganisms , indicating that apdorsal might be involved in the immune response to viruses , fungi and gram - positive bacteria in a . pernyi [ 24 ] . although the sequences of many genes involved in the a . pernyi toll pathway have been submitted to genbank , including gnbp ( accession number : kf725771 ) , myd88 ( accession number : kf670143 ) , tolloid ( accession number : kf670144 ) , and cactus ( accession number : kf670142 ) , there has been no report or record of the spatzle gene in a . pernyi to our knowledge . it is well known that spatzle is a key signal transducer for immune responses , a ligand for toll receptors and a very important functional protein for activating the toll pathway in response to different microorganisms .\nthis silkworm is raised in china for its silk . it is referred to as tussah , chinese tussah , oak tussah , or temperate tussah . it is the source of tussah spinning fiber that we use in the west . it is a relative of the tropical tussah silkmoth , antheraea mylitta of india , and also related to antheraea polyphemus , the american polyphemus silkmoth . in china , they are fed on plantations of specially trimmed oak trees on the hillsides . they began to hatch on may 18 , 2004 .\non the first day , fifth instar larvae were orally administered 20 \u03bcl of different microorganisms separately suspended in sterile water , including e . coli ( ec , 1 . 2\u00d710 7 bacterial cells / ml ) , enterococcus pernyi ( ep , 2 . 0\u00d710 7 cells / ml ) , and nosema pernyi ( np , 5 . 0\u00d710 7 spores / ml ) , and larvae fed sterile water were used as controls ( ck ) . fat bodies dissected from different groups were used for rna extraction 24 h and 48 h after inoculation and were stored at - 80\u00b0c for qrt - pcr testing . a . pernyi larvae were kept in a rearing chamber at 23\u00b12\u00b0c with 70\u00b15 % relative humidity and were fed fresh quercus mongolica leaves .\nthe expression analysis of toll pathway genes associated with a . pernyi orally infected with fungi ( np ) , gram - positive bacteria ( ep ) and gram - negative ( ec ) bacteria revealed specific interactions between host immunity and pathogens , indicating that the toll pathway could be activated by challenge with np and ep . however , no significant differences in toll pathway genes were observed in a . pernyi after infection with ec , indicating that the toll pathway does respond to gram - negative bacteria .\ncathepsins are key members of mammalian papain - like cysteine proteases that play an important role in the immune response . in this study , a fragment of cdna encoding cathepsin o proteinase ( apcathepsin o ) was cloned from antheraea pernyi . it contains an open reading frame of 1170bp and encodes a protein with 390 amino acid residues , including a conserved i29 inhibitor domain and a peptidase c1a ( clan ca of cysteine proteases , papain family c1 subfamily ) domain . comparison with other previously reported cathepsin o proteins showed identity ranging from 45 % to 79 % . quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) and western blot analysis revealed that apcathepsin o was highly expressed in the fat body ; furthermore , the high expression during the pupal stage indicated that it might be involved during metamorphosis . after exposure to four different heat - killed pathogens ( escherichia coli , beauveria bassiana , micrococcus luteus , and a . pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus ) , the expression levels of apcathepsin o mrna significantly increased and showed variable expression patterns . this indicates that apcathepsin o is potentially involved in the innate immune system of a . pernyi . interestingly , apcathepsin o expression was upregulated after 20 - hydroxyecdysone ( 20e ) injection , which suggested that it might be regulated by 20e . in conclusion , apcathepsin o is a protease that may play an important role in the innate immune response and metamorphosis of a . pernyi .\nthe immune system in the chinese oak silk moth , antheraea pernyi , has been compared with that of the cecropia moth which has been characterized earlier . antibacterial activity against escherichia coli was induced in diapausing pupae by injection of viable e . coli or enterobacter cloacae . the activity reached a maximum on day 7 - 8 after which the response gradually declined . the pupae produced a set of immune proteins with p4 and p5 as major labelled components similar to that earlier found in cecropia . the major antibacterial factor in a . pernyi was cecropin d . a procedure is described for the isolation of cecropin b and d , which is in principle similar to the one used for the isolation of the corresponding cecropins from cecropia pupae . amino acid sequence analyses of the a . pernyi cecropins show the d form to contain 36 amino acid residues and that both cecropins have blocked c - termini . the general structure of cecropins having a charged n - terminal region ( residues 1 - 21 ) followed by a long hydrophobic stretch ( residues 22 - 32 ) is well conserved . cecropin b and d from a . pernyi differ from the corresponding proteins in cecropia by four and three conservative amino acid replacements , respectively . the homology between the cecropins from the two insects suggests that they orginate from a single ancestral gene . the antibacterial activity was tested against nine different bacterial species . evolutionary aspects of the cecropins are discussed .\nwingspan 110 - - 152mm . the similarly marked and coloured sexes are unlike any other european saturniid except the introduced antheraea yamamai , but it can easily be distinguished from that species in having the solid elongated black spot on the outer margin of the hindwing eyespot invaded by yellow . in males , the forewings are distinctly falcate .\nserpins are a superfamily of proteins engaged in various physiological processes in all kingdoms of life . to date , many striking results have demonstrated serpins are involved in the invertebrate immune system by regulating the proteolytic cascades . however , in most insect species , the immune functions of serpins in response against pathogen invasion remain obscure . in this study , we identified a full - length cdna sequence of serpin , named serpin - 3 , from the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi . sequence alignments have indicated that apserpin - 3 might regulate the melanization reaction via inhibiting prophenoloxidases - activating protease ( s ) in plasma . furthermore , it was detected to be primarily transcribed within the fat body , epidermis and hemocytes with significant induction following immune - challenge . further studies have shown that the knockdown of serpin - 3 up - regulated the prophenoloxidases cascade stimulated by pathogen in hemolymph , while the addition of recombinant serpin - 3 along with the same elicitor led to the suppressed activation of prophenoloxidase . besides , the injection of dsrna of serpin - 3 caused the elevated expression of antimicrobial peptides . altogether , we arrived at a conclusion that serpin - 3 might act as a negative - regulator in prophenoloxidases activation and inhibit the production of antimicrobial peptides in antheraea pernyi larvae .\na lectin with affinity to galactose was purified to homogeneity from the hemolymph of diapausing pupae of the chinese oak silk moth , antheraea pernyi . the molecular mass of this lectin was 380 , 000 and it formed an oligomeric structure of a subunit with a molecular mass of 38 , 000 . the hemagglutinating activity in the hemolymph was found to increase with time after immunization with e . coli . studies with antibody against the purified lectin showed that increase in the hemagglutinating activity was due to the same lectin , suggesting that the amount of the lectin increased in response to intrusion of foreign substances . the function of this lectin in the defence mechanism is discussed .\nthe newly - hatched , 5mm long larvae are basically dull black with a glossy , dull orange head . the tubercles are also black , with several white setae . from the second instar the larvae are very similar to those of antheraea yamamai , except for a raw sienna to fawn coloured head , which bears five dark spots on each lobe of the face .\nas shown in fig 4a , the a . pernyi gnbp gene was expressed in larvae and pupae during four developmental stages . apgnbp was expressed in all of the tissues examined except for the midgut , and the highest mrna levels were found in the epidermis and fat body . gnbp is a pattern recognition protein that enables the host to detect invading bacteria [ 37 ] . gnbp and the peptidoglycan recognition protein sa ( pgrp - sa ) jointly activate the toll pathway against gram - positive bacterial infections in drosophila [ 1 , 38 ] . a . pernyi spatzle ( apspz ) was expressed during four developmental stages , including eggs , larvae , pupae and moths , indicating that apspz has an important role throughout the entire life cycle of a . pernyi . the highest mrna levels were observed in the larval stage . apspz was expressed in all of the tissues examined except the midgut , and the highest mrna levels were found in the fat body and muscle ( fig 4b ) . a . pernyi tolloid ( aptoll ) mrna was only expressed in the pupae stage and not in the larvae , which might be due to whole larva sampling . aptoll was expressed in malpighian tubules and the fat body , and the highest mrna levels were observed in the fat body ( fig 4c ) . a . pernyi tolloid is a toll family member and could be assigned to the toll - 1 group with d . melanogaster tolloid ( genbank accession no . aaf56329 ) . d . melanogaster tolloid was detected in blood cells and the fat body , but no transcripts were found in the lymph gland [ 39 ] . a . pernyi myd88 ( apmyd88 ) was expressed in the eggs , larvae and pupae . apmyd88 was expressed in all of the tissues examined except for the epidermis and blood , and the highest mrna levels were found in the fat body ( fig 4d ) . a . pernyi cactus ( apcact ) was expressed in the larvae , pupae and moths , and apcact was expressed in all of the tissues examined except for the midgut . transcript levels were most abundant in the fat body ( fig 4e ) . the a . pernyi dorsala ( apdora ) gene was expressed in the larvae , pupae and moths . apdora was expressed in the silk gland , blood , spermary / ovary , malpighian tubules and fat body and was not detected in the epidermis , midgut and muscle . moreover , the highest mrna levels were found in the malpighian tubules and the fat body ( fig 4f ) , which was consistent with a previous study [ 24 ] .\nthis caterpillar has already dumped out the excess food in his gut , and is about to start spinning . the pernyi caterpillars seem to be particularly shy - they stop whatever they ' re doing when i approach , and put their little feet into this\nprayer\npose and sit quietly . most of the other species just keep on eating or spinning or whatever . july 7 , 2004 .\npattern recognition receptors are known to participate in the activation of prophenoloxidase system . in this study , a 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan recognition protein was detected for the first time in antheraea pernyi larvae ( ap - \u03b2grp ) . ap - \u03b2grp was purified to 99 . 9 % homogeneity from the hemolymph using traditional chromatographic methods . ap - \u03b2grp specifically bind 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan and yeast , but not e . coli or m . luteus . the 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan dependent phenoloxidase ( po ) activity of the hemolymph inhibited by anti - ap - \u03b2grp antibody could be recovered by addition of purified ap - \u03b2grp . these results demonstrate that ap - \u03b2grp acts as a biosensor of 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - dglucan to trigger the prophenoloxidase system . a trace mount of 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - d - glucan or ap - \u03b2grp alone was unable to trigger the propo system , but they both did . ap - \u03b2grp was specifically degraded following the activation of propo with 1 , 3 - \u03b2 - dglucan . these results indicate the variation in the amount of ap - \u03b2grp after specific immune challenge in a . pernyi hemolymph is an important regulation mechanism to immune response .\nin china , tussah silk produced by the chinese tussah or tussur moth ( antheraea pernyi ) is semi - cultivated . this silk is also called tassar . the larvae feed on various species of oaks ( quercus spp . ) . the oaks on which the caterpillars feed are pruned into shrubs 1 . 5 - 2 m high on which the larvae are raised . two annual crops are obtained . the small spring crop is used exclusively as breeding stock for the large autumn crop . the silk of the autumn crop is mostly reeled . yields average approximately 45 kg / ha of reeled fibre and about 68 kg / ha of spinning fibre [ kolander , 1985 ] . the city of dandong , in liaoning province has been a center for tussah silk production for two centuries and in 1980 provided about 70 percent of china\u0092s output . tussah silk production fluctuates ; in 1980 , 75 000 tons were produced and about 50 000 tons were produced each year between 1987 - 1989 ( peigler 1999 ) .\nwe performed transcriptome sequencing on the chinese oak silkworm a . pernyi , and high - quality reads were deposited in the ncbi sra database ( accession numbers : srr2919240 , srr2919241 , srr2919242 and srr2919243 ) . assembly of the high quality reads was performed using the trinity de novo assembly program . a unigene ( comp748335 _ c0 ) annotated manduca sexta spz1a ( genbank accession no . gq249944 . 1 ) encoding 256 nucleotides was selected . based the unigene sequence , a novel spatzle gene ( apspz ) from a . pernyi was first identified using rt - pcr , 5 ' race and 3 ' race . the isolated apspz cdna was 1065 nucleotides with an open reading frame ( orf ) of 777 bp that encodes a 258 amino acids protein . the cdna sequence contains a 212 bp 5 ' - untranslated region ( utr ) and a 76 bp 3 ' - utr with a polyadenylation signal sequence ( aataaa ) at position 1027 and a poly ( a ) tail . the initiation codon atg and the termination codon taa are at positions 213 and 987 , respectively ( fig 1 ) . the predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point ( pi ) of ap spz were 29 . 71 kda and 8 . 53 , respectively . apspz was assigned its name because of its similarity to known spatzle proteins . this cdna sequence has been deposited in genbank under accession no . ku323402 .\ntotal rna was extracted using trizol \u00ae reagent ( invitrogen ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol . rna degradation and contamination were monitored on 1 % agarose gels . the extracted total rna was quantified using a nanodrop 2000 uv - vis spectrophotometer ( thermo scientific , usa ) . first - strand cdna synthesis was performed using an m - mulv first strand cdna synthesis kit ( sangon biotech , china ) . the full - length a . pernyi spatzle cdna was cloned using reverse transcription pcr , 5 ' race and 3 ' race . race was performed using a 5 ' race system ( version 2 . 0 , invitrogen ) and a smarter \u2122 race cdna amplification kit ( clontech ) according to the user manual . the cdnas derived from all of the samples were used for gene expression analysis .\nhomologous alignment of spatzle from a . pernyi ( apspz , ku323402 ) , manduca sexta ( msspz , acu68553 ) , drosophila melanogaster ( dmspz , np _ 524526 ) , and bombyx mori ( bmspz , np _ 001108066 ) was performed using the clustal x program ( fig 2 ) . sequence alignment showed that the amino acid sequence of apspz is most similar to msspz , with 40 % identity , and the gene exhibited 33 . 15 % identity with bmspz and 13 . 58 % identity with dmspz . the putative activation cleavage site of apspz , located after iaqr 163 , is conserved in msspz and bmspz . an activating protease could cleave after the conserved residue arg 163 in apspz , similar to the confirmed cleavages in dmspz and msspz [ 3 , 35 ] . the protein structure prediction showed that apspz matched the template structure for 4bv4 . 1 . a ( protein spaetzle c - 106 ) . although three cys residues in the putative carboxyl - terminal active cystine knot domain in apspz are conserved in m . sexta , d . melanogaster and b . mori , four other cys residues were not found . the results were consistent with d . melanogaster spz8 . 24 , indicating that they are not involved in disulfide formation , and apspz might be similar to dmspz8 . 24 , which is natively unfolded [ 3 , 36 ] .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\na wide range of beneficial non - wood products are derived from organisms that are closely associated with broad - leaved temperate trees , either as parasites , symbionts or saprophytes . these include edible mushrooms , products from insects that feed on this group of trees and parasitic plants . it should be noted that this chapter contains some overlaps with , as well as updates to , a previous publication in the fao non - wood forest products series no . 12 [ fao , 1995 ] since several mushrooms grow both with broad - leaved trees and conifers .\nmushrooms are the reproductive structures of fungi and are also known as sporocarps or fruiting bodies . while some mushrooms are highly toxic and can be fatal if eaten , many species are edible . some are so flavourful that they are major food items in many human cultures throughout the world . many species of edible mushrooms occur in forests and are harvested either commercially or as an outdoor recreation activity .\nfungi are lower plants that lack chlorophyll . they are , therefore , unable to manufacture nutrients from sunlight through photosynthesis as do green plants . in order to survive , fungi must function either as parasites , often causing disease in higher plants or animals ; saprophytes , causing the breakdown of dead organic matter ; or as mutualists or symbionts with green plants . in the case of mutualism or symbiosis , both the fungus and the green plant derive benefits from the association .\nthe predominant form of symbiosis between fungi and trees occurs with tree roots producing structures called mycorrhizae . mycorrhiza means \u0093fungus - root\u0094 and describes the association of specialized soil fungi with the tiny feeder roots of forest trees and shrubs . mycorrhyzal fungi function as an extension of the plant\u0092s root system and are the means by which almost all higher plants take up water and minerals from the soil . only a few higher plants are known to lack mycorrhizal associations [ manion , 1991 ] . the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen are particularly important functions of these fungi . mycorrhizal fungi directly enhance tree survival and growth [ molina et al . , 1993 ] .\nmany species of forest fungi produce delicately flavoured edible mushrooms that are harvested in large quantities , and some are cultivated under semi - artificial conditions . primarily mycorrhyzal fungi produce them , but several saprophytic and parasitic fungi also produce highly flavourful mushrooms .\nboletus edulis is a mycorrhyzal fungus that grows in association with a wide variety of trees , including both conifers and broad - leaved species . the mushrooms produced by this fungus are widely used in a number of cuisines , especially in europe where it is one of the most sought - after edible mushrooms . it goes by many common names including cep or cepe de bordeaux ( france ) , king bolete or penny bun mushroom ( english ) , porcino ( italy ) , s teinpilz ( germany ) , zhutui mo ( north china ) and dajiao gu ( south china ) .\nthe mushroom produced by this fungus is highly variable , and some mycologists have split the fungus into a number of distinct species . a common characteristic of the mushroom is a wide , barrel - shaped stem that has a fine reticulate pattern on its surface . [ 50 ]\nboletus edulis occurs in temperate zone forests throughout the northern hemisphere and produces fruiting bodies from the soil as scattered individuals or in small groups [ molina et al . , 1993 ] . it is found throughout north america as far south as mexico , in europe from the northern part of the nordic countries south to southern greece ; italy ; and , in the near east , as far east as afghanistan . it is also found throughout china . in the united kingdom , b . edulis is found associated with birch ( betula palustris ) , oaks ( quercus robur and q . petraea ) and beech ( fagus sylvatica ) . in china it grows under mixed forests of pine and oak [ dickinson and lucas , 1979 ] .\nthe strong , distinctive flavour of this mushroom has been appreciated since roman times . dishes containing boletes were often used by the romans to conceal poisons used to assassinate politicians and other public figures . they were also believed to have a number of medicinal properties , including the removal of freckles and blemishes , and a salve was prepared from boletes to treat dog bites [ dickinson and lucas , 1979 ] .\nboletus edulis is harvested in the wild . in poland , it is the principal wild mushroom harvested [ grochowski , 1966 ] . in the casentino , a mountainous area in the region of tuscany , italy , income and benefits derived from harvesting b . edulis are considered to be significant . about 20 percent of the total harvest is for personal use , and the remainder is sold to restaurants , local stores and wholesalers . mushroom collectors are mostly from the lower to middle income classes ; women are the most numerous group of collectors and nearly half of the collectors are between 50 and 60 years old [ farolfi , 1990 ] . chestnut ( castania sativa ) orchards are a favourable habitat for growth of b . edulis in italy , and in some cases the yield of edible king boletes harvested from these orchards is worth more than the chestnut crop . [ 51 ]\nfigure 9 . 1 dried boletus edulis mushrooms . their firm , meaty texture makes them popular ingredients for stews , casseroles and sauces , and they can be stored in dried form for several years .\nboletes are harvested in british columbia , mainly from haida gwaii ( queen charlotte islands ) and the prince george area . in a good fruiting year , approximately 100 000 kg of fresh boletes are harvested . while in a bad year there may be no harvest at all . [ 52 ] on average , pickers are paid $ can 2 . 50 / lb of boletes and exporters receive around us $ 8 / lb of boletes landed and fresh , around us $ 75 . 00 / kg of dried and landed , and around us $ 5 . 00 - 6 . 00 / kg of frozen .\napproximately 90 percent of all harvested boletes are exported dried or frozen and only around 10 percent of the harvest is exported fresh . boletes are one of the first wild food mushrooms to be attacked by pests , and there is currently a world shortage of king boletes [ russel and lipsey , 1999 ] . [ 53 ]\nthis mushroom has a firm , meaty texture that stands up well to prolonged cooking . consequently it is a popular ingredient in a variety of stews , casseroles and sauces . b . edulis can also be easily dried , a form that permits storage for extended periods ( figure 9 . 1 ) . in some parts of europe they are dried on strings and stored for winter use . it is also a common ingredient in dried soup mixes [ dickinson and lucas , 1979 ] .\nthe fungus that produces the northwest matsutake mushroom ( tricholoma magnivelare ) , forms ectomycorrhizal associations with many tree species throughout its natural range in western north america , especially various species of pinus [ molina et al . , 1993 ; ciesla , 1998 ] . in the pacific northwest region of the united states , it is the most valuable of the commercially harvested edible mushrooms [ schlosser and blatner , 1995 ] . this mushroom is sold in large quantities to japan where it is an acceptable substitute for the japanese matsutake ( tricholoma matsutake ) , a species that grows in pinus densiflora forests and commands exorbitant prices .\nthe matsutake mushroom is robust and white in colour when first formed . later it develops pale brown to yellow stains . the stout stem is solid , tough and fibrous . it is smooth above and scaly below the thick , sheathing ring that flares out in young specimens . the mushrooms have a distinct spicy - aromatic odour , reminiscent of sweet cinnamon [ mollina et al . , 1993 ] .\nt . magnivelare is also associated with forests of tanoak ( lithocarpus densiflorus ) in northern california and western oregon . among the karuk , yurok and hupa people , three indigenous tribes which occupy portions of northern california , t . magnivalare is known as the tanoak mushroom and is considered to be an important traditional food . in the karuk language , t . magnivelare is known as haiwish . the earliest documentation of the karuk use of tanoak mushrooms dates from ethnobotanical field studies conducted in 1939 , which reported : \u0093a certain mushroom , found in november , is cooked on coals and eaten . \u0094 [ richards , 1997 ; schenck and gifford , 1952 ] .\nthe high demand for t . magnivelare mushrooms in japan led to a massive increase in commercial harvesting of this species on public lands in the western united states beginning in the late 1980s . until about 1991 , there was little commercial mushroom harvesting on karuk ancestral lands . as commercial pickers arrived in greater numbers , local tribal members complained that their traditional gathering sites , many of which were on lands administered by usda forest service , were being overharvested . in early 1993 , the karuk tribe appealed a decision made by the klamath national forest in northern california to allow a commercial mushroom harvest season . as a result , no commercial permits were issued , and studies on resource values assigned to this mushroom and the basis for the resource conflict were established . resultant work , some of which is still in progress , indicate that the karuk had developed mushroom hunting techniques based on knowledge of favourable sites , weather and phenology of associated plants . they also engaged in harvesting practices that they believed would sustain the population of the fungus . these practices included twisting off the mushrooms so as not to disturb the fungus mycellium , leaving small mushrooms to grow and fruit and replacing leaf litter in sites where mushrooms have been harvested in order to maintain soil moisture and a more favourable habitat for production of fruiting bodies . the effect of these traditional harvesting practices on sustainability of mushroom harvests requires testing in replicated field trials [ richards , 1997 ] .\ntruffles ( tuber spp . ) are rounded , potato - shaped mushrooms with a subterranean habit . they are the fruiting bodies of mychorrhizal fungi associated with the roots of various species of beech , oak and other broad - leaved trees [ dickinson and lucas , 1979 ] . one species , t . gibossum , is associated exclusively with douglas fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii ) in the pacific coast of north america [ molina et al . , 1993 ] .\nseveral european species are considered to be prized delicacies . the black p\u00e9rigord truffle ( tuber melanosporum ) is widely used in italian and french cuisines . this truffle is found in oak forests throughout much of europe but the centre of production of the mushrooms is southwestern france where they occur in light , porous , clay marl . in italy it is known as tartufo nero , and in the region of umbria it is an ingredient in pasta dishes and in an amaro , an after - dinner liqueur [ author\u0092s observation ] . the white piedmont truffle ( t . magnatum ) is the most sought - after species in italy , where it is added in thin slices to a variety of pasta dishes to which they impart a distinctive , musky flavour . this truffle is produced in the region from the astigiano to the canallese rivers in alba ( piedmont region ) , where most collection occurs from october through december [ moora , 1955 ] . the summer truffle ( t . aestivum ) occurs in the beech forests in the chalk downs of the united kingdom , where a cottage industry based on truffle hunting existed during the eighteenth century . truffles were collected and marketed until the 1930s but are now considered to be too small to merit collection [ dickinson and lucas , 1979 ] .\nthe unusual habitat and appearance of truffles caused considerable debate as to their origin . the roman naturalist and writer pliny described truffles as \u0093calluses of the soil\u0094 . the greek biographer plutarch explained that their existence was the combined action of thunder , rain and the warmth of the soil . during the sixteenth century , it was widely believed that truffles were the result of the semen of rutting deer . during the nineteenth century , they were believed to be a gall produced by oak roots . later in that century a theory was postulated that the truffle fly , an insect commonly associated with the fruiting bodies , stung the roots of oak trees causing the gall - like truffles to grow [ dickinson and lucas , 1979 ] .\nwhile much truffle gathering occurs in natural forests , the black p\u00e9rigord truffle has been grown in a more or less organized fashion since about 1810 , using an indirect cultivation procedure . a french farmer by the name of joseph talon established an oak plantation by planting acorns . after a few years , truffles began to appear in the plantation . when he repeated the exercise several years later with the specific intent to produce truffles and succeeded , he had begun an indirect method of truffle cultivation . today a sizeable portion of truffles harvested from france and exported are obtained through establishment of new oak plantings [ dickinson and lyons , 1979 ] . at present truffles are the only ectomycorrhizal food fungus which is in widespread cultivation in the pacific northwest ( only in washington and oregon states ) [ russel and lipsey , 1999 ] ."]}
{"id": 484, "summary": [{"text": "mylothris chloris , the western dotted border or common dotted border , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , the gambia , mali , guinea-bissau , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo , sudan , uganda , kenya and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of open woodland and dense savanna , but may also be found in disturbed rainforest areas and suburban gardens .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on osyris abyssinicus , englerina gabonensis , phragmanthera capitata , loranthus and viscum species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "mylothris chloris", "paragraphs": ["mylothris chloris ( fabricius , 1775 ) = papilio chloris fabricius , 1775 = papilio thermopylae cramer , [ 1779 ] = mylothris afraorientalis stoneham , 1937 .\nmylothris chloris . . . the pretty pierid angel that came my way earlier today .\nmylothris chloris is found from gambia and senegal to ethiopia , and south to uganda and kenya .\ncommon dotted border ( mylothris chloris ) . many thanks to tanya mass ( butterfly colour ) for the i d .\nthe yellow in the centre next yo the small mylothris is an unknown to me .\ncommon dotted border ( mylothris agathina ) feeding on stuff i ' d prefer not to mention at waterberg resort , namibia .\nthere are many beautiful butterflies in the gambia , this beautifully coloured common dotted border \u2013 mylothris chloris \u2013 ( also known as the western dotted border ) is just one of them . seen in a lesser known part of the grounds of the laico atlantic hotel in banjul , the gambia .\nmylothris is confined to the african continent and includes 51 species , most of which are distributed across the forest belt from cameroon to western kenya .\nspecies share a number of characteristics : they have rounded wings with a black apex on the upperside forewings . on the underside , fore and hindwings of most species have a single row of prominent black marginal spots , hence the butterflies in this genus are all known as dotted borders . m . chloris is untypical , having instead a broad dark margin on the hindwings .\nthis species is found in open woodland , forest clearings , acacia scrub , savannah / forest mosaics , parks and gardens , at altitudes between sea level and about 1200m .\nboth sexes fly throughout the day around tree tops , where courtship and copulation take place .\nthe flight is slow and deliberate , and in conjunction with the conspicuous appearance is indicative of the fact that the butterflies are distasteful to avian predators .\nmales are usually seen singly when imbibing mineralised moisture around the edges of puddles on forest tracks , normally in shaded or semi - shaded areas .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nvane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website uses cookies to allow us to better understand how the site is used . by continuing to use this site , you consent to this policy . click to learn more .\nnotification will be sent to your e - mail address every time the item price is decreased .\ncopyright \u00a9 2012 insect designs . all rights reserved . abn : 75141197423 | ecommerce website by online visions\n[ home ] [ catalogue ] [ rarities & aberrations ] [ new arrivals ] [ quantity list ] [ terms & contacts ] [ info updates ] [ events ] [ links ] [ about us ] copyright \u00a9 2001 - 2012 thorne ' s insect shoppe ltd . . all rights reserved .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nbutteflies on a poinsettia - mbita , kenya by j . a . g .\ntaken at waterkloof wine estate , sir lowry ' s road , somerset west , western cape .\ni saw this one fluttering around , sucking on the sweet nectar of the beautiful wild lantanas .\n( for the photo i would have preferred not just a white piece of paper where they sat on and a single specimen for picturing would have been easier to get than two of them which did disturb each other so that they unrestlessly changed their position within seconds but in the end i ' m quite satisfied that i found them at all . )\nthe eastern dotted border or common dotted border is a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in mozambique , zimbabwe , botswana and southern and eastern south africa . wikipedia\na butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in mozambique , zimbabwe , botswana and southern and eastern south africa . the wingspan is 50\u201360 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 4 in ) for males and 52\u201365 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 6 in ) for females . this visitor to our garden gave me quite the runaround before i managed to get this shot . : - )\ncommon names : common dotted border butterfly ; gewone voelent - witjie ( afrikaans ) .\ntaken at harold porter botanic gardens in betty ' s bay , western cape , south africa .\nalthough quite common , for me it remains one of the most beautiful local butterflies to photograph , especially with the wings closed .\nmacro photograph of an\norange shouldered white\nbutterfly on ribbon bush flowers ( hypoestes ) .\ntaken at harold porter botanic gardens , betty ' s bay , western cape .\nwent to nylsvlei to do some bird watching but ended up butterfly spotting due to lack of birds . . . . .\nany help with id ' s corrections and confirmations is always very much appreciated .\ni am happy with this name but i have no idea if there are any other similar species . any help with confirming or denying the id will be greatly appreciated\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 486, "summary": [{"text": "discophyllitidae are discoidal , generally evolute phylloceratina from the upper triassic , derived from the ussuritidae , in which the principal saddles of the suture have bifurcated or trifurcated endings , described as being di - or triphyllic .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "discophyllitid shells are rather similar to those of the ancestral ussuritidae and are distinguished primarily by the more complex suture .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the discophyllitidae provided the source for the jurassic phylloceratidae and juraphyllitidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "four genera are recognized and described . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "discophyllitidae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for discophyllitidae definition . you find here discophyllitidae meaning , synonyms of discophyllitidae and images for discophyllitidae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word discophyllitidae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word discophyllitidae and , of course , discophyllitidae synonyms and on the right images related to the word discophyllitidae .\nthe phylloceratidae are probably derived from the late triassic discophyllitidae by increasing the sutural complexity and evolving involute coiling . the discophyllitidae in tern have their origin in the ussuritidae , also known as the monophyllitidae .\nthanks to this graph , we can see the interest discophyllitidae has and the evolution of its popularity .\nhere you have a list of opinions about discophyllitidae and you can also give us your opinion about it .\nyou will see other people ' s opinions about discophyllitidae and you will find out what the others say about it .\nin the image below , you can see a graph with the evolution of the times that people look for discophyllitidae . and below it , you can see how many pieces of news have been created about discophyllitidae in the last years .\nyou can leave your opinion about discophyllitidae here as well as read the comments and opinions from other people about the topic .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ndiscophyllitidae\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\ncan ' t figure out what that fossil is ? post bright , sharp images here for identification . ( note that responses & confidence increase with image quality ! ) > re - size your pictures , per the tips in our faq forum . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nthis forum is devoted to illuminating the pitfalls to be avoided when considering the purchase of fossils .\nplease do not post links to websites , nor identify or incriminate a seller in any way - do not copy or screenshot advertisement verbiage .\nfor our educational purposes , the sellers ' identity is immaterial ; this is all about the specimens .\n> in this forum , we promote and celebrate our amateur contributions to the paleontological sciences . there are many volunteer opportunities to play an important role in furthering the science , and to learn new skills . whether by volunteering their time ( lab work , collections maintenance , organized field work ) , or through the donation of significant specimens , to scientific institutions , amateurs have always played an important but unheralded part ! > the pinned topic\nfossil contributions to paleontology - the gallery\nis an annotated image archive of member - found specimens now residing in museum collections ; further discussion of them will be found in linked topics in this forum . adding your contribution to this thread will earn the partner award for your profile . > all the other topics in this forum are for the discussion of amateurs ' collaboration with professionals ; science at its best .\nask anything you want to know * about fossils in general ; maybe someone here will have the answer ! * for identification of specific fossils , post in fossil id for best results . . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nplease make sure you arrange for photos if someone else is preparing your fossil find and completes the prep requirements in the contest month . )\ndate of preparation completion and discovery date ( if not found in the contest month ) .\nshortly after the end of the month , separate polls will be created for the vertebrate and invertebrate / plant find of the month .\nin addition to the fun of a contest , we also would like to learn more about the fossils .\na short explanation of why your fossil should be fossil of the month is a good way to garner votes .\nonly entries posted with clear photos , and that meet the other guidelines will be placed into the poll .\na forum to showcase paleontological museums and their fossil exhibits . have one near you ? take us along !\nfor members ' original paleontological artworks of graphic ( life renderings , display backgrounds , id posters ) and sculptural ( models , carvings ) natures .\nwe have freed member - to - member trades from the restrictions imposed on member sales . you may express your initial interests here , or as opportunity might present in other discussion topics ; once contact with a trading partner is made , please continue your arrangements via private message . public notes on successful exchanges are encouraged ; disputes must be settled privately . please note that transactions done thus must be pure trades , with no money changing hands ; beyond that , the transaction may take any form that both participants agree to as equitable .\nthe member to member sales forum is intended to be a place where people can sell excess specimens , tools , or literature .\nor the same type of items that they just no longer want . it is not intended to be commercial endeavor or market stall on the forum .\njust a place where people can sell their extra fossils , tools , or literature .\n> items offered for sale here should not be concurrently offered on other sites ( such as ebay , etsy , etc . ) .\n> also , no marketing of services . ( for example : preparation or restoration ) .\n> posting access to this forum is a privilege restricted to members who have established themselves by contributing a reasonable , fixed number of posts of substance .\n> we cannot perform $ $ appraisals , but opinions as to relative quality can be offered .\neach fossil must have a specific price . the forum cannot be held liable for deals gone wrong .\n[ inclusion inside baltic amber ] pseudoscorpion + enhydros (\nrunning water\n) . rare but not extremely rare .\nif you would like to help support the fossil forum , you can make a donation here . thank you !\nfor the l jur * * * * ic - u cretaceous . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalso , you will see opinions about other terms . do not forget to leave your opinion about this topic and others related .\n2011 urltoken - give your opinion and read opinions about anything you want . under creativecommons license . users online\nphylloceratidae is the predominant family of the phylloceratina with some 15 or more genera found in rocks ranging from the lower jurassic to the upper cretaceous . members of the phylloceratidae are characterized by smooth , involute shells with very thin walls . many are covered with fine growth lines but are usually without ribbing . sutures are complex with the major and minor branches of the saddles with phylloid or spatulate endings .\nthe phylloceratidae gave rise at or near the beginning of the jurassic to the ancestral lytoceratina , the early lower jurassic peluroacanthitidae and ectocentridae . the phyloceratidae also gave rise at or near the beginning of the jurassic to the psiloceratoidea which unites families of the early jurassic ammonitina . other jurassic ammonitina are derived from the lytoceratina . later , phylloceratids are said to have given rise to cretaceous ammonitina included in the desmoceratoidea , hoplitoidea , and acanthoceratoidea .\nsutures in the phylloceratidae vary in complexity and are usually described on the basis of the saddles , which diverge to the front . saddle endings may be double ( diphyllic ) , triple ( triphyllic ) , or quadruple ( tetraphillic ) . branching may be asymmetric . intervening lobes are variably branched with thorn - like or spinose terminations as viewed in plan .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 491, "summary": [{"text": "asaphida is a large , morphologically diverse order of trilobites found in marine strata dated from the middle cambrian until their extinction during the silurian .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "asaphida contains six superfamilies ( anomocaroidea , asaphoidea , cyclopygoidea , dikelocephaloidea , remopleuridoidea and trinucleioidea ) , but no suborders .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "asaphids comprise some 20 % of described fossil trilobites .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the asaphids generally have cephalon ( head ) and pygidium ( tail ) parts similar in size , and most species have a prominent median ventral suture .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "heads are often flat , and carapace furrows in the head area are often faint or not visible .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "thoracic segments typically number 5 - 12 , though some species have as few as two and some as many as 30 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "they also generally have a wide doublure , or rim , that surrounds the cephalon .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this causes some specimens to be described as having a characteristic \" snowplow \" shaped cephalon .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "when present , eyes are typically large .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "one asaphida line , the superfamily asaphoidea , shows a continuous evolution of eyestalks , from individuals with stubby eyes to asaphus kowalewskii , a trilobite popular with collectors that sported long eyestalks .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this line is found in the middle ordovician asery level deposits of the volkhov river region near saint petersburg , russia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "during the ordovician , the region that is now eastern europe was a shallow inland sea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this eyestalk development is believed to be an adaptation to changes in turbidity during this time , with eye-stalked trilobites like a. kowalewski presumably arising in a time of increased turbidity .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "one thought is that this trilobite may have lain in wait for prey buried in the bottom sediment with only its periscope eyestalks protruding .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the major extinction event marking the end of the ordovician period reduced the diversity of all trilobite orders with most asaphid families disappearing .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the only surviving asaphids were members of superfamily trinucleioidea , and they too disappeared before the end of the silurian period .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the following families are included : anomocaroidea andrarinidae anomocarellidae anomocaridae aphelaspididae parabolinoididae pterocephalidae asaphoidea asaphidae ceratopygidae trinucleioidea alsataspididae dionididae liostracinidae raphiophoridae trinucleidae dikelocephaloidea dikelocephalidae eurekiidae loganellidae ptychaspididae saukiidae cyclopygoidea cyclopygidae nileidae taishunghaniidae remopleuridoidea auritamiidae bohemillidae hungaiidae idahoiidae remopleurididae", "topic": 14}], "title": "asaphida", "paragraphs": ["zhang & jell 1987 ( trilobita ) , the family tsinaniidae and the order asaphida .\nasaphida .\na dictionary of earth sciences . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nwere also badly affected by this extinction . there are various features that characterise the asaphida , such as the\nasaphida .\na dictionary of earth sciences . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe ontogeny of the advanced members of the asaphida ( e . g . , asaphoidea , trinucleioidea , cyclopygoidea ) are consistent , with an effaced , globular protaspis .\nthe order asaphida is a large and diverse group of trilobites , including approximately a fifth of the entire class . they probably originated in the middle cambrian from the anomocaracea and , except for one genus ,\n) . if so , then the argument of the ventral median suture as a central synapomorphy for the asaphida might require reconsideration . expanded and complete genera listings for the families above are from jell & adrain ( 2003 ) .\n. the asaphids appeared in the middle cambrian and persisted to the lower silurian . order asaphida comprises six superfamilies : anomocaroidea ; asaphoidea ; cyclopygoidea ; trinucleioidea ; dikelokephaloidea ; and remopleuridoidea listed at the bottom of this page . the order contains a very large morphological diversity and number of species ; in fact , some 20 % of known species .\nthe trilobites of order asaphida are notably diverse in number of species and morphology , and interestingly contains about 20 % of known species . the most differentating morphological feature of the asaphid trilobites is the smooth and isopygous similar in size ) cephalon and pygidium , an evolutionary adaptation called effacement believed to have helped trilobites more easily burrow into and hide in sediment . another theory is that the smoothing of the exoskeleton streamlined the trilobite for locamotion . effacement is also evident among the agnostids , and suborder illaenina of order corynexochida . the asaphids appeared in the middle cambrian and persisted to the lower silurian . order asaphida comprises six superfamilies : anomocaroidea ; asaphoidea ; cyclopygoidea ; trinucleioidea ; dikelokephaloidea ; and remopleuridoidea listed at the bottom of this page . .\nfortey & chatterton ( 1988 ) provided an extensive summary of evidence uniting the clades within the suborder asaphina , and later , arguments were presented by fortey ( 1990 ) for the recognition of an emmended order asaphida , as described here . the assumption is that the ventral median suture evolved only one time , thereby uniting all members bearing that feature as a monophyletic group . as a stem group composed of primitive asaphid families ( such as anomocaridae ) , the anomocarioidea is paraphyletic , giving rise to the derived superfamilies , and presumably including the most primitive transitional taxa for each ( such as some auritamiidae ) .\nintroduction : primitive asaphida ( possibly ancestral to some other asaphine groups ) , including families retaining the natant hypostomal condition , as well as other ptychoparioid features ; protaspides resembling those of ptychopariida ( not\nasaphoid\n) ; not all families included may be monophyletic ( i . e . , anomocaroidea as described here is likely a paraphyletic group ) . cephalon : preglabellar field wide ; glabella typically parallel or gently tapering , with 3 or 4 pairs of furrows more or less of ptychoparioid type , palpebral lobes long , sickle - shaped ; natant hypostome , median ventral suture ; natant hypostome , some approaching conterminant . thorax : 10 - 13 + segments . pygidium : typically large , with broad , usually concave border , 2 - 10 axial rings . families : andrarinidae , anomocarellidae , anomocarida e , aphelaspididae , parabolinoididae , pter ocephalidae ( including housiidae ) . genera : andrarinidae : andrarina ( / liostracus ) , groenwallia , groenwallina .\ncephalon : opisthoparian or marginal facial sutures , generally eyeless ; glabella typically convex and pyriform , with 3 or fewer pairs of furrows , preoccipital glabellar tubercle sometimes present ; usually long genal spines . thorax : usually 5 \u2013 8 segments , but only 2 - 3 segments in progenetic raphiophoridae , and up to 30 in seleneceme ( alsataspididae ) , with long , narrow adaxial pleurae . pygidium : wide , typically triangular , narrow axis extending to posterior margin , border strongly declined , doublure very narrow . other : asaphoid protaspis shows common ancestry ; raphiophorus is the only trinucleioid ( indeed the only representative of the order asaphida ) that continues beyond the ordovician - silurian boundary . families : alsataspididae ( including orometopidae ) , dionididae , liostracinidae , raphiophoridae , trinucleidae , genera : alsataspididae : ajrikina , alataupleura , araiopleura , calycinoidia , caputrotundum , clavatellus , falanaspis , hapalopleura , huamiaocephalus , jegorovaia ( = hermosella ) , jiangxiaspis , orometopus , pagometopus , palquiella , paracalymenemene ( / paracalymene liu ) , plesioparabolina , pyrimetopus , rhadinopleura , seleneceme ( = alsataspis ) , sibiriopleura , skljarella ( = proaraiopleura ) , spirantyx , trigocephalus , yumenaspis , zacompsus .\ndoctype public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nform with enrolled doublure ) ; most members also have a median ventral suture ( only secondarily lost via fusion in two advanced families ) .\n: typically 5 \u2013 12 segments , but 2 - 3 in a few trinucleioidea , 13 + in some anomocaroidea , up to 30 in an alsataspidid ( trinucleioidea ) .\nanomocarella ( = psilaspis ; = entorachis ) , eoanomocarella , fissanomocarella , glyphaspis ( = americare ) , hanshania , huayuania , liocare , liopeishania , liopelta , luia , lydiaspis , megalopsis , neoanomocarella , orthodorsum , paranomocarella , peishania , ( = parapeishania ) , peishanoides , plebiellus .\nabharella , afghanocare , amginia , anomocare , anomocarina , anomocarioides , anomocariopsis , callaspis , chondranomocare , dilatalimbus , elandaspis , eocatuniella , forchammeria , formosocephalus , fuquania , glyphanellus , glyphaspellus , guizhouanomocare , hanivella , harataspis , hunanaspis , igarkiella , lohomia , irinia , jimanomocare , juraspis , kokuria , kolbinella , kotuia , leichneyella , lomsucaspis , longxumenia , macrotoxus , metanomocare , nadiyella , palella , paracoosia ( = manchurocephalus ) , parakotuia , paranomocare , pjatkovaspellus , qinlingia , rectifrontinella , sachaspis , schoriecare , schoriella , scintilla , sivovella , usovinurus , wutingshania , yongwolia .\namorphella , aphelaspidella , aphelaspis ( = proaulacopleura ; = clevelandella ; = labiostria ) , apheloides , dicanthopyge , elegantaspis , erixanium , eugonocare , kobayashella , listroa , litocephalus , maduiya , nganasanella ( = tamaranella ) , notoaphelaspis , olenaspella , olentella , paraphelaspis , pseudaphelaspis , pseudeugonocare , taenicephalites , taenora .\nabdulinaspis , apornodocia , boestrupia , croixana , jasmundia , kendallina ( / kendallia ) , minkella , orygmaspis , parabolinoides ( = bernia ) , pedinocephalus , pesaiella , roksaspis , stigmacephaloides , taenicephalops , taemcephalus ( = bemaspis ; = maustonia ) , weishania .\npulchricapitus ( = reaganaspis ) , qilianaspis , sigmocheilus , stenambon , strigambitus , tiantouzhania , tumicephalus , uxunella , xiaoshiella , yingziaspis , yokusenia , yushugouia , zhenania , zhuangliella .\n? ajacicrepida , asiocephalus , boschchekulia , cataplotaspis , ceratopyge , cermatops , charchaqia ( = aplotaspis ) , diceratopyge ( = paraceratopyge ) , dichelepyge ( = bicornipyge ) , dipleuropyge , guozia , haniwoides ( = yuepingia ) , hedinaspis , hunanopyge , hysterolenus ( = ruapyge / hectoria ) , kaltykelina , kaufmannella ( / kaufmannia ) , kogenium , lopnorites , macropyge ( = haniwapyge , = lichapyge ; = macropygella ) , mansuyella , nannopeltis , neohedinaspis , onychopyge ( = prionopyge ) , proceratopyge , promacropyge ( = aksapyge ) , pseudohysterolenus , pseudoyuepingia ( = iwayaspis ; = sayramaspis ) , sinoproceratopyge , tamdaspis ( = psiloyuepingia ) , tropidopyge , wannania , xiaodaositunia .\nblandiaspis , dictyella , esseigania , guluheia , jiwangshania , leiaspis , lonchopygella , paradictyites , shergoldia , taipaikia , tsinania ( = dictyites , dictya ) , zhujia .\naethedionide , digrypos , dionide ( / dione ; / polytomurus ; = dionidepyga ; = trigrypos ) , dionideina , dionidella , huangnigangia , paradionide , tongxinaspis , trinucleoides .\nampyx ( / brachyampyx ) , ampyxella , ampyxina , ampyxinella , ampyxoides , anisonotella , bulbaspis , caganaspis , carinocranium , cerampyx , cnemidopyge , collis , edmundsonia , ellsaspis , endymionia ( / endymion ) , globampyx , jiuxiella ( = miboshania ) , kanlingia , lonchodomas , malinaspis , malongullia ( = ampyxinops ) , mendolaspis , metalonchodomas , miaopopsis , nambeetella , nanshanaspis , parabulbaspis , parampyx , pseudampyxina , pytine , raphioampyx , raphiophorus , raymondella ( / reedaspis ) , rhombampyx , salteria , sinampyxina , sinoluia , taklamakania ( = xinjiangia ) .\nanebolithus , australomyttonia , bancroftolithus , bergamia ( = bohemaspis ; = brandysops ; = cochliorrhoe ) , bettonolithus , botrioides , broeggerolithus ( = ulricholithus ) , costonia , cryptolithoides , cryptolithus , deanaspis , declivolithus , decordinaspis , eirelithus , famatinolithus , furcalithus , guandacolithus , gymnostomix , hanchungolithus ( = ichangolithus ; = yinjiangolithus ) , huenickenolithus , incaia , jianxilithus , lloydolithus , lordshillia , marekolithus , marrolithoides , marrolithus , ? microdiscus , myinda , myindella , myttonia , nankinolithus , ningkianolithus ( = cerato1ithus ; = hexianolithus ) , novaspis , onnia , paratretaspis , paratrinucleus , parkesolithus , pragolithus , protoincaia , protolloydolithus , reedolithus , reuscholithus , salterolithus ( = smeathenia ) , stapeleyelta , telaeomarrolithus , tetrapsetlium , tretaspis , trinucleus ( / edgellia ) , whittardolithus , xiushuilithus , yinpanolithus .\ncephalon : with opisthoparian sutures , glabella typically truncate anteriorly and squat , 1 - 4 pairs of lateral furrows , 1p may be transglabellar ; preglabellar field variable , sometimes absent , palpebral ridge typically well - defined , but separate from axial furrow ( compare to sister group remopleuroidea ) ; genal spines typically present , of various length ; median ventral suture rarely lost to secondary fusion ; hypostome conterminant thorax : 8 - 12 segments , axis convex , pleurae typically wider than length of axis , typically with short , pointed ends ( longer in loganellidae ) . pygidium : micropygous to isopygous , variable shape , axis often extends majority of length , sometimes with post - axial ridge , posterior margin smooth or spined ( 1 - 5 pairs of marginal spines ) families : dikelocephalidae , eurekiidae , ptychaspididae , saukiidae , loganellidae . genera : dikelocephalidae : berkeia , blandicephalus , briscoia , camaraspoides , dikelocephalus , elkia , goumenzia , hoytaspis , iranella , kasachstanaspis , monocheilus , olimus , osceolia , parabriscoia , patalolaspis , princetonella ( / calyptomma ) , pterocephalops rasetti , randicephalus , stigmacephalus , walcottaspis .\nbandalaspis , bayfieldia , corbinia , eurekia , leocephalus , lochmanaspis , magnacephalus , maladia , tostonia .\nalborsella , changia ( = coreanocephalus ; = quadraticephalus ; = fengshania ) , eoptychaspis , eowuhuia , euptychaspis , idiomesus , kathleenella , keithia , keithiella , macronoda ( = promesus ) , plectrella , proricephalus , ptychaspis ( = asioptychaspis ) , saukioides ( / pseudosaukia ; / jeholaspis ) , sunwaptia , wilcoxaspis .\ncephalon : with glabella expanding forward to anterior margin , effaced in later cyclopygids , may be fused with occipital ring ; fixigenae reduced ( except in primitive taihungshaniidae ) , palpebral lobes lack distinct rims , and contact axial furrows at anterior ends , librigenae fused or separated by anterior median suture ; hypostome relatively transverse , impendent , often with tripartite posterior margin ; eye various sized ( may be hypertrophied and convex ( cyclopyge ) , typically closely adjoined to glabella . thorax : 5 - 8 ( 9 ? ) segments . pygidium : medium to large ( subisopygous in nileidae ) , axis usually with 2 - 5 rings ( but up to 20 + in advanced taihungshaniidae ) , may be smooth , or with indistinct furrows . families : cyclopygidae , nileidae , taishunghaniidae genera : cyclopygidae : amicus , aspidaeglina , circulocrania , cyclopyge ( / egle / aeglina ) , degamella , ellipsotaphrus , emmrichops , gastropolus ( = lisogoraspis ) , girvanopyge ( = cremastoglottos ; = gamops ; = nanlingia ) , heterocyclopyge ( = selenoptychus ) , microparia ( = gallagnostoides ) , novakella ( = incisopyge ) , paramicroparia , phylacops , pricyclopyge ( = bicyclopyge ) , prospectatrix , psilacella , quadratapyge , sagavia , symphysops , waldminia , xenocyclopyge .\naocaspis , barrandia , berkutaspis , borthaspidella , bumastides , elongatanileus , homalopteon , illaenopsis ( = eurymetopus ; = procephalops ; = rokycania / pseudobarrandia ) , kodymaspis , ? lakaspis , neopsilocephalina , nileus ( = remopleuridioides ) , parabarrandia , parabumastides , paranileus , ? peraspis , petrbokia , platypeltoides ( / platypeltis ) , poronileus , psilocephalinella ( / psilocephalus / psilocephalina / borthaspis ) , shenjiawania , symphyroxochus , ? symphysurina ( = symphysurinella ; = symphysuroides ) , symphysurus , troedssonia , varvia .\nasaphellina , asaphopsis , omeipsis , pacootella , renhuaia , taihungshania ( = miquelina ) , tungtzuella .\ncephalon : with opisthoparian sutures , glabella bulges tranversely anterior of occipital ring , with up to 3 pairs lateral furrows , eyes medium to very large , with narrow , wire - like socle , palpebral rims inflated , deep rim furrows , extending into axial furrows anteriorly ; genal spines present . thorax : 9 - 12 segments , axis convex , pleural furrows diagonal , pleural tips typically point backward . pygidium : with spinose margin , spines flattened , united at bases , extending to axis ; convex axis not extending to posterior margin , pleural field flat , typically furrowed and backward curving . surface variously sculptured or granulose . families : auritamiidae , bohemillidae , hungaiidae ( including dikelokephalinidae ) , idahoiidae ( including loganellidae ) , remopleurididae ( including kainellidae ) . genera : auritamidae : auritama , metopotropis .\nasaphopsoides ( = dainellicauda ; = xiangxiia ) , ciliocephalus , dactylocephalus , dikella , dikelocephalopsis , dikelokephalina , dikelus , hungaia ( = acrohybus ) , hungioides ( = argentinops ) , leimitzia , meitanopsis , songtaoia , warendia , xiushanopsis .\naguilarella , arrhenaspis , brabbia , comanchia , duibianaspis , elviraspis , langyashania , lauzonella , leviscila , loganellus ( = highgatea ) , maladioidella ( = kuruktagella ; = cedarellus ) , noelaspis , patronaspis , psalaspis , pyttstrigis , saratogia ( = idahoia , = meeria ) , shitaia , valtoressia , wafangia , wilbernia , zhuitunia .\naktugaiella , amphitryon ( / caphyra ; = brachypleura ) , aotiaspis , apatokephalina , apatokephaloides , apatokephalops ( = aristokainella ; = wanliangtingia ) , apatokephalus , apiflabellum , arator , artokephalus , atratebia , auricula , binervus , blosyropsis , cavia , deanokephalus , diplapatokephalus , dislobosaspis , eoapatokephalus , eorobergia , haniwa , hastiremopleurides , hexacopyge , hualongella , hukasawaia , hypodicranotus , ivshinaspis , jiia , jingheella , jinshaella , kainella , kainellina , kainelloides , lacorsalina , lingukainella , lohanpopsis , loshanella , lulongia , makbelaspis , mendosina , menoparia , naustia , oculeus , poletaevia , portentosus , praepatokephalus , proapatokephalops , pseudokainella ( = elkanaspis ; = parakainella ; = fatocephalus ) , pugilator , remopleurella , remopleurides , remopleuridiella , richardsonaspis , richardsonella ( = lakella ; = protapatokephalus ) , robergia , robergiella , scinocephalus , sculptaspis , sculptella , sigmakainella , spinacephalus , taishania , teratorhynchus , tibikephalus , tramoria , yosimuraspis ( = eoyosimuraspis ; = metayosimuraspis ) .\nwhittington ( 2003 ) argues that at least some of the nileidae ( e . g . ,\nfortey , r . a . 1990 . ontogeny , hypostome attachment , and trilobite classification .\nfortey , r . a . 2001 . trilobite systematics : the last 75 years .\nfortey , r . a . and b . d . e . chatterton . 1988 . classification of the trilobite suborder asaphina .\njell , p . a . & j . m . adrain . 2003 . available generic names for trilobites .\nwhittington , h . b . 2003 . the trilobite family nileidae : morphology and classification . palaeontology 46 ( 4 ) : 635 - 46 .\n* different taxonomies are found , most recently with trilobites contained in superclass arachnomorpha in subphylum schizoramia .\n. another theory is that the smoothing of the exoskeleton streamlined the trilobite for locamotion . effacement is also evident among the\nthe major extinction event concluding the ordovician period markedly reduced trilobite diversity across all the orders . among the asaphids , only some members of superfamily trinucleioidea survived , and they too met extinction near the end of the silurian .\n\u00a9 a dictionary of earth sciences 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\na taxonomic order within the class trilobita \u2013 trilobites that lived from the middle cambrian to the silurian periods .\nthis page was last edited on 14 may 2017 , at 12 : 53 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nunless otherwise noted , the material on this page may be used under the terms of a creative commons license .\na taxonomic order within the class trilobita \u2014 trilobites that lived from the middle cambrian to the silurian periods .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nall died out in the mass extinction event at the end of the ordovician ( see below ) . why this may be was discussed by\nthis website offers a brief introduction to the group , some of its major sub - groups , morphological features and life habits . a glossary is also provided for reference .\nthanks are given to the palaeontological association for permission to use the diagram of evolutionary relationships given below ."]}
{"id": 492, "summary": [{"text": "the oriental bay owl ( phodilus badius ) is a type of bay owl , usually classified with barn owls .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is completely nocturnal , and can be found throughout southeast asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has several subspecies .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it has a heart-shaped face with earlike extensions .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the congo bay owl ( phodilus prigoginei ) was formerly classified as a subspecies of oriental bay owl due to insufficient knowledge , but it has turned out that it might not even belong to the same genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the sri lanka bay owl was also considered a subspecies .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a population of this species has apparently become extinct on samar island in the philippines during the 20th century .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it was described as phodilus badius riverae and was only ever known from a single specimen , which was lost in a bombing raid in 1945 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the validity of this taxon is uncertain ; it is usually synonymized with the nominate subspecies ( for reasons of biogeography ) or the subspecies saturatus ( from external appearance ) ; it might be a distinct species , however . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "oriental bay owl", "paragraphs": ["the oriental bay owl is a relatively small unusual looking owl with short rounded wings . it is also known as the asian bay owl .\nthese oriental bay owl species inhabit evergreen forests , foothill forests , mangrove forests and deciduous woodlands . there are four recognized subspecies of these birds .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - oriental bay owl ( phodilus badius )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - oriental bay owl ( phodilus badius )\ntitle =\narkive species - oriental bay owl ( phodilus badius )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe breeding season of these oriental bay owl species is from march to may in northeast india . in indonesian islands the breeding season is from october to december .\nthe oriental bay owl is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and is listed under appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthese oriental bay owl species are mostly sedentary and are residents in their ranges . post breeding dispersal of juveniles takes place . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding .\nthe breeding season of the oriental bay owl varies with region . it nests in hollow trees and tree stumps , laying between three and five eggs . prey is located using extremely sensitive hearing and consists of small mammals , small birds , reptiles , frogs and insects . the oriental bay owl has several calls , including whistles , hoots , wails and screams ( 2 ) .\nthe global population size of the oriental bay owl has not been quantified . the overall population size is considered to be stable . these species have large range and population . the owl species does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable neither under the population trend criterion nor under the population size criterion .\nthe oriental bay owl is thought to have low population numbers but is not currently considered to be threatened ( 2 ) . international trade in this species is regulated by appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species which requires permits for export of the owl or its body parts ( 3 ) .\nhabits : the oriental bay owl is a nocturnal bird , roosting during the day in holes and hollows in tree trunks , or perched on a branch sheltered by palm leaves or beneath a thick horizontal bend of rattan , usually no more than about 2 metres above the forest floor . this owl is not alert when roosting and is easily approached .\n= 5 ) . smallish owl with rather short legs and wings and short ear - tufts projecting out from sides of head . chestnut - bay above , . . .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the oriental bay owl species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) has listed these owls under appendix ii .\nan unusual looking bird , this species is a relatively small , ' chunky ' owl with short rounded wings .\n23 - 29 cm . chunky , short - winged and short - tailed strictly nocturnal owl with a heart - shaped facial disc . bright rufous upperparts , well spotted and with ochre scapulars . pale buff below with sparse black spotting . similar spp . ceylon bay owl p . assimilis ( previously included with the present species ) is darker and more chestnut above and the tail is more densely barred with eight regular bars across feathers . voice . loud , eerie , hesitant series of quavering whistles with each note after the first rising in pitch . ceylon bay owl has a more complex , slower series of multi - element notes .\nhunting & food : the oriental bay owl feeds on small rodents ( such as rats and mice ) , bats , birds , lizards , frogs , and large insects such as beetles and grasshoppers . they hunt from a perch , flying through dense stands of young trees beneath the forest canopy to make a kill . this is made possible by their relatively short and rounded wings . they also tend to hunt near water .\nthe oriental bay owl is a small nocturnal bird , measuring 22 to 30 cm in length . it is short - winged and short - tailed . the ear - tufts are short and project out from the sides of head . the facial disc is heart shaped . the upperparts are rufous and spotted . the scapular feathers are rusty brown . the underside is whitish brown with sparse black dots . the bill is creamish . their call is a loud , eerie , whistling sound .\nbruce , m . d . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . oriental bay - owl ( phodilus badius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe diet of these owl species includes large insects ( beetles , grasshoppers , cicadas etc ) small mammals ( bats , rats and mice ) , birds , snakes , lizards and frogs .\n) belongs to the family of barn owls , tytonidae . these owl species are distributed in northeast india , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , cambodia , laos , southern china , malaysia , philippines and indonesia .\nthese owl species inhabit submontane and montane forests , temperate forests , foothill forests , subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , dense evergreen primary and secondary forests , evergreen wooded areas , hillside forests and valley woodlands . they prefer elevations from 200 to 1500 meters and also nearness to waterbody .\nrecorded from a rubber plantation at knc , near the edge of secondary forest ( gps coordinates not exact ) after dusk . the owl was calling from the nearby understory of the forest . it was seen shortly after this recording , giving great views at near eye level . the bird also hung vertically from a tree trunk ( not while calling ) , and then disappeared into the forest . spectacular !\nhabitat : dense evergreen primary and secondary forest , particularly foothills , sub - montane forest and montane forest up to 1800m in continental southeast asia . in java , the preferred habitat is foothills from 200 - 1000m elevation and sub - montane forest from 1000 - 1500m , but forest destruction has forced this owl to move from hill and middle zones to montane forest . highest elevation recorded is 2300m . also occurs in densely foliaged groves between farmland and rice fields in cultivated areas or in fruit - tree plantations near forest edge .\nthis small to medium sized owl is distinctive in its strikingly marked , angular face - a dark v - shaped marking running down the centre of the face , between the eyes , contrasts with the pale chestnut brown colouration ( 2 ) . the head is broad and there is no narrowing at the neck . the legs are long and fully feathered ( 4 ) . the underside of the body has dark flecks and the back and short , rounded wings are dark chestnut brown , spotted with black and yellow ( 2 ) . the ears are slightly tufted ( 5 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nphodilus badius and p . assimilis ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . badius following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\nbutchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , symes , a . & taylor , j .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nphodilus badius is found in south and south - east asia , from eastern india and southern china , through bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , lao , viet nam , peninsular and east malaysia , singapore , brunei darussalem , kalimantan , sumatra , java , and bali , indonesia ( k\u00f6nig and weick 2008 ) .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is considered to be very rare throughout most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nstrictly nocturnal , occurring in dense evergreen primary and secondary forest in lowlands , foothills , submontane and montane forest up to 1 , 700 m in south - east asia , although has been recorded up to 2 , 300 m ( k\u00f6nig and weick 2008 ) . it preferred habitat is foothill forest between 200 and 1 , 000 m and submontane forest up to 1 , 500 m ( k\u00f6nig and weick 2008 ) . it typically occurs alongside water ( k\u00f6nig and weick 2008 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription : the facial disc is elongated and coloured whitish - vinaceous , with a broad vertical chestnut - brown zone through each eye . the feathers of the rim are tipped blackish and chestnut - brown . the forehead is v - shaped and pale brownish - grey , with the upper part of the ' v ' reaching the crown , giving the frontal shield a triangular aspect . eyes are dark brown or brownish - black , and relatively large . the eyelids are whitish . the bill is creamy - yellow or pinkish - horn . the crown and nape are chestnut , speckled with black and buff shaft - spots . the mantle and back , to the uppertail - coverts , is a paler chestnut , spotted with black and buff shaft - streaks , with the feather bases being bright buff , and each mantle feather having 2 - 3 black spots on the shaft . the tail is chestnut with a few narrow dark bars . the outer two primary wing feathers ( 10th & 9th ) have white on the outer webs , and are banded with black or chestnut edges . the 8th & 7th primaries also have white on the outer webs near the tips . the throat is creamy - vinaceous . underparts are vivid pale yellowish - brown , speckled with blackish - brown and buff . tarsi are feathered to the toe joint with pinkish - vinaceous feathers that become paler near the toe joint . toes are yellowish - brown or pinkish - buff , with the claws being paler .\nsize : length 22 . 5 - 29cm . wing length 172 - 237mm . tail length 168 - 239mm . weight 255 - 308g . females are slightly larger than males .\nvoice : a typical song is a series of 4 - 7 or more loud , melancholic fluted whistles , given at about 2 notes per second . the call can last 2 - 8 seconds , and starts loud , with the later notes rising slightly in pitch . these phrases are often repeated many times , sometimes in a descending sequence . these whistles sometimes alternate with a series of different and shorter whistles , kleet - kleet - kleet or kleek - kleek - kleek as the bird moves from place to place . tends to start calling in the early evening . these owls can be very vocal during the breeding season , particularly after midnight .\nbreeding : breeding season is march to may around nepal and sikkim . in java , eggs have been recorded from march to july . nests are in tree holes , rotten tree trunks or stumps , or cavities . has been recorded nesting in leaf layers of palms in java . has also been reported using nest boxes . 3 - 5 white eggs are laid , measuring 38 . 0 - 40 . 6 x 30 . 2 - 31 . 1mm , at about 2 day intervals . incubation starts with the first egg , and is done by the female alone while the male brings in food . incubation and fledging periods are unknown .\ndistribution : nepal , sikkim , assam , nagaland , manipur , burma and thailand , east to south china , south through the malay peninsula to the greater sundas . also recorded on samar island in the philippines .\noriginal description : horsfield , thomas . 1821 . transactions of the linnean society of london , 13 , pt . 1 , spec . 2 , p . 139 .\nboyer and hume . 1991 .\nowls of the world\n. booksales inc .\ndel hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .\nhandbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds\n. buteo books .\nduncan , james r . . 2003 .\nowls of the world : their lives , behavior and survival\n. firefly books .\nk\u00f6nig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .\nowls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )\n. yale university press .\ninhabits woodland , plantations and mangrove swamps at altitudes of up to 2200 m ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nparimal chandra ray department of forestry , north eastern regional institute of science and technology , arunachal pradesh , india , pin - 791109 . parimalcray @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbird begins with a whisper song starting at 1930 and works to a crescendo by 1 or 2 am . almost certainly the same bird as xc299711 .\nbird begins with a whisper song starting at 1930 and works to a crescendo by 1 or 2 am . almost certainly same bird as xc299713 .\na pair ( assumed to be male and female , but both maybe males / females ? ) responding .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nrobinson , 1927 \u2013 sikkim and ne india , n & c myanmar and thailand ( except peninsula ) e to vietnam and s china ( s yunnan , sw guangxi zhuang , hainan i ) ; presence in nepal , bhutan and bangladesh unconfirmed .\n( horsfield , 1821 ) \u2013 malay peninsula and greater sundas ( including nias i , off nw sumatra ) ; possibly also e philippines .\nwide variety of calls . in breeding season , once described as surpassing all other owls in appalling . . .\nevergreen and mixed deciduous forest , landward edge of mangroves , partially cleared land and dense . . .\nsmall mammals ( e . g . bats , rats and mice ) , birds , lizards , snakes , frogs and large insects , particularly beetles , but also grasshoppers ; . . .\nnests from mar\u2013may in sikkim , india ; nests with eggs found oct\u2013dec in borneo and mar\u2013jul in java ; calls most frequently . . .\npresumably sedentary , with evidence of some movement , probably post - breeding dispersal of juveniles . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . generally considered rare throughout its range , although thought to be relatively common in s malaysia , especially in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nfront view clinging to thin horizontal branch overhead looking around , just after midnight , one of two calling against each . . .\nmkennewell , paul clarke , john gregory , joe angseesing , ron hoff , josep del hoyo .\njames eaton , mark andrews , jorge chinchilla , gunnar pettersson , budiheran , mark . van . beirs , bird . soong , thomas pleschke , keith heaney , carlos n . g . bocos , khaleb yordan , andrew emmerson , allen levine , irene dy , rusli .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nphodilus badius badius : malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra , java and nias i .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 542 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phodilus badius . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nis distributed in northeast india , myanmar , southern china , vietnam , thailand , cambodia and laos . their occurrence in nepal , bhutan and bangladesh is unconfirmed . the populations in singapore and philippines are extinct .\nis distributed in southern myanmar , southern thailand , malaysia and greater sundas islands ( indonesia ) . the subspecies"]}
{"id": 502, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius echinatus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius echinatus", "paragraphs": ["nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) .\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassariidae \u00bb nassarius echinatus , id : 305042 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nworms - world register of marine species - nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 )\nnassarius ( niotha ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nnassarius quadrasi alba ( var . ) hidalgo , j . g . , 1904\n( of nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( niotha ) echinatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) ) tsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ndescription up to 3 cm , similar to n . albescens gemmuliferus , but with more widely spaced , spiny nodules arranged in spiral rows . . . .\ndescription up to 3 cm , similar to n . albescens gemmuliferus , but with more widely spaced , spiny nodules arranged in spiral rows . colour variable , white or cream often with orange - brown spots . habitat : rocky or sandy eulittoral and deeper . distribution : indo - pacific . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\nrichmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa echinata a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa ( hebra ) echinata a . adams , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassa quadrasi var . alba hidalgo , 1904 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\non this website , they are grouped by external features for convenience of display .\ntan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .\ntan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\ncernohorsky , w . o . ( 1984 ) systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i . 14 : 1 - 356\nrichmond , m . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) . a guide to the seashores of eastern africa and the western indian ocean islands . sida / department for research cooperation , sarec : stockholm , sweden . isbn 91 - 630 - 4594 - x . 448 pp .\ntsuchiya k . ( 2017 ) . family nassariidae . pp . 910 - 917 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , < i > marine mollusks in japan < / i > , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 507, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia tortuosella is a moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by amsel in 1967 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in pakistan and afghanistan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anarsia tortuosella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for tortuosella definition . you find here tortuosella meaning , synonyms of tortuosella and images for tortuosella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tortuosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tortuosella and , of course , tortuosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word tortuosella .\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nhave a fact about anarsia epotias ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anarsia epotias ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 517, "summary": [{"text": "pseudohemihyalea labecula , the freckled glassy-wing , is a moth in the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by grote in 1881 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern nevada , utah , from colorado to arizona , new mexico and western texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 21 \u2013 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from july to early september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on quercus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pseudohemihyalea labecula", "paragraphs": ["species pseudohemihyalea labecula - freckled glassy - wing - hodges # 8221 - bugguide . net\ni believe this is an example of pseudohemihyalea labecula . elev . ~ 7500 ft . collected and deposited in the mississippi entomological museum ( mem ) .\nno one has contributed data records for pseudohemihyalea yet . learn how to contribute .\ni found several of these attracted to lights at night , along with some p . edwardsii . at first i thought they were all the same species and some just had their scales rubbed off , but nope ! i looked at the moth photographer ' s group page and it looks like this could be either splendens or labecula but i ' m not sure how best to tell the difference between those two species . thoughts ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nsouthern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas .\ngrote , a . r . 1881 . moths collected by prof . snow in new mexico , with list of eudriini . papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 174 - 175\nholland , w . j . 1915 . the moth book . doubleday , page & company .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 48 . 24m , p . 273\nthe moth book w . j . holland . 1922 . doubleday , page & company .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 48 . 24m ; p . 273 . book review and ordering\nsouthern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas south into the sierra madre occidentale of mexico .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nspecies in this classification . to view subspecies , varieties and populations select the species .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\ntext searches may yield weird results when combined with other filters . if you want to find observation of a particular species , use the taxon filter .\nseveral specimens observed , mostly smaller than seen at lower elevations . precise map location is estimated .\nseveral blooming flowers seen most places along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .\nprecise map location estimated . where creek crosses trail . each fish was 6 - 8 inches long .\nexact map location estimated . heard several all along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 520, "summary": [{"text": "ghilianella phasma is a species of assassin bug in the subfamily emesinae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found on the indian subcontinent and in myanmar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "there is some debate about whether this species may belong in the genus schidium .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "william lucas distant placed the species in ghilianella but ernst evald bergroth and pedro wygodzinsky moved it to schidium .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in his 1990 work of the reduviidae of the world , moldonado doubted the schidium placement . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "ghilianella phasma", "paragraphs": ["a new genus , neoschidium ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae ) , with a redescription of the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) [ ghilianella phasma distant and schidium phasma ( distant ) ] , recorded for the first time from india .\na new genus , neoschidium was erected with the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) . it was earlier described under ghilianella spinola 1850 as g . phasma distant and later under schidium bergroth 1916 as schidium phasma ( distant ) by bergroth ( 1916 ) . because it exhibits characters not only of ghilianella and schidium but also intermediate specific characters that are not found in both the genera , the type genus neoschidium phasma ( distant ) is redescribed with additional taxonomic details , morphometrics , and illustrations . it is also recorded for the first time from india .\na new genus , neoschidium ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae ) , with a redescription of the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) [ ghilianella phasm . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nhave a fact about ghilianella borincana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ghilianella borincana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmukherjee p 1 , ambrose dp 2 , saha gk 3 , bal a 1 .\nzoological survey of india , ' m ' block , new alipore , kolkata - 700053 . ; email : unknown .\nentomology research unit , st . xavier ' s college ( autonomous ) , palayamkottai - 627 002 , tamil nadu , india ; email : unknown .\ndepartment of zoology , university of calcutta , 35 , ballygunge circular road , kolkata - 700019 . ; email : unknown .\nwhat is neoschidium mukherjee , ambrose , saha , and bal , 2014 ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae : metapterini ) ? a reflection on taxonomic practices .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthis chapter reviews the ecology of assassin bugs with special reference to their microhabitats , habitats , relationship between their structural adaptations and habitats , adaptive ecotypic and polymorphic adaptations , and the factors governing their population dynamics . the biology of assassin bugs covering information on fecundity , hatchability , postembryonic development , nymphal mortality , sex ratio , adult longevity , life table , growth pattern , and parental care are described . the prey records of 182 assassin bugs preying upon 267 insect pests belonging to diverse orders of insecta are given . the ecophysiological factors that affect the postembryonic development are discussed . the predatory behavior , prey capture strategies , and defensive and offensive behaviors and mimicry accompanied by morphological adaptations are dealt with . impacts of prey deprivation , competition , and space effect on predation are mentioned . the courtship behavior and its impact on postembryonic development and the oviposition behavior are also given . the prey and the stage preferences of reduviid predators and the factors that govern them are dealt with .\nthe phylogenetic analysis of a nuclear gene , 28s ribosomal rna of two determined and three undetermined species of ectomocoris mayr and the mitochondrial gene , cytochrome c of three determined and one undetermined species of ectomocoris and one species of catamiarus ( serville ) from australia and asia was made . it reveals the interspecific and intrageneric phylogenetic affinity among ectomocoris and intergeneric affinity between ectomocoris and catamiarus . moreover , the cty c sequence analysis warrant further studies on the undetermined species of ectomocoris and the validation of catamiarus as genus or subgenus of ectomocoris . the study also proves the usefulness of 28s rrna and cyt c oxidase subunit i genes as useful molecular markers in the phylogenetic analysis of the peiratine genera ectomocoris and catamiarus .\navailable mitochondrial dna sequences viz . , 16s , cyt b , cyt c oxidase subunit - i , and cyt c subunit - like - i gene of rhynocoris ( kolenati ) species were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to understand the intrageneric and intraspecific variations and the role of geographical isolation on speciation ; using clustal w in mega version 5 . 1 . this analysis includes fifteen species and four ecotypes of r . kumarii ambrose and livingstone and three morphs of r . marginatus ( fabricius ) from four countries viz . , canada , china , korea , and south africa . the pairwise genetic distances were calculated and phylograms were constructed using maximum likelihood , maximum parsimony , and neighbor - joining methods . these preliminary analyses not only demarcated the fifteen species of rhynocoris , the four ecotypes of r . kumarii , and the three morphs of r . marginatus , but also revealed phylogenetic relationships and the role of geographical isolation and polymorphism on speciation .\nthe predator - prey interaction of five prey species with the assassin bug , rhynocoris longifrons ( st\u00e5l ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) was assessed in a y - shaped olfactometer and the prey preference was assessed in six - arm olfactometer provided with the bodyextracts in hexane . although r . longifrons responded to all the hexane extracts of testedinsect pests , r . longifrons showed maximum response to the lepidopterans spodoptera litura ( f . ) ( 6 . 67\u00b11 . 18 min ) , helicoverpa armigera ( h\u00fcbner ) ( 5 . 17\u00b10 . 89 min ) and achaea janata ( l . ) ( 4 . 42\u00b11 . 04 min ) followed by the coleopteran mylabris indica ( thunberg ) ( 3 . 00\u00b10 . 82 min ) and the least response to the hemipteran dysdercus cingulatus ( f . ) ( 2 . 42\u00b10 . 76 min ) . thus , the present study clearly reveals the order of the host preference of r . longifrons to the tested hexane extracts of the taxonomically diverse insect pests .\nthe reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes ( fabricius ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) is a potential predator inhibiting diverse agroecosystems and preying upon about 50 minor as well as major insect pests . the prey approaching behaviour of r . fuscipes ( fabricius ) to the hexane extracts of insect pests viz . , helicoverpa armigera hubner , spodoptera litura ( fabricius ) , achaea janata linnaeus , dysdercus cingulatus fabricius and mylabris indica thunberg was assessed in y - shaped olfactometer in terms of excess proportion index ( epi ) . ether in hexane fraction extracts of s . litura stimulated higher rostral protruding activity ( 6 . 53 + / - 1 . 56 min ) than that of h . armigera ( 4 . 61 + / - 1 . 29 min ) followed by a . janata ( 3 . 17 + / - 1 . 11 ) and d . cingulatus ( 2 . 95 + / - 1 . 12 min ) . the lowest response was observed to the hexane extract of m . indica ( 1 . 30 + / - 0 . 63 min ) . the order of excitement in behavioral response of r . fuscipes to the tested body extract of five insect pests was ranked as follows : s . litura > h . armigera > a . janata > d . cingulatus > m . indica . thus the present study clearly reveals the host preference of r . fuscipes to the taxonomically diverse insect pests .\nharpactorine reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) exhibited type ii holling ' s curvilinear functional response to teak skeletonizer , eutectona machaeralis walker . the predator ' s attack rate increased with the increase in prey density . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' values was observed as 4 . 16 . but the highest and lowest attack ratios ( y / x ) ( 0 . 69 and 0 . 52 ) were obtained at 1 and 8 prey / predator density . positive correlations were obtained between the prey density and prey killed , but negative correlations were obtained between the prey density and searching time of the predator . at high prey density , predator spent less time in searching , therefore it spent more time in handling , whereas at low prey density predator spent more time in searching than handling . however , handling time varied due to factors such as rate of pursuit of predator and prey escape or prey capture success .\nindividuals of rhynocoris kumarii collected from three different ecological habitats viz . , rajapalayam tropical rainforest , tiruvannamalai scrub jungle and kanchipuram semiarid zone exhibited pronounced diversities in their oviposition pattern , hatchability , incubation and stadial periods , nymphal mortality , adult longevity , sex ratio and life table parameters . these diversities are considered a specially adapted biological function collectively called ecotypism .\nthe effective utilization of any biological control agent relies upon its comprehensive knowledge on bioecology , ecophysiology and behaviour . hence , in the present study , the predatory behaviour of third , fourth and fifth nymphal instars and adults of an assassin bug , coranus spiniscutis ( reuter ) to the larvae of rice meal moth , corcyra cephalonica ( stainton ) and leaf armyworm , spodoptera litura ( f . ) was observed in the laboratory . the sequential acts of predatory behaviour and the time taken for each predatory act such as arousal , approach , capturing , paralysing , sucking and postpredatory behaviour and the number of piercing and sucking sites were observed . the predator took less time to predate upon the larvae of s . litura than that of c . cephalonica .\nthe knowledge on the bioecology of any predator is essential to explore its biocontrol potential . in the present work the postembryonic development , oviposition pattern and nymphal mortality of an acanthaspidine assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l were studied on two types of prey species viz . , larvae of rice meal moth , corcyra cephalonica ( stainton ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) and the termite , odontotermes obesus rambur ( isoptera : termitidae ) . the incubation period was 15 . 21 \u00b1 0 . 64 days in c . cephalonica fed predators and it was 15 . 08 \u00b1 0 . 28 days in o . obesus fed predators . the stadial periods of i , ii , iii , iv and v ( to male and female ) nymphal instars were 15 . 14 \u00b1 0 . 68 , 13 . 50 \u00b1 0 . 51 , 13 . 83 \u00b1 0 . 70 , 15 . 83 \u00b1 0 . 87 , 21 . 11 \u00b1 1 . 45 and 25 . 18 \u00b1 0 . 75 days when fed with c . cephalonica and 14 . 81 \u00b1 0 . 49 , 12 . 68 \u00b1 0 . 48 , 12 . 71 \u00b1 0 . 58 , 14 . 56 \u00b1 0 . 50 , 21 . 06 \u00b1 1 . 03 and 23 . 72 \u00b1 0 . 83 days when fed with o . obesus . the total periods of postembryonic development from i nymphal instar to adult were 81 . 30 \u00b1 2 . 40 and 77 . 10 \u00b1 1 . 70 days in c . cephalonica and o . obesus fed predators . the longevities of male and female adults fed with c . cephalonica were shorter ( 79 . 44 \u00b1 1 . 81and 82 . 82 \u00b1 1 . 66 days ) than those fed with o . obesus ( 98 . 03 \u00b1 1 . 13 and 112 . 29 \u00b1 1 . 38 days ) .\nthe protein profile of saliva of three rhynocoris species viz . , r . fuscipes ( f . ) , r . kumarii ambrose and livingstone and r . marginatus ( f . ) and the paralytic potential of these species to three prey species viz . , tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura f . , blister beetle , mylabris pustulata thunberg and red cotton bug , dysdercus cingulatus f . were studied . the volume of saliva was uniformly higher in the posterior lobe than in the anterior lobe of rhynocoris spp . the highest and equal volume of saliva was found in the posterior lobe of r . fuscipes and r . kumarii followed by r . marginatus . the volume of saliva in the anterior lobe was higher in r . kumarii followed by r . marginatus and r . fuscipes . prey deprivation caused accumulation of saliva , uniformly well pronounced in both the lobes . the total volume of the saliva was the highest in the posterior lobe of 8 day prey deprived r . marginatus followed by r . kumarii . the protein content was uniformly higher in the anterior lobe of all the three species irrespective of the volume of the saliva . r . kumarii had the highest protein content both in the anterior and posterior lobes . though prey deprivation increased protein content in both the lobes in all the three species it was well pronounced in r . kumarii . the densitometric electropherogram revealed 9 , 8 and 9 protein fractions in r . fuscipes , r . kumarii and r . marginatus and none of them share a common protein thus suggesting that the proteins are species specific . though the paralytic potential of toxin in terms of dosage and duration varied among the three species and also in relation to the target pest species , prey deprivation uniformly enhanced paralytic potential in all of them . the chemical and functional diversity and mode of action of neurotoxin of these three species are related to morphological and structural adaptations and the mode of predation . the role of saliva in extraoral digestion and the multidimensional utility of neurotoxin as a neuropharmacological tool , a basis for synthesizing venom based bioinsecticides and as a molecular marker are discussed .\nfield record of harpactorine assassin bugs in tirunelveli district , tamil nadu , south india .\nfunctional response of assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l to rice meal moth larva , corcyra cephelonica stainton and termite , odontotermes obesus rambur .\nhost preference , stage preference and functional response of assassin bug , rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) to its most preferred prey tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura ( f . )\nthe assassin bug , rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone preferred larvae of tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura ( f . ) ( 35 . 29 % ) followed by the larvae of castor semilooper , achaea janata l . ( 29 . 41 % ) and slant - faced grasshopper , tyloprobidus variecornis walker ( 21 . 57 % ) . a low preference was expressed towards the blister beetles , mylabris indica thunberg ( 13 . 45 % ) and mylabris pustulata thunberg ( 8 . 03 % ) . among the blister beetles m . pustulata was the least preferred one . among the different size groups of its most preferred prey s . litura , r . kumarii preferred 5 - 10 mm size group ( 44 . 64 % ) followed by other size groups ( 0 - 5 mm , 26 . 95 % ) and ( 10 - 15 mm , 18 . 16 % ) . the least preferred ( 10 . 23 % ) size group was 15 - 20 mm . r . kumarii also exhibited type ii functional response to s . litura larvae . a positive correlation was obtained between the prey density and the prey killed ( y = 0 . 598 + 0 . 279x ; r = 0 . 926 ) . the attack ratio decreased as the prey density increased ( y = 0 . 496 - 0 . 011x ; r = - 0 . 732 ) . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' value ( 4 . 53 ) was always found restricted to higher prey density . a negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density ( y = 4 . 383 - 0 . 311x ; r = - 0 . 975 ) .\nassassin bugs are biological control agents . the reduviine assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l is a predator of diverse insect pests . in the present study , the prey preference of a . pedestris to five species of grasshoppers ( orthoptera : acrididae ) viz . , tylotropidus variecornis walker , orthacris maindroni boliver , two undetermined slant - faced grasshoppers and one undetermined cone - headed grasshopper ; its stage preference to the life stages of its most preferred prey , o . maindtroni were investigated . the adults of a . pedestris highly preferred the o . maindroni ( 39 % ) followed by the slant - faced sp . 1 ( 25 % ) , t . variecornis ( 16 . 38 % ) and cone - headed grasshopper ( 16 . 24 % ) among the five different types of acridid grasshoppers . a . pedestris rarely preferred the slant - faced grasshopper sp . 2 ( 14 . 85 % ) . among the different size groups of its most preferred prey o . maindroni , the adults of a . pedestris highly preferred the size groups of ( 1 . 0 - 1 . 7 cm ) ( 32 % ) followed by the size groups ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 cm ) ( 26 . 34 % ) and 1 . 7 - 2 . 2 cm ) ( 22 . 46 % ) . the least preferred size group was ( 0 - 0 . 5 cm ) ( 19 . 04 % ) . a . pedestris exhibited type ii functional response to o . maindroni . a positive correlation was obtained between the prey density and the prey killed ( y = 0 . 2504 + 0 . 4692 ; r = 0 . 9829 ) . the attack ratio decreased as the prey density increased ( y = 0 . 7621 - 0 . 0399x ; r = 0 . 6911 ) . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' value ( 4 . 16 ) was always restricted to higher prey density . a negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density ( y = 4 . 7095 - 0 . 5652x ; r = 0 . 9828 ) . the result revealed that a . pedestris preferred 1 . 0 to 1 . 7 cm size groups of o . maindroni and exhibited type ii functional response to it , revealing the biocontrol potential of a . pedestris on o . maindroni .\ncourtallam tropical rainforest , the present study area , a famous hill resort is located in the eastern slope of western ghats at an altitude of 550 ft msl . the study area is opposite to five falls , located at a latitude 8 o 54 ' 39 ' ' to 9 o 2 ' 35 ' ' n and longitude 77 o 11 ' 47 ' ' to 77 o 20 ' e . light trap studies conducted at courtallam from feb , 1992 to jan 1993 yielded insects belonging to five orders namely coleoptera , hemiptera , hymenoptera , isoptera and lepidoptera . hemiptera was predominant with 29 species , 27 genera and 12 families followed by coleoptera 23 species , 21 genera and 10 families . isoptera was the lowest recorded with two species two genera and one family . the result suggested that the reduviids and pyrrhocorids were the major constituent of hemiptera collected by light trap . coleopteran population peaks were recorded in may and october . these peaks could be related to the occurrence of rainfall at the study area . the hemipterans were maximum during december and january . this peak of hemiptera was mainly due to the dominance of single species nephotettix sp . the swarming behaviour of ants would probably be the reason for high hymenopterans found during december and january . the isopterans were poorly represented . the lepidopteran peak was observed during july after heavy rainfall at the study area . the factors governing diversity and population dynamics of insect fauna in courtallam are discussed .\nchemical ecology of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) and chosen prey species .\nthe impact of the insecticide , synergy - 505 ( chlorpyrifos 50 % and cypermethrin 5 % e . c ) , on the functional response , predatory behavior , and mating behavior of a non - target reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , a potential biological control agent , were studied . though both normal and synergy - 505 - exposed r . marginatus exhibited holling ' s type ii curvilinear functional response , synergy - 505 caused a less pronounced type ii functional response with reduced numbers of prey killed , attack rate , searching time , and prolonged handling time in 4th and 5th nymphal instars and adult males and females reflecting reduced predatory potential . synergy - 505 also delayed the predatory and mating events . the impacts of synergy - 505 on functional response , predatory behavior , and mating behavior were more evident at higher concentrations of synergy - 505 .\ntwo species of endochus st\u00e5l , 1859 , e . albomaculatus st\u00e5l and e . merula distant , were recorded for the first time from india . they are redescribed , together with the genus , with additional taxonomic details and illustrations .\nmass rearing of entomophages insects for biological control : success , bottlenecks and strategies .\ndevelopment , reproductive performance and ecotypic diversity of coranus siva kirkaldy ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nintraspecific competition was found to affect the predation of assassin bug , irantha armipes ( st\u00e5l ) on cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera ( h\u00fcbner ) and quickened predatory acts such as capturing , paralyzing and sucking with reduction in the number of piercing and sucking sites . the impact of competition on predation increased in proportion to the number of competitors confronted .\nfunctional and numerical responses of the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes f . ( het . , reduviidae ) to cotton leafworm spodoptera litura f . ( lep . , noctuidae )\nrhynocoris fuscipes positively responded to the changing abundance of prey and exhibited holling ' s second model of functional response . increased searching capacity and decreased handling time were observed with the increasing prey density in r . fuscipes . the considerable number of prey consumed by the predator per day at higher prey density than at lower density reflected the predator ' s biocontrol potential . increasing prey density did not significantly shorten the iv stadium of the predator , whereas that of v stadium was significantly shortened . predators ' survival and longevity were not affected by the prey density . low prey densities resulted in an increase in the pre - oviposition period . fecundity and hatchability were increased as a function of prey density .\nbiology , behaviour and functional response of sphedanolestes variabilis distant ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae : harpactorinae ) , a potential predator of lepidopteran pests .\ninfluence of predator\u2019s age , sex and prey size on the functional response of rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) to dysdercus cingulatus fabricius ( hemiptera : pyrrhocoridae ) .\nrhinocoris marginatus ( fabr . ) is found to be a potential biological control agent on various insect pests . adults and nymphal instars of r . marginatus , collected from the scrub jungles and semiarid zones , were reared in plastic containers of different volumes , viz . , 85 ml . , 170 ml . , 340 ml . , under laboratory conditions . individuals reared in 85 ml . containers take less time in capturing their prey . increase in the volume of containers causes early oviposition and higher fecundity and hatchability . adults reared in containers of 170 and 340 ml . oviposit bigger eggs than the adults reared in 85 ml . containers . individuals reared in 340 ml . containers emerge first followed by individuals reared in 170 ml . containers . decrease in volume of the container causes increase in the longevity of the adults . space has also a direct effect on the adult morphometry of various regions .\nsycanus reclinatusdohrn , a reduviid predator , inhabits tropical evergreen forests of southern india . females lay clusters of brown coloured eggs 22 d after emergence . the eggs hatch in 14 to 23 d and the pale - ochraceous nymphs turn into deep - ochraceous within 1 h . total stadial period from i instar to adult ranges from 61 to 90 d at 32 \u00b0c . the different nymphal instars are taxonomically described . male and female longevities are 5 to 54 d and 5 to 50 d , respectively . the sex ratio is slightly male biased . the predatory and mating behaviours are described . the biocontrol efficiency of this reduviid is also dealt with .\na redescription of adult of sphedanolestes himalayensis distant is given . the immatures and adults of s . himalayensis were found to inhabit the shrubs of tropical evergreen forests . it lays single , elongate , pale reddish eggs , which adhered to the top of the rearing containers in the laboratory . the average number of eggs laid by a female was 74 . 8 \u00b1 5 . 2 . incubation period was 9 . 6\u00b1 0 . 86 days . the total nymphal developmental period from i to v nymphal instar was 59 . 8\u00b1 8 . 6 days . the longevity of the adult female ( 71 . 6\u00b13 . 4 days ) was longer than that of the adult male ( 68 . 3\u00b16 . 1 days ) . the preoviposition and postoviposition periods were 9 . 8\u00b1 0 . 76 and 4 . 6\u00b10 . 03 days . the male and female sex ratio was 0 . 86 : 1 . sequential events of predation and mating conform to those of other harpactorine reduviids .\nfunctional response of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone and normal and synergy - 505 exposed rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) to larva oe euproctis fraterna ( moore ) .\nrelative toxicity of two organophosphorous insecticides and polymorphic resistance in rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nfunctional response of acanthaspis quinquespinosa ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) on coptotermesheimi ( wasmann ) .\ndevelopment , intrinsic rate of natural increase and ecotypism of euagoras plagiatus ( burmeister ) ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nimpact of female parental age on the postembryonic development and reproductive potential of sphedanolestes pubinotum reuter ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nacanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l is an important reduviid predator found in the scrub jungles and agroecosystems of india predating on a number of insect pests and it is used as a bio - control agent . but its use is limited due to its scarcity at times when pests are often most abundant . the only possible way to overcome this difficulty is to mass culture this predator in the laboratory and supply them to the farmers . the practice of mass culturing leads to inbreeding which renders the species ultimately less effective against the pests . in order to overcome this shortfall , the morphological and biological characteristics of a . pedestris collected from seven ecotypes were subjected to upgma cluster analysis and the distantly related ecotypes were identified . by this method , it is possible to select and use two distantly related ecotypes for mating which can restore the genetic variability . thus , the suggested approach makes the biocontrol agent effective even under mass culturing .\nimpact of cypermethrin on the biology and lifetable parameters of a nontarget biological control agent rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\necotypic diversity and life table parameters of rhynocoris longifrons ( st\u00e5l ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , a potential predator of cotton pests .\nan annotatec checklist of indian peiratinae ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) with ecological and morphological characteristics .\nbiodiversity of light - trapped entomofauna of vickramasingapuram , tirunelveli , tamil nadu , south india .\nthe effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide deltamethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour were studied in a nontarget harpactorine reduviid predator rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) in the laboratory ( temp . 30 \u00b1 1\u00b0c , rh 75 \u00b1 5 % , photoperiod 12 \u00b1 1 hrs ) . the intensity of abnormal behaviour increased as the concentration of deltamethrin was increased . the insecticide affected the predatory potential i . e . , functional response events such as number of prey killed , attack ratio and rate of discovery . deltamethrin also prolonged the predatory behaviour , inhibited the premating events and quickened the mating events in r . marginatus .\na checklist of 464 indian species of assassin bugs under 144 genera and 14 subfamilies with their taxonomical status , their distribution in india and world over and their morphological characteristics are given . members of the harpactorinae are the most abundant group with 146 species and 41 genera followed by the reduviinae and the ectrichodiinae . the subfamilies such as the physoderinae and the ectinoderinae are represented each by two and lone species . other characteristics of the family reduviidae discussed in this overview include the rostrum structure , tibial pads , habitat characteristics , microhabitats and habits . morphological characteristics are correlated with ecological , behavioural and biological manifestations of the reduviids .\neffect of insecticides on the intrinsic rate of natural increase of rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) .\nseasonal density of reduviid predators of vagaikulam semiarid ecosystem in thoothukudi dist , tamil nadu .\na survey of kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve ( k - mtr ) , western ghats , southern india , from september 2002 to march 2003 revealed the presence of 24 species of butterflies . observation on diagnostic morphological features , habitat range , larval and adult food , months of abundance , duration of flight , mode of flight and associated habits , mimicry and conservation status are included with meteorological data .\nimpact of cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour of a non - target biocontrol agent rhynocoris marginatus fab . ( hem . , reduviidae )\nupgma cluster analysis as a tool in the biosystematics of reduviidae ( insecta : hemiptera ) .\nadults of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone when treated with insecticides viz . , monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulphan at sublethal doses developed severe abnormalities in the alimentary canal , testis and ovary . lysis of intercellular cementing material , pycnotic nuclei , vacuolated cells , obliteration of peritrophic membrane and exfoliation of cells were the abnormalities in the alimentary canal . insecticides caused size reduction , sperm cells distortion , vacuolated spermatocytes and spermatids in the testis and crumpled follicular epitheliun and vacuolization of the germarium in the ovary .\nimpact of insecticides on the hemogram of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hem . , reduviidae )\nthe haemogram of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone comprises prohaemocytes , plasmatocytes , granular haemocytes , cystocytes and oenocytoids . the impact of five insecticides , viz . monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulfan on the total haemocyte count ( thc ) and differential haemocyte counts ( dhc ) was studied . all of the insecticides except endosulfan initially reduced both prohaemocytes and plasmatocytes , increased the granular haemocytes , altered the percentage of cystocytes and oenocytoids and increased the total haemocyte count ( thc ) . on the contrary , endosulfan initially increased the prohaemocytes and plasmatocytes , decreased the granular haemocytes and also the thc . the highest impact on the dhc and thc was caused by methylparathion and monocrotophos and the least impact by endosulfan . hence , endosulfan is considered as the safest insecticide followed by dimethoate and quinalphos among these five insecticides to use with r . kumarii .\npolymorphic diversity in salivary and haemolymph proteins and digestive physiology of assassin bug rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) ( het . , reduviidae )\nrhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) occurs in three morphs viz . ( i ) niger ( black connexivum ) ( ii ) sanguineous ( red connexivum ) and ( iii ) nigrosanguineous ( black and red banded connexivum ) . the salivary protein ( \u03bcg / mg wet weight of salivary gland complex ) , and haemolymph protein ( \u03bcg / 100 \u03bcl ) were higher in niger morph than in nigrosanguineous and sanguineous morphs . endopeptidase ( trypsin ) activity of homogenate of salivary gland complex ( sgc ) of niger morph was also higher . it was significantly lower in the sanguineous morph . endopeptidase activity was found to be uniformly meagre in the anterior midgut ( amg ) and in the posterior midgut ( pmg ) in all the three morphs . the exopeptidase ( aminopeptidase ) activity was also found to be negligible in sgc in all the three morphs . niger morph showed a significantly higher activity of exopeptidase in amg and pmg than the other two morphs .\nabundance of boll worm , flower beetle , predators and field colonization by rhynocoris kumarii ( het . , reduviidae ) following mulching and shelter provisioning in cotton\nfield colonization of the assassin bug rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone and biocontrol potential of predatory arthropods after mulching with sorghum trash and coconut leaflets and with shelter provisioning with pieces of clay pots and stones was studied in a cotton field experiment at the agricultural college farm , killikulam , south india . third and fourth nymphal instars of r . kumarii were released . there were fewer helicoverpa armigera h\u00fcbner larvae in plots with mulched cotton trash than in control and other ( mulched and shelter provisioned ) plots . but mulching did not affect the number of adult mylabris pustulata thunberg . the flower and boll damage was significantly less in trash and leaflet mulch plots than in other shelter provisioned and control plots . the percentage of good quality cotton was also greater in mulch plots than in control plots . the yield of seed - cotton was also significantly greater in plots with trash mulches and coconut leaflet mulches than in control plots .\nimpact of cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour of a non - target potential biological control agent acanthaspis pedestris ( st\u00e5l ) ( het . , reduviidae )\nthe impact of the insecticide cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory behaviour and mating behaviour was studied in a non - target potential reduviid biological control agent acanthaspis pedestris ( st\u00e5l ) . the intensity of abnormal behaviour increased as the concentration of cypermethrin was increased . the insecticide negatively affected the functional response events such as attack ratio , handling time and rate of discovery . cypermethrin also reduced the predatory efficiency and prolonged the mating events in a . pedestris . the type ii ( decelerating curve ) of functional response was altered into a type iv ( dome - shaped curve ) by cypermethrin .\ninfluence of hunger level and prey density on searching behaviour of the reduviid predator rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( het . , reduviidae )\nmechanism underlying the searching behaviour of the predator rhynocoris marginatus in different levels of hunger and at different densities of its prey spodoptera litura was studied within an experimental arena . starved for 1 - day r . marginatus travelled 2 . 34 times longer distances than starved for 4 - day ones to find prey in the four prey density arenas . total distance travelled by r . marginatus at four s . litura density arenas was 0 . 4 times shorter than that in one density regime . searching speed of 4 - day hungry r . marginatus was 2 . 44 times greater than 1 - day hungry r . marginatus . r . marginatus at four s . litura density regimes searched at 2 . 43 times higher speeds than r . marginatus at one density regime . higher rates of turning were observed in 4 - day hungry r . marginatus than in 1 - day hungry r . marginatus . higher rates of turning of r . marginatus were recorded in one s . litura density regime than in four density regimes . one - day hungry r . marginatus turned 4 . 14 - fold greater degree mean angle than 4 - day hungry ones . at four s . litura density regime r . marginatus turned 0 . 34 - fold lesser angle than at one density regime .\nsuppression of helicoverpa armigera ( hubner ) , nezara viridula ( l . ) and riptortus clavatus thunberg infesting pigeon pea by the reduviid predator rhynocoris fuscipes ( fabricius ) in field cages .\ninfluence of mulching and intercropping on the abundance of the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes ( f . )\nsuppression of cotton leafworm spodoptera litura , flower beetle mylabris pustulata and red cotton bug dysdercus cingulatus by rhynocoris marginatus ( fabr . ) ( het . , reduviidae ) in cotton field cages\nmass - reared reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus was released in large - sized cotton field cages against three cotton pests , spodoptera litura , mylabris pustulata and dysdercus cingulatus . pest species were introduced into separate cages in the absence of other pests , parasitoids and predators . control experimental cages without r . marginatus were maintained for each prey set up during the evaluation period . r . marginatus greatly reduced the infestation of s . litura ( 57 . 5 % ) , m . pustulata ( 52 . 3 % ) and d . cingulatus ( 45 . 8 % ) . the leaves , flower and boll damages ( 32 % , 35 % and 28 % by s . litura , m . pustulata and d . cingulatus , respectively ) and seed - cotton yield loss ( 1 . 4 , 1 . 6 and 1 . 25 times in s . litura , m . pustulata and d . cingulatus infested cages , respectively ) were reduced by r . marginatus compared with such fields without r . marginatus . the field observations suggest this predator\u2019s pest suppression and damage reduction efficacy .\na new species of the genus linshcosteus distant , 1904 ( hemiptera : reduviidae : triatominae ) is described from specimens collected near kalakkadu , tamil nadu state , southern india . specimens were found in deep crevices between rocks , in a region of semi - arid scrub jungle . the distinctiveness of the new species was demonstrated by a morphometric analysis including the five previously described species of linshcosteus , all from india . nine measurements of the head were used in an isometric size - free principal component analysis . in terms of discrete morphology the new species , linshcosteus karupus sp . n . galv\u00e3o , patterson , rocha & jurberg differs from the most similar one , l . kali lent & wygodzinsky , 1979 , by its very prominent anterolateral projections of the pronotum , by the length to width ratio of the pronotum , by the pilosity of the head and several other characters , including phallic structures . a revised key is presented for the six species of the genus .\nsearching behaviour and functional response of rhynocoris longifrons ( st\u00e5l ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) , a key predator of pod sucking bug , clavigrallagibbosa spinola .\nprey stage preference of the predator , rhynocoris kumariiambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae ) to three selected cotton insect pests\nassassin bugs ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) in integrated pest management programme : success and strategies .\nnutritional influence of prey on the biology and biochemistry in rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) .\ninsecticidal impact on the post\u2010embryonic development of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae )\nthe impact of sublethal concentration of five insecticides namely monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulfan on the post - embryonic developmental characteristics such as stadial period , body weight , fecundity and longevity of rhynocoris kumarii was studied . all of the insecticides except endosulfan increased stadial period , decreased body weight , fecundity and longevity .\nimpact of antennectomy , eye blinding and tibial comb coating on the predatory behaviour of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae ) on spodoptera litura fabr . ( lep . , noctuidae )\nthe predaceous reduviid rhynocoris kumarii uses its antennae , eyes and tibial comb to predate tobacco cutworm spodoptera litura ( fabr ) . a delayed arousal response was observed in the antennectomized , eye blinded and tibial comb - coated predators . the predators whose entire antennae had been removed showed significant delayed approach but the approach response was not affected significantly in the blinded and tibial comb - coated reduviid predators . capturing response was significantly affected in pedicel and entire antennae - removed predators , and blinded and tibial comb - coated predators . antennectomy , eye blinding and tibial comb coating did not cause any impact in the act of paralysing the prey . progressive reduction in sucking duration and the number of sucking sites were observed as a function of sequential segment - wise removal of antennae . a reduction in the sucking duration and number of sucking sites were also observed in blinded and tibial comb coated predators .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis page was last modified on 29 march 2013 , at 08 : 33 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 521, "summary": [{"text": "nannogomphus is an extinct genus of fossil odonates belonging to the family gomphidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these fast-moving volant carnivore-insectivores lived during the jurassic period in germany , from 150.8 to 145.5 ma . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "nannogomphus", "paragraphs": ["odonata , anisoptera , libelluloidea , gomphidae , fossil , upper jurassic , germany , nannogomphus , rediscription , phylogeny .\nnannogomphus gracilis : its type locality is solnhofen ( bspgm munich coll ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .\nbechly , g ( 2003 ) description of a new species of nannogomphus ( insecta : odonata : nannogomphidae ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . 339 : 1 - 6 .\nbechly , g . 2003 . description of a new species of nannogomphus ( insecta : odonata : nannogomphidae ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . stuttg . beitr . naturk . ( b ) 339 : 1 - 6 .\nbechly , g . ( 2003c ) : description of a new species of nannogomphus ( insecta : odonata : nannogomphidae ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 339 : 1 - 6 . [ pdf ]\nnannogomphus bavaricus : nhmw 1985 / 3 / 1 ( 1898 / 7 / 11 ) , a wing . its type locality is eichst\u00e4tt , solnhofen ( naturhistorischen museum wien collection ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .\nbechly , g . , nel , a . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1996 ) redescription of nannogomphus bavaricus handlirsch , 1906 - 1908 from the upper jurassic of germany , with an analysis of its phylogenetic position ( odonata : anisoptera : gomphidae or libelluloidea ) . archaeopteryx 14 ( 1996 ) : 51 - 66\nbechly , g . , nel , a . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1996 ) : redescription of nannogomphus bavaricus handlirsch , 1906 - 1908 from the upper jurassic of germany , with an analysis of its phylogenetic position ( odonata : anisoptera : gomphidae or libelluloidea ) . - archaeopteryx , 14 ( 1996 ) : 51 - 66 ( with german translation ) . [ pdf ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\nfull reference : a . handlirsch . 1906 . die fossilen insekten und die phylogenie der rezenten formen , parts i - iv . ein handbuch fur palaontologen und zoologen 1 - 640\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : forewing 24 . 3 x 6 . 4\nfull reference : h . hagen . 1848 . die fossilen libellen europa ' s . entomologische zeitung 9 : 6 - 13\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis list is not exhaustative , and is based on the collections of the jura museum , eichst\u00e4tt and the maxberg museum , solnhofen .\nbechly , g . ( 1993a ) : fossil odonates in dominican and baltic amber . - argia , 5 ( 1 ) : 13 - 15 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1993b ) : a brief report of an ongoing cladistic study on the phylogenetic relationships of the fossil and extant odonate family group taxa . - petalura , 1 : 19 - 20 .\nbechly , g . ( 1993c ) : review of : carpenter , f . ( 1992 ) : treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda . vol . 4 ( 3 ) and 4 ( 4 ) . superclass hexapoda . - petalura , 1 : 23 - 25 .\nbechly , g . ( 1993d ) : review of : nel , a . et al . ( 1993 ) : les\nanisozygoptera\nfossiles - phylog\u00e9nie et classification ( odonata ) . - petalura , 1 : 25 - 28 .\nbechly , g . ( 1994 ) : morphologische untersuchungen am fl\u00fcgelge\u00e4der der rezenten libellen und deren stammgruppenvertreter ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der phylogenetischen systematik und des grundplanes der * odonata [ morphological analysis of the wing venation of extant dragonflies and their stemgroup representatives ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) with special reference to phylogenetic systematics and the groundplan of crowngroup odonata ] . - unpubl . diploma thesis , eberhard - karls - universit\u00e4t t\u00fcbingen ; 341 pp . , 3 tabls , 111 figs .\nbechly , g . ( 1995 ) : morphologische untersuchungen am fl\u00fcgelge\u00e4der der rezenten libellen und deren stammgruppenvertreter ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der phylogenetischen systematik und des grundplanes der * odonata [ morphological analysis of the wing venation of extant dragonflies and their stemgroup representatives ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) with special reference to phylogenetic systematics and the groundplan of crowngroup odonata ] . - petalura , special - volume 1 : 341 pp . , 3 tabls , 111 figs ( publication of diploma thesis ) . [ pdf 116 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 1996a ) : morphologische untersuchungen am fl\u00fcgelge\u00e4der der rezenten libellen und deren stammgruppenvertreter ( insecta ; pterygota ; odonata ) unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der phylogenetischen systematik und des grundplanes der * odonata . - petalura , spec . vol . 2 : 402 pp , 3 tabls , 111 figs ( revised edition with 60 pages english appendix on the phylogenetic system of odonates ) .\nbechly , g . ( 1996b ) : fossil odonates in tertiary amber . - petalura , 2 [ electronical journal on the internet , pdf ] .\nbechly , g . ( 1996c ) : review of : santana 1 . 0 ( 1996 ) : cd - rom by digital - fossil . - petalura , 2 [ electronical journal on the internet ] .\nbechly , g . ( 1996d ) : review of : biologie und \u00f6kologie der insekten ( 1996 ) : cd - rom by gustav fischer verlag . - petalura , 2 [ electronical journal on the internet ] .\nbechly , g . ( 1997a ) : zur geschichte und aktuellen entwicklungen in der gro\u00dfgruppen - systematik der libellen . - 16 . jahrestagung der gesellschaft deutschsprachiger odonatologen , 14 . - 16 . m\u00e4rz 1997 n\u00fcrnberg , tagungsband .\nbechly , g . ( 1997b ) : die libellen ( und einige andere fossile insekten ) aus der unterkreide von brasilien ( santana ) . - 4 . fachgespr\u00e4ch\nfossile insekten\n, clausthal - zellerfeld , 28 - 29 juni 1997 , abstracts .\nbechly , g . ( 1997c ) : a glossary of phylogenetic systematics with a critic of mainstream cladism . - inclusion wrostek , 26 : 20 - 22 , 23 - 24\nbechly , g . ( 1997d ) : dragonflies from the lower cretaceous of brazil . - inclusion wrostek , 27 : 9 .\nbechly , g . ( 1997e ) : dragonflies from the lower cretaceous of brazil . - meganeura , 1 : 27 - 28 . [ rtf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1997f ) : exhibition in germany : lower cretaceous santana formation . - meganeura , 1 : 22 - 23 . [ rtf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1997g ) : palaeoentomological / entomological association web sites . - meganeura , 1 : 19 .\nbechly , g . ( 1997h ) : new cd - rom . - meganeura , 1 : 18 . [ rtf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1997i ) : new fossil odonates from the upper triassic of italy , with a redescription of italophlebia gervasuttii whalley , and a reclassification of triassic dragonflies ( insecta : odonata ) . - riv . mus . civ . sc . nat .\ne . caffi\nbergamo , 19 : 31 - 70 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998 anonymous ) : ein hauch von unsterblichkeit - namenspatenschaften f\u00fcr santana - insekten . - fossilien , 1 / 98 : 3 [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998a ) : santana - die schatzkammer fossiler insekten aus der unterkreide brasiliens . - fossilien , 2 / 98 : 95 - 99 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998b ) : santana - forschungsgeschichte und fauna . - fossilien , 3 / 98 : 148 - 156 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998c ) : [ santana - eldorado of mesozoischer fossils ] . - taipei ' 98 natural history show , ( catalogue ) 1998 : 148 - 156 [ in chinese ] . [ pdf ( with english translation appended ) ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998d ) : new fossil dragonflies from the lower cretaceous santana formation of north - east brazil ( insecta : odonata ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 264 : 66 pp . , 1 tab . , 39 figs . [ pdf 27 . 5 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998e ) : new fossil damselflies from baltic amber , with description of a new species , a redescription of litheuphaea carpenteri fraser , and a discussion on the phylogeny of epallagidae ( zygoptera : caloptera ) . - int . j . odonatol . ( pantala ) , 1 ( 1 ) : 33 - 63 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998f ) : a revision of the fossil dragonfly genus urogomphus , with description of a new species ( insecta : odonata : pananisoptera : aeschnidiidae ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 270 : 47 pp . , 34 figs . [ pdf 20 . 8 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 1998g ) : juracordulia schiemenzi gen . et . sp . nov . , eine neue libelle aus den solnhofener plattenkalken ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) . - archaeopteryx , 16 : 29 - 36 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 1999a , submitted 1998 ) : phylogeny and systematics of fossil dragonflies ( insecta : odonatoptera ) with special reference to some mesozoic outcrops . - ph . d . thesis , eberhard - karls - universit\u00e4t t\u00fcbingen ; x + 755 pp . , 4 tabs , 143 textfigs , 70 pls .\nbechly , g . ( 1999b ) : epallagidae versus euphaeidae revisited . - int . j . odonatol . , 2 ( 2 ) : 137 - 139 . [ pdf ( incl . discussions by dumont and trueman ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000a ) : theses in palaeoentomology and entomology - bechly , g . 1999 . - meganeura , 5 [ electronical newsletter on the internet ] .\nbechly , g . ( 2000b ) : two new fossil dragonfly species ( insecta : odonata : pananisoptera : aeschnidiidae and aktassiidae ) from the solnhofen lithographic limestones ( upper jurassic of germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 288 : 1 - 9 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000c ) : mainstream cladistics versus hennigian phylogenetic systematics . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . a . , 613 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000d ) : [ book review ] w . weitschat , w . wichard . atlas der pflanzen und tiere im baltischen bernstein . - naturwiss . rdsch . , 53 ( 11 ) : 593 - 594 .\nbechly , g . ( 2000e ) : two new fossil dragonfly species ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : araripegomphidae and lindeniidae ) from the crato limestone ( lower cretaceous , brazil ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 296 : 1 - 16 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2000f ) : a new fossil damselfly species ( insecta : odonata : zygoptera : coenagrionidae : ischnurinae ) from dominican amber . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 299 : 1 - 9 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2001a ) : a new species of cymatophlebia ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : cymatophlebiidae ) from the solnhofen lithographic limestone ( upper jurassic , germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 301 : 1 - 5 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2001b ) : [ book review ] g . und b . krumbiegel : faszination bernstein . kleinod aus der wunderkammer der natur . - naturwiss . rdsch . , 54 ( 9 ) nr . 639 : 497 - 498 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2002 anonymous ) : die evolution der insekten . - fossilien , 4 / 02 : 202 - 203 [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003a ) : trilobiten - cheliceraten - insekten . - pp . 208 - 219 , 221 - 225 , and 241 - 247 in : urlichs , m . & ziegler , b . : farbatlas fossilien . - ulmer , stuttgart . [ amazon ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003b ) : [ book review ] e . geirnaert : l ' ambre miel de fortune et m\u00e9moire de vie . - fossilien , 3 / 03 : 140 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003d ) : the phylogenetic relationships of the three extant suborders of odonata . - ent . abh . , 61 ( 2 ) : 127 - 128 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2003e ) : odonatology website [ offline version 2002 ] . in : schorr , m . & lindeboom , m . ( eds ) ( 2003 ) : dragonfly research 1 . 2003 . zerf - t\u00fcbingen ( issn 1438 - 034x ) ( cd - rom ) .\nbechly , g . ( 2004a ) : evolution and systematics . - pp . 7 - 16 in : hutchins , m . , evans , a . v . , garrison , r . w . & schlager , n . ( eds ) : grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . 2nd edition . volume 3 , insects . 472 pp . - gale group , farmington hills , mi . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2004b ) : news - abstracts of the 7th annual congress of the gesellschaft f\u00fcr biologische systematik ( gfbs , society for biological systematics ) . - org . divers . & evol . 4 : 365 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( ed . ) ( 2004c ) : abstracts of the 7th annual congress of the gfbs ( society for biological systematics ) . - org . divers . & evol . 4 , electr . suppl . 6 : 1 - 117 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2005a ) : a re - description of\nstenophlebia\ncasta ( insecta : odonata : parastenophlebiidae n . fam ) from the upper jurassic solnhofen limestone in germany . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 359 : 1 - 12 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2005b ) : a new fossil dragonfly ( anisoptera : corduliidae ) from the paleocene fur formation ( mo clay ) of denmark . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b , 358 : 1 - 7 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . et al . ( 2005 ) : poster and abstract\nmultidisciplinary paleontological research at the late miocene ( mn9 ) locality of h\u00f6wenegg ( baden - w\u00fcrttemberg )\nfor the pal\u00e4ontologische gesellschaft meeting ( graz , aug . 2005 ) and rcmns meeting ( vienna , 2005 ) .\nbechly , g . ( 2006a ) : [ book review ] j\u00f6rg wunderlich - fossil spiders in amber and copal - fossile spinnen in bernstein und kopal . - naturwiss . rdsch . , 59 / 12 : 692 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2006b ) : new results about the arthropod fauna from the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil . - geological society of america abstracts with programs , 38 / 7 : 381 . [ abstract , pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007a ) : [ book review ] g\u00fcnther theischinger & john hawking ( 2006 ) : the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . - aquatic insects , 29 ( 1 ) : 75 - 76 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007b ) : [ book review ] rosser w . garrison , natalia von ellenrieder & jerry a . louton ( 2006 ) : dragonfly genera of the new world . - aquatic insects , 29 ( 1 ) : 72 - 75 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007c ) : new fossil odonata from the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil . - 5th international symposium of odonatology , 16 - 20 april 2007 , swakopmund , abstracts : 6 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007d ) : insects of the crato formation . chapter 11 . 1 introduction . - pp 142 - 149 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007e ) : chapter 11 . 5 odonata : damselflies and dragonflies . - pp 184 - 222 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007f ) : chapter 11 . 8\nblattaria\n: cockroaches and roachoids . - pp . 239 - 249 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007g ) : chapter 11 . 9 isoptera : termites . - pp . 249 - 262 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007h ) : chapter 11 . 10 chresmododea : fossil\nwater striders\n. - pp . 262 - 265 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007i ) : chapter 11 . 19 mecoptera : scorpionflies . - pp . 365 - 369 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2007j ) : chapter 11 . 21 trichoptera and lepidoptera : caddisflies and butterflies . - pp . 387 - 393 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2009 ) : der neue baum des lebens . - pp . 148 - 171 in : schmid , u . & bechly , g . ( eds ) : evolution - der fluss des lebens . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c . , 66 / 67 : 1 - 192 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2010a ) : fossile insekten aus den plattenkalken der crato - formation . - messekatalog mineralientage m\u00fcnchen , 2010 : 105 - 111 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2010b ) : additions to the fossil dragonfly fauna of the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil ( insecta : odonata ) . - palaeodiversity , 3 ( supplement\ncontributions to the willi - hennig - symposium on phylogenetics and evolution , university of hohenheim , 29 september - 2 october 2009\n) : 11 - 77 . [ pdf ; highres pdf 126 mb ]\nbechly , g . ( 2012a ) : [ book review ] wasserinsekten im baltischen bernstein . - fossilien , 1 / 12 : 124 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2012b ) : an interesting new fossil relict damselfly ( odonata : zygoptera : coenagrionoidea ) from eocene baltic amber . - palaeodiversity , 5 : 51 - 55 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2013a ) : the relevance of palaeontological data for understanding the age and origin of extant odonates . - ico 2013 book of abstracts , 2013 : 14 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2013b ) : [ book review ] max j . kobbert\nwunderwelt bernstein - faszinierende fossilien in 3 - d\n. - naturwissenschaftliche rundschau , 8 / 13 ( nr . 782 ) : 428 - 429 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2015a ) : [ chapter ] insekten ( hexapoda ) . - pp . 239 - 270 in : arratia , g . , schultze , h . p . , tischlinger , h . & viohl , g . ( eds ) : solnhofen - ein fenster in die jurazeit . 2 vols . 620 pp . , 996 color figs , 97 b + w figs , 5 tbls . - pfeil verlag , munich . [ webpage ]\nbechly , g . ( 2015b ) : [ chapter ] eichelw\u00fcrmer ( hemichordata : enteropneusta ) . - p . 324 in : arratia , g . , schultze , h . p . , tischlinger , h . & viohl , g . ( eds ) : solnhofen - ein fenster in die jurazeit . 2 vols . 620 pp . , 996 color figs , 97 b + w figs , 5 tbls . - pfeil verlag , munich . [ webpage , pdf excerpt with title , contents , and all cited literature ]\nbechly , g . ( 2015c ) : fossile libellennachweise aus deutschland ( odonatoptera ) . - in : brockhaus , t . et al . ( 2015 ) : atlas der libellen deutschlands ( odonata ) . - libellula supplement , 14 : 423 - 464 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . ( 2018a ) : chrismooreia michaelbehei gen . et sp . nov . ( insecta : odonata : asiopteridae ) , a new fossil damsel - dragonfly from the early jurassic of england . - bio - complexity 2018 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 ( doi : 10 . 5048 / bio - c . 2018 . 1 ) . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , dietl , g . & schweigert , g . ( 2003 ) : a new species of stenophlebia ( insecta : odonata : stenophlebiidae ) from the nusplingen lithographic limestone ( upper jurassic , sw germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 338 : 1 - 10 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & frickhinger , k . a . ( 1999 ) : kragentiere eichelw\u00fcrmer . pp . 76 - 79 in : frickhinger , k . a . ( 1999 ) : die fossilien von solnhofen . - goldschneck , korb . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & kin , a . ( 2013 ) : first record of the fossil dragonfly family eumorbaeschnidae ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) from the upper jurassic of poland . - acta palaeontologica polonica , 58 ( 1 ) : 121 - 124 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & makarkin , v . ( 2015 ) : a new giantic lacewing species ( insecta : neuroptera ) from the lower cretaceous of brazil confirms the occurrence of kalligrammatidae in the new world . - cretaceous research , 58 ( online 2015 , print 2016 ) : 135 - 140 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & poinar , g . jr . ( 2013 ) : burmaphlebia reifi gen . et sp . nov . , the first anisozygopteran damsel - dragonfly ( odonata : epiophlebioptera : burmaphlebiidae fam . nov . ) from early cretaceous burmese amber . - historical biology , 25 ( 2 ) : 233 - 237 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & sach , v . ( 2002 ) : an interesting new fossil dragonfly ( anisoptera : libellulidae : brachydiplacini ) from the miocene of germany , with a discussion on the phylogeny of tetrathemistinae and a fossil list for the locality heggbach . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 325 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & schweigert , g . ( 2000 ) : the first fossil hanging flies ( insecta : mecoptera : raptipedia : cimbrophlebiidae and bittacidae ) from the limestones of solnhofen and nusplingen ( upper jurassic of germany ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 287 : 1 - 18 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & stockar , r . ( 2011 ) : the first mesozoic record of the extinct apterygote insect genus dasyleptus ( insecta : archaeognatha : monura : dasyleptidae ) from the triassic of monte san giorgio ( switzerland ) . - palaeodiversity , 4 : 23 - 37 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & szwedo , j . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 14 coleorrhyncha : moss bugs . - pp . 313 - 317 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & ueda , k . ( 2002 ) : the first fossil record and first new world record for the dragonfly clade chlorogomphida ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : araripechlorogomphidae n . fam . ) from the crato limestone ( lower cretaceous , brazil ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 328 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & wichard , w . ( 2008 ) : damselfly and dragonfly nymphs in eocene baltic amber ( insecta : odonata ) , with aspects of their palaeobiology . - palaeodiversity , 1 : 37 - 74 . [ pdf 32 . 4 mb ]\nbechly , g . & wittmann , m . ( 2000 ) : two new tropical bugs ( insecta : heteroptera : thaumastocoridae - xylastodorinae and hypsipterygidae ) from baltic amber . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 289 : 1 - 11 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . & wolf - schwenninger , k . ( 2011 ) : a new fossil genus and species of snakefly ( raphidioptera : mesoraphidiidae ) from lower cretaceous lebanon amber , with a discussion on snakefly phylogeny and fossil history . - insect systematics & evolution , 42 ( 2 ) : 221 - 236 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , haas , f . , schawaller , w . , schmalfuss , h . & schmid , u . ( 2001 ) : ur - geziefer - die faszinierende evolution der insekten . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c , 49 : 96 pp . , 81 figs . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , brauckmann , c . , zessin , w . & gr\u00f6ning , e . ( 2001 ) : new results concerning the morphology of the most ancient dragonflies ( insecta : odonatoptera ) from the namurian of hagen - vorhalle ( germany ) . - j . zool . syst . evol . res . , 39 ( 2001 ) : 209 - 226 . [ pdf ]\nbechly , g . , nel , a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . a . , coram , r . , martill , d . , fleck , g . , escuilli\u00e9 , f . , wisshak , m . m . & maisch , m . ( 2001 ) : a revision and phylogenetic study of mesozoic aeshnoptera , with description of several new families , genera and species ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) . - n . pal\u00e4ont . abh . , 4 : 219 pp . , 137 text - figs , 48 pls . [ pdf 62 . 5 mb ]\nbechly , g . , nel , a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . & fleck , g . ( 1998 ) : four new dragonfly species from the upper jurassic of germany and the lower cretaceous of mongolia ( anisoptera : hemeroscopidae , sonidae , and proterogomphidae fam . nov . ) . - odonatologica , 27 ( 2 ) : 149 - 187 . [ pdf ]\ncaterino , m . s . , wolf - schwenninger , k . & bechly , g . ( 2015 ) : cretonthophilus tuberculatus , a remarkable new genus and species of hister beetle ( coleoptera : histeridae ) from cretaceous burmese amber . - zootaxa , 4052 ( 2 ) : 241 - 245 .\ndijkstra , k . - d . b . , bechly , g . bybee , s . n . , dow , r . a . , dumont , h . j . , fleck , g . , garrison , r . w . , h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . , kalkman , v . j . , karube , h . , may , m . l . , orr , a . g . , paulson , d . , rehn , a . c . , theischinger , g . , trueman , j . w . h . , tol , j . v . , von ellenrieder , n . & ware , j . ( 2013 ) : the classification of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . - zootaxa , 3703 ( 1 ) : 036 - 045 . [ pdf ]\ndelcl\u00f2s , x . , nel , a . , azar , d . , bechly , g . , dunlop , j . a . , engel , m . s . & heads , s . ( 2008 ) : the enigmatic mesozoic insect taxon chresmodidae ( polyneoptera ) : new palaeobiological and phylogenetic data , with the description of a new species from the lower cretaceous of brazil . - neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie - abhandlungen , 247 ( 3 ) : 353 - 381 . [ pdf ]\ndunlop , j . a . & bechly , g . ( 2015 ) : [ chapter ] kieferklauentr\u00e4ger ( chelicerata ) . - pp . 292 - 298 in : arratia , g . , schultze , h . p . , tischlinger , h . & viohl , g . ( eds ) : solnhofen - ein fenster in die jurazeit . 2 vols . 620 pp . , 996 color figs , 97 b + w figs , 5 tbls . - pfeil verlag , munich . [ webpage ]\ndunlop , j . a . , bird , t . l . , brookhart , j . o . & bechly , g . ( 2015 ) : a camel spider from cretaceous burmese amber . - cretaceous research . 56 : 265 - 273 . [ pdf ]\nfet , v . & bechly , g . ( 2000 ) : case 3120 . ischnurainae fraser , 1957 ( insecta , odonata ) : proposed conservation as the correct spelling of ischnurinae to remove homonymy with ischnuridae simon , 1879 ( arachnida , scorpiones ) . - bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 57 ( 1 ) : 26 - 28 . [ pdf and opinion 2037 ]\nfet , v . & bechly , g . ( 2001 ) : case 3120a - liochelidae , fam . nov . ( scorpiones ) : proposed introduction as a substitute name for ischnuridae simon , 1879 , as an alternative to the suggested emendment of ischnurinae fraser , 1957 ( insecta , odonata ) to ischnurainae in order to remove homonymy . - bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 58 ( 4 ) : 280 - 281 . [ pdf and opinion 2037 ]\nfleck , g . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . a . , coram , r . & nel , a . ( 2003 ) : phylogeny and classification of the stenophlebioptera ( odonata : epiproctophora ) . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , n . s . 39 ( 1 ) : 55 - 93 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . & nel , a . ( 2004 ) : a revision of the upper jurassic - lower cretaceous dragonfly family tarsophlebiidae , with a discussion on the phylogenetic positions of the tarsophlebiidae and sieblosiidae ( insecta , odonatoptera , panodonata ) . - geodiversitas , 26 ( 1 ) : 33 - 60 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , nel , a . , bechly , g . & escuilli\u00e9 , f . ( 2002 ) : the larvae of the mesozoic family aeschnidiidae and their phylogenetic implications ( insecta , odonata , anisoptera ) . - palaeontology , 45 ( 1 ) : 165 - 184 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , nel , a . , bechly , g . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 2001 ) : revision and phylogenetic affinities of the jurassic steleopteridae handlirsch , 1906 ( odonata : zygoptera ) . - insect systematics & evolution , 32 : 285 - 305 . [ pdf ]\nfleck , g . , nel , a . , bechly , g . , delcl\u00f2s , x . , jarzembowski , e . a . & coram , r . ( 2008 ) : new lower cretaceous ' libelluloid ' dragonflies ( insecta : odonata : cavilabiata ) with notes about estimated divergence dates for this group . - palaeodiversity , 1 : 19 - 36 . [ pdf ]\ngreenwalt , d . e . & bechly , g . ( 2014 ) : a re - description of the fossil damselfly eolestes syntheticus cockerell , 1940 ( odonata : zygoptera : eolestidae n . fam . ) with description of new taxa from the eocene of north america . - zootaxa , 3887 ( 2 ) : 138 - 156 . [ pdf ]\nhuang , d . , azar , d . , cai , c . , maksoud , s . , nel , a . , bechly , g . ( 2017 ) : mesomegaloprepidae , a remarkable new damselfly family ( hexapoda : odonata : zygoptera ) from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . - cretaceous research , 73 : 1 - 13 . [ pdf ]\nhuang , d . , bechly , g . , nel , p . , engel , m . s . , prokop , j . , azar , d . , cai , c . - y . , van de kamp , t . , staniczek , a . , garrouste , r . , krogmann , l . , dos santos rolo , t . , baumbach , t . , ohlhoff , r . , shmakov , a . , bourgoin , t . & nel , a . ( 2016 ) : new fossil insect order permopsocida elucidates major radiation and evolution of suction feeding in hemimetabolous insects ( hexapoda : acercaria ) . - scientific reports\nhuang , d . , cai , c . , nel , a . & bechly , g . ( 2017 ) : a new dragonfly family from the mid cretaceous burmese amber ( odonata : aeshnoptera : burmaeshnidae ) . - cretaceous research , 78 : 8 - 12 . [ pdf ]\nhuguet , a . , nel , a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , bechly , g . & martins - neto , r . ( 2002 ) : preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the protanisoptera ( insecta : odonatoptera ) [ essai d ' analyse phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique des protanisoptera ( insecta : odonatoptera ) ] . - geobios , 35 : 537 - 560 . [ pdf ]\njarzembowski , e . a . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . , bechly , g . , nel , a . , coram , r . & escuill\u00e9 , f . ( 1998 ) : the mesozoic non - calopterygoid zygoptera : descriptions of new genera and species from the lower cretaceous of england and brazil and their phylogenetic significance ( odonata , zygoptera , coenagrionoidea , hemiphlebioidea , lestoidea ) . - cretaceous research , 19 : 403 - 444 . [ pdf ]\njattiot , r . , bechly , g . , garrouste , r . & nel , a . ( 2012 ) : an enigmatic nepoidea from the lower cretaceous of brazil ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . - cretaceous research , 34 : 344 - 347 . [ pdf ] .\nkaur kohli , m . , ware , j . l . & bechly , g .\n( 2016 ) : how to date a dragonfly : fossil calibrations for odonates . -\n( 2013 , ifirst 2012 ) : lower cretaceous origin of long - distance mate finding behaviour in hymenoptera ( insecta ) . -\nmartill , d . m . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 1 introduction . - pp 3 - 7 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nmartill , d . m . , bechly , g . & heads , s . w . ( 2007 ) : appendix : species list for the crato formation . - pp . 582 - 607 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\n( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . , 80 line diagrams 100 half - tones and 32 colour plates - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [\nmartins - neto , r . g . , heads , s . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 16 neuropterida : snakeflies , dobsonflies and lacewings . - pp . 328 - 340 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nmaxwell , e . , alexander , s . , bechly , g . , eck , k . , frey , e . , grimm , k . , kovar - eder , j . , mayr , g . , micklich , n . , rasser , m . , rodrigo , b . s . , roth - nebelsick , a . , schoch , r . , schweigert , g . , stinnesbeck , w . , wolf - schwenninger , k . & ziegler , r . ( 2016 ) : the rauenberg fossil lagerst\u00e4tte ( baden - w\u00fcrttemberg , germany ) : a window into early oligocene marine and coastal ecosystems of central europe . - palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 463 : 238 - 260 . [ pdf ]\nm\u00f6stel , c . , schorr , m . & bechly , g . ( 2017 ) : a new stem - coenagrionoid genus of damselflies ( odonata : zygoptera ) from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . - zootaxa , 4243 ( 1 ) : 177 - 186 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . & bechly , g . ( 2009 ) : the third petalurid dragonfly from the lower cretaceous of brazil ( odonata : cretapetaluridae ) . - annales zoologici , 59 ( 3 ) : 281 - 285 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , garrouste , r . , pohl , b . & escuilli\u00e9 , f . ( 2005 ) : a new extraordinary neuropterid family from the lower cretaceous crato formation of brazil : a new insect order ? ( insecta , neuropterida ) . - cretaceous research , 26 : 845 - 852 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , jarzembowski , e . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1998 ) : a revision of the fossil petalurid dragonflies ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera : petalurida ) . - paleontologia lombarda , n . s . , 10 : 68 pp . , 2 tabs , 59 figs . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 1996 ) : a new genus and species of aeschnidiidae ( insecta : odonata : anisoptera ) from the solnhofen limestone , upper jurassic , germany . - senckenbergiana lethaea , 76 ( 1 / 2 ) : 175 - 179 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . & mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . ( 2001 ) : a new fossil dragonfly from the upper jurassic in germany ( odonata : anisoptera : protolindeniidae ) . - revue francaise d ' entomologie , 23 ( 4 ) : 257 - 261 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . & fleck , g . ( 2001 ) : a new family of anisoptera from the upper jurassic of karatau in kazakhstan ( insecta : odonata : juragomphidae n . fam . ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 314 : 1 - 9 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . & bechly , g . & delcl\u00f2s , x . & huang , d . - y . ( 2009 ) : new and poorly known mesozoic damsel - dragonflies ( odonata : isophlebioidea : campterophlebiidae , isophlebiidae ) . - palaeodiversity , 2 : 209 - 232 [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bethoux , o . , bechly , g . , mart\u00ednez - delcl\u00f2s , x . & papier , f . ( 2001 ) : the permo - triassic odonatoptera of the\nprotodonate\ngrade ( insecta : odonatoptera ) . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , ( n . s . ) 37 ( 4 ) : 501 - 525 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , garrouste , r . , bechly , g . , pohl , b . & escuilli\u00e9 , f . ( 2006 ) : rafaeliana , a replacement generic name for rafaelia nel et al , 2005 ( neuropterida ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 111 ( 2 ) : 190 . [ pdf ]\nnel , a . , bechly , g . , prokop , j . , b\u00e9thoux , o . & fleck , g . ( 2012 ) : systematics and evolution of palaeozoic and mesozoic damselfly - like odonatoptera of the\nprotozygopteran\ngrade . - journal of paleontology , 86 ( 1 ) : 81 - 104 . [ pdf 21 . 7 mb ] .\nolmi , m . & bechly , g . ( 2001 ) : new parasitic wasps from baltic amber ( insecta : hymenoptera : dryinidae ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 306 : 1 - 58 . [ pdf ]\npetrulevicius , j . f . , nel , a . , rust , j . , bechly , g . & kohls , d . ( 2007 ) : new paleogene epallagidae ( insecta : odonata ) recorded in north america and europe . biogeographic implications . - alavesia , 1 : 15 - 25 . [ pdf ]\npinkert , s . , bechly , g . & nel , a . ( 2017 ) : first record of hawker dragonflies from eocene baltic amber ( odonata : anisoptera : gomphaeschnidae ) . - zootaxa , 4272 ( 2 ) : 263 - 275 . [ pdf ]\npoinar , g . jr . , bechly , g . & buckley , r . ( 2010 ) : first record of odonata and a new subfamily of damselflies from early cretaceous burmese amber . - palaeodiversity , 3 : 15 - 22 . [ pdf ]\npopov , y . a . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 15 heteroptera : bugs . - pp . 317 - 328 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nprobst , e . feat . bechly , g . ( 2011 ) : wer war der stammvater der insekten ? interview mit dem stuttgarter biologen und pal\u00e4ontologen dr . g\u00fcnter bechly . - grin verlag , m\u00fcnchen : 107 pp . [ webpage ]\nrasser , m . w . , bechly , g . b\u00f6ttcher , r . , ebner , m . , heizmann , e . p . j . , h\u00f6ltke , o . , joachim , c . , kern , a . , kovar - eder , j . , nebelsick , j . h . , roth - nebelsick , a . , schoch , r . r . , schweigert , g . & ziegler , r . ( 2013 ) : the randeck maar : palaeoenvironment and habitat differentiation of a miocene lacustrine system . - palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 392 : 426 - 453 . [ pdf\nrasser , m . w . , bechly , g . , b\u00f6ttcher , r . , ebner , m . , heizmann , e . p . j . , h\u00f6ltke , o . , joachim , c . , kern , a . k . , kovar - eder , j . , nebelsick , j . h . , roth - nebelsick , a . , schoch , r . r . , schweigert , g . & ziegler , r . ( 2014 ) : lebensraum randecker maar : ein fenster in das mittelmioz\u00e4ne klimaoptimum . - jahreshefte der gesellschaft f\u00fcr naturkunde in w\u00fcrttemberg , 171 : 231 - 236 , 4 pls .\nsch\u00e4del , m . & bechly , g . ( 2016 ) : first record of anisoptera ( insecta : odonata ) from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . - zootaxa , 4103 ( 6 ) : 537 - 549 . [ pdf ]\nschmid , u . & bechly , g . ( 2009 ) ( eds ) : evolution - der fluss des lebens . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c . , 66 / 67 : 197 pp . ( second revised edition published 2010 ) [ pdf ( reduced quality ) , review in spektrum der wissenschaft ]\nschweigert , g . & bechly , g . ( 2001 ) : bibliographie zur geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie des randecker maars ( unter - mioz\u00e4n , s\u00fcdwestdeutschland ) 1825 - 2000 . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 302 : 1 - 12 . [ pdf ]\nschwermann , a . h . , dos santos rolo , t . , caterino , m . s . , bechly , g . , schmied , h . , baumbach , t . & van de kamp , t . ( 2016 ) : preservation of three - dimensional anatomy in phosphatized fossil arthropods enriches evolutionary inference . - elife\nschwermann , a . h . , wuttke , m . , santos rolo , t . d . , caterino , m . s . , bechly , g . , schmied , h . , baumbach , t . & van de kamp , t . ( 2016 ) : the fossil insects of the quercy region : a historical review . - entomologie heute , 28 : 127 - 142 . [ pdf ]\nskartveit , j . & bechly , g . ( 2013 ) : first record of the march fly genus plecia ( diptera : bibionidae ) in dominican amber . - neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie abhandlungen , 269 / 1 : 97 - 100 . [ pdf ]\nsroka , p . , staniczek , a . h . & bechly , g . ( 2014 ) : revision of the giant pterygote insect bojophlebia prokopi kukalov\u00e1 - peck , 1985 ( insecta : hydropalaeoptera ) from the carboniferous of the czech republic . - journal of systematic palaeontology , 13 ( 11 ) : 963 - 982 . [ pdf ] .\nstaniczek , a . h . & bechly , g . ( 2002 ) : first fossil record of the mayfly family baetiscidae from baltic amber ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . b . , 322 : 1 - 11 . [ official pdf with an erroneous duplicate figure , and corrected pdf with color figures ]\nstaniczek , a . h . & bechly , g . ( 2007 ) : chapter 11 . 2 apterygota : primarily wingless insects . - pp . 149 - 154 in : martill , d . m . , bechly , g . & loveridge , r . f . ( eds ) ( 2007 ) : the crato fossil beds of brazil : window into an ancient world . xvi + 625 pp . - cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . [ pdf ]\nstaniczek , a . h . , bechly , g . & godunko , r . j . ( 2011 ) : coxoplectoptera , a new fossil order of palaeoptera ( arthropoda : insecta ) , with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies ( ephemeroptera ) . - insect systematics & evolution , 42 : 101 - 138 . [ pdf 45 . 6 mb ]\nstaniczek , a . h . , sroka , p . & bechly , g . ( 2014 ) : neither silverfish nor fowl : the enigmatic carboniferous carbotriplura kukalovae kluge , 1996 ( insecta : carbotriplurida ) is the putative fossil sister group to winged insects ( insecta : pterygota ) . - systematic entomology , 39 ( 4 ) : 619 - 632 . [ pdf ]\n( 2015 ) : new predatory cockroaches ( insecta : blattaria : manipulatoridae fam . n . ) from the upper cretaceous myanmar amber . -\nziegler , r . & bechly , g . ( 2009 ) : von darwin zur afrikanischen eva - ursprung und entwicklung des menschen . - pp . 136 - 147 in : schmid , u . & bechly , g . ( eds ) : evolution - der fluss des lebens . - stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . c . , 66 / 67 : 1 - 192 . [ pdf ]\nzessin , w . , bechly , g . , brauckmann , c . & gr\u00f6ning , e . ( 2001 ) : some new results concerning the morphology of the oldest dragonflies ( insecta : odonatoptera ) from the namurian of hagen - vorhalle ( germany ) . - the fifteenth international symposium of odonatology , abstracts of paper [ sic ! ] , societas internationalis odonatologica ( s . i . o . ) , novosibirsk , russia , july 9 - 19 , 2001 : 18 - 19 .\nimpressum | datenschutz | cookie policy | sitemap copyright : dr . g\u00fcnter bechly , germany , 2015\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbachmann , a . o . ( 1963 ) la ninfa de staurophlebia bosqi nav\u00e1s , 1927 ( odonata - aeshnidae ) . rev . soc . ent . argent . , buenos aires 26 : 71 - 73 .\nbackhoff , p . ( 1910 ) die entwicklung des copulationsapparates von agrion . ein beitrag zur postembryonalen entwicklungsgeschichte der odonaten . z . wiss . zool . 95 , p . 647\u2014706\nbaerends , g . p . ( 1959 ) ethological studies of insect behavior . ann . rev . ent . 4 : 207 - 229 .\nbaez , m . , ( 1985 ) las lib\u00e9lulas de las islas canarias . cabildo insular de tenerife , santa cruz , tenerife .\nbagg , a . m . ( 1957 ) a fall flight of dragonflies . maine field nat . 13 : 13 - 15 .\nbagg , a . m . ( 1958 ) fall emigration of the dragon - fly , anax junius . maine field nat . 14 : 2 - 13 .\nbaijal , h . n . and agarwal , j . p . ( 1955 ) opuscula libellulogica i . agra university journal research 4 ( 1 ) : 453 - 470 , figs . 1 - 43 .\nbaker , r . l . ( 1980 ) use of space in relation to feeding areas by zygopteran nymphs in captivity . can . j . zool . 58 : 1060 - 1065 .\nbaker , r . l . , and h . f . clifford . ( 1980 ) the nymphs of coenagrion interrogatum and c . resolutum ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) from the boreal forest of alberta , canada . can . ent . 112 : 433 - 436 .\nbaker , r . l . ( 1981 ) behavioral interactions and use of feeding areas by nymphs of coenagrion resolutum ( coenagrionidae : odonata ) . oecologia 49 : 353 - 358 .\nbaker , r . l . , and h . f . clifford . ( 1981 ) life cycles and food of coenagrion resolutum ( coenagrionidae : odonata ) and lestes disjunctus disjunctus ( lestidae : odonata ) populations from the boreal forest of alberta , canada . aquatic insects 3 : 179 - 191 .\nbaker , r . l . , and b . p . smith . ( 1997 ) conflict between antipredator and antiparasite behaviour in larval damselflies . oecologia 109 ( 4 ) : 622 - 628 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1956 ) a new species of chlorolestes ( odonata ) from natal . annals transvaal museum 22 ( 4 ) : 511 - 514 , figs . 1 - 5 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1957 ) classification of the females in the genus pseudagrion ( odonata ) based on thoracic structure . journal of the entomological society of south africa . 20 : 280 - 294 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1961 ) observations on the dragonfly fauna of the coastal region of zululand , with descriptions of three new species ( odonata ) . journal entomological society southern africa 24 ( 1 ) : 72 - 91 , figs . 1 - 12 , incl . pl . 1 - 1 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1963 ) a contribution towards the systematics of dragonflies of southern africa ( odonata ) . journal entomological society southern africa 26 ( 1 ) : 228 - 255 , figs . 1 - 45 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1964 ) a new species of pseudagrion ( odonata ) from the okavango swamps , bechuanaland . novos taxa entomologicos no . 36 : 3 - 7 , figs . 1 - 1 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1965 ) a new species of orthetrum ( odonata ) from southern africa . novos taxa entomologicos no . 39 : 3 - 7 .\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1967 ) on some intrinsic and environmental factors controlling the distribution of dragonflies ( odonata ) , with redescription and a new name for a little known species . journal entomological society southern africa 29 : 3 - 22 , figs . 1 - 4 , ta\nbalinsky , b . i . ( 1971 ) a new species of pseudagrion s\u00e9lys ( odonata ) from eastern transvaal . journal entomological society southern africa 34 ( 1 ) : 11 - 15 , figs . 1 - 1 .\nbandsma , a . t . and brandt , r . t . ( 1963 ) the amazing world of insects , george allen & unwin ltd . , london 46pp . + 133pl .\nbanks , n . ( 1892 ) a synopsis , catalogue and bibliography of the neuropteroid insects of temperate north america . trans . amer . ent . soc . 19 : 327 - 372 .\nbanks , n . ( 1894 ) the odonata of ithaca , n . y . can . ent . 26 : 76 - 78 .\nbanks , n . ( 1896 ) a new species of gomphus . journal [ of the ] new york entomological society 4 ( 4 ) : 193 - 195 .\nbanks , m . j . , and d . j . thompson . ( 1985 ) lifetime mating success in the damselfly coenagrion puella . anim . behav . 33 : 1175 - 1183 .\nbarclay , h . ( 1964 ) some of the common pond arthropoda of the auckland district . tane 10 : 40 - 48\nbarclay , m . h . ( 1966 ) an ecological study of a temporary pond near auckland l new zealand . australian j . marine and freshwater research 17 : 239 - 258\nbarlow , a . ( 1996 ) additions to the checklist of odonata from malawi , with taxonomic notes . odonatologica 25 ( 3 ) : 221 - 230 .\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1933 ) a new genus of corduline dragonfly from south africa ( odonata ) . stylops 2 ( 7 ) : 165 - 168 , figs . 1 - 2 .\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1937 ) notes on dragon - flies ( odonata ) of the s . w . cape with descriptions of the nymphs and of new species . annals south african museum 32 ( 3 ) : 169 - 260 , figs . 1 - 32 .\nbarra , j . ( 1963 ) introduction \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude \u00e9cologique des odonates autour de strasbourg . bull . soc . zool . france , paris 88 : 108 - 124 .\nbarrett , m . d . & williams , m . r . ( 1998 ) distribution of the western petalura dragonfly petalura hesperia watson in western australia . pac . conserv . biol . 4 ( 2 ) : 149 - 154\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1908 ) eine sammlung von odonaten aus der umbegung des uvilda - sees ( goouv . perm ) . trudy obshchestva estestvoipytatelei imperatorskom kazanskom 41 ( 1 ) : 1 - 40 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1909 ) verzeichnisse der evertebraten - sammlungen des zoolog . museums der kais . universitat tomsk . xii . beitrage zur odonatenfauna sibiriens ( 1 - 5 ) . [ samml . zool . mus . univ . tomsk . 12 : 17 - 56 . pl 1 , 2 . . . . alt journal title ? ] izvestiia gosudarstvennogo tomskogo universiteta 37 ( 12 ) : 17 - 56 , excl . pl . 1 - 2 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1909 ) die odonaten der expedition nach kars . trudy kruzhka izsliedovanii russkoi prirody [ check ] 4 : 63 - 75 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1910 ) data relating to siberian dragonflies ? zoologischer anzeiger 35 ( 4 ) : 270 - 278 , figs . 1 - 7 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1910 ) verzeichnisse der evertebraten - sammlungen des zoolog . museums der kais . universitat tomsk . xi . collection of matsugama ( japan ) dragonflies . [ samml . zool . mus . univ . tomsk . . . . alt journal title ? ] izvestiia gosudarstvennogo tomskogo universiteta 37 ( 11 ( 1909 ) : 1 - 16 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1911 ) contributions to the knowledge of the odonata from palearctic asia in the zoological museum of imp . academy of sciences of st . petersburg . annuaire musee zoologique academie imperiale sciences st pet 16 : 409 - 448 , figs . 1 - 15 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1912 ) die palaearctischen und ostasiatischen arten und unterarten der gatung calopleryx leach ( odonata , calopterygidae ) . raboty laboratorii zoologicheskago kabineta imperatorskago v 1911 ( 1 ) : 63 - 193 , figs . 1 - 48 . [ also as : 63 - 257 ]\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1912 ) odonaten - ausbeute in transkaukasien im sommer 1911 . raboty laboratorii zoologicheskago kabineta imperatorskago v 1912 : 132 - 161 , figs . 1 - 14 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1912 ) materiahen zur odonatenfauna sibieriens . 15 . odonaten aus transbaikalien . zoologische jahrbuecher systematik 32 : 221 - 284 , figs . 1 - 15 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1913 ) sur une collection de libellules de boukhara ( turkestan ) . revue russe entomologie 13 ( 1 ) : 176 - 189 , figs . 1 - 9 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1913 ) contributions \u00e0 la connaissance des odonates de l ' asie pal\u00e9arctique du mus\u00e9e zoologique de l ' acad\u00e9mie imperiale des sciences de st . p\u00e9tersbourg , 2 . annuaire musee zoologique academie imperiale sciences st pet 17 ( 3 / 4 ) : 289 - 310 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1914 ) mat\u00e9riaux pour l ' \u00e9tude de la faune des libellules de la sib\u00e9rie . 16 . odonates de la province d ' oussouri horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 41 ( 2 ) : 1 - 32 , figs . 1 - 21 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1915 ) faune de la russie et des pays limitrophes . insectes pseudoneuropteres ( insecta pseudoneuroptera ) , vol . i , libellulidae , livr . 1 . [ in russian ] mus . zool . acad . imp . sci . , petrograd , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 352 , figs . 1 - 124 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1915 ) les repr\u00e8sentants am\u00e9ricans du genre sympetrum ( odonata , libellulinae ) . raboty laboratorii zoologicheskago kabineta imperatorskago v 1915 ( 5 ) : 1 - 26 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1916 ) contributions \u00e0 la faune des odonates du nord de perse . revue russe entomologie 16 ( 1 / 2 ) : 38 - 45 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1919 ) insectes pseudoneuropt\u00e8res ( insecta pseudoneuroptera ) . volume i , libellulidae . livraison 2 . faune russie 1 ( 2 ) : 353 - 576 , figs . 125 - 192 . maps 8 - 14 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1924 ) contributions \u00e0 l ' odontofaune des monts de la caucasie . [ 1925 ? ] bulletin museum georgie 2 : 28 - 86 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1929 ) donn\u00e9s nouvelles sur les odonates de la transcaucasie , de la perse et du turkestan . revue russe entomologie 23 ( 1 / 2 ) : 124 - 131 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1929 ) \u00fcber die artengruppen aeschna juncea und aeschna clepsydra in dem pal\u00e4arctischen gebiete [ in russian ] . trudy severo - kavkazskoi assotsiatsii nauchno - issledovatel ' sk 54 : 1 - 65 , figs . 1 - 70 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1929 ) neue arten und varietaten der odonata des west - kaukasus . zoologischer anzeiger 85 ( 3 / 4 ) : 54 - 68 , figs . 1 - 13 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) sur une collection des odonates de la sib\u00e9rie orientale et du turkestan et sur le genre ophiogomphus selys dans la region pal\u00e9actique . [ on a dragonfly collection from east siberia and turkestan and on the genus ophiogomphus sel . in palaearctic ] . revue russe entomologie 24 ( 1 / 2 ) : 115 - 127 , figs . 1 - 2 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) die pal\u00e4arktischen arten der untergattung cordulegaster . raboty severo - kavkazskoi gidrobiologicheskoi stantsii pri go 3 ( 1 / 3 ) : 1 - 32 , figs . 1 - 4 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) \u00fcber calopteryx splendens und ihre biotypen besonders die westasiatischen . zoologische jahrbuecher systematik 58 : 521 - 540 , incl . pl . 5 - 5 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) \u00fcber die aberrationen von libellula quadrimaculata l . zoologischer anzeiger 87 ( 7 / 8 ) : 191 - 198 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) \u00fcber eine kleine odonatensammlung aus japan und nordchina . zoologischer anzeiger 88 ( 11 / 12 ) : 326 - 329 , figs . 1 - 7 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1930 ) likely in error , see ' abstract ' zoologischer anzeiger 89 ( 7 / 10 ) : 229 - 245 , figs . 1 - 5 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1931 ) die geographisch - biologische charakteristik und die arten - paarungen der gattung sympetrum newm . 1833 . zool . jahrb . ( syst . ) 61 : 347 - 360 .\nbartenef , a . n . ( 1956 ) materials on the odonate fauna ( insecta , odonata ) of the far east [ in russian ] . trudy dal ' nevostochnogo filiala akademii nauk ussr zoology 3 ( 6 ) : 201 - 238 , incl . pl . 1 - 10 .\nbartram , j . ; collinson , p . ( 1753 ) some observations on the dragon - fly or libella of pensilvania , collected from mr . john bartram ' s letters , communicated by peter collinson , f . r . s . ( january 1 , 1753 ) philosophical transactions ( 1683 - 1775 ) 46 : 323\u2013325\nbay , e . c . ( 1974 ) predator - prey relationships among aquatic insects . annual review of entomology 19 : 441 - 453\nbayly , i . a . e . and williams , w . d . ( 1973 ) inland waters and their ecology . longman , camberwell , victoria , 316pp .\nbeatty , g . h . , iii . ( 1945 ) odonata collected and observed in 1945 at two artificial ponds at upton , new jersey . bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 40 : 178 - 187 .\nbeatty , g . h . , iii . ( 1946 ) dragonflies collected in pennsylvania and new jersey in 1945 . ent . news 62 : 1 - 10 , 50 - 56 , 76 - 81 , 104 - 111 . [ or vol 57 : ? ]"]}
{"id": 540, "summary": [{"text": "elachista gildorella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista gildorella", "paragraphs": ["elachista gildorella kaila , 1999 , n . sp . , acta zool . fennica , v . 211 , p . 1 - 235 .\nelachista laetella rebel , 1930 ( sometimes in e . subalbidella ; tentatively placed here )\nelachista infuscata frey , 1882 ( sometimes in e . exactella ; tentatively placed here )\nelachista juliensis frey , 1870 = e . freyi staudinger , 1871 ( type of biselachista )\nelachista baltica e . hering , 1891 ( sometimes in e . freyerella ; tentatively placed here )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 6 . 9m ; p . 73 . book review and ordering\nmany species and even entire genera have been named after elements of j . r . r . tolkien ' s legendarium . some items on the list are junior synonyms , i . e . they were coined for a taxon that had an earlier published name and thus are not official according to the rules of zoological nomenclature . these are marked in the footnotes accordingly .\n\u2191 spelt with a k because the genus ancalagon was already occupied by ancalagon minor . the species name saurognathus is latin for\nlizard jaw\nbut also bears a resemblance to sauron .\n\u2191 moths of this species are , according to biologist lauri kaila , similar to elves in that they are inconspicuous and have spread to the western hemisphere .\n\u2191 because it is\nshort , fat , and has hairy feet\n.\n\u2191 because\nthe specimens of planois smaug were ' sleeping ' in collections for about 60 years , like tolkiens\u2019 creature , and because of the large size of the insect\n. entomologytoday , 23 december 2015 .\nisaak , mark . curiosities of biological nomenclature : etymology : fiction . updated 2010 - 08 - 02 . retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 .\nthis page was last modified on 5 march 2017 , at 18 : 23 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from kipling will . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact kipling will kipwill @ urltoken .\n7777 7777 0410 0469 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhindwings characteristic of their family . they are essentially found worldwide , except in very cold places and on some\nhowever . they usually have at least one , sometimes as many as three light bands running from leading to trailing edge of their forewing uppersides . some\nof this large genus have been discovered yet , let alone validly described and named . several small genera , e . g .\nof the present genus ) than other species commonly placed here , if not actually closer . in addition ,\npractice ( i . e . using as namesake the group - member which was described first ) . some of these groups are placed in either of the two large\nif accepted as distinct , but seem too unlike them to warrant placement in either .\n. version of 2008 - oct - 09 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\n( vol . 6 : microlepidoptera ) [ in german ] . landwirtschaftskammer f\u00fcr ober\u00f6sterreich .\n. version of 2004 - nov - 05 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\n. version of 2008 - jul - 19 . retrieved 2010 - may - 01 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 544, "summary": [{"text": "tate 's woolly mouse opossum ( marmosa paraguayana ) is an omnivorous , arboreal south american marsupial of the family didelphidae , named after american zoologist george henry hamilton tate .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is native to atlantic coastal forests of brazil , paraguay and argentina .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species lives in both primary and secondary forest , including forest fragments within grassland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "insects are a major component of its diet .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it was formerly assigned to the genus micoureus , which was made a subgenus of marmosa in 2009 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "while its conservation status is \" least concern \" , its habitat is shrinking through urbanization and conversion to agriculture over much of its range . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tate ' s woolly mouse opossum", "paragraphs": ["no children of tate ' s woolly mouse opossum ( micoureus paraguayanus ) found .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nmarmosa is a genus of small didelfimorfos didelphidae family of marsupials known as\nmarmosas\nor\nmouse opossums\n. this is a clade in continuous remodeling , moving frequently different between this and other species next genre .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrito , d . , astua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & flores , d .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in the atlantic forest region of brazil up to the northern border of espirito santo state , south to rio grande do sul , and east to mnisiones ( argentina ) , and eastern paraguay ( gardner 2008 ) .\nit lives in primary and secondary habitats , and is insectivorous , omnivorous and arboreal . several ecological studies exist for this species - especially in southern brazil . it can disperse between fragments up to about 800 m apart from one another in grassland matrix ( pires et al . 2002 ) . a population viability analysis is available for this species also ( brito and da fonseca 2006 ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . however , there is habitat loss due to agriculture and urbanization in much of its range .\nbrito , d . , astua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & flores , d . 2018 .\n( amended version of 2015 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2018 : e . t136844a128973570 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\ni found this specimen on a tree , near a waterfall , in an environmental reserve of atlantic forest .\ni agree\nluca1\n. . . . and , do you know ? this animals ( this specie , in particular ) are a little\nrare\n. are difficult to be spotted and occur in few regions .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 545, "summary": [{"text": "lottia langfordi is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "lottia langfordi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : lottia langfordi ( t . habe , 1944 ) - id : 5004000058\n( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors\n( of collisella langfordi habe , 1944 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nnakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79\u201399 . [ details ]\nkase t . , nakano t . , kurihara y . & haga t . ( 2013 ) . a middle pleistocene limpet assemblage from central japan ( gastropoda : patellogastropoda ) and selective extinction of intertidal rocky shore molluscs in response to glacio - eustatic sea - level changes . paleontological research . 17 ( 3 ) : 261 - 281 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( habe , 1944 ) . accessed through : xu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) chinese register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 456595 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nxu , k . , an , j . , ding , l . , dong , d . , gao , y . , huang , y . , jiang , w . , lei , y . , li , k . , li , x . , li , y . , liang , x . , lin , g . , lin , m . , liu , h . , liu , j . , liu , w . , liu , x . , lu , d . , ma , z . , ren , x . , sha , z . , sun , j . , sun , s . , sun , z . , tian , l . , wang , d . , wang , j . , wu , x . , xia , b . , xiao , n . , yin , j . , zhang , j . , zhang , s . , zhang , x . , zhao , e . , zheng , x . , zhou , h . , zhou , j . & zhou , k . ( 2018 ) . chinese register of marine species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfuchigami , t . and sasaki , t . , 2005 : the shell structure of the recent patellogastropoda ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . paleontological research , vol . 9 , no . 2 , pp . 143\u2013168 . ( reference no . 0793 )\n( c ) 2008 - 2016 . the university museum , the university of tokyo .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\n, who confirmed that it was available there under the stated license on that date .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 550, "summary": [{"text": "the limnophorini are a tribe of flies , belonging to the family muscidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although the name-giving genus is limnophora , this was actually described only after the more characteristic and easily recognized lispe . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "limnophorini", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for limnophorini yet . learn how to contribute .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by john f . carr on 20 june , 2011 - 1 : 02pm\na revision of the north american species belonging to the genus coenosia meigen and related genera ( diptera : muscidae ) . part i . the subgenera neodexiopsis , coenosia , hoplogaster and related genera allognota , bithoracochaeta and schoenomyza\n, transactions of the american entomological society 60 : 57 - 119 ( march 1934 ) ( jstor )\na revision of the north american species belonging to the genus coenosia meigen and related genera ( diptera : muscidae ) . part ii . the subgenus limosia ( coenosia of authors )\n, transactions of the american entomological society 60 : 133 - 198 ( june 1934 ) , ( jstor )\ncontributed by john f . carr on 20 may , 2011 - 5 : 10pm\ndna barcoding of northern nearctic muscidae ( diptera ) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species . . .\nby renaud , a . k . , j . savage , and s . j . adamowicz\nfull title :\ndna barcoding of northern nearctic muscidae ( diptera ) reveals high correspondence between morphological and molecular species limits\navailable online here .\ntransactions of the american entomological society , vol . 46 , no . 2 , pp . 133 - 196 , 1920\ncontributed by john f . carr on 3 july , 2011 - 4 : 31pm\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca da fam\u00edlia muscidae / / face fly ( lispe sp . )\nas trusted on the\nlispe\npage .\nsarah gregg changed the thumbnail image of\nlispe tentaculata tfj806 - c44f kq57k\n.\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca da fam\u00edlia muscidae / / face fly ( limnophora sp . ) , female\nas trusted on the\nlimnophora\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca / / fly ( lispe tentaculata ) , male\nas trusted on the\nlispe tentaculata\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmosca / / fly ( lispe tentaculata ) , female\nas trusted on the\nlispe tentaculata\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of entomology , museu nacional , quinta da boa vista , s\u00e3o crist\u00f3v\u00e3o , rio de janeiro , 20 . 940\u2013040 , rj , brazil\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npalpilongus gen . n . is herein described for one species \u2013 palpilongus bifurcus sp . n . , from costa rica , based on male and females . the striking morphological characters of the species \u2013 palpus very long , about as long as prementum ; upper calypter truncate and very short and setae of male sternite 5 bifurcated , confirm that this new species is also a new genus in the tribe coenosiini . male and female terminalia were dissected and illustrated .\nmorphology , neotropical region , palpilongus gen . n . , palpilongus bifurcus sp . n . , taxonomy\nmost of the species are known as predators of other insects and some play an important role as potential biocontrol agents , as , for instance , coenosia attenuata stein ( couri and salas 2010 ) .\ncoenosiini is the largest tribe of coenosiinae , with 29 genera in the world , 15 in the neotropical region . four are currently known from costa rica : bithoracochaeta stein , 1911 , cordiluroides albuquerque , 1954 , neodexiopsis malloch , 1920 and schoenomyza haliday , 1833 ( de carvalho et al . 2005 ; couri et al . 2006 ) .\nthe aim of the present contribution is to describe a new coenosiinae species from costa rica , and to ascribe it to a new genus based on unique combination of characters .\nthis study was based on one male and eight females specimens from costa rica in the collection of the instituto nacional de biodiversidad ( inbio instituto nacional de biodiversidad , costa rica ) . two female paratypes ( one each ) will be deposited at the museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ( mnrj museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ) and at the department of zoology of the universidade federal do paran\u00e1 ( dzup department of zoology of the universidade federal do paran\u00e1 ) . holotype and the remaining paratypes remain at inbio . terminology follows mcalpine ( 1981 ) except for postpedicel instead of antennal flagellomere , as we followed stuckenberg ( 1999 ) .\nthe terminalia were macerated in a 10 % potassium hydroxide solution at room temperature for 24 hours . they were then dissected in glycerol and stored in a microtube with the specimen . color photos were taken with syncroscopy , jvc auto - montage with a leica mz 16 optical microscope .\n) ; proepimeral seta oriented downwards ; notum and pleurae with very few setulae ; presutural acrostichal setae developed ; dorsocentral setae 1 + 3 ; katepisternals 1 + 1 + 1 forming an equilateral triangle ; upper calypter truncate and very short ; wing veins bare ; male hind tibia with many rows of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae ; sternite 1 bare ; setae on sternite 5 bifurcated ; hypandrium tubular in male ; ovipositor long in female .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , habitus in lateral view .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , mouthparts and palpus in lateral view .\nderived from the latin words palpus and longus , the genus name refers to the long palpus .\nin the current classification of muscidae , the new genus falls in the tribe coenosiini of the coenosiinae . in both keys to muscid genera identification of de carvalho and couri ( 2002 ) for the neotropical region and savage and vockeroth ( 2010 ) for central america , the new genus approaches neodexiopsis and can be separated by the following couplet :\nthe new genus was added to the cladistic analysis of the world coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) . the analysis positioned palpilongus in the same clade of cordiluroides + neodexiopsis + haroldopsis albuquerque ( synonymyzed with neodexiopsis in the referred cladistic analysis ) , based on one synapomorphy - presence of three preapical setae on mid femur . the new genus was supported by the following synapomorphies : hairs on arista at most equal to basal width of arista ; fronto - orbital plate with no setulae ; colour of thorax and abdomen shinning undusted ; notum almost bare , with very few ground setulae ; lateral seta on scutellum present and hind tibia with a preapical posterodorsal seta at apical fourth .\nneodexiopsis and cordiluroides are differently represented in the neotropical region . neodexiopsis is a speciose muscid genus , with about hundred described species found throughout the region , while cordiluroides have a more restricted geographic distribution ( mexico , costa rica and brazil ) and is known by 6 species .\ncordiluroides species can be recognized by the very high insertion of the antenna ( very above the mid level of the eye ) , palpus short and slender , presence of only one pair of postsutural intra - alar seta , upper calypter transverse , hind tibia with one median anterodorsal , one posterior submedian and one posterodorsal supramedian setae and setae on sternite 5 not bifurcated . the genus was recently recorded from costa rica , on the base of three species ( couri et al . 2006 ) .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( female paratype ) , ovipositor 8 dorsal view and spermathecae 9 ventral view .\nholotype male : costa rica : prov . guana [ guanacaste ] , estation pitilla 9 km . s . de santa cecilia , 700m , dic 1994 , p . rios , ln 329950 380450 # 4372 [ inbio code collection number ] ( deposited at inbio ) . paratypes : same locality as holotype , ix . 1994 , ln 330200 _ 380200 # 3206 , 1 female ( inbio ) , # 3294 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . alajuela , upala , bijagua , alb . heliconias , 700m , 11\u201326 . i . 2000 , j . d . guti\u00e9rrez , agua miel , l _ n _ 299800 _ 43800 # 56263 , 1 female ( mnrj ) , # 56263 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . guanacaste , rio san lorenzo , tierras morenas , 1050m , x . 1995 , g . rodriguez , l _ n _ 287800 _ 427600 # 6405 , 1 female ( dzup ) , # 6405 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; prov . punta [ puntarenas ] , est la casona , r . b . monteverde , a . c . arenal , 1520m , i . 1994 , n . g . obando , ln 253250 _ 449700 # 2606 , 1 female ( inbio ) ; n . p . heredia prov . , transecto , braulio carrillo , x . 1989 , 1500 , r . aguillar & m . zumbado , 1 female ( inbio ) .\nhead . dichoptic . ground - color yellow . eye bare . fronto - orbital plate , parafacial , face and gena golden pruinose . frons brown - reddish about 1 / 3 of head width . three pairs of frontal setae intercalated with shorter setae , the upper frontal setae oriented backwards . ocellar setae strong . antenna with pedicel yellow and postpedicel brownish , about 3 . 8 times the length of the pedicel . arista with very short setulae . gena thin . palpus yellow , very long , as long as proboscis , enlarged toward apex . labellum not reduced , developed and without teeth .\n) , one long and strong anterodorsal seta on apical third and long apical setae on each , the anterior , anteroventral and ventral , the last of which the longest and strongest . hind femur with 2\u20133 fine anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae on apical third and with 3 preapical setae ( anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal ) . hind tibia with many series of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae and with a long and strong apical ventral seta . wing slightly infuscated . vein m straight . calypters yellow . knob of halter yellow .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , mid tibia .\n. elongate - cylindrical . ground - color yellow with black round lateral marks on tergites 3\u20135 . sternite 1 bare . sternite 5 with setae on apical third , the marginal ones bifurcated (\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , sternite 5 with bifurcate setae in detail .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( holotype ) , cercal plate and surstyli 5 dorsal view 6 lateral view .\n. length of body : 4 . 5\u20135 . 3 mm . length of wing , 4 . 8\u20135 . 5 mm . differs from male as follows : proboscis with reduced labellum and strong teeth (\n) . mid femur has a median anterior seta . mid tibia with one seta anterior to anterodorsal sub - basal seta and one supramedian posterior seta ; hind femur with an anterodorsal and an anteroventral row of scattered setae and two long and thin ventral setae on the middle third . hind tibia without the long setae as in male and with two anterodorsal setae at the limit of the median 1 / 3 and one submedian posterodorsal seta .\npalpilongus bifurcus gen . n . et sp . n . ( female paratype ) , head in lateral view .\nthe male and the female have some marked differences , mostly in mid and hind leg chaetotaxy , in which only the male has mid tibia with four long dorsal setae on apical half and hind tibia with many series of fine and long anterodorsal , dorsal and posterodorsal setae . the different shape of the proboscis suggests that feeding habits differs between males and females : the female certainly is predator as most species of coenosiini with reduced labellum and developed teeth , while the male posses another kind of habit , unknown as far we know .\nthe specific epithet is latin and refers to the bifurcate setae of sternite 5 of the male .\nthe authors are grateful to dr . manuel zumbado for the opportunity to study this material . to conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient\u00edfico e tecnol\u00f3gico ( cnpq ) by the fellowship and grant to msc ( process number 300382 / 2010\u20133 ) and cjbc ( process number 304713 / 2011\u20132 ) . to luis antonio alves da costa ( mnrj ) for the final art of the drawings . thanks to james j . roper for the english revision . we are very greatful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions .\nin : de carvalho cjb , editor . ( ed ) . muscidae ( diptera ) of the neotropical region : taxonomy .\nde carvalho cjb , couri ms , pont ac , pamplona d , lopes sm . ( 2005 )\ncordiluroides albuquerque from costa rica : first records , descriptions and taxonomic changes ( diptera , muscidae , coenosiinae ) .\nfirst record of coenosia attenuata stein ( diptera , muscidae ) from chile with biological notes .\nin : diptera de patagonia e south chile . london , part 7 : 171 - 346 .\nin : mcalpine jf , peterson bv , shewell ge , teskey hj , vockeroth jr , wood dm , editors . ( eds ) . manual of nearctic diptera , volume 1 .\nin : brown bv , borkent a , cumming jm , wood dm , woodley ne , zumbado ma , editors . ( eds ) . manual of central american diptera : volume 2 .\nantennal evolution in the brachycera ( diptera ) , with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . thus , the reduction of the median process supported the clade ( ( helicobia + sarcophaga ) + lipoptilocnema ) + peckia ) ) , while the elongation of the capitis supported ( ( helicobia + sarcophaga ) + lipoptilocnema ) , and the expansion of the base of the lateral styli supported engelimyia . similar findings of male genitalic characters that support phylogenies at various levels have been observed in other groups of insects , such as the muscid tribe coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) , tabanomorpha ( zloty et al . 2005 ) , in the planthoppers ( hemiptera : cixiidae ) ( hoch 2006 ) , and in microgastrine braconid wasps ( whitfield et al . 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . e new genus was added to the cladistic analysis of the world coenosiini ( couri and pont 2000 ) . e analysis positioned palpilongus in the same clade of cordiluroides . . .\ntwo new species of the genus coenosia ( diptera : muscidae ) from mt . fanjing of guizhou , china\nfauna europaea brings together the scientific names of all european land and freshwater animals in one authoritative database ( http : / / www . faunaeur . org ) .\nthe phylogenetic relationships among world genera of coenosiini ( diptera : muscidae : coenosiinae ) were investigated using parsimony . the analysis involved forty - six ingroup terminal taxa , representing 100 % of the genera currently assigned to this tribe , three outgroups and sixty - seven adult male and female morphological characters . the monophyly of coenosiini is confirmed by the position of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe morphology of the male terminalia of fourteen african species of helina robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( diptera , muscidae ) is described and illustrated : h . dorsalis ( stein , 1914 ) ; h . emdeni pont , 1980 , h . fuscibasis emden , 1951 ; h . gracilior emden , 1951 ; h . hirtipes metatarsalis emden , 1951 , h . juxtamedialis emden , 1951 ; h . lasiopa emden , 1951 ; h . mollis ( stein , 1906 ) ; h . naivashensis emden , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe study of recently collected afrotropical muscidae ( diptera ) from burundi , democratic republic of the congo , kenya and south africa has revealed ten new species which are described herein : coenosia duomaculata sp . nov . , c . nigromaculata sp . nov . , c . fragilis sp . nov . , helina harrisorum sp . nov . , h . ferfriniorum sp . nov . , hydrotaea tantula sp . nov . , limnophora diminuta sp . nov . , l . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 556, "summary": [{"text": "gnathophausia is a genus of lophogastrid crustacean .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are 10 species recognized in the genus gnathophausia : gnathophausia affinis g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia childressi casanova , 1996 gnathophausia elegans g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia fagei casanova , 1996 gnathophausia gigas willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia gracilis willemoes-suhm , 1875 gnathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 ) gnathophausia longispina g. o. sars , 1883 gnathophausia scapularis ortmann , 1906 gnathophausia zoea willemoes-suhm , 1875", "topic": 5}], "title": "gnathophausia", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz selected\ngnathophausia\nto show in overview on\ngnathophausia\n.\nkatja schulz selected\ngnathophausia zoea\nto show in overview on\ngnathophausia zoea willemoes - suhm , 1873\n.\na lophogastrid shrimp , gnathophausia . photograph by eric a . lazo - wasem .\nno one has contributed data records for gnathophausia yet . learn how to contribute .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : gnathophausia zoea . jpg\n.\nworms - world register of marine species - gnathophausia longispina g . o . sars , 1883\nhansson , h . g . 2005 . gnathophausia zoea - en\npungr\u00e4ka\nny f\u00f6r skandinavien [ gnathophausia zoea - a new species of mysid shrimp for scandinavia . ] . - - fauna & flora 100 ( 3 ) : 14 - 15 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) m\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gnathophausia cristata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht \u00fcber die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia bidentata illig , 1906 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht \u00fcber die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) illig , g . ( 1906 ) . ein weiterer bericht \u00fcber die schizopoden der deutschen tiefsee expedition 1898 - 1899 . suppl . i . ii . gnathophausien . zool . anz . 30 : 227 - 230 , 319 - 322 . [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) sars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym gnathophausia willemoesii g . o . sars , 1883 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 45 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 27 records ) to itis\n( of gnathophausia sarsii wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . no . 21 . note on the results of the last season ' s deep - sea dredging ann . mag . nat . hist . vii , sixth series ( xxxviii ) : 186 - 202 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia brevispinis wood - mason & alcock , 1891 ) wood - mason , j . ; alcock , a . ( 1891 ) . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . series ii , no . 1 . on the results of deep - sea dredging during the season 1890 - 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . viii , sixth series ( xlvi ) : 268 - 286 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of gnathophausia dentata faxon , 1895 ) faxon , w . , 1895 . reports on an exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201dalbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . - commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea . \u2014 memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 18 : 1 - 280 , plates a - h , 34 - 51 . [ details ]\nvon willemoes - suhm ( 1873 ) . in : w . thomson , notes from the\nchallenger\n, vii . nature , london , vol . 8 : 400 - 403 [ details ]\nmees , j . & k . meland ( eds ) ( 2012 onwards ) . world list of lophogastrida , stygiomysida and mysida .\nvan der land , j . ; brattegard , t . ( 2001 ) . mysidacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 293 - 295 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]\nm\u00fcller , h . g . ( 1993 ) . world catalogue and bibliography of the recent mysidacea . 238p . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nholt , e . w . l . ; tattersall , w . m . ( 1906 ) . schizopodous crustacea from the north - east atlantic slope . supplement . fisheries , ireland , sci . invest . 1904 . v : 1 - 50 , plates i - v . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntattersall , w . m . & tattersall , o . s . ( 1951 ) . the british mysidacea . ray society : london . viii , 460 pp ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbirstein , j . a . & tchindonova , j . g . ( 1958 ) . glubocovodniie mysidii severo zapadnoi ciasti tihogo okeana ( the deep sea mysids of the northwest pacific ocean ) . trudy instituta okeanologii = transactions of the institute of oceanology . 27 : 258 - 355 ( in russian ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsars , g . o . ( 1883 ) . preliminary notices on the schizopoda of h . m . s . challenger expedition . forhandl . vidensk . selsk . christiania . 1883 , 7 : 1 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntattersall , w . m . ( 1951 ) . a review of the mysidacea of the united states national museum . smiths . inst . u . s . natn . mus . bull . 201 : 1 - 292 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvon willemoes - suhm , r . ( 1875 ) . on some atlantic crustacea from the challenger expedition . trans . linn . soc . of lond . , zool . i ( part the first ) . 23 - 59 , plates vi - xiii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntattersall , o . s . 1955 . mysidacea . - - discovery reports 28 : 1 - 190 , 46 figs . [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nwooldridge , t . h . ; mees , j . ( 2011 onwards ) . world list of the mysidacea . [ details ]\nprice , w . w . , r . w . heard , p . aas , and k . meland . 2009 . lophogastrida ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 923\u2013927 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npetryashov , v . v . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of family gnathophausiidae ( crustacea : lophogastrida ) . russian journal of marine biology . 41 ( 4 ) : 238 - 243 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkathman , r . d . , w . c . austin , j . c . saltman & j . d . fulton ( 1986 ) : identification manual of the mysidacea and euphausiacea of the northeast pacific . - can . spec . publ . fish . aquat . sci . , 93 : 1 - 411 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhansen , h . j . ( 1910 ) : the schizopoda of the siboga expedition . - siboga exped . , 37 : 1 - 123 , 16pls [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , yale peabody museum of natural history . all rights reserved . 170 whitney ave , new haven , ct 06511\nrudolf von willemoes - suhm ( 1875 ) .\non some atlantic crustacea from the ' challenger ' expedition\n( pdf ) . transactions of the linnean society of london . zoological series 1 ( 1 ) : 23\u201359 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1875 . tb00433 . x .\ncyndy parr set\nimage of neognathophausia ingens\nas an exemplar on\nneognathophausia ingens ( dohrn , 1870 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 560, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia claudei is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nepal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are light brown and pale yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia claudei", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia watson , l . , and dallwitz , m . j . 2003 onwards . british insects : the genera of lepidoptera - geometridae . version : 29 december 2011 description of genus .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\nmontgomery , s . l . ( 1983 ) .\ncarnivorous caterpillars : the behavior , biogeography and conservation of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in the hawaiian islands\n. geojournal . 7 ( 6 ) : 549\u2013556 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00218529 .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. \u201d on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock\nthere to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the\nof thy rashness . \u201d the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those\nthat have been already declared to you . \u201d so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\nof fire . \u201cno , \u201d said the niece , \u201cthere is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and \u2018amadis of gaul\u2019 be remit - ted the\nof fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the\nthat bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose\nis history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first\n, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx\n: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the\n, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a\nwith one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on\nof being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a\nsettlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of\n. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of\nmay be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the\nin the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .\nthat 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . \u201d so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word citraria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word citraria and , of course , citraria synonyms and on the right images related to the word citraria .\nthis is the place for citraria definition . you find here citraria meaning , synonyms of citraria and images for citraria copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 565, "summary": [{"text": "hyposmocoma tantala is a species of moth of the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known only from mount tantalus on oahu .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 5.5 millimetres ( 0.22 in ) for males and 6.2 millimetres ( 0.24 in ) for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larval case is dark brown , smooth , 9 millimetres ( 0.35 in ) in length and 2 millimetres ( 0.079 in ) wide .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "adults were reared from case-making larvae collected on bark of a damp dead tree covered partially with lichen . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hyposmocoma tantala", "paragraphs": ["figures 7\u201310 . larval cases of some purse - cased hyposmocoma . 7 hyposmocoma ipohapuu sp . n . 8 hyposmocoma makawao sp . n . 9 hyposmocoma nebulifera 10 hyposmocoma tantala sp . n . scale bar = 1 mm .\nusing molecular and morphological data , kawahara and co - author daniel rubinoff of the university of hawaii named three new species that produce tubular purse cases : hyposmocoma ipohapuu from the big island , hyposmocoma makawao from makawao forest reserve in maui and hyposmocoma tantala from mount tantalus , oahu . the genus hyposmocoma includes about 350 described species and represents about 40 percent of all the moths and butterflies on the hawaiian islands .\nthe lepidopteran genus , hyposmocoma , contains over 300 species in the hawaiian islands . many species are only found on a single volcano or valley within an island . most members of the family cosmopterigidae , feed after burrowing into plant tissues . however , hyposmocoma , feeds externally and makes a protective , portable \u201cpurse\u201d case . perhaps the original colonist species was a case maker or case making evolved as an enabling adaptation after its arrival on hawaii . most species of hyposmocoma , feed on plants , but some are carnivorous , feeding on snails .\nthis adult moth from the genus hyposmocoma was found in disturbed habitats in hawaii previously believed to be overrun by non - native and invasive species . \u00a9 florida museum photo by akito kawahara\nhyposmocoma is also unique because many species within the genus are aquatic or carnivorous , which is uncommon in lepidoptera . aquatic species may be used as a means for assessing environmental habitat quality , such as the amount of pollution in streams .\nscientists believe hyposmocoma reached the pacific islands millions of years ago , long before the colonization of humans . on an island chain where diverse songbirds , flightless rails and rare endemic plants once thrived , it is increasingly valuable for researchers to protect any remaining native biodiversity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflorida museum assistant curator of lepidoptera akito kawahara recently described three moth species in a zookeys study published in february 2012 . \u00a9 florida museum photo by kristen grace\non the hawaiian islands , where isolated , vulnerable pieces of land are surrounded by thousands of miles of ocean , habitat destruction is something of a catchphrase .\nit is well known how the arrival of humans about 1 , 000 years ago drastically changed the ecosystem with the introduction of invasive plants and animals . it has led to stricter policies for releasing non - native pets , increased regulations at trade ports and the emergence of restoration ecology , in which scientists strive to re - create a more native environment .\nbut within areas seemingly overcome by invasive plants and animals , one florida museum of natural history lepidopterist discovered three new native moth species .\nsimilar to how snails carry a shell , this newly described species of fancy case caterpillar endemic to hawaii wears an ornate \u201ccase\u201d throughout the larval stage of development . \u00a9 florida museum photo by akito kawahara\n\u201cthey move around carrying their home , \u201d kawahara said . \u201cthey are called fancy case caterpillars because they make very extravagant , beautiful cases that are ornamented with sand , branches , lichen or colorful insect parts . sometimes these cases resemble cigars , burritos , candy wrappers or purses . others simply look like the tree bark that they rest on . \u201d\n\u201cthere\u2019s an extraordinary diversity of these moths in hawaii and the total number may be well over 1 , 000 species , \u201d kawahara said . \u201cthey\u2019re only found in hawaii and they\u2019re very threatened . we initially thought purse cases may only include 10 species or so , but there are clearly a lot more . some species are dual entry , so the larva can peek out of one end of their case and then peek out of the other . \u201d\n\u201cit\u2019s really important to focus conservation efforts in areas that are pristine and also to restore habitats that are disturbed , \u201d kawahara said .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthe hawaiian islands are remote from other terrestrial habitats . in evolutionary time , they are recent additions to the earth , with the oldest islands a little more than 1 million years old . the number of species that colonized the islands ( until recent times ) was low . these species landed in an area with diverse habitats that were largely uninhabited by other species . due to low competition for resources , species that found the island formed many new species as populations adapted independently to geographic locations with widely different conditions .\nas in many tropical areas , invasive species and habitat destruction have led to a loss of many hawaiian species . scientists are studying and cataloging the unique species as part of plans to protect endangered species and unique habitats . as part of a comprehensive study , kawahara and rubinoff * have identified 3 new species of \u201cfancy case\u201d\njonathan neal is an associate professor of entomology at purdue university and author of the textbook , living with insects ( 2010 ) . this blog is a forum to communicate about the intersection of insects with people and policy . this is a personal blog . the opinions and materials posted here are those of the author and are in no way connected with those of my employer .\nthis entry was posted in behavior , biomaterials , by jjneal , caterpillar blogging , environment . bookmark the permalink .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nruckh , timothy ; porter , joshua r . ; allam , nageh k . ; feng , xinjian ; grimes , craig a . ; popat , ketul c .\nthe goal of current dental and orthopedic biomaterials research is to design implants that induce controlled and guided tissue growth , and rapid healing . in addition to acceleration of normal wound healing phenomena , these implants should result in the formation of a characteristic interfacial layer with adequate biomechanical properties . to achieve these goals , however , a better understanding of events at the bone - material interface is needed , as well as the development of new materials and approaches that promote osseointegration . here we present novel nanostructured nanoarrays from\nnanotube arrays enhance osteoblast cell adhesion , proliferation and differentiation . the routes of fabrication of\nnanotube arrays are flexible and cost - effective , enabling realization of desired platform topologies on existing non - planar orthopedic implants .\nthe structure factors of molten t a2o5 and n b2o5 have been measured by high - energy x - ray and pulsed neutron diffraction . these are compared to transmission - mode x - ray diffraction through a self - supported 15 - \u00ee\u00bcm ion - beam sputtered amorphous\nand niobia liquids are very close to isomorphous , as confirmed by measurement of a molten mixture , t a0 . 8n b1 . 2o5 . nonetheless , peak nb - o bond lengths are about 1 % shorter than those for ta - o , at temperatures , t * = t / tmelt , scaled to the melting points . mean coordination numbers are nm o\u00e2\u0089\u00835 . 6 ( 1 ) , no m\u00e2\u0089\u00832 . 23 ( 4 ) in the liquid state , and ntao\u00e2\u0089\u00836 . 6 ( 2 ) , nota\u00e2\u0089\u00832 . 63 ( 8 ) in the solid . the liquids are built from five - and six - fold m - o polyhedra which connect principally by corner sharing , with a minority of edge sharing ; a - t a2o5 on the other hand has a local structure more akin to the crystalline polymorphs , built primarily from six - and seven - fold polyhedra , with a larger degree of edge sharing . the structural differences between liquid and amorphous t a2o5 , coupled with observations of increasing peak bond lengths upon cooling , are consistent with the interpretation that the amorphous film reaches a supercooled liquidlike metastable equilibrium during deposition . in other words , the amorphous film shares a common progenitor state with a hypothetical glass quenched from a fragile melt . in addition , we show that recent classical interatomic potentials do not fully reproduce the diffraction data , and infer that inclusion of attractive ( non - coulombic ) ta - ta interactions is important , particularly for obtaining the correct degree of edge sharing , coordination numbers , and densities . nanoscale inhomogeneity of the amorphous film is confirmed by the observation of small - angle x - ray scattering .\nalderman , oliver l . g . ; benmore , c . j . ; neuefeind , joerg c .\nthe structure factors of molten ta 2o 5 and nb 2o 5 have been measured by high - energy x - ray and pulsed neutron diffraction . these are compared to transmission - mode x - ray diffraction through a self - supported 15 - \u00ee\u00bcm ion - beam sputtered amorphous\nalderman , oliver l . g . ; benmore , c . j . ; neuefeind , joerg c . ; . . .\nbrownian thermal noise in dielectric multilayer coatings limits the sensitivity of current and future interferometric gravitational wave detectors . in this work we explore the possibility of improving the mechanical losses of\n, often used as the high refractive index material , by depositing it on a substrate held at elevated temperature . promising results have been previously obtained with this technique when applied to amorphous silicon . we show that depositing\non a hot substrate reduced the mechanical losses of the as - deposited coating , but subsequent thermal treatments had a larger impact , as they reduced the losses to levels previously reported in the literature . we also show that the reduction in mechanical loss correlates with increased medium range order in the atomic structure of the coatings using x - ray diffraction and raman spectroscopy . finally , a discussion is included on our results , which shows that the elevated temperature deposition of pure\ncoatings does not appear to reduce mechanical loss in a similar way to that reported in the literature for amorphous silicon ; and we suggest possible future research directions .\nvalve metals such as titanium ( ti ) , zirconium ( zr ) , niobium ( nb ) and tantalum ( ta ) that confer a stable oxide layer on their surfaces are commonly used as implant materials or alloying elements for titanium - based implants , due to their exceptional high corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility . the aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the nanostructures of\n( ta2o5 ) , niobia ( nb2o5 ) , zirconia ( zro2 ) and titania ( tio2 ) in accordance to their roughness and wettability . therefore , four kinds of metal oxide nanoporous and nanotubular ta2o5 , nb2o5 , zro2 and tio2 were fabricated via anodization . the nanosize distribution , morphology and the physical and chemical properties of the nanolayers and their surface energies and bioactivities were investigated using sem - eds , x - ray diffraction ( xrd ) analysis and 3d profilometer . it was found that the nanoporous ta2o5 exhibited an irregular porous structure , high roughness and high surface energy as compared to bare tantalum metal ; and exhibited the most superior bioactivity after annealing among the four kinds of nanoporous structures . the nanoporous nb2o5 showed a uniform porous structure and low roughness , but no bioactivity before annealing . overall , the nanoporous and nanotubular layers of ta2o5 , nb2o5 , zro2 and tio2 demonstrated promising potential for enhanced bioactivity to improve their biomedical application alone or to improve the usage in other biocompatible metal implants . pmid : 25837724\n- based sol - gel coating for capillary microextraction on - line coupled to high - performance liquid chromatography .\na sol - gel organic - inorganic hybrid sorbent , consisting of chemically integrated tantalum ( v ) ethoxide ( taeo ) and polypropylene glycol methacrylate ( ppgm ) , was developed for capillary microextraction ( cme ) . the sol - gel sorbent was synthesized within a fused silica capillary through hydrolytic polycondensation of taeo and chemical incorporation of ppgm into the evolving sol - gel\nnetwork . a part of the organic - inorganic hybrid sol - gel network evolving in the vicinity of the capillary walls had favorable conditions to get chemically bonded to the silanol groups on the capillary surface forming a surface - bonded coating . the newly developed sol - gel sorbent was employed to isolate and enrich a variety of analytes from aqueous samples for on - line analysis by high - performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) equipped with a uv detector . cme was performed on aqueous samples containing trace concentrations of analytes representing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , ketones , alcohols , amines , nucleosides , and nucleotides . this sol - gel hybrid coating provided efficient extraction with cme - hplc detection limits ranging from 4 . 41pm to 28 . 19 pm . due to direct chemical bonding between the sol - gel sorbent coating and the fused silica capillary inner surface , this sol - gel sorbent exhibited enhanced solvent stability . the sol - gel\n- based sorbent also exhibited excellent ph stability over a wide ph range ( ph 0 - ph 14 ) . furthermore , it displayed great performance reproducibility in cme - hplc providing run - to - run hplc peak area relative standard deviation ( rsd ) values between 0 . 23 % and 3 . 83 % . the capillary - to - capillary rsd ( n = 3 ) , characterizing capillary preparation method reproducibility , ranged from 0 . 24 % to 4 . 11 % . the results show great performance consistency and application potential for the sol - gel\n- ppgm sorbent in various fields including biomedical , pharmaceutical , and environmental areas . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2017 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\nbassiri , riccardo ; liou , franklin ; abernathy , matthew r . ; . . .\n( a - ta\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 ) is a technologically important material often used in high - performance coatings . understanding this material at the atomic level provides a way to further improve performance . this work details extended x - ray absorption fine structure measurements of a - ta\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 coatings , where high - quality experimental data and theoretical fits have allowed a detailed interpretation of the nearest - neighbor distributions . it was found that the tantalum atom is surrounded by four shells of atoms in sequence ; oxygen , tantalum , oxygen , and tantalum . a discussion is also included on how these models can be interpreted within the context of published crystalline ta\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 and other a - t\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 studies .\ncryogenic measurements of mechanical loss of high - reflectivity coating and estimation of thermal noise .\nwe report on low - frequency measurements of the mechanical loss of a high - quality ( transmissivity t < 5 ppm at \u00ee\u00bb ( 0 ) = 1064 nm , absorption loss < 0 . 5 ppm ) multilayer dielectric coating of ion - beam - sputtered fused silica and titanium - doped\nin the 10 - 300 k temperature range . a useful parameter for the computation of coating thermal noise on different substrates is derived as a function of temperature and frequency .\n, titania , and hafnia are important oxides for biomedical implants , optics , and gate insulators . understanding the effects of oxide doping is crucial to optimize performance in these applications . however , no molecular dynamics potentials have been created to date that combine these and other oxides that would allow computational analyses of doping - dependent structural and mechanical properties . we report a novel set of computationally efficient , two - body potentials modeling van der waals and covalent interactions that reproduce the structural and elastic properties of both pure and doped amorphous oxides . in addition , we demonstrate that the potential accurately produces energy barrier distributions for pure and doped samples . the distributions can be directly compared to experiment and used to calculate physical quantities such as internal friction to understand how doping affects material properties . future analyses using these potentials will be of great value to determine optimal doping concentrations and material combinations for myriad material science applications .\nttedesign philosophy of mc - ar - coatings can be divided into two categories : a ) restriction to two film materials , namely one high - index and one low - index material and b ) use of medium - index layers in addition to high - and low - index layers . both philosophies have advan - tages and drawbacks . in case a ) the total number of layers necessary to obtain a required reflectance curve has to be higher . thus in case of production errors it can be a problem to find out which layer was responsible for a deviation of the measured reflectance from the nominal one . in case b ) using more than two materials reduces the total number of layers and consequently , pinpointing the cause of even small production errors is made simpler . unfortunately there are not many materials commercially available which can be used to make hard , durable and robust films in the medium - index range namely between n = 1 . 65 and n = 2 . 00 . in this paper the results of homogeneous mixtures of alumina ( al203 ) and\n( ta205 ) used for eb - gun evaporated medium - index films in ar - coatings is presented . it is shown that by proper adjustment of the weight percentages of the oxide mixture one can get homogeneous films in this index range . a number of design examples show the favourable application of such layers in ar - coatings . among the most important ones is the well known qhq - design for bbar - coatings as well as ar - designs of the multiple half wave type with extended bandwidth . further applications of the mixed - oxide layers are ar - coatings for cemented optical elements and beam splitters .\nthe case of fused silica as a substrate material for the next line of future detectors , such as advanced ligo . the low levels of internal loss in bulk silicon samples is also of interest due to the silicon ' s high thermal conductivity . this is relevant when considering third generation detectors , that is , beyond the advanced ligo design , where significant thermal loading is anticipated due to the increased levels of laser power required for improved shot noise performance . another significant source of thermal noise in the optics of current interferometers arises from the mechanical loss associated with the applied optical coatings required for high reflectivity . results presented in chapter 4 show that the mechanical loss is predominantly associated with the\nwith titania can reduce the mechanical loss by a factor of approximately two . silicon may also be a useful material for the construction of low mechanical loss suspension elements . chapter 6 details measurements of 92mum thick silicon flexures for use as suspension elements which show the mechanical loss to reach \u00ef\u0086 ( w ) = 4 . 4 x 10 - 7 at 85 k . the various sources of loss are considered , both internal and external to the samples , and presented . the level of internal loss is consistent at higher temperatures with thermoelastic effects and at lower temperatures to be dominated by surface loss in addition to perhaps some other loss mechanism . the measurements in chapters 5 and 6 suggest that silicon may be a suitable material for both mirrors and suspension elements .\nsome links on this page may take you to non - federal websites . their policies may differ from this site .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\nyielded very corrosion resistant , orthorhombic zirconia ceramics . the powders for those novel ceramics were made via the sol - gel technique by hydrolysis of the respective metal propoxides ; a method which required dry - box techniques during the preparation of the alkoxides . in these studies the authors investigated the fabrication of precursor material from aqueous solutions . the preparation of aqueous solutions of salts of zirconium , niobium and tantalum is hampered by rapid hydrolysis . premature hydrolysis of the chlorides and oxichlorides of niobium , tantalum and zirconium can be , however , prevented in aqueous solutions of oxalic acid . thus the authors investigated the coprecipitation of hydroxides as precursors by reacting oxalic acid solutions of the respective cations with aqueous ammonia . in addition they studied the effects of calcination and of hydrothermal conversion of the hydroxides to oxides on the powder characteristics and on the mechanical properties of the niobia and\nmechanical losses in dielectric mirror coatings of interferometric gravitational wave detectors are a main issue for the proposed advanced generation of gravitational wave detectors . recent investigations have shown that the mechanical loss of the dielectric mirror coatings (\n/ silica stacks ) is probably the main contribution to the detector noise . there are indications that among both coating materials\ngives the major contribute to mechanical loss . experimental details of a measuring setup and investigations of the temperature dependency of the mechanical dissipation in thin\n) . however , mechanical loss in the ta 2 o 5 / sio 2 coatings may limit the design sensitivity for advanced detectors . we have investigated sources of mechanical loss in the ta 2 o 5 / sio 2 coatings , including loss associated with the coating - substrate interface , with the coating - layer interfaces and with the coating materials . our results indicate that the loss is associated with the coating materials and that the loss of ta 2 o 5 is substantially larger than that of sio 2\nkonstantinov , a . a . ; sazonova , t . e . [ vsesojuznyj nauchno - isledovatel ' skij institut im . d . i . mendeleeva , leningrad , sssr ( russian federation )\nabernathy , matthew r . ; harry , gregory m . ; travasso , flavio ; martin , iain ; reid , stuart ; rowan , sheila ; hough , jim ; fejer , martin m . ; route , roger ; penn , steve ; armandula , helena ; gretarsson , andri\nsecond - generation interferometric gravitational - wave detectors will operate at temperatures noticeably above room temperature . study was done to determine what effect elevated temperatures would have on the q and coating thermal noise of the detector mirrors . results show that increased temperature increases loss angle in a manner that is more significant at higher frequencies . trends show that the increased temperature will have a negligible effect at the low ( 100 hz ) frequencies important to second - generation detectors\nhacker , e ; lauth , h ; meyer , j ; weissbrodt , p [ zeiss jena gmbh , jena ( germany , f . r . ) ; wolf , r ; zscherpe , g [ ingenieurhochschule mittweida ( germany , f . r . ) ; heyer , h [ sektion physik , friedrich - schiller - univ . jena ( germany , f . r . )\n( ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } ) prepared by reactive r . f . diode and d . c . plasmatron sputtering were investigated for the influence of structural properties on the 1064 nm laser damage resistance . using various methods of characterizing the compositional , crystallographic , microstructural and optical properties , it was found that the damage thresholds are directly related to the content of oxygen in the films in excess of the stoichiometric values , whereas grain sizes and refractive indices show no systematic influences valid for both oxide materials . the highest oxygen - to - metal atomic ratios and thus the highest damage threshold were achieved by the use of r . f diode sputtering . x - ray photospectroscopy investigations of\ncoatings with different oxygen - to - tantalum atomic ratios up to 2 . 75 revealed for both constituents of the oxide only binding energies representative for tantalum pentoxide . ( orig . ) .\na new method is presented for elemental and molecular analysis of halogen - containing samples by glow discharge time - of - flight mass spectrometry , consisting of detection of negative ions from a pulsed rf glow discharge in argon . analyte signals are mainly extracted from the afterglow regime . . . . . . be used to study the distribution of a tantalum fluoride layer within the anodized\nlayer . further , comparison is made with data obtained using glow - discharge optical emission spectroscopy , where elemental fluorine can only be detected using a neon plasma . the ionization mechanisms responsible . . . . . . for the formation of negative ions in glow discharge time - of - flight mass spectrometry are briefly discussed . . . .\n- doped monoclinic europia were studied at temperatures up to 1500 0 c using the sonic resonance technique . unit cell parameters between 25c and 1000 0 c for monoclinic eu 2 o 3 were calculated from high temperature x - ray diffractometer data . large - grained monoclinic specimens having less than 6 . 0 ta cation percent substitution exhibited anomalous elastic behavior when thermally cycled . compositions above this addition level exhibited linear elastic behavior . internal friction values also varied abnormally with grain size , composition , and temperature . the anomalous behavior was attributed to microcracking caused by thermal expansion anisotropies . the critical grain size was found to be approximately 14 \u00ee\u00bcm . the high temperature diffractometry measurements supported the postulate that the grain coarsening effect associated with sintered monoclinic eu 2 o 3 is the controlling factor for microcracking\nproton conducting tantalum oxide films were deposited by spin coating using a sol - gel process . the coating solutions were prepared using ta ( oc { sub 2 } h { sub 5 } ) { sub 5 } as a precursor . x - ray diffraction studies determined that the sol - gel films , heat treated at temperatures below 400 c , were amorphous . films heat treated at higher temperatures were crystalline ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } . the solar transmission values ( t { sub s } ) of\nfilms on glass generally range from 0 . 8 - - 0 . 9 depending on thickness . the refractive index and the extinction coefficient were evaluated from transmittance characteristics in the uv - vis - nir regions . the refractive index values calculated at 550 nm increased from 1 . 78 to 1 . 97 with increasing heat treatment from 150 to 450 c . the films heat treated at different temperatures showed low absorption with extinction coefficients of less than k = 1x10 { sup - 3 } in the visible range . spectrophotometric and impedance spectroscopic investigations performed on ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } films revealed that these films have protonic conductivity of 3 . 2x10 { sup - 6 } s / cm . the films are suitable for proton conducting layers in electrochromic ( ec ) devices .\nzarodyshevyh jaic nabljudalos ' posle in { sup e } kcii okisi tritija do zarazhenija virusom . cherez dva chasa posle ino - kuljacii agenta infekcii bylo obnaruzheno tysjachekratnoe , uvelichenie virusa v otnosjashhihsja k horionu allantoidnyh zhidkostjah obrabotannyh jaic . kogda , cherez vosem ' chasov posle infekcii v otnosjashhihsja k horionu allantoidnyh zhidkostjah kontrol ' nyh jaic okazalos ' znachitel ' noe kolichestvo virusa , id { sub 50 } obrabotannyh tritiem jaic sostavljal 10 { sup - 5 , 6 } ; obe serii imeli id { sub 50 } v razmere 10 { sup - 7 . 5 } cherez 24 chasa posle infekcii . kolichestvo virusa v plenkah , obrabotannyh tritiem jaic takzhe vozroslo . jetot virus byl osvobozhden pri pomoshhi udalenija i promyvanija\n. en la memoria se facilitan detalles relativos a su construccion y a las normas de seguridad que se han observado en el proyecto . las determinaciones dosimetricas se han efectuado con ayuda de cuatro tipos de aparatos diferentes : 1 . camaras de ionizacion 2 . calorimetros 3 . dosimetros de fricke 4 . peliculas fotograficas . en la memoria se hace asimismo una descripcion general del campo de irradiacion gamma y se dan detalles referentes a la posicion de la fuente . la intensidad de irradiacion es de unos 100 roentgens / hora a una distancia de 1 m . las plantas sometidas a la irradiacion se cultivan en un campo de 15 m de radio . se indican brevemente los diferentes productos que se han sometido a irradiacion en las dos instalaciones . ( author ) [ russian ] v doklade opisyvayutsya ustanovka dlya obluchenij na co { sup 60 } i pole gammaluchej v otdelenii sel ' skogo khozyajstva nauchno - issledovatel ' skogo tsentra v rizo . ustanovka dlya obluchenij na co { sup 60 } soderzhit 1800 kyuri co { sup 60 } . dayutsya detali konstruktsii , a takzhe ukazyvayutsya mery bezopasnosti , kotorye uchteny v konstruktsii ustanovki . dozimetriya proizvoditsya pri pomoshchi chetyrekh razlichnykh metodov : 1 . ionizatsionnykh kamer ; 2 . kalorimetrii 3 . dozimetra frikke 4 . fotograficheskikh\ndaetsya obshchee opisanie polya gamma - izluchenij , vklyuchaya detali raspolozheniya istochnikov . norma dozirovaniya - priblizitel ' no 100r / ch na rasstoyanii v odin metr . dlya vyrashchivaniya obluchaemykh rastenij beretsya pole s radiusom v 15 metrov . daetsya kratkoe ukazanie kategorii produktov , podvergaemykh oblucheniyu v dvukh ustanovkakh . ( author )\ncampbell , r b ; grunberg , l ; milne , a a ; wright , k h . r . [ lubrication , wear and mechanical engineering aspects of corrosion division , national engineering laboratory , thorntonhall , glasgow ( united kingdom )\nchastitsy okisi zheleza ispol ' zuyutsya dlya izucheniya ikh roli v protsesse iznosa . reaktivnost ' poverkh - nosti zakalennykh metallov izuchalas ' s pomoshch ' yu mechennoj uglerodom - 14 stearinovoj kisloty i rastvora sery - 35 . skorost ' reaktsii v primesi masla dlya shesteren analizirovalas ' putem propuskaniya korotkikh impul ' sov ehlektrotoka po metallicheskim provodam , opushchennym v rastvory soedinenij , mechennykh seroj - 35 i fosforom - 32 . sozdanie stojkikh k istiraniyu\nna poverkhnosti zub ' ev shesterenok izuchalos ' kak funktsiya nagruzki , skorosti i vremeni raboty . vopros , vstrechayushchijsya vo mnogikh iz vidov ehtogo primeneniya , sostoit v prevrashchenii izmeryaemoj aktivnosti v absolyutnye kolichestva materialov , prisutstvuyushchikh na poverkhnosti\nili v produktakh iznosa . dlya ehtoj zhe tseli ispol ' zovalis ' metody kalibrovaniya . ( author )\nv kachestve radiatora protonov . polimery n21 i n9 2 primenjalis ' predvaritel ' no v ispytatel ' noj ammiachnoj jemul ' sii . bylo ustanovleno , chto polimer no 1 ne okazyvaet zametnogo vlijanija na fotohimicheskie svojstva\n{ sup 12 } c / s para { zeta } = 1 . 0 . si estas y otras particularidades observadas son anomalias de kohn , sus posiciones son compatibles con las dimensiones de la superficie de fermi propuesta por lomer para los metales de la columna v . se formula la hipotesis de que las sorprendentes diferencias existentes entre la relacion de dispersion del niobio y la del molibdeno ( metales que , segun se cree , poseen estructuras de banda muy semejantes ) reflejan diferencias en las energias de fermi y , por tanto , en las superficies de fermi de estos materiales . ( author ) [ russian ] dispersionnoe sootnoshenie chastota / volnovoj vektor v ( q ) dlja obychnyh vidov kolebanij nekotoryh ob { sup e } mno - centrirovannyh kubicheskih kristallov perehodnyh metallov bylo nedavno izmereno pri komnatnoj temperature . krivye dispersii dlja niobija , izmerennye nakagovoj i vudsom , projavili nekotorye ochen ' neobychnye cherty , i rezul ' taty mozhno bylo privesti v sootvetstvie tol ' ko s pomoshh ' ju modeli born fon karmana , esli vkljuchit ' vzaimodejstvija s ochen ' otdalennymi chlenami rjada dal ' she vos ' mogo . posledujushhie izmerenija vudsom\ndali ochen ' pohozhie rezul ' taty . jeto ne udivitel ' no , poskol ' ku niobij i tantal nahodjatsja v v gruppe periodicheskoj tablicy i mnogie iz ih jelektronnyh svojstv odinakovy . izmerenija krivyh dispersij molibdena vudsom i chenom i vol ' frama chenom i brok - hauzom pokazali , chto , hotja u jetih metallov , kotorye nahodjatsja v gruppe vi periodicheskoj tablicy , dispersionnye sootnoshenija javljajutsja analogichnymi , jeti dispersionnye sootnoshenija sil ' no otlichajutsja ot dispersionnyh sootnoshenij dlja niobija i\n, nahodjashhihsja v gruppe v . osnovnye cherty u ( q ) dlja molibdena i vol ' frama ochen ' blizko opisyvajutsja tret ' im chlenom rjada simmetrichnoj po osjam silovoj modeli born - fon karmana , hotja nekotorye vazhnye cherty ne vosproizvodjatsja jetoj model ' ju . odnoj iz takih chert javljaetsja razitel ' naja anomalija v prodol ' noj [ { zeta } { zeta } { zeta } ] vetvi ( l ) dlja molibdena , gde\nsobre las emulsiones rapidas y lentas con elevada concentracion de plata . en las emulsiones que se usan para la medicion de dosis elevadas y que se revelan en presencia de retardadores , se ha determinado la influencia ejercida por la energia y la atenuacion de la imagen latente sobre la precision de las determinaciones . por ultimo , se describen los errores de la evaluacion fotografica de dosis elevadas hallados aplicando metodos estadisticos al analisis de los resultados experimentales . se examina tambien el incremento del error en las regiones de debil y fuerte ennegrecimiento . tambien se consideran los errores debidos a la calibracion de los aparatos , la influencia de la energia , la atenuacion de la imagen latente , el tratamiento quimico y la medicion del ennegrecimiento . la hipotesis de que la dosis medida con dosimetros de pelicula corresponde a la dosis recibida por el organismo entero , constituye un error que no se toma en consideracion . ( author ) [ russian ] v jetoj rabote opisyvaetsja fotograficheskaja dozimetrija ionizirujushhej radiacii v diapazone ot 10 millirad do 1000 rad ( dlja gamma - izluchenija bolee vysokoj intensivnosti ) . pri jetom metode ispol ' zujutsja dve fotoplenki s razlichnoj jemul ' siej , kotorye odnovremenno pomeshhajut v odin i tot zhe plenochnyj dozimetr . sushhestvennoj chertoj jetogo metoda javljaetsja to , chto dozy v vysheprivedennom diapazone mogut byt ' opredeleny bez znanija o tom , chto imelo mesto obluchenie bol ' shimi dozami , s tochnost ' ju luchshej chem { + - } 25 % v predelah vsego diapazona doz ( doveritel ' nyj interval 95 % ) , a takzhe to , chto jenergiju obluchenija v plenke mozhno opredelit ' s horoshej approksimaciej . rassmatrivajutsja pribory , vidy\ni himicheskaja obrabotka , kotorye pozvoljajut proizvodit ' jeti izmerenija . opisyvaetsja princip izgotovlenija densitometra , s pomoshh ' ju kotorogo mozhno izmerit ' potemnenie fotoplenki s odinakovoj tochnost ' ju v diapazone ot d = 0 do d = 6 . takim putem mozhno ispol ' zovat ' vsju oblast ' imejushhegosja\ntecnicas confirman la opinion de que los radioisotopos encierran enormes promesas en el terreno cientifico y tecnico . por lo que se refiere a las fuentes de rayos x , puede decirse que todo cuanto se realiza en el terreno de la tecnologia de los rayos x , salvo la determinacion de la estructura de los cristales , puede hacerse con mayor sencillez recurriendo a los medios citados . es mas , si se emplearan fuentes de muchos curies , puede que incluso llegue a ser posible efectuar esas determinaciones . ( author ) [ russian ] prozvedennye v ehtoj laboratorii za poslednie sem ' , let issledovaniya ustanovili tochnye usloviya obratnogo rasseyaniya beta - chastits , i ehti metody byli dopolneny metodami ispol ' zovaniya vozbuzhdennykh izotopami rentgenovskikh luchej . vozbuzhdennye takim sposobom rentgenovskie luchi privlekli . shirokoe vnimanie vo vsem svete i vo mnogikh sluchayakh oni revolyutsionizirovali metody promyshlennoj kalibrovki . v nastoyashchem doklade razbirayutsya primeneniya k tochnoj abzorbtsiometrii , izmereniyu tolshchiny\n, opoznovaniyu i kolichestvennomu opredeleniyu veshchestv putem izmereniya absorbtsii po krayam , a takzhe k bumazhnoj khromatografii . v poslednem sluchae , khromato grammy mogut izuchat ' sya posredstvom beta - absorbtsii , absorbtsii rentgenovskimi luchami ili vozbuzhdeniem rentgenovskikh luchej v razlichnykh zonakh bombardirovkoj beta - luchami . sravnivayutsya i otsenivayutsya ehti razlichnye podkhody . byl izuchen tselyj ryad mikrokhimicheskikh metodov i libo posredstvom beta - absorbtsii , libo posredstvom vozbuzhdeniya rentgenovskikh luchej beta - chastitsami mogut byt ' opoznany i opredeleny nebol ' shie kolichestva veshchestv . nizshie predely detektsii ne tak : maly , kak ehto dostizhimo metodom radioaktivnykh indikatorov , no imeetsya ryad drugikh preimushchestv , glavnoe iz kotorykh zaklyuchaetsya v tom , chto operatsii proizvodyatsya s zadelannymi istochnikami , chto pochti sovershenno isklyuchaet vozmozhnost ' radioaktivnogo zarazheniya . na osnovanii ehtikh dannykh byli\npeliculas y borra d e polietileno para dosis de exposicion a rayos gamma de { sup 60 } co hasta 8 , 0 x 10 { sup 5 } r / h . determinaron tambien la velocidad de transformacion del estireno en su homopoirmero , en las suspensiones de borra . examinaron al microscopio las peliculas injertadas a fin de evaluar la proporcion de homopolfmero ocluido . los resultados obtenidos indican que la mayor parte del incremento de peso en las muestras de pelicula corresponde al homopolfmero ocluido . en las pruebas con borra , en las cuales el incremento de peso se debe principalmente al copolimero injertado , dicho incremento es aproximadamente proporcional a la dosis y la velocidad de reaccion es casi proporcional a la rafe cuadrada de la intensidad de la dosis gamma . la reducida energia de activacion correspondiente a la velocidad de reaccion excluye la posibilidad de controlar la difusion en la borra y en las peliculas delgadas para intensidades de exposicion inferiores a 10 { sup 5 } r / h . en los experimentos con borra a 18 { sup o } c e intensidades de 7 , 2 x 10 { sup 4 } r / h , la velocidad de formacion del homopolfmero coincide con el valor ya conocido para la polimerizacion del estireno puro . la energia de activacion , a saber , 3 , 5 kcal / mol , representa practicamente la mitad de la indicada para el monomero puro . ( author ) [ russian ] izuchenie opublikovannykh dannykh ob initsiirovannoj oblucheniem privitoj polimerizatsii stirola k plenkam poliehtilena nizkoj plotnosti pokazyvaet , tfgo skorost ' prirosta vesa lish ' neznachitel ' no zavisit ot moshchnosti gamma - oblucheniya i tolshchiny plenki . pokazano , chto modeli , primenyavshiesya ranee issledovatelyami dlya ob { sup y } asneniya dannykh prirosta vesa dlya otsenki konstant skorosti , ne godyatsya . privedeny ehksperimental ' nye dannye po privivaniyu pri temperaturakh 18 { sup o } c i 40 { sup o } c s ispol ' zovaniem poliehtilenovykh\n, legkoj melkokristallicheskoj kal ' tsinirovannoj sody i istochnika co { sup 60 } s gamma - izlucheniem moshchnost ' yu do 8 , 0 x 10 { sup 5 } r / ch . izmerena\nperiodico , es particularmente adecuado para algunos de estos estudios . las ventajas do este elemento estriban , en sus propiedades nucleares . la memoria resume las propiedades quimicas de los compuestos de tecnecio y las compara con las de los compuestos correspondientes de { sup 51 } cr , de molibdeno y de wolframio , que con tanta frecuencia se emplean en el estudio de la inhibicion . la memoria describe seguidamente ciertos estudios experimentales como ejemplo de los usos a que se ha destinado el tecnecio en los trabajos de este tipo . entre ellos menciona estudios empiricos de su accion como eficaz inhibidor de la corrosion del hierro , y observaciones de la actividad de superficie realizadas durante periodos largos de tiempo . otros estudios efectuados con { sup 99 } tc y con { sup 131 } i han demostrado la importancia de la adsorcion competitiva de iones en la determinacion de la cinetica de los procesos de corrosion y de inhibicion . como tercer ejemplo , describe como las propiedades excepcionales del tecnecio han permitido distinguir claramente las contribuciones relativas del oxigeno de las del inhibidor oxidante en el mantenimiento de la pasividad . ( author ) [ russian ] sredi faktorov , vkhodyashchikh v fundamental ' noe izuchenie ehlektrokhimicheskikh protsessov korrozii i tormozheniya , vydelyayutsya v chastnosti sleduyushchie : a ) razlichnye vidy adsorbtsionnykh yavlenij ; b ) ionoobmennye svojstva passivnykh\n; c ) ehlektrokhimicheskaya kinetika kak anodnykh , tak i katodnykh protsessov , proiskhodyashchikh mezhdu metallom i korrozijnoj sredoj . teper ' pri pomoshchi radioizotopov mozhno provesti nekotorye issledovaniya ehtikh yavlyaenij , kotorye nevozmozhno osushchestvit ' obychnymi sredstvami . tekhnetsij , gomolog margantsa v periodicheskoj sisteme , okazalsya ves ' ma podkhodyashchim dlya nekotorykh ehtikh issledovanij . ego yadernye svojstva krajne interesny u ehtom otnoshenii . v doklade kratko izlagayutsya khimicheskie svojstva soedinenij tekhnetsiya , protivopostavlennye svojstvam\nmoleculas blanco en distintas condiciones de dosificacion . los experimentos en curso sobre moleculas analogas en tamano a las del blanco han contribuido a la aclaracion de los mecanismos de recombinacion de los atomos de retroceso . particular interes reviste el rendimiento de productos con un atomo de carbono mas que el blanco , que resultan de una reaccion de adicion . la localizacion del atomo adicional en una molecula blanco que tenga varios lugares de adicion proporciona informacion sobre la naturaleza del proceso . cuando el atomo de retroceso es moderado y su energia disminuye hasta el punto en que es posible la formacion de un enlace , al menos temporal , el exceso de energia que el atomo llc cede al sistema puede originar la ruptura de otros enlaces del complejo activado , lo que suele dar origen a un producto de dos atomos de carbono . si el complejo es capaz de conservar su integridad , suele resultar un producto de adicion . por tanto , la comparacion del rendimiento de compuestos de dos atomos de carbono ( acetileno , etileno y etano ) y de productos de adicion proporciona una informacion valiosa sobre la energia a la que pueden formarse enlaces estables , y sobre la naturaleza del grupo que contiene el { sup 11 } c y que participa en la reaccion . ( author ) [ russian ] uglerod - 11 obrazuetsja v rezul ' tate reakcii c { sup 12 } ( { gamma } , n ) c { sup 11 } v puchke tormoznogo izluchenija v sinhrotrone s jenergiej jelektronov 70 mjev . v kachestve veshhestva misheni primenjalis ' zhidkie uglevodorody s pjat ' ju i shest ' ju atomami ugleroda , v tom chisle normal ' nye razvetvlennye i aliciklicheskie pentany i geksany , a takzhe benzol . povedenie c { sub 11 } izuchalos ' metodom gazohromatograficheskogo razdelenija produktov , scheta aktivnosti c { sub 11 } v gazovom potoke v kamere , pomeshhennoj v scintilljacionnyj schetchik kanal ' nogo tipa . v kazhdom jeksperimente vyhody razlichnyh produktov sravnivalis ' s vyhodom acetilena kak vnutrennego standarta , a takzhe libo s pokazanijami registratora\npredstavljajutsja v vide asimetrogammagramm i razdel ' nyh levogo i pravogo fotograficheskih dvuhrazmernyh izobrazhenij . impul ' sy ot kazhdogo detektora podajutsja na kontur usilitel ' - diskriminator i zatem na differencial ' nyj kontur , kotoryj pechataet levuju ili pravuju otmetki s cel ' ju pokaza preobladanija koncentracii radioaktivnosti sleva ili sprava . impul ' sy ot kazhdogo kontura usiljtel ' - diskriminator podajutsja takzhe na pereschetnye ustrojstva , kotorye v svoju ochered ' vozbuzhdajut lampy , ustanovlennye v svetonepronicaemom pomeshhenii . dve lampy , intensivnost ' sveta kotooyh poedstavljaet soboj funkciju aktivnosti , izmerennoj sootvetstvujushhimi detektorami , montirujutsja na obshhej podstavke , peredvigaemoj s pomoshh ' ju dvigatelej sel ' sina v sisteme detektora sinhronno s generatorami sel ' sina , tem samym davaja vozmozhnost ' primenjat ' ustanovlennuju na rasstojanii registrirujushhuju ustanovku . cilindricheskie linzy fokusirujut lampovye istochniki na plenku , pri jetom registracija kak sprava , tak i sleva osushhestvljaetsja odnovremenno na rentgenovskoj plenke razmerom 28 ch 36 sm . hotja operator mozhet ustanovit ' sootvetstvujushhuju predvaritel ' no opredelennuju velichinu srednej sily toka lampy v shirokom diapazone skorosti scheta , operatoru predostavljaetsja bol ' shaja svoboda v svjazi s nalichiem v kassete treh\n, kazhdaja iz kotoryh obespechivaet optimal ' nuju kontrastnost ' v razlichnom diapazone skorosti scheta . pacientam vvodilis ' 350 mkjuri joda - 131 s syvorotochnym al ' buminom cheloveka posle predvaritel ' noj obrabotki rastvorom ljugolja . skennirovanie osushhestvljalos ' cherez 24 - 72 chasa . obychno bylo dostatochno poluchenija odnoj skennogrammy . u nekotoryh pacientov skennogrammy snimalis ' povtorno v peredne - zadnem napravlenii . v period s sentjabrja 1961 goda po nojabr ' 1962 goda u 653 pacientov bylo snjato 789sken - nogramm . u 109 pacientov iz jetogo chisla diagnoz podtverdilsja , u 88 pacientov byli obnaruzheny opuholi . byla ustanovlena lokalizacija 23 iz 30 glioblastom i"]}
{"id": 579, "summary": [{"text": "the bigeye shiner ( notropis boops ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus notropis .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "this fish is a slender , slivery minnow with a dusky lateral stripe and a maximum total length of about 80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "its distinct characteristic is its large-diameter eyes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is a common species in upland streams of the middle mississippi river system .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "bigeye shiners prefer warm , quiet pools with clear water and silt-free substrates .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "siltation , channelization , and gravel dredging are all threats to bigeye shiner populations .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "during spawning season , typically late april to august , bigeye shiners have several clutches of eggs .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "state agencies and the epa have both played a role in the surveying of bigeye shiner populations .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "populations have decreased in ohio due mostly to habitat destruction .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in addition to habitat destruction by humans , habitat alteration of the small streams and dried pools has also had a significant effect on abundance .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "rivers and streams should not be channelized or modified in any way , which is becoming an increasingly popular trend in urban locations .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "agricultural areas and properties within the watershed should adhere to regulations to prevent runoff into the streams . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "bigeye shiner", "paragraphs": ["there are 19 endangered fish species in illinois : lake sturgeon , western sand darter , bluebreast darter , harlequin darter , cypress minnow , bigeye chub , pallid shiner , northern brook lamprey , redspotted sunfish , sturgeon chub , greater redhorse , river chub , pugnose shiner , bigeye shiner , blacknose shiner , taillight shiner , weed shiner , northern madtom , and pallid sturgeon . the pallid sturgeon is also listed as federally endangered . an additional twelve fish species are threatened : eastern sand darter , longnose sucker , cisco , gravel chub , iowa darter , banded killifish , starhead topminnow , least brook lamprey , bantam sunfish , river redhorse , ironcolor shiner , and blackchin shiner . nine species have become extirpated ( extinct from illinois ) .\nin chapter 1 , i studied the relationship between bigeye shiner populations and variables of habitat patches within the stream , and the land adjacent to the stream ( the riparian zone ) . this work was done in brier creek , a small stream in southern oklahoma . results showed that the number of shiners in a pool was best predicted by habitat variables of the riffle just upstream from a pool . these riffle variables also determined the amount of insect larva drifting from riffles into downstream pools at night , which in turn predicted shiner feeding success . body condition of shiners was best predicted by feeding success . these results illustrate the importance of upstream riffles to the pool - dwelling bigeye shiner , and provide an example of how feeding habits can lead to importance of patch context for a species . when animals consume resources originating in other habitats and\nimported\ninto their occupied patch , connections among habitat patches are important to the species ' survival .\nin chapter 3 , i asked if feeding habits of different fish species determined their dependence on insects entering the stream from the riparian zone ( terrestrial insects ) . using experimental streams , i excluded these insects from half of the experimental units for each fish species , and examined differences in fish diet and body fat . under terrestrial insect exclusion , diet and body fat of the bottom - feeding orangethroat darter were unchanged . bigeye shiner switched their diet from terrestrial insects to aquatic resources , but body fat levels did not change . blackstripe topminnow also switched their diet away from terrestrial insects , but , unlike bigeye shiner , body fat levels decreased when terrestrial insects were unavailable . these results indicate that reducing movement of trophic resources from one habitat to another affects different species in different ways , and that the feeding habits of species may help predict this response . this result is important in light of human landscape modification , which often alters the amount of insects moving into streams from the surrounding landscape . ( abstract shortened by umi . )\nin my dissertation research , i investigated the manner in which trophic ecology links organisms to different habitats within the landscape . i studied three species : the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , a fish that lives on the stream bottom and feeds on insect larva and other invertebrates ; the bigeye shiner ( notropis boops ) , a minnow that swims in the middle of the water column and feeds on insect larva drifting downstream and terrestrial insects falling into the stream , and the blackstripe topminnow ( fundulus notatus ) , which swims just below the water ' s surface and feeds on insects falling into the stream from streamside vegetation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , and lack of major threats . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .\nlake erie drainage , northwestern ohio ; middle mississippi river basin from central ohio to eastern kansas , south to southern oklahoma , northern louisiana , and northern alabama ; confined mainly to uplands ; common , abundant in ozark - ouachita drainages ; absent from most of former mississippi embayment ; extirpated in many northern localities , including most of ohio and illinois ( page and burr 1991 , lee et al . 1980 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations . total adult population size is unknown but relatively large . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely to be relatively stable or slowly declining .\nflowing pools of moderately clear creeks and small to medium rivers with large permanent pools over bottom of clear sand , gravel , or rock ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 1991 ) . often at stream margin in beds of emergent vegetation ( smith 1979 ) .\nlocalized threats exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known . decline in north is due to siltation , increased turbidity , and impoundment ( herkert 1992 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na misnomer given by rafinesque to shriveled specimens , with the meaning of\nback keel\n; from greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom the words bo , meaning ox ; and ops , eye ( referring to the extremely large eye ) ( ref . 10294 )\nnorth america : lake erie drainage in northwestern ohio , usa ; mississippi river basin from central ohio to eastern kansas and south to northern alabama , northern louisiana and southern oklahoma in the usa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 )\ninhabits flowing , usually clear and rocky , pools of creeks and small to medium rivers . often found near emergent vegetation along the stream margin ( ref . 5723 , 10294 ) . feeds on surface insects ( ref . 10294 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00318 - 0 . 01574 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 40 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\ntrautman ( 1981 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) ; pflieger ( 1997 ) .\nlake erie drainage , northwest ohio ; mississippi river basin from central ohio to eastern kansas and south to northern alabama , northern louisiana , and southern oklahoma ( page and burr 1991 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of notropis boops are found here .\nprobable bait bucket introduction into the gasconade river during the 1950s and subsequent dispersal ( pflieger 1997 ) .\nno records exist for this species in tributaries of the missouri river before the 1950s . during the last 30 years it has become abundant and widespread in the gasconade river drainage and other tributaries of the lower missouri ( pflieger 1997 ) .\nleo nico , and pam fuller , 2018 , notropis boops gilbert , 1884 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 9 / 4 / 2013 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\ninhabits flowing , usually clear and rocky , pools of creeks and small to medium rivers . often found near emergent vegetation along the stream margin ( ref . 5723 , 10294 ) . feeds on surface insects ( ref . 10294 ) .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nnotropis boops gilbert , 1884\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n3 _ \u00b5\u00b6\u0088\u00e7 ` k\u00fc9p _ \u00fa\u00ef\u00ea > \u0096q sq\u00b0 # w\u0099\u00e0\u0089\u0002cq\u00f8u\u00f9a\u00f9\u001a\u00e3\u00b1j ) \u0017\u00b8\u00b8 ! \u00b0v\u00f7\u000e [ \u00ee\u009ap\u00b0dj6\u00ef [ \u00e4\u00f1\u00bc3\u008e\u00eb\u0012\u00ae\u0091 } \u009c\u00e5\u00b1b\u00b8\u0014\u0088c\u0087\u00f02m\u0091o3 } \u0018\u00f6 z\u001a2\u00eb\u0006\u00fc\u00a9\u0018c2v\u00ba\u00f5\u00d7\u0098\u0091\u00bd\u00a4l\u00a9\u00bf\u00f8\u00e6\u00b1\u00b5\u00e2\u009e\u00a1\u00e1\u00ea\u000fp / [ \u00b1t0\u008f\u00ec \u00ed\u00bc\u00af\u00b4\u008c9 ) \u0088\u0015\u00ee\u0004\u00b4 / % y7\u00ffb\u00e5p\u00edn\u00e6\u00bdd\u0005h\u00fcdy\u00f9\u00f8bo\u00a3\u009aj\u0004 $ \u00e8\u00a7\u008bp\u00aa\u00f7\u00ba\u00a3\b\u00ee\u00df\u000f\u00a2\u00ff\u0005\u0018\u0000\u0018dv endstream endobj 17 0 obj < < / length 1480 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h\u0089\u0094w\u00ebn\u00ebf \u00fd\u0002\u00ff\u0083wm\u0081x r \u009a\u00f9\u00a6h\u0081\u00ae\u00b2h\u0080\u00bbvl9\u00f6\u008dc\u0007\u0092u } s\u00bf\u00be3 r\u0089g / g\u0013x1m\u0091\u0087\u00e49\u00a4\u00e8 $ \u00e6\u00eb\u00e7\u00f5\u00e2\u00f7\u00e5\u00f1\u008f\u00e5\u00e3\u00f7 \u00e8\u0084\u0010\u0097\u007fl\u00e9y\u001a \\ > \u009e\u00fd\u0007 @ - \u00absb\u00fa\u00f03\u0082\ns\u00e5\u00a2i ] \u009e\u00eb\u00e4\u00fa\u008e\u009es\u00ad\u0083\u00f5\u00ea\u007fcl4 / \u000e\u0089\u00ed\u00e6\u00f2\u00ecmt . \u00a2k ) 0\u00fa6\u00f5a\u009dx\u00e77a\u0006fgc\u0001\u0014\u00078\u0095\u00f8\u0002 { \u00169p\u00f0\u00b9\u008a\u00e6\u00bbb0\u00bf\u0010 \u00b1\u00f1v\u001b\u00e2\u00e2\u00a9l\u00f3\u00e3\u0014 @ \u0011\u0018\u0012\u00e3\u0017\u00eb\u00f5q\u00bf / \u00d7\u00a7\u00f4\u0007\u001bfor\u00f4jj\u0002z\u00f0\u00f5\u008a\u00f0\u00bd\u00e4\u00e1 \u000f\u00fb\u00e4\u00f8\u009d\u009e \\ \u0090\u00f3\u00e0vyx\u00aa ( j\u00e2r\u009b\u00e6t & $ \u0011\u00b9\u00f8\u0086 ^ \u00f4\u009c\u00ea\u00b2x \u0004\u00e8\u00ef\u00e7\u00e5\u00fd\u00e3\u00e2\u00e7 ^ \u00f3w\u009f\u00ff\u00f6\u00ef \u0099g\u00f6\u007f2 \u00bc ; \u00ff\u00e3 { 8 / \u009c\u008b\u009f ~ - \u00fe\u00fc\u0007\u0097\u0000\u00f1i\u00bb\u00f0\u007f\u009ao\u0088 \u0003\u00e2\u0013\u00f1\u0004 : \u00ea\u00e6\u00f3n\u00b07b # 1\u00eah ) \u00a3c { \u00fa\u009d\u00eb\u00e6t\u00f6\u0083\u00ee = \u0096\u009ao\u00f0\u00b0\u00bc\u0015\u00a9 - \u00ef\u0004\u0084pc\u00f9\u00e7\u0006 \b [ \u00a9\u00e7\u0082\u00ee5\u00f5\u001b \u00e62\u0014\u00bdf\u00ea\u00e8y\u00e79\u0015\u00edr } \u00ff \u00e3m\u0092 % j\u00ea\u00fdc\u00bdi\u00fdr\u00a6\u00f2\u0099\u0014\u00e4\u00e4\u00923\u00b5\u008a\u00f0b\u00a4n . \u009a\u00a6l\u0006\u009b\u00e6\u0087\u008b\u00e2\u00f6\u00e2\u00e9 \\ 2\u00e1p\u00f1\u00f6m ] \u0097 ) kp \\ 9\u008f + \u0018\u00f9\u0001 [ ; \u0012\u0087\u0088\u00f6\u0000\u0086 { q\u00b6\u0088 + \u00ef5qj ? \u001a\u00f8\u0096z\u00a2 zjg\u0015z\u00aa\u009e\u00eb\u00f7\u0011k\u00ebi ( kl\u00f2\u00ec\u00aa\u00e3x\u0099d\u009c \u00ab44n3\u008a\u009f7 i\u001ah\u00e8m\u000f\u00bb * m\u00ff\u00ee\u00f6\u0081\u000fn\u008c\u00e0\u00ec\u00a8 / \u00bc\u00a6 ~ < \u008f @ r\u00e1\u00ed\u0002 % \u00ac\u00eb\u009f\u00e5k \u0094 \u00b7\u00fep\u001bd\u00f3\u00fc\u00b0\u00ebsyh\u00aa c\u00e3\u0089\n\u00a8\u00e0qr { \u00f1\u00b9\u00fad \u00ef w * \u00e3\u00ab\u00e1 \u0011o\u00b8p\u008bk > \u00e1\u00fe\u0084\u0001\u00f7\u00f7 % \u00fa r\u00e5 ( * \u00a5 $ g\u008d\u00adc\u00f9\u00bf \u00f6\u0007\u001b\u0011\u00f8 * \u008d [ > lq\u00e1\u00e3\u00fc\u00a5\u00af \\ o\u0013\u001b\u00a8\u009f\u00e1\u00fd\u0011f\u0003\u00be ! \u00fa ! \u00f5\u00a7\u0086o\u00b473g ] / \u00ec\u00e7\u0083\u00ee\u0006 \u00bb\u00fe\u00e6\u00fbz\u00a8\b1x\u0017\u0089l = \u00e6\u00f3 ( \u00e3\u009b + \u00e0\u00fa\u00ae\u00ab\u00ee\u0086\u00b7\u00fa\u00aeq\u00ed\u00a5\u00f0\u00a7\u00ed\u0099\u00e8\u00f2\u00e3\u00b8 + \u00ba\u00e4\u00e3\u00e1\u00e2h\u00e4\u001b\u00bc\u008e\u00e8\u00e9 ! \u008cd\u0007\u0018\u00e3 } \u00a8\u00e9\u00a3\u00aa\u0080\u00efa\u00866\u00f7v , r\u00f3 _ * > \u00df\u00e485r & \u00ed\u00f9 / u ] 5\u00ed4\u00df\u0099\u00e7\u0010\u00f0\u0010 ` \u00b8\u00bd\u00f80\u00e4\u00e2\u0082\u00e5\u00e6r\u0002\u00e032tt\u0002b\u00b4d\u007f\u0017 ] \u0017w\u00ac9\u0097 . \u00e6\u00fees\u00f7\u00fa\u00fc\u009a . \u00faz\u009e # t\u0091\u00e2\u00e3c\u008dv\u0089r\u00006 { isl\u009f\u008f ] \u009b\u00f2\u0002\u00e2\u00e6\u00ba\u00bf\u00b2\u00b7\u00e9\u00f9\u00ab\u0019\u00aa\u0000\u00e7v\u00fb\u00f8\u00ba\u0082 % \u00eae\u0083\u00e7\u0013\u00a8\u001a\u00f4\u00189y\u0001\u008b : \u000f\u008f\u0001\u0005t\u00fd\u00bd 6\u00f5\u00f4 \u00b0\u00be \u00a3\u008d\u001386\u00a8\u00e9e\u00ea\u00ab\u00e6\u00e1\u007f\u00a2p\u007f\u00fa5\u0007\u00bd\u0087\u00f4\u0011 ^ ! o\u00a3r\u00a6kg ^ \u000534\u0082\u0083\u009b\u00faae\u00a2i\u0089\u0004\u000fo ( \u0081mn1\u00e6\u00f3 / \u0013\u00e7 ~ \u0011\u00ec ! \u0084\u00ffqv\u008f\u0089\u00d7\u009fs -\n\u0080 , \u00f0x\u0091 * \u00a1 \u0096ci ( \u00e9\u00d78q \\ s\u0011\u00f4\u00e6\u00a4\u00f1 # \u001a / \u0019\u00ec ^ ; \u00e1 | \u0082p \u0014y ) ) & \u00adi\ni\u00f6\u00f22a\u00fe } + w\u00bb\u00e9\u00bc\u00ef\u00b5 \u00f4x75\u00d7e\u00fa\u00ab % qp < \u00a8 = \u0089\u0082\u00ed\u000f\u0086 ) \u00fa\u00e2\u008c\u0094 | \u0090p\u00b8b - \u00fev\u00f5u\u00aa ? h \u00fd ) \u007fh\u00f3\u000e\u0000\u00f3 \u00eaq\u00f3\u00feu } < \u0089\u00f0\u000f\u00f2\u00f0\u00aab\u00f3\u00f0\u00f8\u00f3\u0094\u00b6\u0003\u0091 ! \u008fd\u000e\n\u00f3\u00fd\u00a1\u00ae\u00eam * u\u00a3q\u00e5 $ \u00ec\u00e8\u00a7 ) } \u00aa\u00fc\u00eb % \u0016\u009cx\u0005\u00f7 ~ s\u00f9\u00bf\u0000\u0003\u00001\u0016j ' endstream endobj 20 0 obj < < / length 1529 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h\u0089\u009cw\u00fbn\u00fbf\u0010\u00fd\u0002\u00fd\u0083 m f\u00f7 ~ y5\u0090\u0006 ) p \u0088\u0005\u00f4 % / \u0094dil $ r ] \u0092i\u00f3\u00af\u00ef\u0092\u009cy\u00f9\u00eb\u00a5 , \u00f5\u00e5\u00b0\u00a4\u00bd\u00ec\u009e\u0099s\u00e6 \u00e9\b ! \u00eb\u00f5\u008f \u00b5\u00e3\u007f\u00ff . ~ \u00f9\u0095 , ) ? \u00ed\u0016\u00feo\u00b3x\n\u0099\u0010f\u00b9\u00fa , \u00be\u00f4\u00eb\u00b2\u00a9 \u0097\u00ab\u00bf\u0016d \\ \u00e3\u00bf\u00ac\u00e03\u00e5\u00ba ? \u00eb / \u00a7b \u00bf , \u00f3 * z\u00bb \u00ef\u008c\b \\ k\u00f8\u00b8\u00f6\u00b9\u00fb \u00f2 * o n3f\u0015l\u0090\u00fa\u008e\u001b\u00a85 & z ; \u00fda\u00f8\u00fc\u00f4\u007f\u00e1 ` \u00b9\u00ea\u00a3\u00ea\u0097\u00bf\u009c\u00ea6z ~ \u0080\u00eff \u00ab\u00ad\u00ee\u008c p\u0018\u00aeax\u008d\u00b6s\u00d7h * \u00df\u00e2\u00e7\u00bfcr\u008c\u001bw . \u00ef\u00fas\u00faa rn ! b ! \u00e3m\u0086 ~ } \u008c\u00f6g\u00e3\u00e7\u008f\u00ab\u00e5\u00f3j\u00e1\u00fd\u0099\u00f0\u00f3\u00eb\u00bfn\u00bf\u0010 & #\nboschung , h . t . and mayden , r . l . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .\nburr , b . m . and warren , m . l . , jr . 1986 . distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . kentucky nature preserves commission , frankfort , kentucky .\ncross , f . b . and collins , j . t . 1995 . fishes in kansas . university of kansas museum of natural history , lawrence , kansas .\ndouglas , n . h . 1974 . freshwater fishes of louisiana . claitor ' s publishing division , baton rouge , louisiana .\netnier , d . a . and starnes , w . c . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tennessee .\nherkert , j . r . ( ed . ) . 1992 . endangered and threatened species of illinois : status and distribution . vol 2 : animals . pp . iv + 142 . illinois endangered species protection board .\niucn . 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2013 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2013 ) .\nlee , d . s . , gilbert , c . r . , hocutt , c . h . , jenkins , r . e . , mcallister , d . e . and stauffer , j . r . , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina .\nmettee , m . f . , o ' neil , p . e . and pierson , j . m . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama .\nnelson , j . s . , crossman , e . j . , espinosa - perez , h . , findley , l . t . , gilbert , c . r . , lea , r . n . and williams , j . d . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . and burr , b . m . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts .\npage , l . m . and burr , b . m . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston , massachusetts .\npflieger , w . l . 1975 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , columbia , missouri .\nrobins , c . r . , bailey , r . m . , bond , c . e . , brooker , j . r . , lachner , e . a . , lea , r . n . and scott , w . b . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society .\nrobison , h . w . and buchanan , t . m . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\nross , s . t . and brenneman , w . m . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks , jackson , mississippi .\nsmith , p . w . 1979 . the fishes of illinois . university of illinois press , urbana , illinois .\nstauffer , j . r . , jr . , boltz , j . m . and white , l . r . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 146 : 1 - 389 .\ntrautman , m . b . 1981 . the fishes of ohio . ohio state university press , columbus , ohio .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nin chapter 2 , i studied differences in feeding ecology among populations of orangethroat darters on riffles in brier creek . results showed significant differences among riffles . the number of prey items consumed varied significantly among riffles , but was not affected by darter body size . prey selection varied greatly among riffles , and for four of seven prey items was explained by habitat differences . contrary to theoretical predictions , diet breadth of darters within riffles was not dependent on the abundance of energetically favorable prey , largely due to a lack of selection for these prey items . these results indicate that variation among riffles can have a strong effect on prey use by the orangethroat darter , and that this is an important spatial scale over which to study diet variation in this and similar species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nclick here to study / print these flashcards . create your own flash cards ! sign up here .\nichthyology is the study of fishes . scientists know of about 25 , 000 living fish species in 57 orders and 482 families . the number of species of fishes exceeds all other species of vertebrates combined .\nalthough over 97 % of the surface water on earth is saltwater , about 41 % of all species of fishes live in freshwater . fishes in ponds , lakes and streams become isolated from each other , allowing species to diverge .\nillinois has approximately 200 species of fishes in 18 orders . below are some tips to help you identify some of the major groups .\neffects of common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , an exotic fish , on aquatic ecosystems . january - february 2000\nthe naturalist ' s apprentice : so many fishes ! how can you tell them apart ? . may - june 1999\ndevelopment of an individual - based model to evaluate growth and survival of walleye . may - june 1999\nthe round goby : an example of the\nperfect\ninvader ? . november - december 1998\nthe bighead carp ( hypophthalmicthys nobilis ) in reach 26 of the mississippi river . november - december 1998\nhydroacoustics : a tool for understanding fish - habitat associations in rivers . november - december 1997\ndifferences in food consumption and metabolic rates between walleye stock . july - august 1997\nriver levels and largemouth bass populations in the illinois river . march - april 1997\npredicting juvenile fish abundance from charactersistics of the spring flood . january - february 1997\ncritical factors in the early life history of illinois fishes . november - december 1996\nstatus and management of mississippi river fisheries - h . l . schramm jr .\nthe mississippi river has been variously altered for navigation and flood control but supports a diverse and relatively productive fish assemblage . in the upper , impounded reach , commercial fish harvest has increased for most species since 1945 . the upper reach provides an extensive and moderately used recreational fishery resource . limited information for the lower , un - impounded reach of the mississippi river indicates commercial harvest is increasing . neither the commercial nor recreational fisheries appear to be over harvested ; however , fisheries for sturgeon and paddlefish should be carefully monitored . future fisheries production may be threatened by loss of aquatic habitat , altered spatial and temporal aspects of floodplain inundation and nuisance species invasions . water quality in most reaches has improved substantially from formerly severely degraded conditions . navigation traffic affects fish survival and recruitment and increases in navigation are forecast . future conservation and management of the fisheries and aquatic resources of the mississippi river will require substantial investment in effective assessment programs and achieving societal recognition of the diverse values of the resource .\nthe mississippi river is the largest river in north america . its 3 . 25 million km 2 watershed includes parts of two canadian provinces and parts or all of 31 u . s . states ( figure 1 ) . daily discharge ( measured in the lower river at vicksburg , mississippi ) ranges from 3 568 to 55 558 m 3 s - 1 and averages 17 358 m 3 s - 1 . the mississippi and its major tributaries - the arkansas , illinois , missouri and ohio rivers - have been central to the social and economic development of the united states . as a major transportation corridor , the river has been greatly altered for navigation and by developments in its watershed and floodplain for agriculture , industry and urbanization . comprehensive treatments of the historic and present conditions in the mississippi river are provided in scarpino ( 1985 ) ; fremling et al . ( 1989 ) ; baker , killgore and kasul ( 1991 ) ; rasmussen ( 1994 ) ; weiner et al . ( 1998 ) ; u . s . geological survey ( 1999 ) and fremling and drazkowski ( 2000 ) .\nfigure 1 . mississippi river basin and mississippi river . mississippi river basin figure from meade ( 1995 ) .\nten thousand years ago , the mississippi river was a continuum typical of a floodplain river . beginning as a small stream in the forested headwaters of lake itasca , minnesota , the river flowed through virgin forests and unbroken prairie to its deltaic outlet into the gulf of mexico in louisiana . from headwaters to the mouth , the river increased in size and discharge and decreased in slope . initially , the young river flowed through a small valley bordered by wetlands and lakes . along its downstream course , the river changed from a single to a braided channel in its mid - reaches and finally to a meandering , constantly changing channel downstream . its valley changed rather steadily from a narrow floodplain flanked by tall bluffs upstream to a vast , flat floodplain downstream .\nin its present form , the mississippi river changes dramatically and rather incrementally along its 3 731 km journey from headwaters to the gulf of mexico . the headwaters reach , the upper 824 km from lake itasca to st . anthony falls , minnesota , flows alternately through forests and wetlands . dams have been built to form 11 small reservoirs and modify the elevation and discharge of several natural river lakes . these dams variously function for flood control , electric generation , water supply , or recreation .\nfigure 2 . average stage at upper mississippi river lock and dam 15 tailwaters , rock island , illinois . 1900 - 1925 is pre - impoundment ; 1940 - 2002 is post - impoundment .\nfigure 3 . average stage in the middle mississippi river , chester , illinois . 1900 - 1925 is before mainline levee construction ; 1940 - 2002 is after mainline levee construction .\nclassification of river reaches based on the form and consequences of anthropogenic perturbations is convenient , even desirable , from both ecological and management perspectives . the ecological structure and function of the headwaters , umr and open river segments are expected to differ and these differences should influence assessment and research questions . similarly , management goals and strategies are expected to differ among reaches . however , it also is important to recognize that each reach represents a continuum as the river traverses a latitudinal gradient , grows with each added tributary and the amount of floodplain increases ( schramm , eggleton and minnis 1999 ) .\nfigure 4 . average stage in the lower mississippi river , vicksburg , mississippi . 1900 - 1925 is before mainline levee and cutoff construction ; 1940 - 2002 is after mainline levee and cutoff construction . horizontal dashed line is bank full stage , the stage at which floodplain inundation begins .\nbaker et al . ( 1991 ) used multivariate analyses to delineate habitats . although a progressive and promising approach , the results of such analyses are constrained by inability to measure habitat conditions ( e . g . current direction and velocity are usually measured near the surface ) , by selectivity of fish sampling gear and by temporal fluctuations in river stage and discharge . although baker et al . ( 1991 ) described their resulting habitat delineations as microhabitats , the inherent variability in river conditions over a spatial scale greater than several meters precludes considering a habitat even as homogeneous as a sand bar as a single microhabitat . further , habitat use changes over time as both river conditions and biological requirements follow their seasonal chronology . in the lmr , the abundance of several fishes at steep natural banks ( a microhabitat listed by baker et al . 1991 ) varied significantly when current velocity was reduced , suggesting a single variable changing over time can determine habitat suitability for a species ( schramm et al . 1998 ; schramm et al . 1999 ) . conversely , changes at the macroscopic level also can affect fish abundance . the abundance of fishes collected in a sandbar habitat changed significantly following hydraulic changes in the adjacent channel , even though the physical conditions of the areas sampled remained similar over time ( schramm et al . 1999 ) .\nexcluding marine , diadromous and peripheral species and species not recently collected ( hereafter , resident species ) , 140 species are resident in the mississippi river ; 4 of these species are introduced . sixty - one species are resident in the headwaters , 107 species in the umr and 109 species in the open river . sufficient evidence was available to consider 55 resident species backwater dependent and 17 resident species riverine dependent . of the 137 resident species i was able to assign to habitat zones , none are expected to reside in main channel habitats throughout their life cycle , 24 are expected to occupy one or more channel border habitats throughout their life cycle and 50 species are expected to reside in one or more backwater habitats throughout their life cycle . a substantial number of fish were considered rare by fremling et al . ( 1989 ) or baker et al . ( 1991 ) . including fish not recently collected ( fremling et al . 1989 ) , 23 resident species are rare in the headwaters , 24 species are rare in the umr and 24 species are rare in the open river .\nfish production has not been estimated and biomass estimates are limited . individual estimates are highly variable but tend to range from 300 - 900 kg ha - 1 ( table 2 ) . standing stocks appear greater in the lmr than in the umr , but comparability may be limited by habitat differences . standing stock in umr backwaters , sloughs and side channels was 38 percent commercial species ( excluding catfishes ) , 30 percent gizzard shad , 14 percent panfish ( white bass , sunfishes , crappies , yellow perch ) and 5 percent catfishes ( pitlo 1987 ) . pitlo ( 1987 ) found no longitudinal or temporal trends in total fish biomass but noted decreases in catfish and predator fish and increases in shad and pan - fishes over time . in the lmr backwaters , gizzard shad were 44 percent of the biomass , common carp 15 percent , freshwater drum 7 percent , bigmouth buffalo 6 percent and threadfin shad 5 percent of the total biomass ; collectively , commercial species were 34 percent of the biomass and sport fishes were 10 percent ( lowery et al . 1987 ) . levee borrow pits contained an average of 688 kg ha - 1 ; shads and buffalo fishes dominated the catch ( cobb et al . 1984 ) . lentic dyke pools can contain over 3 800 kg ha - 1 of fish and larger pools average over 2 000 kg ha - 1 ( baker et al . 1991 ) . the high biomass is primarily from abundant shads and occasionally large numbers of buffalo fishes , catfishes , crappies , gars and white bass ( nailon and pennington 1984 ; baker et al . 1991 ) . nailon and pennington ( 1984 ) noted substantial differences between lentic and lotic dyke pools , the latter supporting more blue sucker , blue catfish and flathead catfish .\ntable 1 : distribution and abundance of fishes in the headwaters ( hw ) , upper ( umr ) , or open river ( or ) segments of the mississippi river . fish are resident in the mississippi river unless noted otherwise ( residence ) . data were compiled from fremling et al . ( 1989 ) , baker et al . ( 1991 ) , pitlo et al . ( 1995 ) , and warren et al . ( 2000 ) . fish categorized as strays by fremling et al . ( 1989 ) and marine fishes collected only in the lower 150 km of the mississippi river are excluded . backwater dependent or riverine dependent indicates those taxa that are dependent on backwater or riverine conditions to complete their life cycle . probable zone is the area of the river from which the fish have been or are likely to be collected .\n1 db diadromous , ib introduced , mb marine , pb peripheral , typically occupies tributary streams and rivers but may temporarily enter the mississippi river .\n2 ab abundantly taken in all river surveys . cb commonly taken in most surveys . ob occasionally collected ; not generally distributed but local concentrations may occur . ub uncommon , does not usually appear in survey samples . rb considered rare . h1b taxon has been collected in the mississippi river but no records of collection since 1978 ( fremling et al . 1989 ) . h2b taxon reported as present by warren et al . ( 2000 ) but abundance not known . h3b taxon presumed by warren et al . ( 2000 ) to be present but not verified by collection records .\n5 not listed as present in the open - river reach of the mississippi river by warren et al . 2000 .\n6 warren et al . ( 2000 ) list mississippi stoneroller ( c . a . pullum ) as present in the open - river reach of the mississippi river .\n7 warren et al . ( 2000 ) list pealip redhorse ( m . m . pisolabrum ) as present in the open - river reach of the mississippi river .\n5 the gulf coast strain striped bass is native to the mississippi river . atlantic coast strain striped bass have been introduced into numerous impoundments in the mississippi river basin . escapees from these introductions have colonized the mississippi river and likely contribute to occasional collections of striped bass in the umr and open river .\nfish biomass is usually estimated by recovery of fish after toxicant application ; hence , biomass estimation is typically limited to lentic waters where toxicants can be confined . however , rasmussen , pitlo and van vooren ( 1985 ) and pitlo ( 1987 ) obtained high biomass in channel border habitats using primacord ( explosives ) , suggesting promise for this method . if fish recovery from primacord sampling can be assumed equivalent to that from rotenone sampling , channel borders support fish biomasses similar to backwaters . non - ictalurid commercial fishes averaged 73 percent , catfishes 20 percent and gizzard shad 6 percent of the biomass ( pitlo 1987 ) . dettmers et al . ( 2001 ) estimated biomass of benthic fishes in the main channel in the umr ( pool 26 ) using trawls . although the biomass estimates are low ( and probably conservative ) , the trawl caught a wide variety of species and sizes . hydroacoustic sampling indicated moderate to high densities of fish in lmr main channel and channel border habitats ( baker et al . 1988a , 1988b ) , with densities in the main channel lower than along banks or in dyke pools ( baker et al . 1987 ; baker et al . 1988a , 1988b ) . many of the main channel and channel border fish were small ( 3 - 30 cm ) and the fish were distributed throughout the water column in some areas .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 587, "summary": [{"text": "collared wrigglers are perciform fishes in the family xenisthmidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are native to the indian and pacific oceans , where they are mostly reef-dwelling . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "xenisthmidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e4\u30ca\u30ae\u30cf\u30bc\u79d1\nto\nxenisthmidae\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nhuulitokot\nto\nxenisthmidae\n.\ngymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) .\ngymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ngill , a . c . & hoese , d . f . ( 2004 ) three new australian species of the fish genus xenisthmus ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . records of the australian museum , 56 , 241\u2013246 . urltoken\ngill , a . c . & randall , j . e . ( 1994 ) xenisthmus balius , a new species of fish from the persian gulf ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 107 , 445\u2013450 .\ngill , a . c . , bogorodsky , s . v . & mal , a . o . ( 2014 ) gymnoxenisthmus tigrellus , new genus and species of gobioid fish from the red sea ( gobioidei : xenisthmidae ) . zootaxa , 3755 ( 5 ) , 491\u2013495 . urltoken\nxenisthmidae - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nfamily xenisthmidae lower lip with free ventral margin ; 6 branchiostegal rays . marine , indo - pacific . 6 genera with about 12 species . family microdesmidae ( cerdalidae ) ( wormfishes and dartfishes ) rare , small , eel - like ; chin large , forming pointed end of snout ; 10 genera with about 66 species ; both coasts of tropical americas , \u2026\nty - jour ti - rotuma lewisi , new genus and species of fish from the southwest pacific ( gobioidei , xenisthmidae ) t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 101 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1988 sp - 530 ep - 539 sn - 0006 - 324x au - springer , victor g er -\n@ article { bhlpart46420 , title = { rotuma lewisi , new genus and species of fish from the southwest pacific ( gobioidei , xenisthmidae ) } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 101 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { springer , victor g } , year = { 1988 } , pages = { 530 - - 539 } , }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nindo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 . species are small ( mostly less than 2 . 5 cm sl ) and very secretive ; lives on sand patches adjacent to coral reefs or reef rubble ( ref . 94949 ) .\ngreek , xenos = strange , rare + greek , isthmia , - on = neck , throat , narrow passage ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\na family of small secretive gobioid fishes found in the indo - pacific . xenisthmids live in sandy or reef rubble areas near coral reefs . the family includes six genera ; three genera and 7 described species are known from australian waters .\ndescription distribution : indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays .\ndescription distribution : indo - pacific . lower lip with a free ventral margin ; six branchiostegal rays . [ details ]\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from xenisthmus to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nraitahuulitokko\nto\nxenisthmus polyzonatus ( klunzinger , 1871 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f8867163 - de12 - 43a3 - 8c6a - cde36e2b391b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73d422e0 - 5a8c - 40f8 - ba4f - 5d3ebe94d740\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 279119\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address : department of parasitic worms , natural history museum , 6 cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ngill and hoese , 2004 , rec . aust . mus . 56 ( 2 ) : 241\u2013246\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmacleay museum and school of biological sciences , a12 - macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia . ichthyology , australian museum , 6 college street , sydney , new south wales 2010 , australia ; email : anthony . c . gill @ sydney . edu . au .\nstation of naturalists , omsk , russia ; email : ic187196 @ yandex . ru .\nmarine biology department , faculty of marine sciences , king abdulaziz university , jeddah , ksa ; email : aomal @ kau . edu . sa .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nanthony c . gill macleay museum and school of life and environmental sciences , a12\u2014macleay building , the university of sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia .\nsergey v . bogorodsky senckenberg research institute and natural history museum frankfurt , senckenberganlage 25 , 60325 frankfurt a . m . , germany . station of naturalists , omsk , russia .\nahmad o . mal marine biology department , faculty of marine sciences , king abdulaziz university , jeddah , ksa .\nthree species of the xenisthmid genus xenisthmus snyder are recorded from the red sea . xenisthmus polyzonatus ( klunzinger ) , the only described species previously known from the red sea , is reported on the basis of eight specimens from egypt , eritrea and saudi arabia . xenisthmus oligoporus new species is described from four specimens , 17 . 7\u201325 . 0 mm sl , from sudan and saudi arabia . it is distinguished from all other congeners in having a reduced number of cephalic sensory pores and 14\u201315 segmented rays in the second dorsal fin . xenisthmus balius gill & randall is newly recorded from the red sea on the basis of 13 specimens from eritrea , egypt and saudi arabia . the new specimens of this species are described and compared with previously known specimens , the holotype and eight paratypes from the arabian ( = persian ) gulf . all three species are described in detail and illustrated with colour photographs . an identification key to the species is also provided .\nakihito , prince , hayashi , m . & yoshino , t . ( 1984 ) suborder gobioidei . in : masuda , h . , amaoka , k . , araga , c . , uyeno , t . & yoshino , t . ( eds . ) , the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , pp . 236\u2013289 .\nbirdsong , r . s . , murdy , e . o . & pezold , f . l . ( 1988 ) a study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships . bulletin of marine science , 42 , 174\u2013214 .\ncarpenter , k . e . , krupp , f . , jones , d . a . & zajonz , u . ( 1997 ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of kuwait , eastern saudi arabia , bahrain , qatar and the united arab emirates . fao , rome , 293 pp . , xvii pls .\nclark , e . ( 1968 ) israel south red sea expedition , 1962 , reports no . 28 . eleotrid gobies collected during the israel south red sea expedition ( 1962 ) , with a key to the red sea species . bulletin , ministry of agriculture , department of fisheries , sea fisheries research station haifa , 49 , 3\u20137 .\ndor , m . ( 1984 ) checklist of the fishes of the red sea . the israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem , xxi + 427 pp .\ngolani , d . & bogorodsky , s . v . ( 2010 ) the fishes of the red sea\u2014reappraisal and updated checklist . zootaxa , 2463 , 1\u2013135 .\ngoren , m . & dor , m . ( 1994 ) an updated checklist of the fishes of the red sea ; clofres ii . israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem , xii + 120 pp .\nherre , a . w . c . t . ( 1938 ) luzoneleotris , a new genus of eleotrid fishes from luzon . stanford ichthyological bulletin , 1 , 59\u201360 .\njordan , d . s . & seale , a . ( 1906 ) the fishes of samoa . description of the species found in the archipelago , with a provisional check - list of the fishes of oceania . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries , 25 , 173\u2013455 .\nklunzinger , c . b . ( 1871 ) synopsis der fische des rothen meeres . ii . theil . verhandlungen der k . \u2013k . zoologisch\u2013botanischen gesellschaft in wien , 21 , 441\u2013688 .\nrandall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crowford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , xvi + 439 pp .\nsaruwatari , t . , l\u00f3pez , j . a . & pietsch , t . w . ( 1997 ) cyanine blue : a versatile and harmless stain for specimen observation . copeia , 1997 , 840\u2013841 . urltoken\nschultz , l . p . , woods , l . p . & lachner , e . a . ( 1966 ) fishes of the marshall and marianas islands . vol . 3 . families kraemeriidae through antennariidae . bulletin of the united states national museum , 202 ( 3 ) , 1\u2013176 .\nsmith , j . l . b . ( 1958 ) the fishes of the family eleotridae in the western indian ocean . ichthyological bulletin , department of ichthyology , rhodes university , 11 , 137\u2013163 .\nsnyder , j . o . ( 1908 ) descriptions of eighteen new species and two new genera of fishes from japan and the riu kiu islands . proceedings of the united states national museum , 35 ( 1635 ) , 93\u2013111 .\ntaylor , w . r . & van dyke , g . c . ( 1985 ) revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study . cybium , 9 , 107\u2013119 .\nwhitley , g . p . ( 1933 ) studies in ichthyology . no . 7 . records of the australian museum , 19 , 60\u2013112 . urltoken"]}
{"id": 589, "summary": [{"text": "parapoynx diminutalis is a species of moth of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to south-east asia , including the northern territory , queensland and new south wales in australia , but has since been found in the united kingdom and the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in africa , where it has been recorded from egypt , sudan , ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zambia , zimbabwe , malawi , south africa , botswana , angola , the republic of congo , nigeria and madagascar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 \u2013 14 mm for males and 16 \u2013 23 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , suffused with fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white with a fuscous y-shaped median fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on hydrilla and nymphaea species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "parapoynx diminutalis", "paragraphs": ["species parapoynx diminutalis - small leafcutter moth - hodges # 4765 - bugguide . net\nfigure 5 . a cocoon constructed and occupied by a parapoynx diminutalis snellen larva . parapoynx diminutalis snellen use plant stems , leaves and other materials to construct their cocoons and attach to submerged stems or plant material . photograph by julie baniszewski , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . damage inflicted on hydrilla leaf by a first instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nbrou jr va . 1993 . range extension of the moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . southern lepidopterists\u2019 news 15 : 33 - 34 .\naccording to the global pyraloidea database ( nuss et al . 2003 - 2013 ) and shibuya ( 1928 ) the following junior synonyms have been used for parapoynx diminutalis :\nbalciunas jk , habeck dh . 1981 . recent range extension of a hydrilla damaging moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . florida entomologist 64 : 195 - 196 .\nbownes a . 2010 . asian aquatic moth parapoynx diminutalis , accidentally introduced earlier , contributes to control of an aquatic weed hydrilla verticillata in south africa . african journal of aquatic science 35 : 307 - 311 .\nbuckingham gr , bennett ca . 1996 . laboratory biology of an immigrant asian moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidotera : pyralidae ) , on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . florida entomologist 79 : 353 - 363 .\nfigure 2 . parapoynx diminutalis snellen , first instar larva eating hydrilla . first instar larvae are transparent , allowing consumed hydrilla to be visible in the gut . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\ndel fosse es , perkins bd , steward kk . 1976 . a new record for parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a possible biological control agent for hydrilla verticillata . florida entomologist 59 : 1 - 30 .\nbuckingham gr , bennett ca . 1989 . laboratory host range of parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , an asian aquatic moth adventive in florida and panama on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . environmental entomology 18 : 526 - 530 .\nfigure 1 . eggs of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , within one day of being laid ( left ) . egg mass sizes vary and are often laid on plant tissue ( right ) . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nbaniszewski j , weeks eni , cuda jp . 2016 . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki reduces competition by parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in colonies of the hydrilla biological control agent cricotopus lebetis ( diptera : chironomidae ) . florida entomologist 99 : 644 - 647 .\nfigure 3 . an early instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( left ) . larvae are mobile and retreat into a cocoon between feedings . cocoons are constructed of plant materials and attached to a hydrilla stem ( right ) . photographs by julie baniszewski , university of florida .\nparapoynx diminutalis is native to parts of asia , africa , and australia ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in its adventive range , parapoynx diminutalis has been found in panama ( notably in the panama canal , which was infested with hydrilla ) , honduras , and florida . in commercial greenhouses , the moth has been observed colonizing aquatic plants in england and denmark ( agassiz 1978 , 1981 ) . parapoynx diminutalis was first seen in florida in fort lauderdale in 1976 but progressively appeared in more northern counties , eventually reaching alachua and putnam counties by 1979 ( balciunas and habeck 1981 ) . in the early 1980s , hydrilla surveys in other southeastern states revealed that the moth\u2019s range did not extend beyond florida ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) . even in northern florida , the cooler water temperatures caused populations to be reduced in late winter and early spring . milder climates such as those found in panama may enable populations to thrive throughout the year ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nfigure 4 . a late instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , feeding on hydrilla ( left ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow closer to pupation ( right ) . branched gills are visible and help identify this species in the larval stage . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . an adult parapoynx diminutalis snellen , female moth ( left ) and male moth ( right ) . females have longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , and larger abdomens . males have longer antennae and more distinct white setae ( hairs ) at the tip of the abdomen . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nparapoynx diminutalis snellen is an adventive asian moth with an aquatic larval stage . the moth is found associated with a variety of water bodies including river backwaters , lakes , and ponds ( habeck 1996 ) . the aquatic larvae commonly attack hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . f . royle ) , and other aquatic plants ( buckingham and bennett 1989 , 1996 ) .\nparapoynx diminutalis undergoes complete metamorphosis from an aquatic caterpillar to a moth . life stages include the egg , seven larval instars ( the seventh instar includes a pre - pupa stage ) , the pupa and finally adult emergence ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . the life cycle of parapoynx diminutalis ranges from 25 to 41 days for development and about five days for the adult life span . females lay on average about 200 eggs , but can lay just a few to over 500 . the eggs require 4 - 6 days to develop before first instars hatch . adults typically emerge from pupae after dusk and are quick to fly to avoid potential predators . the adults drink water using a reduced proboscis , but they do not appear to feed ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . parapoynx diminutalis mating has not been studied in detail but has been observed occasionally and seems to occur at around three hours after dusk . although the maximum time in copula is unknown , pairs of moths in copula facing in opposite directions were noted to rest for at least 30 minutes . after mating , there is a 1 - day pre - oviposition period . females then oviposit soon after dusk just below the water surface on leaves or stems . first instars have been shown to hatch both below and above the water surface , although it has been observed that the females typically oviposit below the water surface ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nhowever , in south africa , where the moth was accidentally introduced , parapoynx diminutalis is believed to be having a significant impact on hydrilla infestations ( bownes 2010 ) . after moths were discovered feeding in a hydrilla infested water body at pongolapoort dam , kwazulu - natal in january 2009 , almost all plants were defoliated by april of the same year ( bownes 2010 ) . although hydrilla was not eradicated in this area , the reduction in viability of the hydrilla has allowed other native plants to recolonize .\nthe asian moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen is an immigrant in florida and panama where it attacks hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . fil . ) royle , an immigrant submersed weed from asia . field populations of p . diminutalis are occasionally heavy on hydrilla but are rarely found on other plant species , including those that are laboratory hosts . larvae build portable cases from which they feed on leaves and stems . the 7 instars can be differentiated by head capsule widths . measurements are presented of other immature stages . in the laboratory at 26 . 7\u00b0c , eggs developed in 4 - 6 d , larvae in 21 - 35 d , prepupae in 1 - 2 d , and pupae in 6 - 7 d . adults lived 3 - 5 d at 24 . 4\u00b0c .\nhydrilla is invasive , and the actions of the moth rarely require management and are usually considered to be desirable . however , in certain situations where the presence of hydrilla is needed , such as in research with other biocontrol agents , management of the moth larvae may be necessary to prevent consumption of the plant material . in these situations , a strain of the biorational insecticide bacillus thuringiensis has been tested for controlling parapoynx diminutalis ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ; bownes 2010 ; baniszewski et al . 2016 ) . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki , commonly known as btk , is specific to lepidopteran pests . btk produces proteins that are toxic to larvae ; the proteins bind to the midgut when consumed and kill the larvae ( bauce et al . 2006 ; van driesche et al . 2008 ) . a commercially available btk product has been shown to cause 80 % mortality of parapoynx diminutalis larvae in about four days ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . baniszewski et al . ( 2016 ) found that a concentration of 2 ml per 3 . 8 l or higher reduced moth emergence by 75 % and a concentration of 0 . 2 ml per 3 . 8 l reduced emergence by 50 % . however , the higher doses impacted the emergence of the biological agent under culture , the hydrilla tip - mining midge , cricotopus lebetis ( baniszewski et al . 2016 ) .\nlarvae are commonly found on the aquatic weed hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata . the initial discovery of the moth on hydrilla led to an interest in the moth as a possible biological control agent of this invasive weed . in the field , larvae and pupae have been found in small numbers on coontail ( ceratophyllum demersum l . ) , southern naiad ( najas guadalupensis ( sprengel ) magnus ) , and illinois pondweed ( potamogeton illinoensis morong ) ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . furthermore , in laboratory studies , while parapoynx diminutalis larvae preferred hydrilla , they could also complete development on various other plants including coontail , southern naiad , fanwort ( cabombo caroliniana gray ) , brazilian waterweed ( egeria densa planchon ) , and eurasian water - milfoil ( myriophyllum spicatum l . ) ( buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .\nplant damage is inflicted by the larvae , which not only eat the leaf and stem tissue , but use these materials to prepare their pupal cocoon as well ( figure 7 ) . the main food source for parapoynx diminutalis is the aquatic weed hydrilla ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in most natural situations in the u . s . , hydrilla is invasive and an undesirable weed because it develops surface mats and disrupts natural ecosystems ( haller and sutton 1975 ; langeland et al . 2016 ) . there have been few studies to quantify the effect of feeding moth larvae on hydrilla biomass . feeding of the moth larvae on hydrilla in florida was thought to have a positive effect on hydrilla - invaded water bodies ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) by reducing the need for herbicide applications to control hydrilla mats . however , naturalized populations of this moth are too sporadic to have a significant effect on hydrilla density . for example , in northern florida populations build up during the summer months and can cause extensive defoliation of hydrilla , but in the winter , populations decline rapidly with cooler water temperatures ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe moth was identified in 1971 in india and pakistan during scouting trips to attempt to determine potential biological control agents for hydrilla . despite having potential for hydrilla destruction , the moth was declared to be a generalist feeder and unsuitable for release into u . s . water bodies for hydrilla control ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . however , the moth was later found in florida in 1976 by united states department of agriculture technicians who were testing herbicides for hydrilla control . the larvae ( caterpillars ) found on hydrilla were observed to be eating the invasive weed . the pathway , method , or time of the moth\u2019s arrival remains unknown ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) .\nmore recent studies indicate that the moth also is established in louisiana , where 37 moths were collected from 1984 - 1992 ( brou jr . 1993 ) .\neggs : eggs are smooth and bright yellow when laid ( figure 1 ) ; they turn white , and then become transparent as they develop . the eggs are generally deposited on plant leaves or stems just below the water surface in masses of various sizes ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nlarvae : larvae can be distinguished from those of other aquatic species by the presence of branched gills ( habeck 1996 ) and brown spots on the head and the tip of the thorax . the larval stage consists of seven instars ; all seven are off - white with yellow - brown legs ( habeck and balciunas 2005 ) . the larvae are mobile and feed on hydrilla leaves . the first instar is white yet nearly transparent and has 1 mm long setae ( hairs ) ( figure 2 ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow as they approach pupation ( figure 3 ) . in later instars , the length increases and the external gills develop ( figure 4 ) . instars 3 through 7 use plant tissue to construct a silk case , and often retreat into the case between feeding events ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\npupae : pupae have three tubercles ( or nodules ) along each side and two setae ( or hairs ) on the head . female pupae can be distinguished from males by their larger size and by their antennae . female antennae are shorter , extending only to the wing tips , whereas male antennae are longer and extend past the wing tips ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . late seventh instar larvae ( or pre - pupae ) enclose themselves in a white cocoon , which is attached to a submerged plant stem ( figure 5 ) . after 1 - 2 days in the cocoon , the white pre - pupae have developed into yellow pupae inside the cocoon . the eyes turn red , then brown , and the wings become visible as pupation progresses ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nadults : moth adults are white with brown or tan markings or bands on the wings and tan bands on the body ( figure 6 ) . females typically differ from males by their longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , larger abdomens and shorter antennae , and they lack the noticeable white setae displayed by males on the tip of the abdomen ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nthe moth was identified in pakistan and india during scouting trips to locate potential biological control agents for hydrilla ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . at this point , the researchers observed the moth damaging hydrilla and believed that the moth could be an effective control agent due to its destructive capabilities .\nan important characteristic of a biocontrol agent is host specificity . when laying eggs , female moths are not highly selective , which makes other plants susceptible to consumption by developing larvae . furthermore , the moth is limited by winter temperatures , and populations decline during the cooler months to a level that is almost undetectable . sensitivity to cooler climates and lack of host specificity makes the moth a poor biological control agent of hydrilla ( habeck and balciunas 1976 , buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .\nmonitoring for adult moths can be done using ultraviolet ( uv ) black lights or incandescent light bulbs , which are both attractive to the moth ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nthe authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the usda nifa ramp grant 2010 - 02825 that helped pay for the production of this article . the authors would like to acknowledge the reviewers that provided feedback on an early draft of the article , dr . william overholt and dr . verena lietze .\nagassiz d . 1978 . five introduced species , including one new to science , of china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist\u2019s gazette 29 : 117 - 127 .\nagassiz d . 1981 . further introduced china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist\u2019s gazette 32 : 21 - 26 .\nbalciunas jk , minno mc . 1985 . insects damaging hydrilla in the usa . journal of aquatic plant management 23 : 77 - 83 .\nbaloch gm , sana - ullah , ghani ma . 1980 . some promising insects for the biological control of hydrilla verticillata in pakistan . tropical pest management 26 : 194 - 200 .\nbauce e , kumbasli m , van fankenhuyzen k , carisey n . 2006 . interactions among white spruce tannins , bacillus thuringiensis subsp . kurstaki , and spruce budworm ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , on larval survival , growth and development . journal of economic entomology 99 : 2038 - 2047 .\nhaag kh , buckingham gr . 1991 . effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants . journal of aquatic plant management 29 : 55 - 57 .\nhabeck dh . 1996 . australian moths for hydrilla control . u . s . army engineer waterways experiment station . technical report . a96 : 10 . vicksburg , ms .\nhabeck dh , balciunas jk . 2005 . larvae of nymphulinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) associated with hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) in north queensland . australian journal of entomology 44 : 354 - 363 .\nhaller wt , sutton dl . 1975 . community structure and competition between hydrilla and vallisneria . hyacinth control journal 13 : 48 - 50 .\nkegley se , hill br , orme s , choi ah . 2010 . pan pesticide database . pesticide action network , north america ( san francisco , ca . 2010 ) . ( 24 june 2017 ) .\nlangeland ka , enloe sf , gettys l . 2016 . hydrilla management in florida lakes . university of florida , ifas extension . ( 24 june 2017 ) .\nnuss m , landry b , vegliante f , tr\u00e4nkner a , mally r , hayden j , segner a , li h , schouten r , solis ma , trofimova t , de prins j , speidel w . 2003 - 2013 . global information system on pyraloidea . ( 24 june 2017 ) .\nshibuya j . 1928 . the systematic study on the formosan pyralidae . journal of the faculty of agriculture , hokkaido imperial university , sapporo , japan 22 : 1 - 300 .\nvan driesche r , hoddle m , center t . 2008 . control of pests and weeds by natural enemies : an introduction to biological control . blackwell publishing . malden , ma .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nif you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 08 : 27 : 12 page render time : 0 . 2267s total w / procache : 0 . 2709s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlooks like it arrived on it ' s own at least by 1976 , not a planned introduction . note the larva has 7 instars ( as opposed to a more normal 5 ) .\nbob p .\nbold - barcode of life data systems - collection map and photos of pinned adults .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe caterpillars of this species is off - white with a pale brown head . it has stiff hairs along the body and two long hairs at the tail . the caterpillars have been found feeding on the leaves of aquatic plants in the genus :\nthe wings of the adult have a striking pattern of brown and white . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 cms .\nare yellow and laid in masses on water plant leaves on the surface of the water .\nfor esthwaite waterweed , which is pest in waterways there , but its depradations are too variable .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : naturalised in aquatic nurseries through accidental introduction in aquatic plants from singapore . abundant in aquatic nurseries at enfield , middlesex from 1977 since when periodically controlled by fumigation , also in other nurseries , and in many parts of europe and the u . s . a . in hampshire one was found dead in a striplight insect trap at barton stacey in july 1977 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan male 13 - 16 mm , female 17 - 19 mm . similar to p . obscuralis , which see . larva feeds on water plants , living entirely underwater , causing sufficient damage to be a serious pest in some areas .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmeyrick , e . 1885 ,\non the classification of the australian pyralidina\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1885 , no . 4 , pp . 421 - 456\nbutler , a . g . 1886 ,\ndescriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c5c89ae - 27ce - 474e - ad86 - 0a7dbac83b54\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8a9ad7c8 - bea6 - 466d - b760 - 8f72c9d402d9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b30514ec - 3f74 - 40da - 9cf6 - 551bc30c441a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b76251a5 - 9360 - 4a65 - 9a7a - e9bc171fac97\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 65abdd10 - ec8e - 42a5 - 9c0c - a6e47b422bec\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 401483\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 593, "summary": [{"text": "skistodiaptomus is a genus of freshwater copepods in the family diaptomidae , found across north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus contains eight species , three of which are endemic to the united states and are listed on the iucn red list as vulnerable species ( vu ) or data deficient ( dd ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "skistodiaptomus bogalusensis ( m. s. wilson & moore , 1953 ) skistodiaptomus carolinensis yeatman , 1986 skistodiaptomus mississippiensis ( marsh , 1894 ) skistodiaptomus oregonensis ( lilljeborg , 1889 ) skistodiaptomus pallidus ( herrick , 1879 ) skistodiaptomus pygmaeus ( pearse , 1906 ) skistodiaptomus reighardi ( marsh , 1895 ) skistodiaptomus sinuatus ( kincaid , 1953 )", "topic": 4}], "title": "skistodiaptomus", "paragraphs": ["dowell , k . m . 1997 . evidence for diapause in the freshwater copepod skistodiaptomus pallidus . american midland naturalist 137 ( 2 ) : 362 - 368 .\nthum , r . a . and r . s . stemberger . 2006 . pure spatial and spatially structured environmental variables explain skistodiaptomus copepod range limits in the northeastern usa . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 63 ( 6 ) : 1397 - 1404 .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of skistodiaptomus pallidus are found here .\nghan , d . , j . d . mcphail , and k . d . hyatt . 1998 . the temporal - spatial pattern of vertical migration by the freshwater copepod skistodiaptomus oregonensis relative to predation risk . canadian j . of fisheries and aquatic sci . 55 : 1350 - 1363 .\nchapman , m . a . , j . d . green , and t . g . northcote . 1985 . seasonal dynamics of skistodiaptomus pallidus herrick and other zooplankton populations in deer lake , s . w . british columbia . journal of plankton research 7 ( 6 ) : 867 - 876 .\nduggan , i . c . , j . d . green , and d . f . burger . 2006 . first new zealand records of three non - indigenous zooplankton species : skistodiaptomus pallidus , sinodiaptomus valkanovi , and daphnia dentifera . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 40 : 561 - 569 .\npotential : skistodiaptomus pallidus is an efficient omnivorous predator , with the ability to prey on preferred rotifers and microzooplankton from large distances . it also consumes algae and practices cannibalism , which may allow populations to persist when resource availability is low ( williamson and butler 1986 ; williamson and vanderploeg 1988 ) . it has also been known to attain very high densities in suitable habitats , reaching 10 , 000 per m3 in a lake erie marsh to unknown consequences ( krieger and klarer 1991 ) . skistodiaptomus pallidus became the primary calanoid copepod in a particularly eutrophic portion of lake tahoe , dominating two previously common species , leptodiaptomus tyrrelli and epischura nevadensis ( byron and saunders 1981 ) .\nkipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro , 2018 , skistodiaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 5 / 2 / 2018 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nduggan , i . c . , neale , m . , robinson , k . v . , verburg , p . , & watson , n . t . n . ( 2014 ) . skistodiaptomus pallidus ( copepoda : diaptomidae ) establishment in new zealand natural lakes , and its effects on zooplankton community composition . aquatic invasions , 9 ( 2 ) , 195\u2013202 . urltoken\nafter s . oregonensis molts to the first copepodid stage , it can filter feed on the same size class of particles ( 100 - 800\u00e1m\u2502 ) as the adults ( mcqueen , 1970 ; comita and mcnett 1976 ) . the copepod prefers larger phytoplankon ( mcqueen , 1970 ) . richman ( 1966 ) showed that s . oregonensis exhibited it maximum ingestion rate in food concentrations of 25 000 - 50 000 cells ml\u203e\u2563 , ingestion rate declined dramatically . skistodiaptomus oregonensis may be adaped to feeding on large cells in high concentration , and would be at a feedin disadvange in lakes of very low productivity .\nthe north american calanoid copepod skistodiaptomus pallidus is an emerging invader globally , with non - indigenous populations recorded from constructed waters in new zealand , germany and mexico since 2000 . we examined the effects of s . pallidus establishment on the zooplankton community of a natural lake , lake kereta , where it was first recorded in late - 2008 , coincident with releases of domestically cultured grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) . although not present in any of our samples prior to august 2008 , s . pallidus was found in all samples collected in the subsequent five years . anosim indicated zooplankton community composition significantly differed between samples collected before and after s . pallidus invasion , whether the invader was included in the analysis or not . zooplankton species affected most greatly were the copepods calamoecia lucasi and mesocyclops sp . , which decreased in their relative importance , and the cladocerans bosmina meridionalis and daphnia galeata , which increased . rotifer species were relatively unaffected . as the length of grass carp released were > 6 . 5 cm , direct predatory effects by this species on the zooplankton community are unlikely . associated reductions in macrophyte biomass could explain increases in the relative abundances of planktonic cladocerans ( b . meridionalis and d . galeata ) . however , the effect of macrophyte reduction by grass carp on zooplankton communities is considered to be limited elsewhere , while the reduced macrophyte biomass cannot explain the decrease in relative abundance of the native planktonic calanoid copepod c . lucasi . competition between c . lucasi and s . pallidus is the most compelling explanation for the reduction in importance of the native calanoid copepod species . skistodiaptomus pallidus appears to have undergone a \u201cboom - and - bust\u201d cycle in lake kereta , increasing in relative abundance in the first three years following establishment , before declining in importance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfirst described in 1986 from lake ravenel , highlands , macon county , north carolina ( in the upper little tennessee watershed ) . has since also been found in ponds bordering the great smoky mountains national park .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nin the great lakes zooplankton literature , this sepcies was consistently referred to as diaptomus oregonensis until the subgenus name skisodiaptomus was elevated to genetric level .\nin lake superior the females range from 1 . 2 - 1 . 4mm and average 1 . 33mm . males were somewhat smaller , ranging from 1 . 1 - 1 . 3mm and averaging 1 . 19mm .\nthe right antennule of adult male calanoids is geniculate and may possess a lateral projection on the antepenultimate segment . lateral spine on terminal segment of exopode of right 5th leg is subterminal in position .\ns . oregonensis is present year round in the great lakes ( jahoda 1948 ; carter 1969 ; wilson and roff 1973 ; gannon 1975 ) . it is most abundant in the summer and fall but peaks have been observed from april to december . gannon ( 1972a , 1974 ) reported abundance peaks as early as february in green bay .\nthis species produces two generations each year in lake michigan . adults overwinter and produce a slow - growing spring generation that coincides with the phytoplankton maximum . this generation reproduces in the summer , and the offspring grow rapidly , maturing by fall overturn . most animals wait until spring to reproduce although gannon ( 1972a ) reported some winter reproduction in green bay . in lake superior , where abundance is low , s . oregonensis only produces one generation each year and overwinters as resting eggs ( selgeby 1974 )\nsex rations of 1 : 1 are most common ( jahoda 1984 ; davis 1962 , 1968 ; torke 1975 ) , but females may outnumber males ( stewart 1974 ) . clutch size appears to be positively correlated with size of the females ( davis 1961 )\nreproduction in the s . oregonensis is sexual . the male clasps the female with his modified first antennae and / or fifth legs , then transfers a packet of sperm , the spermatophore , from his genital pore to her genital segment . the sperms are stored in a seminal receptacle located in the female ' s genital segment . when the female releases eggs from her genital tract , they are fertilized by the stored sperm . female brood the eggs in one egg sac attached to the genital segment . after the first clutch of eggs has hatched , some females fertilize a second and third clutch utilizing more of the sperm stored from their first mating .\nits egg hatch into small , active larva known as nauplii . the first nauplius stage ( ni ) is characterized by three pairs of appendages . the animals grow rapidly and molt to the second nauplius stage ( nii ) , which is slightly longer . the animals continue to grow and add appendages as they pass through six naupliar stages . the next molt is to the first copepodid stage ( ci ) . at this period the young species have the general body shape of the adult but are smaller and lack several of the swimming legs . growth , addition of swimming legs , and modification of the limbs continue at each molt until the adult ( cvi ) stage is reached . the animals then mate and produce the next\nis one of the most widely distributed diaptomid species , occuring throughout the northern united states and southern ontario , canada ( marsh 1893 , 1929 ; carl 1940 ) . this species has been reported in all the great lakes , especially abundant in the warmer , southerly portions of the\nand is of decreasing importance in the cooler , northerly regions ( robertson 1966 ) . now this species is rare in lake superior ( selgeby , 1975 ) and lake ontario , only appearing in fall and most common in lake erie ( davis 1961 , wright 1955 ) which peaks in abundance occur in september .\ns . oregonensis always inhabits permanent water bodies , but occurs in lakes of different morphometric and tropic characteristics . it is common in lake michigan , but also occurs in quite shallow inland lakes and ponds . it frequently occurs with other calanoids , leptodiaptomus minutusis , l . ashlandi and l . sicilis , and occasionally with s . pallidus .\ns . oregonensis is more abundant offshore than in the littoral zone ( stewart 1974 ) . during periods of thermal stratification , this species is usually found in the meta - and epilimnia , migrating toward the surface at night , but most densely concentrated near the thermocline during the day ( juday , 1903 ; langford , 1938 ; wells 1960 ) . in unstratified water masses and upwelling areas , distribution throughout the water column is more uniform ( wilson and roff 1973 ) . in teapot lake , ontario , cooley ( 1970 ) found that day - night differences in mean depth distribution were not significant for naupliar stages , but were significant for copepodid and adult stage , although these day - night distribution means only involved a depth difference of 1m or less , and some animals apparently did not migrate . birge ( 1895 ) observed no vertical movement for this species in lake mendota , dane co . diurnal migratory behavior is apparently weakly developed in this species , and the extent of migration may be influenced by age and individual behavior , and perhaps by temperature , light level , time of year and thermocline depth\ns . oregonensis has been found in the stomach of severl species of fish including ass , crappie , carp , suckers , freshwater drum , trout - perch , yellow perch , and whitefish ( ewers 1933 ; wilson 1960 ) . comparing only a small percentage of the diet of some fish , it was found to be an important food item for small bloater ( wells and beeton 1963 ) .\nbalcer , korda , and dodson . 1984 . zooplankton of the great lakes : general morphology and ecology of the crustacean zooplankton , p . 8 - 11 . university of wisconsin pres . madison , wisconsin .\nbalcer , korda , and dodson . 1984 . zooplankton of the great lakes : life history and ecology of the major crustacean species , p . 91 - 93 . university of wisconsin pres . madison , wisconsin .\nbyron torke . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia 453 / 454 : 351 - 365 , 2001 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe endopod of the 1st leg of this copepod species is bifurcate . unlike some other diaptomids , the antepenultimate segment of the right 1st antenna has no distinct appendage and is not produced into a blunt point in males . the male left 5th leg is shorter than the right , reaching to the end of or slightly past the 1st segment of the right exopod . there is a scythe - like inner process on the terminal exopod segment of the male left 5th leg . females have 3 urosomal segments , rounded metasomal wings with small sensilla , and a somewhat expanded genital segment ( pennak 1989 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) .\nfemales are around 0 . 8\u20131 . 2 mm long while males are around 0 . 7\u20131 mm long ( geddes and cole 1981 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) .\nis native to the north central plain states , northeast to new york , southern united states in the mississippi river basin , texas , and west to colorado ( pennak 1989 ; mills et al . 1993 ; torke 2001 ; thum and sternberger 2006 ) .\nwas first recorded from lake ontario in 1967 . in the 1970s , it was recorded from lake erie , lake st . clair , lake huron and the saginaw river . the occurrences in the lake huron drainage were discovered upon re - examining archived specimens from 1974 and 1975 ( mills et al . 1993 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ) . unspecified locations in\n( mclaughlin et al . , 2005 ) . collected from lake tahoe , on the\nborder in 1979 and several other california locations ( byron and saunders 1981 ) .\nhas expanded its range in north america westward ( duggan et al . 2006 ) . it has been introduced outside of north america , possibly via the aquarium trade .\n* hucs are not listed for states where the observation ( s ) cannot be approximated to a huc ( e . g . state centroids or canadian provinces ) .\nis typically found in waters with a ph range of 7 . 5\u20138 . 6 and a conductivity range of 77\u2013660 \u03bcs cm\n. this species prefers to dwell in cool waters < 12\u00bac and was found at 10 m in june and below 16 m in july , underneath the thermocline in belews lake , north carolina ( chapman et al . 1985 ; marcogliese and esch 1992 ; torke 2001 ; thum and stemberger 2006 ) .\nproduces some eggs that go through a diapause stage before they hatch and some that do not . breeding in general takes place from around march to november and females can produce up to around 20 eggs per brood . diapausing eggs produced between june and october hatch from december to june of the following year . when production of diapausing eggs occurs in the summer it may aid populations to avoid fish predation . these eggs have been known to reach densities of 105 per m\nin the sediments of some habitats . such high densities may help mitigate the effects of a poor year in reproduction and recruitment . it may take around 7 weeks for resting stages to hatch . one study found that it takes around 66 days at 10\u00bac and 15 days at 25\u00bac for development to the adult stage . there are 2\u20135 generations per year in different parts of this species\u2019 range ( geiling and campbell 1972 ; chapman et al . 1985 ; dowell 1997 ; torke 2001 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; wonham et al . 2005 ) .\nfeeds on phytoplankton , especially individual algae > 53 \u03bcm in size . it can also selectively and intensely prey on some rotifer species ( geiling and campbell 1972 ; williamson and butler 1986 ; torke 2001 ) .\ncould have been introduced accidentally in bait buckets , in fishing equipment , by recreational boaters , with hatchery stock from the mississippi river basin , or through dispersal ( mills et al . 1993 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; reid and hudson 2008 ) .\nadditionally , based on evidence from an ohio lake , it has been suggested that s . pallidus is an intermediate host for the parasitic worm tanaorhamphus longirostris , although study of this occurrence has been limited ( hubschman 1983 ) . documented evidence combined with its record of spread across the u . s . ( byron and saunders 1981 ) have led some recently colonized areas , like new zealand , to express concern over the potential effects of s . pallidus on native ecosystems ( duggan et al . 2006 ) .\nthere have been no recent records of this species in the great lakes . persistent populations of\nmay be lacking in the main water bodies of the great lakes , although individuals are probably washed into the lakes during floods . its native range could extend into tributaries and coastal wetlands within the basin ( mills et al . 1993 ; lesko et al . 2003 ; reid and hudson 2008 ) .\ngeddes , m . c . , and g . a . cole . 1981 . variation in sexual size differentiation in north american diaptomids ( copepoda : calanoida ) : does variation in the degree of dimorphism have ecological significance ? limnology and oceanography 26 ( 2 ) : 367 - 374 .\ngeiling , w . t . , and r . s . campbell . 1972 . the effect of temperature on the development rate of the major life stages of diaptomus pallidus herrick . limnology and oceanography 17 : 304 - 307 .\nglmris . 2012 . appendix c : inventory of available controls for aquatic nuisance species of concern , chicago area waterway system . u . s . army corps of engineers .\nhubschman , j . h . 1983 . diaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 ( crustacea : copepoda ) as an intermediate host for tanaorhamphus longirostris ( van cleave , 1913 ) ( acanthocephala : neoechinorhynchidae ) . journal of parasitology 69 ( 5 ) : 930 - 932 .\nkrieger , k . a . , and d . m . klarer . 1991 . zooplankton dynamics in a great lakes coastal marsh . journal of great lakes research 17 : 255 - 269 .\nlesko , l . t . , p . l . hudson , and m . a . chriscinske . 2003 . calanoid copepods of the laurentian great lakes . ann arbor , mi , online at urltoken\nmclaughlin , p . l . , and 39 others . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada\u2014crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 , bethesda , maryland , american fisheries society , 545 p .\nmarcogliese , d . j . , and g . w . esch . 1992 . alterations of vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton in relation to temperature . american midland naturalist 128 ( 1 ) : 139 - 155 .\nmills , e . l . , j . h . leach , j . t . carlton , and c . l . secor . 1993 . exotic species in the great lakes : a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions . journal of great lakes research 19 ( 1 ) : 1 - 54 .\npennak , r . 1989 . fresh - water invertebrates of the unites states , 3rd ed . protozoa to mollusca . john wiley & sons , inc . , new york , new york state . 628 pp .\nreid , j . w . , and p . l . hudson . 2008 . comment on \u201crate of species introductions in the great lakes via ship\u2019s ballast water and sediments . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 65 ( 3 ) : 549 - 553 .\ntorke , b . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia 453 - 454 : 351 - 365 .\nwilliamson , c . e . , and n . m . butler . 1986 . predation on rotifers by the suspension - feeding calanoid copepod diaptomus pallidus . limnology and oceanography 31 : 393 - 402 .\nwilliamson , c . e . , and h . a . vanderploeg . 1988 . predatory suspension - feeding in diaptomus : prey defenses and the avoidance of cannibalism . bulletin of marine science 43 ( 3 ) : 561 - 572 .\nwonham , m . j . , s . a . bailey , h . j . macisaac , and m . a . lewis . 2005 . modelling the invasion risk of diapausing organisms transported in ballast sediments . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2386 - 2398 .\nkipp , r . m . , a . j . benson , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\n( of leptodiaptomus pallidus ( light , 1938 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus pallidus herrick , 1879 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of diaptomus reighardi marsh , 1895 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ns _ pygmaeus _ 5th _ leg . mov - virtual focus of the 5th leg ( 1 . 71 mb )\ntorke , b . 2001 . the distribution of calanoid copepods in the plankton of wisconsin lakes . hydrobiologia . 453 - 454 : 351 - 365 .\nchow - fraser , p . and e . j . maly . 1988 . aspects of mating reproduction and co - occurrence in three freshwater calanoid copepods . freshwater biol . 19 : 95 - 108 .\nhavens , k . e . , n . d . yan , and w . keller . 1993 . lake acidification : effects on crustacean zooplanktonic populations . environ . sci . and technology . 27 : 1621 - 1624 .\nhairston , n . g . and r . a . vanbrunt . 1994 . diapause dynamics of two diaptomid copepod species in a large lake . hydrobiologia . 292 - 293 : 209 - 218 .\nbundy , m . h . and h . a . vanderploeg . 2002 . detection and capture of inert particles by calanoid copepods : the role of the feeding current . j . of plankton research . 24 : 215 - 223 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 594, "summary": [{"text": "utegenia is a genus of early tetrapod .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is usually regarded as a basal seymouriamorph , but sometimes included in the discosauriscidae or as a sister taxon of the latter .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "only one species , utegenia shpinari , found from kazakhstan , is known .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "urumqia , another basal seymouriamorph , from urumqi , xinjiang of china is probably a junior synonym of utegenia . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "utegenia", "paragraphs": ["urumqia was originally associated with utegenia , but actually urumqia is a basal lepidosauromorph reptile .\nfigure 1 . skull of a postmetamorphic specimen of utegenia shpinari . notice the contact between the postorbital ( po ) and the supratemporal ( st ) .\naccording to the present family tree , the rise of the living amphibians occurs in this lineage beginning with utegenia . this is where living amphibians depart from living reptiles .\noverall much smaller than kotlassia , the skull of utegenia was relatively larger , lower and wider . the interpterygoid space expanded ( narrower pterygoid ) . the parasphenoid and basisphenoid were enlarged .\nlaurin , m . in press . a reappraisal of utegenia , a permo - carboniferous seymouriamorph ( tetrapoda : batrachosauria ) from kazakhstan . journal of vertebrate paleontology 29 pages , 6 figures .\nlaurin m 1996 . a reappraisal of utegenia , a permo - carboniferous seymouriamorph ( tetrapoda : batrachosauria ) from kazakhstan . journal of vertebrate paleontology 16 ( 3 ) : 374 - 383 .\nutegenia shpinari kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ( batrachosauria : seymouriamorpha ) . kurty locality . latest carboniferous - early permian of kazakhstan . two postmetamorphic specimens and larvae with leaves of pecopteris , taeniopteris and kerpia .\nof course they are not an ancestors of axolotl despite some morphological similarities utegenia much closer to ancestors of reptiles in a broad sense . but you are correct , this small - sized specimens which are larvae , really looks similar to modern axolotls .\nutegenia had a moderately long trunk , with 28 presacral vertebrae ( three of four more than in other seymouriamorphs ) . the neural arches are paired and disarticulated from the pleurocentra even in the largest known specimen , but this is probably a juvenile character ( neural arch fusion occurred relatively late in the ontogeny of early terrestrial vertebrates ) .\nutegenia had circular scales over most of its body , like discosauriscus . it retained rhomboidal ventral scales ( fig . 2 ) arranged in a chevron pattern ( gastralia ) and a contact between the postorbital and the supratemporal ( fig . 1 ) . both of these characters suggest that it is not closely related to discosauriscus , ariekanerpeton , or seymouria ( none of these seymouriamorphs appear to have had rhomboidal gastralia , although circular ventral scales were present in discosauriscus , and the presence of gastralia cannot be determined in seymouria ) . the contact between the supratemporal and the postorbital is rarely present in discosauriscus and ariekanerpeton , and it is not found in seymouria , but it is present in most postmetamorphic specimens of utegenia .\nthe first published reconstructions of utegenia shpinari showed a very broad skull ( kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) , but recent work suggests that kuznetsov and ivakhnenko did not take the extensive crushing into consideration ( fig . 1 ) , and that the skull was somewhat more narrow ( laurin , in press ) . the braincase is virtually unknown because its endochondral elements were cartilaginous . however , the parasphenoid was broad , triangular , and covered in a shagreen of denticles .\nutegenia shpinari was found in the upper pennsylvanian or lower permian of kazakhstan ( the stratigraphy of this area is problematic ) . it is represented by more than four hundred flattened but well preserved specimens . these specimens document a growth series ranging from small larvae to small post - metamorphic specimens . this growth series shows that the neural arches ossify before the centra , and the external gills disappear when the skull reaches a length of about 1 . 5 cm ( kuznetsoz and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) . however , the poor ossification of most endochondral elements suggests that no fully mature specimen was found . the cranial length of the known specimens ranges from 1 cm to 3 . 5 cm ( kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe appendicular skeleton is poorly known because of its poor ossification . the scapula and coracoid are discrete elements , and the scapula is approximately circular . the ends of the limb bones are unossified . the carpus and tarsus are usually not ossified .\nkuznetsov , v . v . , and m . f . ivakhnenko . 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108 .\nskeleton of a postmetamorphic specimen . this specimen is one of more than four hundred skeletons recently collected in kazakhstan . impressions of ventral scales are preserved on the right side of the abdomen .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ni thank my wife ( ms . patricia lai ) and mr . matthew marlowe for editing this page . dr . david maddison provided invaluable assistance in formatting this page and in linking it to other pages of the tree of life . i thank dr . jozef klembara for his useful comments on discosauriscus .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin the lineage of microsaurs . it also phylogenetically preceded the amniota , and its basalmost taxon ,\nthe cervicals and caudals are not known . the dorsal ribs were wide , producing a flattened torso .\nthe scapula and coracoid were reduced to two unfused discs . the extremely robust humerus was enlarged proximally , removing any trace of the former l shape . the radius and ulna were more robust . the manus and pes were not documented .\nkuznetzov vv and ivakhnenko mf 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : v . v . kuznetsov and m . f . ivakhnenko . 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 623, "summary": [{"text": "cosmopterosis hispida is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by solis in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the apical two thirds of the forewings is rufous , while the costa and basal one fourth are creamy to yellowish white with brown-tipped scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a rufous spot in the area between the subbasal and medial lines on the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the postmedial and subterminal lines consist of brown-tipped scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cosmopterosis hispida", "paragraphs": ["26 . cephalaspida 27 . chara hispida 28 . chasmataspida 29 . chirodropida 30 . cleistocarpida 31 . coelolepida 32 . crataegus lepida 33 . cuspida 34 . cydippida 35 . detasamentul de interventie rapida 36 . dinoponera hispida 37 . domitia lepida 38 . dryopida 39 . eleutherocarpida 40 . elpida 41 . encyclopida 42 . estampida 43 . estupida 44 . est\u00fapida 45 . ficus hispida 46 . ficus insipida 47 . flauta cuspida 48 . galeaspida 49 . gaultheria hispida 50 . gaultheria insipida\n51 . gepida 52 . heliamphora hispida 53 . hirpida 54 . hispida 55 . holcocera chloropida 56 . insipida 57 . intrepida 58 . junia lepida 59 . kolotripida 60 . kolotrypida 61 . lacerta lepida 62 . lalitaditya muktapida 63 . lamoria idiolepida 64 . laocypris hispida 65 . lapida 66 . leperditicopida 67 . lepida 68 . linea tranviaria rapida 69 . lissanthe sapida 70 . l\u00e1pida 71 . macroglossum insipida 72 . monogynaspida 73 . myodocopida 74 . nassella lepida 75 . nectaspida\n76 . nektaspida 77 . neotoma lepida 78 . odostomia limpida 79 . olou tou kosmou i elpida 80 . onychopalpida 81 . opida 82 . oppida 83 . order anaspida 84 . order cydippida 85 . palaeocopida 86 . panorpida 87 . paracles insipida 88 . parasa lepida 89 . pedipalpida 90 . perreyea lepida 91 . phacopida 92 . phoca hispida 93 . phosphatocopida 94 . phyllolepida 95 . phyllostegia hispida 96 . pida 97 . pituriaspida 98 . platycopida 99 . podocopida 100 . psorosticha melanocrepida\nthe exposure to ultraviolet radiations ( uvr ) is the key source of skin sunburn ; it may produce harmful entities , reactive oxygen species ( ros ) , leading to aging . the skin can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of ros by using various pharmaceutical formulations , such as cream . cream can be loaded with antioxidants to quench ros leading to photo - protective effects . moreover , modern medicines depend on ethnobotanicals for protection or treatment of human diseases . this review article summarizes various in vivo antioxidant studies on herbal creams loaded with phyto - extracts . these formulations may serve as cosmeceuticals to protect skin against injurious effects of uvr . the botanicals studied for dermatologic use in cream form include acacia nilotica , benincasa hispida , calendula officinalis , camellia sinensis , camellia sinensis , nelumbo nucifera ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nmicracantha . crude extract from stem of thai medicinal plant was extracted with hexane , ethyl acetate , methanol and water . the antioxidant activities ( ic50 ) was evaluated with 1 , 1 - diphenyl - 1 - princylhydrazyl ( dpph ) radical scavenging assay . total phenolic content ( tpc ) was determined by using folin - ciocalteu method . bacterial activities was tested with four human pathogenic bacteria ; escherichia coli , listeria monocytogenes , staphylococcus aureus and stapylococcus epidermidis by using agar diffusion assay . minimum inhibition concentration ( mic ) and minimum bactericidal concentration ( mbc ) were also determined by broth dilution method . for antioxidant activity , the methanol fraction from stem extract showed the highest activity with an ic50 of 2 . 4 mg / ml . water extraction was the high tpc with 10 , 136 . 9 mg gae / g dry weight . methanol and water extraction showed the remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth was shown against l . monocytogenes and s . aureus . in addition , ethyl acetate , methanol and water fraction from stem extract against s . epidermidis . the present finding suggests that the extract of c . micracantha could be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as pharmaceutical products .\ncynophallophora l . ( capparaceae ) and drypetes roxburghii ( wall . ) hurusawa ( euphorbiaceae ) , are shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain protein - accumulating cells ( pac ) . the pac of armoracia and copparis ( former\nmyrosin cells\n) occur as idioblasts . the pac of drypetes are usual members among axial phloem parenchyma cells rather than idioblasts . in drypetes the vacuoles of the pac are shown ultrastructurally to contain finely fibrillar material and to originate from local dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum . the vacuoles in pac of armoracia and\nseem to originate in the same way ; but ultrastructurally , their content is finely granular . in addition , armoracia and\nare shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain dilated cisternae ( dc ) of the endoplasmic reticulum in normal parenchyma cells , in accord with previous findings for several species within brassicaceae . the relationship of pac and dc to glucosinolates and the enzyme myrosinase is discussed .\nspinosa l . ) fruits have been used as food as well as folk medicine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders , such as rheumatism . the present study was carried out to study the anti - inflammatory activities of c . spinosa l . fruit ( csf ) aqueous extract and to isolate main phytochemica . . .\nantiestrogenic compounds were investigated from thai indigenous plants for galactogogues since estrogen is reported to suppress lactation in breastfeeding women . the aerial parts of the thai medicinal plant\nflavicans , which has traditionally been used to promote lactation , gave the new compound capparoside a ( 1 ) , along with 28 known compounds . the leaves of vitex glabrata belong to the same genus as the chaste tree ( vitex agnus - castus ) , which is used traditionally to support lactation , and afforded the new compounds khainaoside a ( 14 ) , khainaoside b ( 15 ) , and khainaoside c ( 16 ) , together with six known compounds . the isolates were tested for their biological activity using the estrogen - responsive human breast cancer cell lines mcf - 7 and t47d . syringaresinol ( 3 ) and principin ( 6 ) , from c . flavicans , and khainaoside a ( 14 ) showed the most potent inhibitory effects on estrogen - enhanced cell proliferation among all compounds isolated . these results suggest that the lactation - promoting properties of c . flavicans might be related to the inhibitory effect on excess estrogen of women who experience insufficient breastfeeding and highlight the possibility of using v . glabrata leaves for their antiestrogenic properties .\nspinosa l . is an important medicinal species in the xinjiang province of china . ten natural populations of c . spinosa from 3 locations in north , central , and south xinjiang were studied using morphological trait inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity and population structure . in this study , the 10 issr primers produced 313 amplified dna fragments , with 52 % of fragments being polymorphic . unweighted pair - group method with arithmetic average ( upgma ) cluster analysis indicated that 10 c . spinosa populations were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the nei gene of c . spinosa populations in different regions had diversity and shannon ' s information index ranges of 0 . 1312 - 0 . 2001 and 0 . 1004 - 0 . 1875 , respectively . the 362 markers were used to construct the dendrogram based on the upgma cluster analysis . the dendrogram indicated that 10 populations of c . spinosa were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the results showed these genotypes have high genetic diversity , and can be used for an alternative breeding program .\nover the past decades , there has been increasing attention on polyphenol - rich foods including fruits and vegetables on human health . polyphenols have been shown to possess some potential beneficial effects on human health and they are widely found in foods consumed by populations worldwide .\nspinosa ( c . spinosa ) is an important source of different secondary metabolites of interest to humankind . the traditional therapeutic applications of c . spinosa have been reported in ancient romans . numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from different parts ( aerial parts , roots and seeds ) of c . spinosa which are responsible alone or in combination for its various pharmacological activities . therefore , this paper is a review of publications on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of c . spinosa . there is insufficient evidence to suggest that c . spinosa or its extracts are able to improve the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes . however , these studies used different parts of c . spinosa plant , methods of preparation and types of solvents , which cause the evaluation of activity of c . spinosa difficult and involve quite heterogeneous data . there is also evidence , although limited , to suggest benefits of c . spinosa in improving human health . therefore , the relationship between c . spinosa and improved human health outcomes requires further study . pmid : 29364841\nspinosa l . ( caper bush ) is an economically and ecologically important perennial shrub that grows across different regions of iran . in this study , the genetic diversity and population structure of iranian genepool of c . spinosa is evaluated using inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) markers . using 10 issr primers , 387 dna fragments ( bands ) were amplified from the genomic dna of 92 individuals belonging to twenty - one populations of c . spinosa , of which 378 ( 97 . 7 % ) were polymorphic . high level of genetic diversity ( percentage of polymorphic loci\u00e2 = \u00e2 98 . 2 % , h\u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 1382 , i\u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 243 ) , high genetic differentiation ( g st \u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 5234 ) and low gene flow ( nm\u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 4553 ) among populations were observed . caper bush populations were divided into 4 groups in the dendrogram , pcoa plot and bayesian clustering results , mostly corresponded to their geographic regions . the results showed that there are value in sampling iranian caper bush populations to look for valuable alleles for use in plant breeding programs .\ndecidua was developed . multiple shoots were obtained from nodal explants on murashige and skoog ' s ( 1962 ) medium + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) naa + 5 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) bap + additives ( 50mgl ( - 1 ) ascorbic acid and25 mgl ( - 1 ) each of adenine sulphate , l - arginine and citric acid ) at 28 \u00e2\u00b1 2\u00e2\u00b0c , 12 h / dphotoperiod and 35 - 40 \u00ee\u00bcmol m ( - 2 ) s ( - 1 ) photon flux density . the shoots were multiplied by ( i ) subculture of nodal shoot segments onto ms + 0 . 1 mgl ( - - 1 ) iaa + 1 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) baph + additives , and ( ii ) repeated transfer of original explant onto ms + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) iaa + mg l ( - 1 ) bap + additives , at intervals of 3 weeks . sixty to 70 % of the shoots rooted when pulse treated with 100 mg l ( - 1 ) iba in half strength ms liquid medium for 4h , and then transferred onto hormone - free half - strength agar - gelled ms basal saltmedium . incubation in dark at 33 \u00e2\u00b1 2\u00e2\u00b0c for 6d favoured root induction . in vitro hardened plants were transferred to pots .\nis a dioecious conifer species native of brazil . the rare occurrence of monoiceous specimens have been attributed to pathogenic infections or other injuries in adult trees . here , the morphological characteristics of male and female cones and pollen grains of a monoiceous a . angustifolia are described . male and female cones and pollen grains presented normal morphology , lacking any sort of injuries or infection and suggesting the existence of further grounds for the occurrence of monoicy in this conifer species .\nthere is great concern about the effect of climate change in arid and subarid areas of the tropics . climate change combined with other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation , fires and over - grazing can accelerate their degradation and , consequently , the increases in losses of biological and economic productivity . climate models , both local and global , predict that rainfall in the arid peninsula of la guajira in the colombian caribbean would be reduced and temperature would be increased as a result of climate change . however , as there are only suitable climate records since 1972 , it is not possible to verify if , indeed , this is happening . to try to verify the hypothesis of reducing rainfall and rising temperatures we developed a growth ring chronology of\nodoratissima in the middle peninsula of la guajira with 17 trees and 45 series which attain 48 years back . we use standard dendrochronological methods that showed statistically significant linear relationship with local climatic variables such as air temperature , sea surface temperature ( sst ) , annual precipitation and wind speed ; we also reach to successful relationship of the chronology with global climatic variables as the indices soi and mei of the enso phenomenon . the transfer functions estimated with the time series ( 1955 and 2003 ) do not showed statistically significant trends , indicating that during this period of time the annual precipitation or temperatures have not changed . the annual nature of c . odoratissima growth rings , the possibility of cross - dated among the samples of this species , and the high correlation with local and global climatic variables indicate a high potential of this species for dendrochronological studies in this part of the american continent .\novata is a member of capparidacaeae family has been used in phytomedicine with a lot of positive effects such as an antioxidative , antihyperlipidemic , anti - inflammatory , and antihepatotoxic agent . the aim of this study was to research the protective effect of c . ovata on 6 - mercaptopurine ( 6 - mp ) induced to hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats . the rats were divided into 4 groups : control , 6 - mp , c . ovataovate , and 6 - mp + c . ovata . a complete blood count was performed , liver function test and antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , catalase , and malondialdehyde were measured in blood before and after a 14 - day test period . white blood cell and platelet counts were lower in the 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . hepatic transaminase levels were higher in 6 - mp group than the 3 groups ( p < 0 . 05 ) . superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , and cat levels were lower and malondialdehyde was higher in blood samples in 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . in conclusion , our tests were showed that c . ovata may be useful in patients receiving 6 - mp therapy to prevent hepatotoxicity and in order to maintain uninterrupted therapy possibly reducing the risk of relapse . although additional studies ensure that\ndoes not affect 6 - mp antileukemic activity . we believe these results are important contribution to the literature .\nthe purpose of this study was to characterize the chemical compounds of adenostemma lavenia ( l . )\n( al ) and adenostemma platyphyllum cass ( ap ) using pyrolysis - gas chromatography / mass spectrometry ( py - gcms ) and proximate analysis . two species of adenostemma samples ( roots , stem and leaves ) about 1 mg was pyrolyzed directly at the optimum temperature of 600\u00e2\u00b0c . py - gcms was relatively fast , easy to use and without samples preparation and identification of the chemical compounds was carried out by comparison of the mass spectra obtained with those stored in wiley 7th libraries . the data of proximate analysis were statistically analysed using friedman test followed and hierarchical cluster analysis ( hca ) for data of py - gcms . the result of proximate analysis showed that a . lavenia ( l . )\n( al ) and a . platyphyllum cass ( ap ) contained 8 . 27 % ( al ) and 9 . 18 % ( ap ) of water , 11 . 52 % ( al ) and 17 . 84 % ( ap ) of protein , 5 . 67 % ( al ) and 6 . 33 % ( ap ) of fat , and 17 . 32 % ( al ) and 19 . 94 ( ap ) of ash . amines , aldehydes , fatty acids , terpenoids - steroids , alkaloids , aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons , phenolic , and oligopeptides as part of 125 chemical compounds of each species are identified by py - gcms analysis . hierarchical cluster analysis of pyrolysis products indicate not similitary of major chemical compounds of two adenostemma species .\nspinosa l . ) before and after a fermentation process . the phytochemical profiles were evaluated by high - performance liquid chromatography with uv and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection ( hplc - dad - esi - ms n ) . twenty - one compounds were characterized , and seven of them quantified . the main component of non - fermented berries was glucocapparin , which was degraded upon the fermentation process . most of the compounds were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides , epicatechin , and proanthocyanidins . the main differences observed upon the fermentation process were a decrease in epicatechin concentration , the hydrolysis of quercetin glycosides , and the degradation of glucosinolates . total phenolic and flavonoid contents , as well as the antioxidant activities by the in vitro antioxidant assays dpph and abts + , were determined , observing that the values were slightly higher after the fermentation process . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2018 elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .\nsicula ssp . sicula ) . this species has been characterized through the detection , isolation and quantitative evaluation of chemical markers ( polyphenols , flavonoids and glucosinolates ) . the chemical investigation showed a different composition between the two collection zones . while the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of the two samples were quite the same , their high - performance liquid chromatography profiles were very different . in both samples , the most abundant aglycone was quercetin which accounted for 60 % of total flavonoids . nuclear magnetic resonance data analysis allowed the identification of two compounds : 3 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic and 4 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic acids which represented 6 . 67 % and 15 . 94 % , respectively , of the total amount of flavonoids in sample 1 . in sample 2 , these two acids were still present , but their percentages were much less ( 2 . 20 % and 1 . 71 % , respectively ) . as far as we know , this is the first report about the presence of dicaffeoylquinic acids in\n. with regard to glucosinolate content , sample 1 showed a higher content of glucosinolates . in both samples , glucocapparin was the most abundant compound . antioxidant activity of the methanolic c . sicula extracts using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl , \u00ee\u00b2 - carotene bleaching test and oxygen radical absorbance capacity showed that the sample 2 was more active than 1 . as regards the inhibition of no production , the extracts from sample 2 were more active than those from sample 1 .\ninternal genetic structure and outcrossing rate in a natural population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .\nthe internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate of a population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .\nwere investigated using 16 allozyme loci . estimates of the mean number of alleles per loci ( 1 . 6 ) , percentage of polymorphic loci ( 43 . 8 % ) , and expected genetic diversity ( 0 . 170 ) were similar to those obtained for other gymnosperms . the analysis of spatial autocorrelation demonstrated the presence of internal structure in the first distance classes ( up to 70 m ) , suggesting the presence of family structure . the outcrossing rate was high ( 0 . 956 ) , as expected for a dioecious species . however , it was different from unity , indicating outcrossings between related individuals and corroborating the presence of internal genetic structure . the results of this study have implications for the methodologies used in conservation collections and for the use or analysis of this forest species .\ndecidua stems and flowers showed insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against bruchus chinensis . the lc50 values of these extracts were found to increase with the increase in the polarity of the extract at different exposure periods . for instance , after 96 h , the lc50 values were found to be 3 . 619 , 7 . 319 , and 10 . 151 microg for cd1 , cd2 , and cd3 , respectively . extract cd7 was effective only at higher doses . the toxicity was found to be dose - and time - dependent . the females laid lesser number of eggs , when exposed to sublethal doses of different extracts and pure compounds , as compared to control . the maximum oviposition deterrence index was found for extract cd1 followed in decreasing order by cd2 , cd3 , and cd7 . from extract cd1 , two compounds were isolated and characterized as triacontanol ( c1 ) and 2 - carboxy - 1 , 1 - dimethylpyrrolidine ( c2 ) . when the females were exposed to sublethal doses of these compounds , they laid lesser number of eggs as compared to the control . c2 was found to have a slightly greater oviposition inhibition effect than c1 . from fraction cd7 , one novel compound labeled as cdf1 has been isolated and identified as 6 - ( 1 - hydroxy - non - 3 - enyl ) tetrahydropyran - 2 - one . cdf1 has also shown insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against b . chinensis at low concentrations .\nextraction and free radical scavenging activity of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nin this study , the optimization of the extraction conditions of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n) ( ap ) was investigated by response surface methodology ( rsm ) . three main independent variables ( extraction temperature , time , ratio of water to raw material ) were taken into consideration . and then the free radical scavenging activities of the sample were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals . the rsm analysis showed good correspondence between experimental and predicted values . . the optimal condition to obtain the highest yield of ap was determined as follows : temperature 76 . 79 \u00e2\u00b0c , time 2 . 48 h , ratio of water to material 22 . 53 ml / g . for the free radical scavenging activity , the ic50 values of vc and ap were 7 . 78 and 83 . 25 \u00ee\u00bcg / ml . and for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical , that of ap and vc were 1 . 80 and 1 . 69 mg / ml . ap showed excellent antioxidant activity . this exhibited ap had a good potential for antioxidant . the purification and structure needs to be study in further . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2015 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\n( ttk ) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases such as diabetic , inflammatory , and female - related disorders . polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of reproductive age , and hyperandrogenism is a prominent feature of pcos resulting in anovulation and infertility . in this study , we investigated the effects of a ttk extract on androgen generation and regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in vitro and in vivo . human adrenocortical nci - h295r cells were used to assess the effects of ttk extract on production of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone , as well as the protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes . further , a letrozole - induced pcos rat model was used in vivo to assess whether dietary administration of ttk extract restores normal hormones and reduces pcos symptoms . ttk extract significantly inhibited forskolin ( for ) - induced androgen production in nci - h295r cells and serum luteinizing hormone , testosterone , and follicular cysts , but not estradiol , were reduced in letrozole - induced pcos rats orally administered the ttk extract . in addition , ttk extract inhibits androgen biosynthesis through the erk - creb signaling pathway , which regulates cyp17a1 or hsd3b2 expression . ttk extract could be utilized for the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenism and other types of pcos .\nali , hayssam m . ; khamis , mohamed h . ; hassan , fatma a .\nthis study was carried out at a greenhouse of sabahia horticulture research station , alexandria , egypt , to study the effect of sewage effluent on the growth and chemical composition of tipuana speciosa ( benth . )\nseedlings as well as on soil properties for three stages . the irrigation treatments were primary - treated wastewater and secondary - treated wastewater , in addition to tap water as control . therefore , the treated wastewater was taken from oxidation ponds of new borg el - arab city . results of these study revealed that the primary effluent treatment explored the highest significant values for vegetative growth and biomass , compared to the other treatments . in addition , the higher significant concentration and uptake of chemical composition in different plant parts were obtained from the primary effluent treatment during the three stages of irrigation . it was found that the concentration of heavy metals in either plant or soil was below as compared to the world - recommended levels . these findings suggested that the use of sewage effluent in irrigating t . speciosa seedlings grown in calcareous soil was beneficial for the improvement of soil properties and production of timber trees , and also important for the safe manner of disposal of wastewater .\nspinosa l . ) is a xerophytic shrub with a remarkable adaptability to harsh environments . this plant species is of great interest for its medicinal / pharmacological properties and its culinary uses . its phytochemical importance relies on many bioactive components present in different organs and its cultivation can be of considerable economic value . moreover , taxonomic identification of c . spinosa l . has been difficult due to its wide heterogeneity , and many authors fell into confusion due to the scarcity of genetic studies . the present review summarizes information concerning c . spinosa l . including agronomic performance , botanical description , taxonomical approaches , traditional pharmacological uses , phytochemical evaluation and genetic studies . this knowledge represents an important tool for further research studies and agronomic development on this indigenous species with respect to the emerging climatic change in the eastern mediterranean countries . indeed , this world region is particularly under the threat of global warming and it appears necessary to rethink agricultural systems to adapt them to current and futures challenging environmental conditions .\nspinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop . pmid : 29118777\nspinosa l . in a systematic review : a xerophilous species of multi values and promising potentialities for agrosystems under the threat of global warming .\nspinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop .\nchemical composition and allelopathic potential of essential oils from tipuana tipu ( benth . )\ncaffeine biosynthesis and degradation in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nto study caffeine biosynthesis and degradation , here we monitored caffeine synthase gene expression and caffeine and allantoin content in various tissues of four camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\ncultivars during non - dormant ( nd ) and dormant ( d ) growth phases . caffeine synthase expression as well as caffeine content was found to be higher in commercially utilized tissues like apical bud , 1st leaf , 2nd leaf , young stem , and was lower in old leaf during nd compared to d growth phase . among fruit parts , fruit coats have higher caffeine synthase expression , caffeine content , and allantoin content . on contrary , allantoin content was found lower in the commercially utilized tissues and higher in old leaf . results suggested that caffeine synthesis and degradation in tea appears to be under developmental and seasonal regulation .\nheavy metal content in tea soils and their distribution in different parts of tea plants , camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .\nsoils contaminated with heavy metals may pose a threat to environment and human health if metals enter the food chain over and above threshold levels . in general , there is a lack of information on the presence of heavy metals in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .\n] plants and the soils in which they are grown . therefore , an attempt was made to establish a database on the important heavy metals : cadmium ( cd ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , and lead ( pb ) . for an initial survey on heavy metals , soil samples were collected randomly from tea - growing areas of tamil nadu , kerala , and karnataka , india . parallel studies were conducted in the greenhouse on uptake of pb , cd , and ni from soils supplemented with these metals at different concentrations . finally , metal distribution in the tea plants under field conditions was also documented to assess the accumulation potential and critical limit of uptake by plants .\ntransition rates of selected metals determined in various types of teas ( camellia sinensis l .\nteas and raw materials used as ingredients of herbal and fruit infusions ( hfi ) were analysed by means of icp - ms for their content of aluminium , arsenic , cadmium , copper , lead and mercury in the dry product and in the infusion . samples of tea ( camellia sinensis l .\n) were selected to include different origins , types ( black , green ) , leaf grades ( whole leaf , broken , fannings , dust ) and manufacturing techniques ( orthodox ,\ncrush , tear , curl\n) . the selected hfi raw materials ( chamomile , elderberries , fennel , hibiscus , mate , peppermint , rooibos and rose hip ) cover the most important matrices ( flower , fruit , seed , herb , leaf ) and reflect the economic significance of these hfi materials in trade . infusions were prepared under standardised conditions representing typical household brewing . transition rates for the investigated metals vary significantly but are mostly well below 100 % . we propose default transition rates for metals to avoid overestimation of exposure levels from tea / hfi consumption . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2016 . published by elsevier ltd .\npreparative separation of bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\nusing steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography .\nin order to utilize and control the invasive weed , bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\nwere studied . steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography were applied to separate and purify the caryophyllene oxide , 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene , and caryophyllene from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\n. the two - phase solvent system containing n - hexane / acetonitrile / ethanol ( 5 : 4 : 3 , v / v / v ) was selected for the one step separation mode according to the partition coefficient values ( k ) of the target compounds and the separation factor ( \u00ee\u00b1 ) . the purity of each isolated fraction after a single high - speed counter - current chromatography run was determined by high performance liquid chromatography . a 3 . 2 mg of caryophyllene oxide at a purity of 92 . 6 % , 10 . 4 mg of 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene at a purity of 99 . 1 % and 5 . 7 mg of caryophyllene at a purity of 98 . 8 % were obtained from 200 mg essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\n. the chemical structures of these components were identified by gc - ms , ( 1 ) h - nmr , and ( 13 ) c - nmr . \u00e2\u00a9 2012 wiley - vch verlag gmbh & co . kgaa , weinheim .\nspinosa ( capparaceae ) traces pleistocene geologic and climatic changes in the western himalayas , tianshan mountains , and adjacent desert regions .\ncomplex geological movements more or less affected or changed floristic structures , while the alternation of glacials and interglacials is presumed to have further shaped the present discontinuous genetic pattern of temperate plants . here we consider\nspinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity .\nspinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity . pmid : 27314028\nblister blight disease , caused by an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen , exobasidium vexans massee is posing a serious threat for tea cultivation in asia . as the use of chemical pesticides on tea leaves substantially increases the toxic risks of tea consumption , serious attempts are being made to control such pathogens by boosting the intrinsic natural defense responses against invading pathogens in tea plants . in this study , the nature and durability of resistance offered by chitosan and the possible mechanism of chitosan - induced defense induction in camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nplants against blister blight disease were investigated . foliar application of 0 . 01 % chitosan solution at 15 days interval not only reduced the blister blight incidence for two seasons , but also maintained the induced expressions of different defense related enzymes and total phenol content compared to the control . defense responses induced by chitosan were found to be down regulated under nitric oxide ( no ) deficient conditions in\u00e2 vivo , indicating that the observed chitosan - induced resistance is probably activated via no signaling . such role of no in host defense response was further established by application of the no donor , sodium nitroprusside ( snp ) , which produced similar defense responses accomplished through chitosan treatment . taken together , our results suggest that increased production of no in chitosan - treated tea plants may play a critical role in triggering the innate defense responses effective against plant pathogens , including that causing the blister blight disease . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2017 elsevier masson sas . all rights reserved .\nmechanism of fenpropathrin resistance in red spider mite , oligonychus coffeae ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , infesting tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .\nred spider mite ( rsm ) , oligonychus coffeae ( nietner ) ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , has gained special attention in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .\n) ] . the development of acaricide ( fenpropathrin ) resistance has been screened in field populations ( fps ) of rsms from different tea - growing regions of south india and compared with a laboratory - susceptible population ( sp ) based on toxicity bioassay , detoxifying enzyme activities , analysis of acetylcholine esterase gene ( ache , 2064\u00e2 bp ) , and their expression pattern using semiquantitative rt - pcr . the increased resistance ratio ( rr , 1 . 39 to 2 . 13 ) in lc 50 of fenpropathrin observed in field populations of rsm provides a baseline for screening the development of resistance to fenpropathrin . this resistance developed due to hyperexpression of detoxifying enzymes , i . e . , esterase ( rr of 1 . 43 to 2 . 53 ) and glutathione s - transferase ( rr of 1 . 11 to 1 . 86 ) , and overexpression of ache gene at 1 . 4 to 2 . 7 - fold . these results necessitate molecular studies and warrant the continuous monitoring of acaricide susceptibility and resistance pattern in order to analyze the usefulness of ache gene as target for developing alternate pest control strategies and management of pesticide resistance in tea ecosystem .\nprotects estrogen - deficient rats against disturbances of energy and glucose metabolism and decreases proinflammatory cytokines .\n( ttk ) and jakyakgamcho - tang ( jgt ) have been used for improving women ' s health and treating inflammatory diseases . we determined that the long - term consumption of these herbal extracts alleviates the progression of postmenopausal symptoms in high - fat - diet fed ovariectomized ( ovx ) rats , and further explored the mechanisms involved . five groups of ovx rats were fed high fat diets that were supplemented with either 2 % dextrin ( control ) , 2 % ttk ( 70 % ethanol extract ) , 2 % jgt ( water extract ) , 1 % jgt + 1 % ttk ( jgtt ) , or 30\u00e2\u0080\u0089\u00e2\u00b5g / kg body weight / day of 17\u00ee\u00b2 - estradiol ( positive control ) . after eight weeks of dietary intervention , the herbal treatments did not change the serum concentrations of 17\u00ee\u00b2 - estradiol or uterine weight in control rats , but they were higher in the positive - control group . ttk rats exhibited higher daily energy expenditure , particularly fat oxidation , without modifying the energy intake than the controls . ttk lowered the fat mass but lean body mass of the abdomen and leg were increased . jgt decreased periuterine fat mass and lean body mass more than the control but the decrease was not as much as ttk . ttk resulted in substantially lower serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines , tumor necrosis factor - \u00ee\u00b1 ( tnf - \u00ee\u00b1 ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein - 1 , than the control and jgt had lesser effect than ttk . insulin resistance , determined by homeostasis model assessment estimate for assessing insulin resistance ( homa - ir ) and insulin tolerance test , was reduced in the decreasing order of control , jgt , jgtt , and ttk and the homa - ir of ttk was similar to the positive control . ttk , but not jgt , enhanced glucose tolerance compared with the control , although the serum insulin levels in ttk were lower compared to the control . interestingly , the \u00ee\u00b2 - cell masses were much greater in the ttk and jgtt groups than in the control , and they were comparable to the positive control . the increases in \u00ee\u00b2 - cell masses in ttk and\ninfluence of cytokinins in combination with ga3 on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone iran 100 ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nthe use of in vitro culture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants . in the present research , we report the results of a number of experiments aimed at optimizing micropropagation protocol for tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n) ( clone iran 100 ) using nodal segments as the explant . the effect of different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators ( pgr ) ( bap , tdz , ga3 ) on shoot multiplication and elongation was assessed . the influence of exposure to iba in liquid form prior to transfer to solid media on rooting of tea microshoots was investigated . the results of this study showed that the best treatment for nodal segment multiplication in terms of the number of shoot per explant and shoot elongation was obtained using 3\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l bap in combination with 0 . 5\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l ga3 . tdz was found to be inappropriate for multiplication of tea clone iran 100 as it resulted in hyperhydricity especially at concentrations higher than 0 . 05\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l . healthy shoots treated with 300\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l iba for 30\u00e2\u0080\u0089min followed by transfer to 1 / 2 strength ms medium devoid of pgr resulted in 72 . 3 % of shoots producing roots and upon transferring them to acclimatization chamber 65 % survival was obtained prior to field transfer . pmid : 24605069\nhealing mechanisms of the hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of green tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . )\ngreen tea is an infusion of unfermented leaves of camellia sinensis ( l . )\n( theaceae ) , traditionally used for the treatment of obesity , hypercholesterolemia , and gastric complaints . this study evaluated the mechanisms involved in the gastric ulcer healing of the hydroalcoholic extract from green tea ( get ) , its ethyl acetate fraction , ( geac ) and epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ) using the model of acetic acid - induced gastric ulcer in rats . the chronic gastric ulcer was induced by application of 80 % acetic acid on serosal mucosa of rats . after 7 days of oral treatment with get and geac , the ulcer area , mucin content , inflammatory parameters ( mpo and nag ) , and antioxidant system ( gsh and looh levels , sod and gst activities ) were evaluated . in vitro , the scavenging activity of get and geac were also measured . the antisecretory action was studied on the pylorus ligature method in rats . oral treatment with get and geac reduced significantly the gastric ulcer area induced by acetic acid . the gastric ulcer healing was accompanied by increasing of mucin content , restoration of gsh levels and sod activity , and reduction of mpo and looh levels . in addition , get and geac reduced the dpph free radicals in vitro . furthermore , the oral treatment of animals with get and geac did not alter the gastric acid secretion or cause signs of toxicity . collectively , these results showed that get had a pronounced antiulcer effect , possibly through maintenance of mucin content and reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress . in addition , the compounds present in its ethyl acetate fraction could be responsible for the extract activity .\ndevelopment of caps markers based on three key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tea , camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n, including the two main cultivated sinensis and assamica varieties , was investigated based on pcr - rflp analysis of pal , chs2 and dfr , three key genes involved in catechin and tannin synthesis and directly responsible for tea taste and quality . polymorphisms were of two types : amplicon length polymorphism ( alp ) due to the presence of indels in two introns of pal and dfr , and point mutations detected after restriction of amplified fragments with appropriate enzymes . a progeny test showed that all markers segregated in a mendelian fashion and that polymorphisms were exclusively co - dominant . chs2 , which belongs to a multi - gene family , allowed for greater variation than the single - copy pal gene . based on nei ' s gene diversity index , var . sinensis was revealed to be more variable than var . assamica , and that a higher proportion of overall diversity resided within varieties as compared to between varieties . even though no specific dna profile was found for either tea varieties following any single pcr - rflp analysis , a factorial correspondence analysis carried out on all genotypes and markers separated the tea samples into two distinct groups according to their varietal status . this reflects the large difference between var . sinensis and var . assamica in their polyphenolic profiles . the sts - based markers developed in this study will be very useful in future mapping , population genetics and fingerprinting studies of this important crop species and other camellia species , as the primers have also proven successful in the three other subgenera of this genus .\nsuppressive subtractive hybridization approach revealed differential expression of hypersensitive response and reactive oxygen species production genes in tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nindications for three independent domestication events for the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nbackground tea is the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s most popular non - alcoholic beverage . china and india are known to be the largest tea producing countries and recognized as the centers for the domestication of the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n) . however , molecular studies on the origin , domestication and relationships of the main teas , china type , assam type and cambod type are lacking . methodology / principal findings twenty - three nuclear microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity , relatedness , and domestication history of cultivated tea in both china and india . based on a total of 392 samples , high levels of genetic diversity were observed for all tea types in both countries . the cultivars clustered into three distinct genetic groups ( i . e . china tea , chinese assam tea and indian assam tea ) based on structure , pcoa and upgma analyses with significant pairwise genetic differentiation , corresponding well with their geographical distribution . a high proportion ( 30 % ) of the studied tea samples were shown to possess genetic admixtures of different tea types suggesting a hybrid origin for these samples , including the cambod type . conclusions we demonstrate that chinese assam tea is a distinct genetic lineage from indian assam tea , and that china tea sampled from india was likely introduced from china directly . our results further indicate that china type tea , chinese assam type tea and indian assam type tea are likely the result of three independent domestication events from three separate regions across china and india . our findings have important implications for the conservation of genetic stocks , as well as future breeding programs . pmid : 27218820\nsingh , g . p . ; mangal , ravindra ; bhojak , n .\nsimultaneous measurement of effective thermal conductivity ( { lambda } ) , effective thermal diffusivity ( { kappa } ) and specific heat of ker fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites have been studied by transient plane source ( tps ) technique . the samples of different weight percentage typically ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 % ) have been taken . it is found that values of effective thermal conductivity and effective thermal diffusivity of the composites decrease , as compared to pure phenol formaldehyde , as the fraction of fiber loading increases . experimental data is fitted on y . agari model . values of thermal conductivity of composites are calculated with two models ( rayleigh , maxwell and meredith - tobias model ) . more\u00e2 \u00e2\u00bb good agreement between theoretical and experimental result has been found . \u00e2\u00ab\u00e2 less"]}
{"id": 636, "summary": [{"text": "cerithiopsis fayalensis is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the southwestern coast of apulia , italy .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by watson in 1880 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerithiopsis fayalensis", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - cerithiopsis fayalensis r . b . watson , 1880\nfigure 5 : the new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis diadema , b and c . cerithiopsis fayalensis , d and e . cerithiopsis micalii .\nspecies cerithiopsis pulchella jeffreys , 1858 accepted as cerithiopsis jeffreysi r . b . watson , 1885 ( non c . b . adams , 1850 )\nthe new recorded species of the family cerithiopsidae : a . cerithiopsis . . . | download scientific diagram\nspecies cerithiopsis valeriae giusti fr . , 1987 accepted as onchodia valeriae ( giusti fr . , 1987 ) ( original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) accepted as cerithiella amblytera ( r . b . watson , 1880 )\nspecies cerithiopsis turbonilloides dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 accepted as ektonos turbonilloides ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ) ( original combination )\nwatson , r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . journal of the linnean society ( london ) . 14 : 506 - 529 , 586 - 605 , 692 - 716 [ 1878 - 1879 ] ; 15 : 87 - 126 , 217 - 230 , 245 - 274 , 388 - 412 , 413 - 455 , 457 - 475 [ 1880 - 1881 ] ; 16 : 247 - 254 , 324 - 343 , 358 - 372 , 373 - 392 , 494 - 611 [ 1882 - 1883 ] ; 17 : 26 - 40 , 112 - 130 , 284 - 293 , 319 - 340 , 341 - 346 [ 1883 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nredescription of retilaskeya horrida ( di monterosato , 1874 ) comb . nov . and a re - evaluation of the taxonomic affinity of the genus retilaskeya ( caenogastropoda : triphoroidea )\nwatson r . b . ( 1878 - 1883 ) . mollusca of h . m . s . challenger expedition . journal of the linnean society of london , 14\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nwatson , 1880 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neumetulinae clathropsis clathropsis impedita laseron 1956 , ( 4 ) queensland , laskeya laskeya bia bartsch , ( 10 ) afrique s . , laskeya geniculose hedley 1911 , ( 10 ) australie , retilaskeya retilaskeya bicolor ( adams c . b . 1845 ) , ( 18 ) floride , socienna socienna apicicostata ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula specula mammilla ( may 1919 ) , ( 4 ) australie , specula regina cotton 1951 , ( 3 ) australie , zaclys zaclys styliferus cotton 1951 , ( 7 ) australie ,\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nforbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . oo [ 1 aug . 1850 ] ; 3 ( 34 ) : pl . 91 [ 2 dec . 1850 ] ; 3 ( 36 ) : 364 [ 1 feb . 1851 ] [ details ]\nforbes & hanley , 1850 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 137764 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of nanopsis cecalupo & robba , 2010 ) cecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . page ( s ) : 53 [ details ] available for editors\nmarshall b . ( 1978 ) . cerithiopsidae of new zealand , and a provisional classification of the family . new zealand journal of zoology 5 ( 1 ) : 47 - 120 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa47 [ details ]\ncecalupo a . & robba e . ( 2010 ) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu , 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae ( gastropoda : triphoroidea ) . bollettino malacologico 46 : 45 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors"]}
{"id": 645, "summary": [{"text": "astele allanae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was named in honour of joyce allan .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "some authors place this taxon in the subgenus astele ( coralastele )", "topic": 26}], "title": "astele allanae", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about astele allanae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for astele allanae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : coralastele allanae ( t . iredale , 1930 ) - id : 5062000377\nspecies astele pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 ) accepted as coralastele pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 )\nnomenclature astele is sometimes treated as neuter , but swainson ( 1855 ) treated it as feminine when he named it , and\nstele\n. . .\nnomenclature astele is sometimes treated as neuter , but swainson ( 1855 ) treated it as feminine when he named it , and\nstele\n( \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7 ) is feminine in greek according to the dictionary at www . perseus . tufts . edu . [ details ]\nnote : only lines in the current paragraph are shown . click on current line of text for options .\nparagraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . paragraph operations include :\nzone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . zone operations include :\nthe national library of australia ' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality , larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .\nclicking on the order now button below will open the ordering form in a new window which will allow you to enter the details of your request .\nto help safeguard the users of this service from spam , we require you to enter the characters you see in the following image .\nif you can ' t read the image , click here to listen to the same characters being read .\n( of eutrochus a . adams , 1864 ) adams a . ( 1864 ) . description of a new genus and twelve new species of mollusca . proceedings of the zoological society of london . ( 1863 ) : 506 - 509 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 506 [ details ]\n( of calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 ) dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n( a . adams in h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ) [\niredale t . ( 1930 ) . queensland molluscan notes , no . 2 . memoirs of the queensland museum . 10 ( 1 ) : 73 - 88 , pl . 9 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 , pl . 9 fig . 5 [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe following 53 pages are in this category , out of 53 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 655, "summary": [{"text": "elachista adscitella is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in all of europe , except iceland , the balkan peninsula , ukraine and lithuania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9 \u2013 11 millimetres ( 0.35 \u2013 0.43 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are pale grey with a whitish head and a white transverse line across the center of the forewing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "they are on wing from may to july and again in august in two generations per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on brachypodium sylvaticum , carex elata , calamagrostis arundinacea , deschampsia cespitosa , deschampsia flexuosa , elymus caninus , festuca altissima , festuca drymeja , festuca gigantea , melica nutans , melica uniflora , milium effusum , phleum species , poa chaixii , poa remota , sesleria albicans , sesleria argentea , sesleria caerulea and sesleria sadlerana .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of a gradually widening corridor .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it may run up - or down-wards .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the frass is deposited in the first part of the mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "two to three larvae may occupy a single mine and more than one mine may be found in a single leaf .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found from october to the end of may and from mid june to the end of july .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "larvae of the first generation hibernate inside the mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "elachista adscitella", "paragraphs": ["elachista globulosa elachista globulosa ( c . agardh ) j . agardh , 1848 elachista\nelachista intermedia elachista elachista intermedia p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan , 1867\nelachista adscitella - lauhahitukoi ( det . miika jylkk\u00e4 ) , 10 . 7 . 2017 jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4\ncephaloziella elachista ( j . b . jack ex gottsche & rabenh . ) schiffn . cephaloziella elachista\nid : group d - forewing dark with a single pale transverse fascia at 1 / 2 > 6 species these 6 species divide into 2 groups of 3 based on the frons being white to ochreous in e . adscitella / obliquella / gangabella and grey - brown or darker or mottled in e . bisulcella / unifasciella / cingillella . in e . obliquella and e . adscitella the terminal cilia are ochreous - white while in e . gangabella the apical cilia are concolorous with the forewing . the key inmbgbi3 separates e . obliquella / adscitella on the basis that in e . adscitella the vertex and neck tufts are ochreous - white while in e . obliquella only the frons is white . however the description of e . obliquella then states\nfrons ochreous - white , slightly brownish on vertex , neck tufts ochreous but brownish at tips\n. there may be a slight difference in the forewing fascia whose margins are\nrather ill - defined\nin e . obliquella and\nsometimes almost obsolete halfway across the wing , with proximal edge more clearly defined than distal\nand usually broader in female in e . adscitella . however , genital dissection is needed to confidently separate these two species . female genitalia : the ovipositor including the antral region and the signa are illustrated for all 6 species in mbgbi3 . none of the females are shown at dissection group or on any other website that i could find . 2 species have the signa as two diffuse spiculate patches , as shown by \u00a71 - e . adscitella and e . bisulcella . the illustrations ( fig . 109h & i ) show the signum of e . adscitella as a rectangular patch of mixed small and very small conical spicules with pointed apices and of e . bisulcella as an irregular oval patch of more evenly sized small spicules some of which are conical with pointed or blunt apices , some of which are rectangular with a square end and some of which are doubled as if two of the spicules were fused . the shape of the signa can be seen to be rectangular in the images below and the shape of the spicules as seen under the microscope was as described for e . adscitella . the illustration of the antral region ( fig . 104h ) does show a small sclerotisation at the colliculum as shown by \u00a71 but it does not clearly show the pouch - like antrum or the rounded defect in the ventral surface of the sterigma shown by \u00a71 . ( none of the other illustrations look any more like \u00a71 ) .\na pale grey moth with whitish head and white transverse line across the middle of the forewing .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 10 : 48 : 13 page render time : 0 . 2707s total w / procache : 0 . 3070s\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntufted hair - grass and blue moor - grass are the main foodplants , the larvae forming gallery mines ( ukmoths ) .\ngradually widening corridor , running either upwards or down . all frass is deposited in the earliest part of the mine . often 2 - 3 larvae in a mine ; in grasses with broad leaves sometimes more than one mine in a leaf ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .\ncomments : festuca gigantea is treated as schedonorus gigantea ( giant fescue ) by stace ( 2010 ) .\nthe larva of the first generation hibernates in the mine and makes a new mine in early spring . larvae from october to end - may , and mid - june to end - july ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\ntime of year - adults : there are two generations flying from may to july and again in august ( ukmoths ) .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : occurs in woodland habitats in england , wales and locally in ireland ( ukmoths ) ; bedfordshire , derbyshire , durham , flintshire , herefordshire , huntingdonshire , north somerset , south northumberland , shropshire , stafford , west lancashire , westmorland and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) and the channel is . ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , european turkey , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , north and northwest , slovakia , spanish mainland , sweden and switzerland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\n\u00a71 silverdale , lancashire ; 19 / 06 / 2014 ; fw 4 . 9mm ; female all images \u00a9 chris lewis\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice ."]}
{"id": 657, "summary": [{"text": "kallima , known as the oakleaf or oak leaf butterflies , is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily nymphalinae in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are found in east , south and southeast asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "their common name is a reference to the lower surface of their wings , which is various shades of brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "when the wings are held closed , this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf , further emphasized by their wing shape . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "kallima", "paragraphs": ["kallima inachus boisduval , 1846 = inachus ( boisduval , 1846 ) = kallima formosana fruhstorfer .\nkallima paralekta ( horsfield , [ 1829 ] ) = paphia paralekta horsfield , [ 1829 ] = kallima hewitsoni moore = kallima limborgii moore 1878 .\nunwind before or after a holistic treatment in the idyllic surroundings of the kallima spa .\nclick here to download the kallima spa brochure with full information on our treatments and packages .\nfrequency of feeding of kallima inachus at different fermented fruit juices . high quality figures are available online .\nkallima alompra moore , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 1 ) : 14\nkallima buxtoni moore , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 1 ) : 10\nkallima spiridiva ; [ bow ] : pl . 147 , f . 1 ; [ bor ] , 287\neach treatment at kallima is carried out using premium products by elemis , kallima ' s exclusive skincare partner . each product , treatment and package is specially designed to treat the individual needs of your body and skin .\nc1s , c1s plus and c2s \u2013 the kallima\u00ae fsc\u00ae - certified coated cover collection delivers print performance and reliability .\nkallima\u2019s basis weight advantage offers savings of up to 20 % over competing grades . see your savings potential today !\nfrequency of feeding of kallima inachus at different colored flowers supplemented with fermented pear juice . high quality figures are available online .\nkallima photography is a south florida based photography and videography studio specializing in weddings in south florida , the bahamas , and beyond .\nkallima albofasciata moore , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 584 ; tl : s . andamans\nkallima inachus ; [ bow ] : pl . 195 , f . 10 ; [ bor ] , 290 ; [ mrs ] , 563\nkallima paralekta ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ bor ] , 288\nkallima inachis [ sic ] eucerca fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 191 ; tl : okinawa\nkallima limborgii moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; tl : moolai , 3000 - 6000ft\nkallima inachis [ sic ] amplirufa fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 192 ; tl : malacca\nkallima wellbeing centre is a spiritual goods shop that also provides holistic treatments , 1 - 2 - 1 spiritual readings , spiritual workshops and holistic courses .\nat the kallima spa , you ' ll experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for mind , body and soul . choose from an exclusive selection of innovative beauty and relaxation treatments , all designed to deliver outstanding results . each luxurious treatment uses specially - designed premium products by comfort zone , kallima ' s exclusive skincare partner .\nkallima buxtoni trebonia fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 23 ( 1 ) : [ 4 ] 231 , f . 18 ; tl : w . sumatra\nkallima chinensis swinhoe , 1893 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 12 ( 70 ) : 255 ; tl : omei - shan , china\ncallima herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1858 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 ( unj . emend . kallima doubleday , [ 1849 ] )\nmake the earth friendly paper choice . fsc \u00ae certified kallima coated cover meets the most rigorous responsible forestry standards in the world . let ' s keep print a sustainable medium .\nkallima albofasciata ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 288\nkallima inachis [ sic ] alicia joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 170 , pl . 21 , f . 9 ; tl : haina , five finger mtns\nwelcome to kallima club spa at hilton london syon park . experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for the mind , body and soul with a range of treatments , membership options and personalised fitness for a balanced wellness lifestyle .\nkallima ' s bright , blue - white shade is perfect for creating beautiful , vivid print and top quality jobs . its consistent printability and reliable runnability on press ensure you get the job done efficiently and on - time .\nfsc \u00ae - certified kallima \u00ae c1s , c1s plus and c2s are the ideal grades for all your coated cover printing needs . produce beautiful , vivid print while saving up to 20 % on paper cost and shipping of printed material .\nkallima coated cover has a unique , low density , high bulk construction giving your print the stiffness and presence you expect , all while offering savings of up to 20 % over competing products . measure your savings potential today with our savings calculators .\nkallima philarchus ; moore , [ 1880 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 1 ) : 37 , ( 2 ) pl . 20 , f . 1 ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 13 ; [ bor ] , 288\nat the kallima spa , you ' ll experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for mind , body and soul . choose from an exclusive selection of innovative beauty and relaxation treatments , all designed to deliver outstanding results . each luxurious treatment uses specially - designed premium products by\nthere\u2019s nothing as memorable as a kallima spa gift certificate \u2013 the ultimate indulgence for the people you love the most . choose from a range of treatments , products or experiences , or give them the pleasure of choosing for themselves with any of our monetary value options .\nthe feeding responses of kallima inachus to different volatiles . a : single compounds at concentrations of 5 % . b : compound mixtures at a total concentration of 5 % . c : different doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate ( mean \u00b1 sd ) . different letters indicate significant differences with the lsd test ( p < 0 . 05 ) . high quality figures are available online .\nno subspecies are listed under this species . it is also known as the south indian blue oakleaf .\nthis species has been referred to as\nsouthern blue oakleaf\nin some recent books . this is a slight misnomer since the species is endemic to the western ghats , it does not occur elsewhere in southern india .\nkollar , 1844 \u2013 sahyadri blue oakleaf . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\n600x400 ( ~ 53kb ) upperside india : pune , 7 . 4 . 2007 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\n600x400 ( ~ 55kb ) underside india : pune , 7 . 4 . 2007 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\nw . china , c . china , japan , himalayas , assam , pachmarhi , e . ghats , s . bihar . see [ maps ]\n1024x768 ( ~ 118kb ) upperside yonahadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1024x768 ( ~ 104kb ) underside oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n600x400 ( ~ 96kb ) upperside india : subansiri , 1 . 11 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 kedar tokekar\n1024x768 ( ~ 107kb ) oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\npaphia paralekta horsfield , [ 1829 ] ; descr . cat . lep . ins . mus . east india coy : ( explic ) , pl . 6 , f . 4 ,\nphilarchus ( westwood , 1848 ) ( amathusia ) ; cabinet orient . ent . : 56\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\naufz\u00e4hlung und beschreibung der von freiherr c . v . h\u00fcgel auf seiner reise durch kaschmir und das himaleygebirge gesammelten insekten in h\u00fcgel ,\nthe butterflies of india , burmah and ceylon , a descriptive handbook of all the known species of rhopalocerous lepidoptera inhabiting that region , with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring countries along the border , with numerous illustrations . vol . 2\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nyou can rest assured that our paper meets the most rigorous responsible forestry standards in the world .\nrayonier advanced materials is a manufacturer of forest products \u2013 lumber , paper pulp , paper and specialty cellulose pulp \u2013 and a global leader in sustainable forest management practices .\nwe are photojournalistic wedding photographers , who strive to provide our clients with amazing portraits as well .\nwe believe that every wedding has a unique story , each couple is different . we love that our couples come from all walks of life and backgrounds . each have their own passions about their wedding and what they hope for in a wedding photographer . it\u2019s those unique personalities that make weddings fun for us , and we look forward to being a part of your day . here\u2019s a snippet of some of the things clients are saying about us :\ni have no words to express how amazing ben and beka are . we got married almost a year ago in the dominican republic and these 2 came along for the ride . it was hands down the best decision we made having them there with us . i think they became a part of the family in this whole process . the pictures we have from that weekend were incredible . we relive our wedding and those amazing memories every time we look at them . not to mention they are amazing human beings . probably would have invited them to the wedding regardless . i recommend them to everyone i know , eyes closed and without a doubt . miss you guys !\npurchasing your gift certificates is simple , call us on 0208 380 1590 , email us on kallimaspa @ urltoken or simply pop in to the spa and talk to one member of the team .\nincludes a 30 minute vitality back , neck and shoulder massage . a 30 minute elemis revitalise express facial . full use of the spa facilities , & lunch .\nincludes 1 x 30 minute scrub , 1 x 30 minute massage , 1 x 30 minute facial . served with a glass of bubbly and afternoon tea .\nrelax this summer with two soothing treatments , a glass of prosecco and some delightful strawberries with cream .\nincludes bed and breakfast , champagne and chocolates in your room , one 25 - minute spa treatment each plus three - course dinner .\nour signature treatments are designed by elemis to work in natural synergy with the skin , body and mind . every treatment is specifically designed to offer a unique experience , using powerful massage sequences and the most potent actives available in the world today . no matter which treatment you choose , our experts will look after you\na powerful treatment to stimulate every cell in the body , helping alleviate muscular pain and remove toxins . this is a revolutionary , mineral - charged experience of skin conditioning , metabolic balancing and energising wellness .\na survival treatment boosting sluggish complexions . stimulating the removal of impurities and dead skin cells ; then restores moisture for instantly clearer and visibly brighter skin .\nthe hard - working facial for ageing , dehydrated skin and tired eyes . it maximises cell regeneration , a multi - dynamic facial massage sequences boost circulation , whilst scalp and foot massage deeply relax .\nwe are proud partners with elemis which is naturally sourced , science led , results driven and always personally prescribed .\nthis site uses cookies , click here for information on the cookies used . click the\nagree\nbutton to accept cookies from this site .\nwe strive to help others on their spiritual path by providing the tools to help them reach their goals .\nfeel free to visit us at our centre to view products and take part in our workshops & courses or even to have a nice relaxing holistic treatment .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nrarely am i so disappointed with a place that i resort to leaving a negative review , but after . . .\ni had two 25 minutes treatments - both back and neck massages . both therapists were friendly . . .\nrarely am i so disappointed with a place that i resort to leaving a negative review , but after absolutely nothing being done to resolve my complaints on the day apart from being told a manager would email me , and then coming here to see that . . .\ni had two 25 minutes treatments - both back and neck massages . both therapists were friendly , welcoming and professional . the first therapist gave me a robe and towel as i hadn ' t checked in yet , which was a nice touch . the massages were slightly different styles . . .\nstayed there overnight for a relaxing spa day and i had a great time . the room was beautifull with a nice wiev on the fountain . the main highlight was of course the spa . fantastic design of the swimming pool facility really helped me relax . the . . .\nthe spa facilities themselves are lovely . we were a group of five and disappointingly 3 out of 5 of us were disappointed with the treatments . therapists felt unqualified , lacking in spa etiquette , ignored requests for a firmer massage , shortened treatment time , no ambient music . two . . .\nafternoon tea was not very nice , spa facilities were lacking and service was confusing . a lot of staff coming and going and had to explain the same things to multiple people which was frustrating . the spa rooms were disturbed by loud school children coming in . . .\nwe booked a spa break and were treated with an upgraded room . the staff were very welcoming and the spa was just what we needed to unwind . dinner in the restaurant was included , the only note is the drinks were pretty pricey with dinner .\nme and my sister took my mum as a b - day spa day treat .\nthis place is nice an calming . i booked 3 30 minute treatments which were body scrub , massage and a facial . this also included afternoon tea . i was unable to book all treatments together and later in the afternoon which wasn ' t a massive problem , just not . . .\nwe had a fabulous relaxing day here as a birthday celebration . staff were really friendly and showed us around making us feel v welcome , providing slippers and robes . we started our day with a swim - nice size pool and good size jacuzzi . there . . .\ni have a monday to friday membership which is great value for money and offers full access to the gym , spa , sauna , steam and pool . . . you get discount on room rates and treatment rates as a member , staff are all very lovely and always willing . . .\nwhat a wonderful day , as soon as you walk into the spa reception you are met with helpful staff and the ambience of the area is fresh and welcoming . my friend and i had our treatments first which we absolutely great i had ingrid give . . .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nthe spa lunch consist of soup of the day and main course from the choice of salads , sandwiches , paninis or wraps . unfortunately we do not have packages with dinner . you are more than welcome to have dinner in the restaurant . . .\nthe spa lunch consist of soup of the day and main course from the choice of salads , sandwiches , paninis or wraps . unfortunately we do not have packages with dinner . you are more than welcome to have dinner in the restaurant after the spa .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njoin hilton honors\u2122 upgrade your account and earn points at over 3 , 600 hotels in 82 countries around the world .\nyou ' re on a datepicker field . the down arrow will move you into the calendar table , where you can use the arrow keys to select the date , and use enter to make your selection . press escape to leave the datepicker . if you want to enter the date manually , the preferred format is : day ( in two digits ) - month ( in three - letter abbreviation ) - year ( in four digits ) . be sure your arrival date is within the next year .\nyou ' re on a datepicker field . the down arrow will move you into the calendar table , where you can use the arrow keys to select the date , and use enter to make your selection . press escape to leave the datepicker . if you want to enter the date manually , the preferred format is : day ( in two digits ) - month ( in three - letter abbreviation ) - year ( in four digits ) . be sure your departure date is within four months of your arrival .\nwith special rates and complimentary breakfasts for two - from healthy to decadent - our breakfast included packages are the perfect way for you to relax and recharge .\nour professional atmosphere , helpful technology and planning tools can ensure your meeting is a success .\nfrom the right setting to the right menu , we can help with every detail of your event .\nyour big day is special to us , too . we can provide the ideal atmosphere and service for your wedding rehearsal , ceremony , reception and more .\nrelax on the beach , tee off on some of the world ' s best courses , or do nothing but relax . find your perfect getaway at hilton resorts .\nwith more than 550 locations across six continents , hilton hotels & resorts provide an authentic and contemporary experience for guests worldwide .\nenjoy a 25 - minute treatment plus dinner at marco pierre white restaurant monday through thursday .\ntreat yourself to a stay , breakfast and a 25 - minute treatment at the spa during the week .\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa01 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ elemis01 _ 2 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa02 _ 2 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa03 _ 3 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa04 _ 4 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ treatrm _ 6 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ treatrmdetails _ 7 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spatreat _ 8 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa05 _ 5 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ treatmentsuite01 _ 2 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ pool _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ pool001 _ 8 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ pool002 _ 9 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ gym001 _ 10 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ weights _ 12 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\nchoose from an exclusive selection of innovate beauty and relaxation treatments , designed to deliver maximum comfort , absolute luxury and outstanding results .\nour expert professionals will help to define your objectives for total wellness . select from a range of offerings including signature therapies , nourishing facials , full - body massage and more , or indulge in a complete spa package or double vip treatment , to enjoy with a friend .\nas well as treatment rooms , this stylish spa features a swimming pool , whirlpool spa , sauna with hdtv , steam room and a fully - equipped technogym\u2122 gymnasium .\nupgrade your spa experience by adding a champagne afternoon tea , light lunch or hydrotherapy bath prior to your treatment .\nview our spa brochure to browse the complete selection of spa and beauty treatments , packages and facilities .\nrejuvenating spa days with lunch + 1 hour treatment ( inc . 2x30 minutes ) \u00a3120 per person ( subject to availability ) .\nbook your spa treatment online or call 44 - 207 - 8707777 to make an appointment .\nthe global leader in hospitality with more than 550 hotels & resorts across six continents .\nwarm . comfortable . smart . the hotel that turns travel into a human experience again .\na collection of hotels that gives you the peace of mind to travel independently .\nenjoy a complimentary cooked - to - order breakfast and more at our upscale all - suite hotels .\ntreat yourself with amenities that help you work smarter , eat well , sleep deeply and stay fit .\ncount on hampton to deliver quality , value , consistency and service with a smile .\na revolutionary new brand that is simplified , spirited and grounded in value for guests with a zest for life and a desire for human connection .\nwhether you\u2019re traveling for a few nights or a few months , you can make yourself at home\u00ae .\nintroducing home2 suites by hilton\u00ae \u2013 an all - suite brand of extended stay hotels .\nenjoy all of the benefits of owning your own vacation home \u2013 with none of the hassles .\nmake your travel experience better with hilton honors and enjoy instant benefits at every hotel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nbutterfly is famous as an example of protective coloration , as well as being in form ( with folded wings ) is strikingly similar dry leaf .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nto maintain daily life activities and reproduction , adult insects must look for and find suitable nutrients to supplement their diets . insects are known to make use of a variety of sensory modalities in foraging , and the integration of visual , olfactory , and gustatory cues are usually involved in their orientation to and finding of food sources ( barth 1991 ) .\ndepending on the food type , adult butterflies can be classified into three guilds : nectar - feeding , fruit - feeding , and a combination of both ( gilbert 1972 ; devries 1988 ; devries et al . 1997 ; devries and walla 2001 ; molleman et al . 2005 ; \u00f4mura and honda 2009 ) . most butterfly adults are found in temperate regions and feed on nectar , while fruit - feeding butterflies are found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions and feed on rotting fruits , exuded tree sap , mud , carrion , and dung ( boggs and jackson 1991 ; \u00f4mura et al . 2000 ; devries and walla 2001 ; krenn 2008 ) .\nthe scientific literature clearly demonstrates that the flower - visiting behavior of adult butterflies is affected by the color and odor of flowers , which provide specific information for adults , and that colors are extremely important in flower recognition and preference in some species ( use and vaidya 1956 ; weiss 1997 ; andersson and dobson 2003 ; borges et al . 2003 ) . flower scent is an olfactory stimulus that influences butterfly visitation ( andersson 2006 ; \u00f4mura 2006 ) . for example , 2 - phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde stimulate the foraging behavior of pieris rapae ( honda et al . 1998 ; \u00f4mura et al . 1999a , b ; \u00f4mura and honda 2005 ) .\nexperiments were performed at the experimental station of the research institute of resource insects of the chinese academy of forestry in yuanjiang , yunnan ( 400 m . a . s . l . , 101 . 59\u00b0\u2013101 . 00\u00b0 e , 23 . 35\u00b0\u201323 . 36\u00b0n ) . a net house ( 12 m long , 8 m wide , and 5 m tall ) with evenly scattered sunlight was used as the experimental chamber .\nfour - day - old naive adults of k . inachus were obtained from artificial culture . larvae of k . inachus were reared on fresh leaves of strobilanthes cusia ( acanthaceae ) at 25\u00b0c and with a photoperiod of 14 : 10 l : d . adults were supplied with purified water and were not allowed to contact fruit or sap before tests .\nwhen an adult k . inachus landed nearby the food , and then reached to the food and uncoiled the proboscis to probe and feed , it was recorded as a visit .\nthe cotton flowers were arranged the same as in the test of feeding responses to different colors of artificial flowers . then , we sprayed fermented pear juice evenly on the petals . the juice that couldn ' t be absorbed by the cotton petals flowed into the disk . the evening before the bioassay , about 200 adult butterflies ( sex ratio not controlled ) were released into the net house and allowed free - flight to acclimatize them to the experimental arena . the number of feedings during two 2 - hr periods ( 10 : 00\u201312 : 00 and 15 : 00\u201317 : 00 ) was recorded for each model . during the bioassay , the positions of the different juice disks were changed in a clockwise direction every hour , and the flowers and juice were renewed at the same times . the observations were repeated on a second day . the data were analyzed with a chi - square test .\nbased on the results of auto thermal - desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry , we used seven pure chemical compounds in behavioral and eag response tests . all seven chemicals were commercially purchased and were more than 98 % pure . these compounds were 3 - methyl - 1 - butanol , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , \u03b1 - pinene , the 2 - pentanone homologue butanone , ethanol , and acetic acid . the first five compounds were present in at least three of the six kinds of fermented fruits ; ethanol and acetic acid are the major volatiles of fermentation , but were not found in our fermented fruits .\nin our long - term field observation , we found k . inachus habitually basks on light colors . in order to avoid color interference , white disks ( d = 20 cm ) were covered with deep - purple cloth , spaced above the floor in the net house , and filled with 25 ml of a solution , which was dissolved in deionized water as described below . deionized water was used as a control . three feeding experiments were conducted :\nin the center of the net house , a 6 m \u00d7 6 m square was delimited , and the four corners of the square and the midpoint of the four sides were chosen as the placement points of the treatments . the feeding performances of adult butterflies were characterized by assaying seven single compounds at concentrations of 5 % v / v .\nin the center of the net house , a 6 m \u00d7 3 m rectangle was delimited , and the four corners of the rectangle and the midpoint of the long sides were chosen as the placement points . the synergistic effects of different compound mixtures were evaluated . based on the results of the single - compound assays , we mixed ethanol , \u03b1 - pinene , and ethyl acetate at equal volumes in the following combinations : ethanol + ethyl acetate + \u03b1 - pinene , ethanol + ethyl acetate , ethanol + \u03b1 - pinene , ethyl acetate + \u03b1pinene , and ethanol . each mixture had a total concentration of 5 % .\nin the center of the net house , a 6 m \u00d7 5 m rectangle was delimited , and the four corners of the rectangle and the one - third point of the four sides were chosen as the placement points . to identify the most effective doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate , a concentration series ( 0 . 001 , 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , or 10 % ) of each compound was bioassayed ; 0 . 5 % ethanol was also used .\nbefore each of the three bioassays , about 100 adults ( sex ratio not controlled ) were released into the net house and allowed free - flight to acclimatize them to the experimental arena . the number of feedings during two 2 - hr periods ( 09 : 30\u201311 : 30 and 14 : 00\u201316 : 00 ) was recorded for the treatment and control models . every model was duplicated . during each bioassay , the positions of the models were rotated clockwise every 30 min , 40 min , or 20 min , respectively , and solutions were renewed to account for evaporation . tests were replicated for two days . significant differences between treatments and controls were determined using analysis of variance , followed by the lsd test .\nthe eag responses to the solutions at doses of 5 \u00b5l / ml were tested . a series of odorant compounds were applied to butterfly antennal preparations in the following order : ether control , standard stimulus ( see below ) , individual samples ( 3 - methyl - 1 - butanol , butanone , \u03b1pinene , acetic acid , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate ) in a random order , standard stimulus , and ether control . each sample was tested five times in each antenna .\nthe eag responses to the solutions at doses of 50 \u00b5l / ml were tested , with solutions and procedures as described above .\nthe eag responses to mixtures at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml were tested . mixtures mixed at equal volume were as described for the behavioral feeding experiments .\nto identify the eag responses to different doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate , ethanol was tested at six doses ( 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , 5 , 10 , or 100 \u00b5l / ml ) and ethyl acetate was tested at five doses ( 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , 10 , or 100 \u00b5l / ml ) .\nethanol at 5 \u00b5l / ml was used as the standard stimulus in eag experiments 1 and 4 , and 50 \u00b5l / ml was used in experiments 2 and 3 . the responses were averaged across individual trials and expressed as percentages of the response relative to the standard . data were normally distributed ; sexual differences in eag intensities were analyzed with a t - test . the intensity of eag responses to different compounds within males and within females were analyzed using analysis of variance , followed by the lsd test .\nk . inachus showed no attempted feeding or orientation responses to the four different single colors , suggesting that foraging adults were not innately sensitive to these colors , and that color is not a forging signal for k . inachus .\nshowed no visits to deionized water . the different fermented fruit juices were not significantly differently attractive to\nshowed the strongest response to fermented pear juice , accounting for 16 . 47 % of feedings , while ethanol had the weakest effect , attracting only 11 . 01 % of feedings (\n< 0 . 01 ) . adults showed the strongest attraction to white , with 35 . 71 % feeding at that color , and weaker attractions to red , yellow , and purple ( 19 . 48 % , 20 . 56 % , and 24 . 24 % feeding , respectively ) . there were no differences in feeding among red , yellow , and purple flowers ( \u03c7\n) . the volatile compounds found in more than half of the fruits were as follows : \u03b1 - pinene , limonene , isobutyl acetate , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , 3 - methylbutyl butyrate , 3 - methyl - 1butanol , and 6 - methyl - 5 - hepten - 2 - one . half of these are esters , so it can be concluded that esters are commonly found in fruit volatiles . all of the fruits we tested contained terpenoids , except for banana . esters were the major volatiles in banana , apple , and watermelon , while terpenoids dominated the orange volatiles , which also contained very small amounts of aromatics , such as 1 - methyl - 4 - ( 1 - methylethenyl ) - benzene . persimmon contained a high relative concentration of 3 - methyl - 4 - oxo - pentanoic acid , about 49 . 36 % . in contrast , esters and nitrogen compounds were predominant in pears , which also contained a small amount of hydrocarbons , such as nonane and 1 - nonene .\nchemical components of six kinds of fermented fruits and their relative contents ( % ) .\nsingle - compound bioassays of seven chemicals at 5 % concentration were performed . the number of adult butterflies attracted to these compounds was in the following order , from most attractive to least : ethanol > 3 - methyl - 1butanol > isoamyl acetate > ethyl acetate > \u03b1pinene > butanone > acetic acid > deionized water (\nthe synergistic effects of different compound mixtures were also tested . adults were attracted to these mixtures in the order from most to least , as follows : ethanol + ethyl acetate > ethanol > ethanol + ethyl acetate + \u03b1 - pinene > ethanol + \u03b1 - pinene > ethyl acetate + \u03b1 - pinene > deionized water (\n) . ethanol + ethyl acetate was the most effective of all mixtures . overall , the mixtures containing ethanol were significantly more attractive than deionized water (\n> 0 . 05 ) . the presence of \u03b1 - pinene reduced the number of feedings .\nthe effective doses of ethanol and of ethyl acetate were evaluated . the number of responses was significantly positively correlated with concentration for both compounds ( r = 0 . 974 ,\n< 0 . 05 ) , but there were no differences between 0 . 01 % , 0 . 001 % ethyl acetate , and deionized water (\n> 0 . 05 ) . ethanol was more attractive than deionized water regardless of its concentration . overall , 10 % ethanol was the most effective lure , and concentrations of 10 % , 1 % , 0 . 5 % , and 0 . 01 % were significantly more attractive than deionized water (\n< 0 . 05 ) , but there were no differences between concentrations of 0 . 1 % , 0 . 001 % , and deionized water (\nthe relative electroantennogram responses of males and females to different compounds , a : reponses to compunds at the dose of 5 \u00b5l / ml b : responses to compounds at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml c : responses to mixtures at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml d : responses to different doses of ethanol . e : responses to different doses of ethyl acetate ( mean \u00b1 se ) . significant differences by the paired t - test are indicated by * ( p < 0 . 05 ) and * * ( p < 0 . 01 ) . high quality figures are available online .\n> 0 . 05 ) , indicating that the perception of different compoundswas varied , but the differences were not significant . ethanol , which was used as a standard , elicited the lowest response in both sexes . eag responses of both sexes to six chemicals at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml were weaker than at 5 \u00b5l / ml , except for female and male responses to acetic acid , male responses to butanone , and female responses to ethyl acetate , which were somewhat greater than at 5 \u00b5l / ml .\n> 0 . 05 ) ( figure5d , e , respectively ) . the values of eag responses were not correlated to the doses of chemicals ( ethanol : females r = - 0 . 194 ,\n> 0 . 05 ; ethyl acetate : females r = 0 . 071 ,\nalcohols , ketones , and esters were found in all six fruit volatiles , either as the majority components or at lower levels . esters were the main volatiles in most of the fruits tested . ethanol and acetic acid , both of which are characteristic volatile products of fermentation ( \u00f4mura et al . 2000 ; \u00f4mura and honda 2003 , 2009 ) , were not found in our samples .\nthis result may be because the fruit was not thoroughly fermented . ripe fruits are high in aromatic volatiles , rather than producing decay odor ( molleman et al . 2005 ) . the six kinds of fruit were fermented under the same conditions , so the variations in volatile composition were most likely due to differences in the fruits themselves and to different microbial species associated with the juice extracts ( wood 1961 ; \u00f4mura et al . 2000 ) .\nalthough there was no ethanol or acetic acid in the fruit volatiles , the fruits emitted a variety of different types of chemicals and were strongly attractive to the butterfly , indicating that k . inachus uses a variety of food chemical signals .\nin behavioral tests , ethanol was the most attractive volatile , while acetic acid was the least attractive . in contrast , the perception of antennae to acetic acid in eag tests was the strongest , while ethanol was the weakest , regardless of whether the test dose was 5 or 50 \u00b5l / ml . this result showed acetic acid induces the strongest perception by antenna , but k . inachus showed the strongest preference for ethanol . thus , the compound that most strongly stimulated feeding behavior did not induce high eag responses , and eag responses did not totally reflect the food choices of adults foraging in the field ( honda et al . 1998 ; \u00f4mura and honda 2009 ) . this interesting result suggests that antennal perception of these olfactory cues was caused by a specific sensory system that selectively elicited feeding behavior ( \u00f4mura and honda 2009 ) . antennal perception is not only related to foraging behavior , but also involves a large number of other behavioral functions . therefore , the antennal perception of volatiles is not necessarily interpreted as a food signal ; some signals may relate to host recognition , to the identification of conspecific individuals , or to defense ( kreher et al 2008 ) .\nanother striking result of the eag experiments was the differences found between genders for a few chemicals , such as 5 \u00b5l / ml butanone , 50 \u00b5l / ml acetic acid , and 100 \u00b5l / ml ethanol . these differences may be due to males and females differing in their dietary needs because of different reproductive strategies ( dierks and fischer 2008 ) . however , these differences were not consistent , as they changed at different volatile concentrations . different concentrations of the same compounds may reflect the distance between adult butterflies and food , but the relative eag responses of males and females to different concentrations of ethanol and ethyl acetate showed no significant correlation . the phenomenon may be caused by the tested concentration , which could have been higher than the perception threshold of the antenna of k . inachus .\naccording to the results of our study , we conclude the following : 1 ) the foraging , adult k . inachus has no sensitivity to food color , but innately uses olfaction to detect and locate food ; 2 ) the adults feed on a wide range of fruits , so they also use a wide range of volatiles such as alcohols , esters , ketones , and terpenoids , and the coexistence of multiple chemical signals is most attractive ; 3 ) antennal perception is not only related to foraging behavior , but also involves a large number of other behavioral functions , such as hostrecognition and defense behavior , so feeding preference is not necessary correlated with eag responses .\nwe thank yong cao , chuang jiang , zhen chen , tichu li , and chunzi luo for their participation in field observations , fei chen for his help in the eag experiment , and cheng - zhu yang for his kindness in rearing butterflies . special thanks to ning liang and other staff of the yuanjiang experimental station of riricaf for their careful logistical services during our fieldwork . this study was supported by science and technology of social development projects in yunnan province and the special fund for basic research cafybb2007018 and riri200705z .\nandersson s . floral scent and butterfly pollinators . in : dudareva n , pichersky e , editors .\nbalkenius a , ros\u00e9n w , kelber a . the relative importance of olfaction and vision in a diurnal and a nocturnal hawkmoth ."]}
{"id": 675, "summary": [{"text": "sapphirinidae is a family of parasitic copepods , containing the following genera : copilia dana , 1849 saphirinella claus , 1863 sapphirina j. thompson , 1830 terebellicola m. sars , 1861 vettoria c. b. wilson , 1924", "topic": 26}], "title": "sapphirinidae", "paragraphs": ["citation : baar y , rosen j , shashar n ( 2014 ) circular polarization of transmitted light by sapphirinidae copepods . plos one 9 ( 1 ) : e86131 . urltoken\nchae j , nishida s ( 1994 ) integumental ultrastructure and color patterns in the iridescent copepods of the family sapphirinidae ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) . mar biol 119 : 205\u2013210 .\nchae j , nishida s ( 1995 ) vertical distribution and diel migration in the iridescent copepods of the family sapphirinidae : a unique example of reverse migration ? mar ecol prog ser 119 : 111\u2013124 .\nplanktonic sapphirinidae copepods were found to circularly polarize the light passing through them . circular polarization may be created by unique , multilayered features of the membrane structure found under their cuticle or by organized muscle fibers .\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . sapphirinidae thorell , 1859 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 128595 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nfurther research is needed to understand the role , if any , of the circularly polarized light transmitted through the body of sapphirinidae copepods . the role of cp light transmission and their sensitivity to cp polarization should be examined both interspecifically , within the sapphirinidae copepods including to examine for sexual dimorphism in the cp domain , and extraspecifically , for example , they may use cp light to avoid detection by predators sensitive to linear polarization . from the perspective of potential predators , it should be noted that stomatopod larvae are active planktonic predators .\nthe sapphirinidae are well defined by their dorsoventrally flattened bodies and by the presence of elaborate cuticular lenses at least in the female . the caudal rami are also flattened and have 6 small setae distributed around the margin . the form of the caudal ramus is useful as a species - level discriminating character .\nthe structural mechanism responsible for circular polarization in mantis shrimp and scarabaeidae beetles is well understood [ 9 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] . in our case , since the strongest cp was obtained at specific input light polarization angles and in a cycle of 90\u00b0 , it is clear that a part or parts of the sapphirinidae copepod function as \u03bb / 4 retarder plates . at this point , however , we do not fully understand the underlying structural mechanism . two mechanisms are possible : retardance by muscle fibers and / or by the multilayer membrane structure , the latter of which is also involved in sapphirinidae body coloration . these mechanisms may be operating independently , or interacting and augmenting each other .\namong the most striking features of the s . metallina male is its iridescence , which is caused by a multilayered - membrane structure in epidermal cells of the dorsal integument [ 17 ] \u2013 [ 19 ] . iridescence constitutes one characteristic of the species ' sexual dimorphism , which also includes differences in body size , shape , color , and more . however vassiere [ 20 ] did not find sexual dimorphism in sapphirinidae eye structure although follow - up studies are still required .\nmuscles are known to be birefringent . the myosin - containing a bands of the sarcomere ( the contractile unit ) are birefringent [ 21 ] , and indeed , light transmitted through vertebrate muscle tissues was demonstrated to undergo phase retardance [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] . sabhah and shashar [ 24 ] demonstrated that muscle tissue changes the transmission of partially linearly polarized light passing through zooplankton . we propose here that the sapphirinidae copepod circularly polarizes part of the linearly polarized light , thus contributing to its circularly polarized appearance .\ncircularly polarized light , rare in the animal kingdom , has thus far been documented in only a handful of animals . using a rotating circular polarization ( cp ) analyzer we detected cp in linearly polarized light transmitted through epipelagic free living sapphirina metallina copepods . both left and right handedness of cp was detected , generated from specific organs of the animal ' s body , especially on the dorsal cephalosome and prosome . such cp transmittance may be generated by phase retardance either in the muscle fibers or in the multilayer membrane structure found underneath the cuticle . although the role , if any , played by circularly polarized light in sapphirinidae has yet to be clarified , in other animals it was suggested to take part in mate choice , species recognition , and other forms of communication .\ngenus corina giesbrecht , 1891 accepted as vettoria wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )\ngenus corissa farran , 1936 accepted as vettoria wilson c . b . , 1924 ( synonym )\ngenus edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )\ngenus lanowia oliveira , 1945 accepted as saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( synonym )\ngenus pyromma haeckel , 1864 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )\ngenus sapphirella bjornberg , 1963 accepted as saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( mis spell of original name )\ngenus sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 accepted as sapphirina thompson j . , 1829 ( synonym )\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 baar et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : israeli science foundation grant # 1081 / 10 to ns and by the halperin and shechter foundations . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nambient light underwater is partially polarized linearly to varying degrees at different depths [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , but circular polarization ( cp ) has been observed occurring naturally only near the water surface [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . among animals , the production of circularly polarized light is rare , yet was documented in the bioluminescence of photuris lucicrescens and p . versicolor firefly larvae , in reflections from beetles of the scarabaeidae family , in panulirus argus lobsters , and in stomatopods ( mantis shrimp ) [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 14 ] .\ncircularly polarized light reflected by helical microfibril layers in the exocuticle of beetles belonging to the scarabaeidae family is usually left handed [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 7 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] . the multilayer structure that is responsible for the circularly polarized light in the scarab beetle plusiotis resplendens can be treated as a three - dimensional diffraction grating . in that sense , while its effect on the polarization state of the light differs , the exocuticle diffracts light much as a multilayer dielectric grating does . indeed , three - dimensional gratings can reflect light that is circularly or elliptically polarized [ 15 ] . in mantis shrimps , cp reflection has been observed in the keel of the male odontodactylus cultrifer and is generated by two optical components . the first , a linear polarizer , is based on the ordered arrangement of dichroic carotenoid astaxanthin molecules . the second component is a quarter - wave retarder , laid at a 45 degree angle to the linear component , which is assumed to comprise oriented calcite crystals [ 9 ] , [ 16 ] . mantis shrimps are also unique in that not only do they present a cp reflection , they can also see cp light [ 8 ] .\nsapphirina copepods , which appear transparent to polarization - insensitive eyes , affected the linear polarization of light that passed through them , in the process partially circularly polarizing it . due to the relative abundance of s . metallina , detailed analyses of cp focused on that species ( fig . 1 ) . figs . 1 . b and 1 . c demonstrate qualitatively that s . metallina has polarization activity with the linearly polarized transmitted light . the animal was rotated between two linear polarizers at 45\u00b0 to each other ( fig . 1 . b ) , and between crossed linear polarizers ( fig . 1 . c ) , until an intensity change was detected . the brightness level at certain locations is about the same in both figs 1 . b and 1 . c and this outcome is a clue that some level of cp exists herein . fig . 1 . d shows the result of the cp detector for depolarized illumination . the circular polarization effect was observed when the incoming light was either linearly polarized ( fig . 2 ) or depolarized ( fig . 1 . d ) .\n: the animal between crossed linear polarizers showing only linearly polarization - active structures . such linear polarization activity can arise from change in orientation of polarization , depolarization , or the creation of cp .\n: circularly polarized light passing through a copepod , according to its left or right handedness . incoming light was depolarized . arrows indicate areas of relatively strong cp , though not more than 30 % ; dark and bright areas indicate right and left cp , respectively . note that most of these areas , such as eye tubes or posterior parts of carapace , do not show up when placed between crossed linear polarizers ( insert c ) suggesting that the process causing the cp under depolarized illumination , is not mere retardance such as by muscle fibers .\ncopepod , when incoming light is linearly polarized , as detected by a cp detector .\na modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that all measured light is cp , whereas 0 signifies no cp .\n: each image is for a different orientation of the entrance polarizer , and therefore , of the illuminating beam , in 20\u00b0 steps . the orientation for 0\u00b0 was arbitrarily set . note that cp handedness is not recorded . locations of cp activity correspond with both muscles fibers as illuminated in\n: the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization orientation at six locations on the animal is indicated in the figure inset .\nwhen the light striking the copepods was linearly polarized , the orientation of the polarization strongly affected cp . fig . 2 . a shows maps of the modulation depth of the signals as detected by the cp detector . each image is for a different orientation of incoming light polarization in 20\u00b0 steps . a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that the all measured light was cp , whereas a depth of 0 signifies no cp . the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization angle at six locations on the animal , as indicated on the inset , is depicted in fig . 2 . b . cp levels , which were 30\u201360 % , were maximal from the cephalosome , from the metasome , and in both lateral sides of the copepod ' s soma . the prominent regions are not identical in figs . 1 . d and 2 . a because the effect of cp of the depolarized light is much weaker ( maximum cp value of 30 % ) than the cp created under linearly polarized illumination ( maximum cp value of 60 % ) .\ntem images revealed the structure of the multilayer epidermal membrane ( fig . 3 ) , showing structures that could serve as light retarders . although we are not aware of any direct evidence of birefringence in these layered structures , we do not know of any mechanism other than retardation by birefringence to convert transmitted linear polarization to cp light .\n: frontal section of dorsal integument showing the multilayer membrane structure , a honeycomb arrangement , in which the first stack layer is parallel and some of the other layers are rotated on their sides showing a layered pattern .\nin addition , in many cases the cp was transmitted from locations where muscle fibers affected the linear polarization ( fig . 1 b\u2013d ) , suggesting retardance activity by these muscles .\ncircularly polarized light in nature is currently known to be reflected from the cuticle tissues of marine crustaceans [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] and of terrestrial arthropods [ 6 ] , [ 10 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 16 ] .\nin this work we present a case in which the light transmitted through an animals ' body is circularly polarized . the effect was observed , to varying degrees , when the incoming illumination was either linearly polarized or depolarized .\nbased on evidence from the optically active system in the copepods [ 17 ] , which is responsible for their iridescent coloration , we suggest a model for how circular polarization is produced in these copepods . their dorsal integument comprises a multilayered membrane made of 10\u201314 membrane pairs laid parallel to each other and to the cuticular plate . viewed as a single structure , their dorsal integument has a regular hexagonal structure , and the gaps between the membrane layers contain a series of hexagonal platelets . platelet thickness varies from 61\u201383 nm , and its estimated refractive index is 1 . 8 [ 17 ] .\nwe hypothesize that the crystals in each layer of the multilayer hexagonal platelets are birefringent . if the optical path difference between the fast and the slow axes of the crystal is an odd number of quarter - wave lengths , then the multilayer hexagonal platelets are functioning as a quarter - wave retarder . formally , the plate structure should follow the equation 2\u03c0\u00b7\u03b4 n \u00b7 z / \u03bb = ( 2 n + 1 ) \u00b7\u03c0 / 2 , where \u03b4 n is the refractive index difference between the fast and the slow axes of the platelets , z is the overall thickness of the multilayer structure , \u03bb is the average wavelength of the light , and n is an arbitrary positive whole number . hence linearly polarized light ( at a 45\u00b0 angle to the fast and slow axes ) transmitted through the copepods is circularly polarized . note that the graph of the modulation depth of the cp detector signal as a function of the input polarization shows a cycle of \u03c0 / 2 as is expected from a quarter - wave retarder . also note that most of cyclic signals changed together with almost no phase difference between them , an indication that all the crystals of the hexagonal platelets over the entire body of the copepod are oriented in approximately the same direction . however , we also found that the handedness of the circular polarization along the sides of the dorsal view ( points a\u2013d in fig . 2b , inset ) was opposite that in the central regions ( points e\u2013f in fig . 2b , inset ) . this observation may indicate that the cp mechanism in each of these two regions is different . further experimentation is needed to elucidate the retardance properties of the copepods .\nin addition to the current partial understanding of the copepod phase retardance mechanism , the question remains of how non polarized light becomes circularly polarized , even if to a low extent , when passing through the animal ' s body . one possibility is that the incoming light is partially linearly polarized as it is refracted into or within the copepod ( such as by eye tubes ) , especially when the light is arriving from directions that are not orthogonal to the curved body carapace . this partially linearly polarized light can then interact with the platelets to produce cp .\nthe role of circularly polarized light in the scarab beetle is not known [ 5 ] . stomatopods use polarization in species - specific signals related to mating and defense [ 9 ] . it should be emphasized that some species of mantis shrimp , such as odontodactylus cultrifer , can perceive and respond to cp signals , making them the only organisms with a known ability to sense circularly polarized light [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] .\nfor cp light detection , we built a system ( fig . 4 ) based on a cokin\u00ae circular polarizing filter , half of which was covered from the direction of the incoming light by a \u03bb / 2 retarder ( i . e . , circular polarization handedness switching filter ) with an optical path difference of 280 nm . a step motor rotated this apparatus sequentially to four positions at 90\u00b0 intervals . at each position , the specimen was photographed via a zeiss stemi 2000 - c polarization insensitive dissecting scope and a nikon single ccd digital camera . to match the retarder filter ( best fit for wavelengths around 560 nm ) , only the green channel of each image was used in further analysis . this approach resulted in four different pictures ( orientations of the \u03bb / 2 retarder at 90\u00b0 intervals ) of the copepod .\nilluminating light passed first through a depolarizer , and then , if needed , it was linearly polarized . after passing through the specimen , depending on handedness , the light was or was not filtered through a rotating 1 / 2 \u03bb retarder that covered half of the field of view . the circularly polarized light was then linearized by a 1 / 4 \u03bb retarder and an analyzer was used to examine it .\ncircular polarization images were analyzed using a matlab\u2122 code to produce a numerical and visual representation of the differences in the light transmitted through the copepods as the analyzer was rotated . this was done by analyzing the modulation depth of the light signal detected along the rotation of the \u03bb / 2 plate . note that our device is built to detect circularly polarized light , and to verify its reliability , it was tested under laser light ( \u03bb = 543 nm ) in various known polarization states . in addition , the device was tested with a scarab beetle specimen , and a considerable , circularly polarized light signal was detected in the form of a periodic signal , as expected . the modulation depth was defined as ( max\u2212min ) / ( max + min ) , where max and min are the maximum and minimum intensities , respectively .\nthe pictures of the transmitted circularly polarized light include one for each of the four positions of the input \u03bb / 2 plate . captured for the four different positions of the rotating \u03bb / 2 plate , the pictures represent four sampling points along a single cycle of the output signal . for every image pixel in each of the four pictures , the two values with the maximum intensity difference value ( max\u2212min ) were chosen , and the difference between them was calculated . each result was then divided by the sum of all the difference values ( max + min ) to give a value from 0\u20131 . defined as the modulation depth of the output cyclic signal , this value represents the percentage of the transmitted light that was circularly polarized from the total transmitted light .\ncopepods were collected by towing a 200 \u00b5m plankton net , just under the sea surface to depths up to 2 m , in the open waters of the gulf of aqaba , eilat , israel ( following [ 25 ] ) . over 20 sapphirina copepods were collected for cp examination . more than half of them were s . metallina ( dana , 1849 ) , and therefore , all further analysis focused exclusively on them .\nspecimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy followed [ 26 ] in detail . freshly collected specimens were fixated in a 2 . 5 % glutaraldehyde solution in a cacodylate buffer at ph 7 . 4 .\nfixation and dehydration : samples were fixed in the above for 3\u201324 h in the cold . then they were rinsed 3 times for 10 minutes each in the same buffer , post - fixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 1 h and dehydrated in a graded ethanol series . during dehydration they were stained en bloc in uranyl acetate in 70 % ethanol .\nembedding : samples were embedded in araldite resin . embedding was gradual , using two 5 - min rinses in epoxy propane ( propylene oxide ) and then an hour each in increasing amounts of araldite in epoxy propane ( 33 % , 50 % , 100 % ) . blocks were polymerized at 60\u00b0 in an oven for 24 h .\nsectioning : sections of various thicknesses ( 50\u201380 nm ) were cut using a leica ultracut uct ultra microtome ( leica microsystems , nussloch , germany ) and picked up on 75 - or 100 - mesh copper or nickel grids coated with formvar and carbon . the sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate .\ntransmission electron microscopy : sections were observed in a jeol jem - 1230 tem ( jeol ltd , tokyo , japan ) operated at 120 kv . digital images were collected with a gatan model 830 orius sc200 ccd camera using gatan ' s digital micrograph ( dm ) software .\nwe thank steven maccusker for technical support , rina jeger for assistance with tem analysis , viviana ( bracha ) farstey and dvir gur for assistance in species identification and animal related consultation , nishida shuhei for his advice and insights , and the comments of michael land and 2 anonymous reviewers that greatly improved this manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments : yb jr ns . performed the experiments : yb jr ns . analyzed the data : yb jr ns . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yb jr ns . wrote the paper : yb jr ns .\nsabbah s , lerner a , erlick c , shashar n ( 2005 ) under water polarization vision - a physical examination . in : recent res . devel . experimental & theoretical biol . pandalai sg , editor . 1 : 123\u2013176 .\nshashar n , johnsen s , lerner a , sabbah s , chiao cc , et al . ( 2011 ) underwater linear polarization : physical limitations to biological functions . phil trans r soc b 366 : 649\u2013654 .\nivanoff a , waterman th ( 1958 ) elliptical polarization of submarine illumination . j mar res 16 : 255\u2013282 .\nshapiro db , hunt aj , quinby - hunt ms , hull pg ( 1991 ) circular polarization effects in the light scattering from single and suspension of dinoflagellates . underwater imaging , photography , and visibility . proc of spie 1537 : 30\u201341 .\nblaho m , egri a , hegedues r , josvai j , toth m , et al . ( 2012 ) no evidence for behavioral responses to circularly polarized light in four scarab beetle species with circularly polarizing exocuticle . physiol & behav 105 : 1067\u20131075 .\nneville ac , caveney s ( 1969 ) scarabaeid beetle exocuticle as an optical analogue of cholesteric liquid crystals . biol rev 44 : 531\u2013562 .\nchiou th , kleinlogel s , cronin t , caldwell r , loeffler b , et al . ( 2008 ) circular polarization vision in a stomatopod crustacean . curr biol 18 : 429\u2013434 .\ncronin tw , chiou th , caldwell rl , roberts n , marshall j ( 2009 ) polarization signals in mantis shrimps . proc of spie 7461 74610c 1\u20135 .\ngoldstein dh ( 2006 ) polarization properties of scarabaeidae . appl opt 45 : 7944\u20137950 .\nneville ac , luke bm ( 1971 ) form optical activity in crustacean . j insect physiol 17 : 519\u2013526 .\nseago ae , brady p , vigneron jp , schultz td ( 2009 ) gold bugs and beyond : a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles ( coleoptera ) . j r soc interface 6 : s165\u2013s184 .\nsharma v , crne m , park jo , srinivasarao m ( 2009 ) structural origin of circularly polarized iridescence in jeweled beetles . science . 325 : 449\u2013451 .\nwynberg h , meijer ew , hummelen jc , dekkers hpjm , schippers ph , et al . ( 1980 ) circular polarization observed in bioluminescence . nature 286 : 641\u2013642 .\nparker ar ( 2000 ) 515 million years of structural colour . j opt a : pure and appl opt 2 : r15\u2013r28 .\nchiou th , place ar , caldwell rl , marshall nj , cronin tw ( 2012 ) a novel function for a carotenoid : astaxanthin used as a polarizer for visual signalling in a mantis shrimp . j exp biol 215 : 584\u2013589 .\n( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) . j mar biol ass u . k . 84 : 727\u2013731 .\nvaissiere r ( 1961 ) morphologie et histologie comparees des yeux des crustaces copepodes . arch zool exp gen 100 : 1\u2013125 .\nengel ag , franzini - armstrong c ( 1994 ) myology new york : mcgraw - hill .\ntran pt , inoue s , salmon ed , oldenbourg r ( 1994 ) muscle fine structure and microtubule birefringence measured with a new pol - scope . biol bull 187 : 244\u2013245 .\njarry g , henry f , kaiser r ( 2000 ) anisotropy and multiple scattering in thick mammalian tissues . j opt soc am a 17 : 149\u2013153 .\nsabbah s , shashar n ( 2006 ) polarization contrast of zooplankton : a model for polarization - based sighting distance . vision res 46 : 444\u2013456 .\nhubble ks , kirby rr ( 2007 ) transmission electron microscopy of marine crustacean eggs . crustaceana 80 : 739\u2013745 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nauplius eye is elaborate , with large paired cuticular lenses on the frontal margin of the cephalosome ; these lenses are secondarily lost in male copilia . the antennule is typically 5 - segmented and is non - geniculate in the male . the antenna is uniramous and 4 - segmented , terminating in a small claw . the mandible consists of a broad segment drawn out into a tapering , dentate blade . the maxillule is a single lobe with 4 setae . the maxilliped is 3 - segmented in females , 3 or 4 - segmented in the male , and terminates in a claw .\nswimming legs 1 to 4 are biramous with 3 - segmented rami , except for the endopod of leg 4 which is often reduced to 2 or just 1 segments . the fifth leg lacks a free segment and is represented by small papilla armed with 2 setae and 1 spine . egg sacs paired , multiseriate .\nand copilia species are large members of the epipelagic planktonic community , primarily in tropical and subtropical oceans . their bodies are flattened to slow the rate of sinking and they have adopted transparency as a cryptic strategy . some sapphirina are iridescent and contain reflective platelets of guanine in their integument ( chae , kita - tsukamoto , nishida & ohwada , 1996 ) . sapphirina feeds on salps ( heron , 1973 ) and possibly other gelatinous zooplankton . the males of copilia have reduced mouthparts , have lost their cuticular lenses and probably do not feed as adults . marked reverse diel migrations have been reported in some species of sapphirina from the upper epipelagic zone .\nwith 1 large terminal toothed element usually with 1 - 2 small setae at its base .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nbradford - grieve , j . m . , e . l . markhaseva , carlos rocha , and bernardo abiahy / d . boltovskoy , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : haeckel copepoda . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina darwinii\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : ptrs168 0625 . png\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina danae\npage .\nmaggie whitson added an association between\nimage of baconia sapphirina and baconia\nand\nbaconia lewis 1885\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nimage of sapphirina and sapphirina\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nimage of sapphirina and sapphirina\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina j . thompson , 1830\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\ncopepods , which appear transparent to polarization - insensitive eyes , affected the linear polarization of light that passed through them , in the process partially circularly polarizing it . due to the relative abundance of\nhas polarization activity with the linearly polarized transmitted light . the animal was rotated between two linear polarizers at 45\u00b0 to each other (\n) , until an intensity change was detected . the brightness level at certain locations is about the same in both\nshows the result of the cp detector for depolarized illumination . the circular polarization effect was observed when the incoming light was either linearly polarized (\nwhen the light striking the copepods was linearly polarized , the orientation of the polarization strongly affected cp .\nshows maps of the modulation depth of the signals as detected by the cp detector . each image is for a different orientation of incoming light polarization in 20\u00b0 steps . a modulation depth of 1 . 0 indicates that the all measured light was cp , whereas a depth of 0 signifies no cp . the modulation depth as a function of the input polarization angle at six locations on the animal , as indicated on the inset , is depicted in\n. cp levels , which were 30\u201360 % , were maximal from the cephalosome , from the metasome , and in both lateral sides of the copepod ' s soma . the prominent regions are not identical in\nbecause the effect of cp of the depolarized light is much weaker ( maximum cp value of 30 % ) than the cp created under linearly polarized illumination ( maximum cp value of 60 % ) .\n) , showing structures that could serve as light retarders . although we are not aware of any direct evidence of birefringence in these layered structures , we do not know of any mechanism other than retardation by birefringence to convert transmitted linear polarization to cp light .\nwe hypothesize that the crystals in each layer of the multilayer hexagonal platelets are birefringent . if the optical path difference between the fast and the slow axes of the crystal is an odd number of quarter - wave lengths , then the multilayer hexagonal platelets are functioning as a quarter - wave retarder . formally , the plate structure should follow the equation 2\u03c0\u00b7\u03b4\nis an arbitrary positive whole number . hence linearly polarized light ( at a 45\u00b0 angle to the fast and slow axes ) transmitted through the copepods is circularly polarized . note that the graph of the modulation depth of the cp detector signal as a function of the input polarization shows a cycle of \u03c0 / 2 as is expected from a quarter - wave retarder . also note that most of cyclic signals changed together with almost no phase difference between them , an indication that all the crystals of the hexagonal platelets over the entire body of the copepod are oriented in approximately the same direction . however , we also found that the handedness of the circular polarization along the sides of the dorsal view ( points a\u2013d in\n, inset ) . this observation may indicate that the cp mechanism in each of these two regions is different . further experimentation is needed to elucidate the retardance properties of the copepods .\n) based on a cokin\u00ae circular polarizing filter , half of which was covered from the direction of the incoming light by a \u03bb / 2 retarder ( i . e . , circular polarization handedness switching filter ) with an optical path difference of 280 nm . a step motor rotated this apparatus sequentially to four positions at 90\u00b0 intervals . at each position , the specimen was photographed via a zeiss stemi 2000 - c polarization insensitive dissecting scope and a nikon single ccd digital camera . to match the retarder filter ( best fit for wavelengths around 560 nm ) , only the green channel of each image was used in further analysis . this approach resulted in four different pictures ( orientations of the \u03bb / 2 retarder at 90\u00b0 intervals ) of the copepod .\nisraeli science foundation grant # 1081 / 10 to ns and by the halperin and shechter foundations . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nshashar n , johnsen s , lerner a , sabbah s , chiao cc , et al . ( 2011 )\ncircular polarization effects in the light scattering from single and suspension of dinoflagellates . underwater imaging , photography , and visibility\nblaho m , egri a , hegedues r , josvai j , toth m , et al . ( 2012 )\nchiou th , kleinlogel s , cronin t , caldwell r , loeffler b , et al . ( 2008 )\nwynberg h , meijer ew , hummelen jc , dekkers hpjm , schippers ph , et al . ( 1980 )"]}
{"id": 676, "summary": [{"text": "poropuntius solitus is a species of freshwater , ray-finned fish in the genus poropuntius .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it was first described by maurice kottelat in 2000 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this species is found in tributaries to the xe kong river on the eastern half of the bolaven plateau in laos .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its population is decreasing due to overfishing , and proposed efforts to dam the river and its tributaries further threaten the species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the poropuntius solitus is currently considered an endangered species by the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "poropuntius solitus", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about poropuntius solitus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for poropuntius solitus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nporopuntius solitus on fish mapper tsn 689714 ( taxonomic serial number ) retrieved on from the integrated taxonomic information system online database . this is a cached copy . more\nporopuntius tawarensis ( m . c . w . weber & de beaufort , 1916 )\nporopuntius brevispinus ( v . h . nguy\u1ec5n & l . h . doan , 1969 )\nporopuntius carinatus ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius daliensis ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius exiguus ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius rhomboides ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius fuxianhuensis ( y . h . wang , d . d . zhuang & l . c . gao , 1982 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nknown from the bolaven plateau . roberts ( 1998 ) had described three as trophic morphs of\n( i . e . , individuals of the same species that develop different morphologies to adapt to different ecological conditions ) . kottelat ( 2000 ) treated them as different species because he found differences that are not trophic related and are present in juveniles before they develop trophic specialisation , and described a fourth species . this community of four species or morphs on the top of an isolated plateau is a rare biological phenomenon and studies are needed to clear the taxonomy of these species or morphs . the four species / morphs occur together and up to now there are no data linking each to a specific habitat .\nknown from bolaven plateau with specialised morphology . the taxonomy is not very clear and this is a rare biological phenomenon on top of an isolated plateau . research is needed to clear the taxonomy of these species or morphs . this is also an interesting system for research on evolution .\nknown at present only from tributaries of the xe kong river on the eastern half of the bolaven plateau , lao pdr . the species has an estimated extent of occurrence of approximately 2 , 500 km\u00b2 .\npopulations are inferred to be declining as a result of fishing pressure , and are expected to decline as a result of hydropower dams .\nstreams with clear , cool and fast water , over stones , rocks , rapids and waterfalls .\nthis species is threatened by overfishing , dam construction , habitat degradation from agriculture and bauxite mining on the plateau .\nno conservation actions are in place . further research is required for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to our website . if you continue to browse and use this website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions of use . 1 . the content of the pages of this website is for your general information and use only . it is subject to change without notice . 2 . neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy , timeliness , performance , completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this website for any particular purpose . you acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law . 3 . the fish photos in this website are all under the cc ( creative commons ) license . you should denote\nurltoken\nif you use our photos in your books , websites , etc .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 23 / 2013 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 695, "summary": [{"text": "plicatoperipatus is a monospecific genus of velvet worm containing the single species plicatoperipatus jamaicensis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to jamaica .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the species is listed as near threatened by the iucn red list . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "plicatoperipatus", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\n1983 . evolution of animal mitochondrial dna . in : nei , m . and koehn , r . k . ( eds ) ,\nagn that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop , and of serine - specifying aga and agg codons .\nas a living fossil . in : eldredge , n . and stanley , s . m . ( eds ) ,\nmitochondrial dna . in : warner , a . w , bradshaw , j . c . and macrae , t . h . ( eds ) ,\nmethods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes .\n1984 . the evolutionary significance of genetic diversity : ecological , demographic , and life history correlates . in : mani , g . s . ( ed . ) ,\na review of the new world onychophora with the description of a new cavernicolous genus and species from jamaica .\nfrom lexington , virginia : the isolation and characterization of their mitochondrial dna , the implications for their origin and climatic selection .\ngenetic divergence among fishes of the eastern pacific and the caribbean : support for the molecular clock .\npresent address : section of ecology and systematics , cornell university , ithaca , ny 14850 usa .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nurltoken 2001 - 2017 leaf group ltd . / / leaf group education , all rights reserved . database is based on wordnet 3 . 0 , a lexical database for the english language ."]}
{"id": 707, "summary": [{"text": "parlatoriini is a tribe of armored scale insects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "takagi ( 2002 ) indicated that the parlatoriini appear to be phylogenetically related to the smilacicola and the odonaspidini .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "takagi went on to say about the tropical east asian parlatoriini that , the current classification of their genera may be largely tentative because the adult females are simple-featured and much modified owing to the pupillarial mode of life , and also because the second instar nymphs are generally similar among parlatoriines , whether the adult females are pupillarial or not .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "andersen found that separating out pupillarial forms into a separate subtribe , gymnaspidina , was counterproductive , as being non-dispositive .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "molecular analysis has shown that the parlatoriini as traditionally constituted is highly non-monophyletic and that the genera , and occasionally species , are interdigitated with the aspidiotini . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "parlatoriini", "paragraphs": ["parlatoriini is a tribe of armored scale insects . takagi ( 2002 ) indicated that the parlatoriini appear to be phylogenetically related to the smilacicola and the odonaspidini .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\non trephognathus : a new genus of african baridinae ( col . curc . )\nevaluasi produktivitas kutu lak , laccifer lacca kerr . ( hemiptera : kerridae ) pada tiga jenis tanaman . . .\nlopholeucaspis balachowsky 1953g : 875 . type species : leucaspis japonica cockerell by original designation . accepted valid name\nsystematics : lopholeucaspis is presumably an asiatic derivative of leucaspis ( takagi , 1960 ) . lopholeucaspis differs from leucaspis in the adult female possessing a continuous row of duct tubercles from the abdomen forward to thorax , and in lacking the group of duct tubercles lateral to the anterior spiracles ( williams & watson , 1988 ) .\nbalach1953g : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 843 , 875 - 877\nparlagena mckenzie 1945 : 81 - 82 . type species : parlagena inops mckenzie by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlagena buxi , takahashi ) accepted valid name\ngeneral remarks : detailed descriptions by mckenzie ( 1945 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .\nsystematics : parlagena can be differentiated from parlatoria principally by the reduced pygidial plates , position of dorsal macroduct between median lobes and the absence of perivulvar pores ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .\nstructure : diaspididae with body typically oval . with short\ntwo - barred\nmacroducts , those situated along pygidial margins each with the orifices surrounded by a conspicuous sclerotized ring , each duct with the axis of its orifices almost parallel to pygidial margin , microducts on pygidium dorsum apparently not arranged in well - defined rows , the single median macroduct removed from the bases of the median lobes about the length of the lobes ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .\nbalach1953g : description , host , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 833 - 834\nparlatoreopsis lindinger 1912b : 191 . type species : chionaspis longispina newstead by monotypy . accepted valid name\nanatolaspis bodenheimer 1949 : 39 . type species : anatolaspis abidini bodenheimer by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlatoreopsis longispinus , newstead ) junior synonym ( balach1953g : 827 ) notes : although bodenheimer ( 1949 ) lists anatolaspis as being described in 1941 , we have been unable to find any evidence of the genus having been mentioned in that year . in agreement with morrison & morrison ( 1966 ) , 1949 is accepted as the date of description .\ngeneral remarks : detailed descriptions by ferris ( 1942 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .\nsystematics : parlatoreopsis is related to parlatoria , but the separation of the two is simple enough as far as the species occurring in north america , all of which are introduced , are concerned , and the genus is quite valid . however , the group of species centering about parlatoria is extensively developed in the australian and oriental regions and not until this entire group has been carefully reviewed can any statement be made as to the actual limits of the genera ( ferris , 1942 ) .\nstructure : adult female only slightly longer than broad , derm membranous except for the short and rather acute pygidium . median pygidial lobes well developed , set close together but with no basal zygosis and with a small dorsal pore but with no gland spine between them . second lobes small , but strongly sclerotized , not bilobed . 3rd and 4th lobes lacking or the 3rd represented at times by a very minute point . gland spines few and small , all simple , confined to the pygidial margin . dorsal macroducts of the pygidium relatively few or almost lacking except for the marginal series and not arranged in definite rows ; those of the marginal series each with the orifice surrounded by a sclerotized rim . lateral margins of the prepygidial segments with small macroducts and in part with a few small gland tubercles . perivulvar pores present in 4 or 5 small groups . scale of female flat , thin , pale gray , roughly circular , with the exuviae subcentral ( ferris , 1942 ) .\nbalach1953g : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 827 - 829\nbodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 28 , 29 , 39 , 44\nbodenh1953 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 9 - 11 , 44 - 45\nborchs1950b : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 163 , 172 - 174\nferris1942 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . siv - 404 , siv - 446 : 43\nmckenz1945 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 48 , 51 , 52 , 83 , 87\n< % for ( var i = 0 , len = data . length ; i < len ; i + + ) { % > < % var classname = ' ' ; % > < % if ( i = = = 0 ) { % > < % classname = ' current ' ; % > < % } % > < % = util . cutstring ( data [ i ] [ ' tag _ name ' ] , 10 , ' . . . ' ) % > < % } % >\n< % for ( var i = 0 , len = data . length ; i < len ; i + + ) { % > < % var status = ' disabled ' ; % > < % if ( i = = 0 ) { % > < % status = ' current ' ; % > < % } % > < % var doclist = data [ i ] [ ' related _ doc _ infos ' ] ; % >\n< % for ( var j = 0 , n = doclist . length ; j < n ; j + + ) { % >\n< % if ( doclist [ j ] [ ' cover _ url ' ] ) { % > < % } else if ( doctype [ doclist [ j ] [ ' doc _ type ' ] ] . tostring ( ) = = = ' ppt ' ) { % > < % } else { % > < % } % >\n< % = util . cutstring ( doclist [ j ] . title , 25 , ' . . . ' ) % >\n( hemiptera : diaspididae ) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum bacteroidetes matthew e . gruwell \u00a4 , geovrey e . morse 1 , benjamin b . normark department of plant , \u2026"]}
{"id": 721, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris ustalella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern siberia , the caucasus , transcaucasia , korea , japan , china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , yunnan ) and europe , where it has been recorded from most of the continent , except for ireland , the iberian peninsula and scandinavia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in may and june .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on tilia cordata , corylus heterophylla var .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "thunbergii , betula , carpinus and acer species , as well as fagus silvatica and quercus serrata .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they feed from in between leaves spun together .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "dichomeris ustalella", "paragraphs": ["a very local species , known only from a couple of localities in worcestershire and south wales . it was found in the 19th century in worcestershire , but remained undetected again until 1987 when it was rediscovered there . it is still a very rare and local species .\n) , between leaves spun together , although on the continent a number of other foodplants are noted .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 03 : 14 : 23 page render time : 0 . 3224s total w / procache : 0 . 3759s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ntilia cordata ( small - leaved lime ) , see plant distribution map . in europe , also reported to use betula pendula ( silver birch ) , carpinus betulus ( hornbeam ) , corylus avellana ( hazel ) , fagus sylvatica ( beech ) , salix sp . ( willows ) , prunus sp . and acer campestre ( field maple ) .\nbetween flatly spun leaves eating out holes between the veins or occasionally between a spun bract and leaf .\nlarva : feeds between flatly spun leaves or a leaf and a bract , overwintering from october in a folded leaf on the ground .\nadult : has been known to rest in the sunshine on a leaf of the foodplant and comes to light .\ndistinctive palps and the dark , rich reddish - brown with the central golden - ochreous suffusion rule out any other species .\nsingle - brooded , flying from late may to june , occasionally into early july .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwe have no records for this species in sussex in the sxbrc database as yet . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to shrawley wood , worcestershire , where rediscovered in 1987 after not having been seen for many years , and monmouthshire , where found for the first time in june 1999 . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 15 . 5 - 22 mm . larva feeds on small - leaved lime , living between leaves spun together with silk .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na very local and rare species in belgium , except for old records from brabant and luxembourg lately only observed in namur .\nthe larva lives between spun leaves on carpinus , betula , or salix . pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground .\nbelgium , namur , doische , 20 may 2005 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )"]}
{"id": 742, "summary": [{"text": "leucanopsis nubilosus is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by rothschild in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in peru and bolivia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "leucanopsis nubilosus", "paragraphs": ["leucanopsis nubilosus ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nhalisidota nubilosus rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 222 ; tl : peru , santo domingo , oconeque , la oroya , rio inambari , carabaya\nleucanopsis oruba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ]\nleucanopsis loisona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis curta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis pseudofalacra ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis dallipa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis dinellii ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis nimbiscripta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis democrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis contempta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis setosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis calvona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis notodontina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis lacteogrisea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis huaco ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis terranea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis subterranea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis sthenia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis liparoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis hoffmannsi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis huacina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis mancina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis cirphis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis leucanina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis tanamo ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis rufoochracea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis truncata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis louella ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis dissimilis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis ochracea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis squalida ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis rhomboidea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis strigulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis malodonta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis suavina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis nonagrioides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 259\nleucanopsis ephrem ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis polyodonta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis joasa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis pseudomanda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis chesteria ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis flavorufa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis stipulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis taperana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis aurantiaca ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis pohli ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis pulverea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis stipulatoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis pulverulenta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis boliviana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis coniota ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis ishima ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis tabernilla ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis perdita ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis zozinna ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis bipartita ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis pseudoconiata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis oblonga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis biedala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis subnebulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis mandus ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis stuarti ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis suffusa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis quanta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis jonesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis cirphoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis aurata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis orooca ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis pterostomoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis lineata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis rosetta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis manada ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis nebulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis oruboides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis similis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis toledana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis obvia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis ahysa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis batesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis misona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis sporina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis vangetta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis apicepunctata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis siegruna ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis austina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis soldina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis racema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis angulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis azadina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis turrialba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis quadrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis valentina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis venezuelensis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis cedon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis nayapana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis bactris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis luridioides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis cloisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis athor ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis marimba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis falacra ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis affinella ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis cuneipuncta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis guascana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis sablona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis falacroides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis zacualpana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis hadenoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis acuta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis maccessoya ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis lomara ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis fuscosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis perirrorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis umbrosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis violascens ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis umbrina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis potamia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis longa ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16\nleucanopsis terola ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2013 , zoosystema 35 ( 3 ) : 444 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis lurida ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 . 2 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis perdentata ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 . 1 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nhalisidota curta rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazons\n= halisidota nimbiscripta ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 297\nhalisidota dallipa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota nimbiscripta dyar , 1912 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 42 ( 1885 ) : 51 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , iguala\nhalisidota democrata schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 119 ; tl : guatemala , cayuga\nhalisidota contempta rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : amazonas , fonte boa\nhalisidota setosa rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : la oroya , rio inambari , peru , 3100ft\nhalisidota calvona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota notodontina rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 2 ) : 188 , pl . 14 , f . 28 ; tl : huancabamba , e . peru\nhalisidota lacteogrisea rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : la vuelta , caura river\nhalisidota huaco schaus , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 266 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro , castro para\u00f1a\nhalisidota terranea rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazon\nhalisidota subterranea rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : santo domingo , oconeque , la oroya , rio inambari , carabaya\nhalisidota sthenia hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155 , pl . 40 , f . 6 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo\nhalisidota liparoides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : aroewarwa creek , maroewym valley , surinam ; . . .\nhalisidota hoffmannsi rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 222 ; tl : pozuzo , dept . huanuco , peru\nhalisidota huacina schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 577 ; tl : peru , chaquimayao\nhalisidota mancina schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 120 ; tl : guatemala , cayuga\nhalisidota cirphis schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 185 ; tl : juan vi\u00f1as , volcano turrialba\neuphalisidota longa grote , 1880 ; can . ent . 12 ( 10 ) : 213 ; tl : florida , enterprise\ncolombia , ecuador , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]\nhalisidota tanamo schaus , 1904 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 30 : 138 ; tl : cuba , tanamo\nhalisidota rufoochracea rothschild , 1922 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 ( 53 ) : 483 ; tl : [ par\u00e1 ]\nhalisidota truncata rothschild , 1922 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 ( 53 ) : 491 ; tl : pernambuco\nhalisidota louella schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 502 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo\nhalisidota dissimilis reich , 1935 ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 278 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , jaragu\u00e1 do sul\nhalisidota ochracea m\u00f6schler , 1883 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 32 : 337 , pl . 18 , f . 28 ; tl : surinam\nphegoptera squalida herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1855 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 13 - 17 ) : pl . 52 , f . 288\nmexico , guatemala , panama , ecuador , bolivia , peru , surinam , brazil . see [ maps ]\n? halesidota ? citrina walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 314\nlarva on paspalum indicum hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 165\nhalisidota strigulosa walker , 1855 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 3 : 737 ; tl : brazil , para\nhalesidota malodonta dyar , 1914 ; insecutor inscit . menstr . 2 : 161 ; tl : peru , huadquina\nhalisidota suavina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nvenezuela , peru , brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo , minas gerais ) , paraguay . see [ maps ]\nhalisidota nonagrioides rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 64 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 13 , f . 19 ; tl : venezuela ; s\u00e3o paulo ; minas geraes ; peru\nhalisidota ephrem schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : bolivia , rurrenabaque\nhalisidota polyodonta hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 166 , pl . 41 , f . 2 ; tl : amazons , parintins\nhalisidota joasa schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 504 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota pseudomanda rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 14 , f . 2 ; tl : la oroya , carabaya ; santo doming ; tinguri ; surinam\nhalisidota chesteria schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 511 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota flavorufa rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 13 , f . 31 ; tl : potaro , brit . guiana ; carondelet , ecuador\nhalisidota daltona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota stipulata rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : peru , la orotya , rio inambari\nhalisidota taperana schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 580 ; tl : brazil , paran\u00e1\nhalisidota aurantiaca rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : allianca , below san antonio , rio madeira\nhalisidota pohli schaus , 1927 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 29 ( 4 ) : 75 ; tl : brazil , alto da serra\nhalisidota pulverea schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 138 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nhalisidota stipulatoides rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : venezuela ; british guiana ; . . .\nhalisidota pulverulenta dognin , 1923 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 23 : 8 ; tl : brazil , amazonas , rio tapajoz\nhalisidota boliviana dognin , 1922 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 20 : 2 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo\nhalisidota loisona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo\necuador , bolivia , surinam , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]\nhalisidota coniota hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 164 , pl . 41 , f . 1 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro\nhalisidota ishima schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota tabernilla schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 581 ; tl : panama , canal zone\nhalisidota perdita schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 120 ; tl : guatemala , cayugua\nhalisidota zozinna schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 580 ; tl : colombia , muzo\nhalisidota bipartita dognin , 1912 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 6 : 6 ; tl : colombia , monte tolima\nhalisidota pseudoconiata rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : limbani , carabaya , 900ft ; agualani , carabaya , 9000ft\nhalisidota oblonga rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : santo doming , carabaya , 6000ft\nhalisidota biedala schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 502 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nphegoptera mandus herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1855 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 13 - 17 ) : pl . 52 , f . 286 ( boisduval ) ; tl : brazil\nhalisidota stuarti rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : reyes , amazons\naemilia suffusa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota quanta schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 139 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota jonesi rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : castro , parana\nhalisidota dogniniana strand , 1919 ; lepid . cat . 22 : 75 ( repl . halisidota fassli dognin , 1911 ) ; tl : colombia , paramo del quindin\nhalisidota cirphoides rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 : 271 ; tl : colombia , monte tolima\nhalisidota aurata jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota orooca schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 36 ; tl : argentina , tucum\u00e1n\n= halisidota oruboides ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 289\nhalisidota lineata schaus , 1894 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1894 : 230 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota rosetta schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 139 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nhalisidota manada schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 509 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota nebulosa rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : amazonas , fonte boa\nhalisidota oruboides rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 219 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya , 6500ft\nhalisidota similis rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 219 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazon\nhalisidota toledana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 507 ; tl : bolivia , rio sargo [ songo ]\nhalisidota obvia dognin , 1909 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 53 : 221 ; tl : french guiana , saint laurent du maroni\nhalisidota ahysa schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 579 ; tl : rio de janeiro\nhalisidota batesi rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : teffe , amazons\nhalisidota misona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota sporina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalesidota vangetta dyar , 1910 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 38 ( 1742 ) : 235 ; tl : mexico , misantla\nhalisidota apicepunctata schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : carabaya , peru\nhalisidota siegruna schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 509 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\n= ; vincent & laguerre , 2010 , bull . soc . ent . fr . 115 ( 2 ) : 182 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nhalisidota soldina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 504 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota racema schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : french guiana , saint jean , maroni river\nhalisidota angulata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya ; la oroya\nhalisidota oruba schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 280 ; tl : brazil , petropolis\nhalisidota azadina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nhalisidota turrialba schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 185 ; tl : turrialba\nhalisidota quadrata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 ; tl : oconeque , carabaya ; limbani\nhalisidota valentina schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 35 ; tl : oconeque , carabaya , limbani\n= halisidota cedon ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 292\nhalisidota cedon druce , 1897 ; biol . cent . - am . , lepid . - heter . 2 : 372 , pl . 74 , f . 11 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nhalisidota nayapana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 506 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nnoctua bactris sepp , [ 1852 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 25 ) : 223 ; tl : surinam\nlarva on bactris acanthocarpa hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155\n= halisidota bactris ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 277\nhalisidota cloisa schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo\nhalisidota athor schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 576 ; tl : brazil , rio , campo bello\nhalisidota marimba schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 577 ; tl : venezuela , merida\n= halisidota bactris ; hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155\nhalisidota cuneipuncta rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : mexico , veracruz\nhalisidota perdentata schaus , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 266 ; tl : mexico , oribaza\nhalisidota guascana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : colombia , pueblo guasca\neuhalisidota sablona schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 140 ; tl : brazil , castro para\u00f1a\nhalisidota falacroides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : huancabamba , cerro de pasco\nhalisidota zacualpana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 501 ; tl : mexico , zacualpan\nhalisidota hadenoides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 289 ; tl : iquitos ; amazonas , codaja , fonte boa ; allianca , below san antonio , rio madeira\n= ; vincent & laguerre , 2010 , bull . soc . ent . fr . 115 ( 2 ) : 182 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nhalisidota maccessoya schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 578 ; tl : amazons , amatur\u00e1\nhalisidota lomara schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota ? fuscosa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota perirrorata reich , 1935 ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 279 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , nova teutonia\nhalisidota umbrosa hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 163 , pl . 40 , f . 14 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro\nhalisidota violascens reich , 1933 ; int . ent . zs . 27 : 366 ; tl : argentina\nhalisidota umbrina rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazons\nhalisidota potamia schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : antioquia , mesopatamia , colombia , 5000ft\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\ncatalogue of the arctiadae ( arctianae ) and agaristidae in the collection of the british museum ( nat . hist . )\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii\nnatuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders , naar het leven geteekend . papillons de surinam dessin\u00e9s d ' apr\u00e8s nature\n( 13 ) : i - viii , 105 - 108 , pl . 49 - 50 ( [ 1843 ] ) ,\n( 25 ) : i - iv , 217 - 224 , pl . 97 - 100 ( [ 1847 ] ) ,\n( 38 ) : i - viii , 321 - 328 , pl . 149 - 152 ( [ 1852 ] )\nwatson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word notodontina . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word notodontina and , of course , notodontina synonyms and on the right images related to the word notodontina .\nthis is the place for notodontina definition . you find here notodontina meaning , synonyms of notodontina and images for notodontina copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 769, "summary": [{"text": "the american soles are a family ( achiridae ) of flatfish occurring in both freshwater and marine environments of the americas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the family includes about 35 species in seven genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are closely related to the soles ( soleidae ) , and have been classified as a subfamily of it , but achirids have a number of distinct characteristics .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "eyes are on the right side , and the eyed-side lower lip has a distinctive fleshy rim .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the dorsal and anal fins are usually separate from the caudal fin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the pectoral fins are small or nonexistent .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "they are fairly small ; only achirus achirus is known to surpass 30 cm ( 1 ft ) in length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "american sole", "paragraphs": ["glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at american sole , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the american sole company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at american sole .\n\u202620 species family achiridae ( american sole s ) eyes small , dextral ; sensory papillae on head ; margin of preoperculum represented by a superficial groove ; dorsal and anal fins free from caudal fin ; right pelvic fin attached to anal fin . 7 genera and about 30 species . marine and freshwater , along the atlantic and\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek , acheir , - eiros = without hands ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\neagle creek expansetm collection awd 26 ( stone grey ) l . . . 191163489990\nsanuk casa vintage ( brindle vintage ) men ' s slip on sh . . . 190108481082\nastral loyak water shoe - men ' s navy / brown , 11 . 0 818040014525\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nfirst , try refreshing the page and clicking current location again . make sure you click allow or grant permissions if your browser asks for your location . if your browser doesn ' t ask you , try these steps :\nat the top of your chrome window , near the web address , click the green lock labeled secure .\nin the window that pops up , make sure location is set to ask or allow .\nyou ' re good to go ! reload this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out google ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your opera window , near the web address , you should see a gray location pin . click it .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out opera ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick safari in the menu bar at the top of the screen , then preferences .\nunder website use of location services , click prompt for each website once each day or prompt for each website one time only .\nmacos may now prompt you to enable location services . if it does , follow its instructions to enable location services for safari .\nclose the privacy menu and refresh the page . try using current location search again . if it works , great ! if not , read on for more instructions .\nback in the privacy dialog , click manage website data . . . and type urltoken into the search bar .\nyou ' re good to go ! close the settings tab , reload this yelp page , and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out safari ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nat the top of your firefox window , to the left of the web address , you should see a green lock . click it .\nin the window that pops up , you should see blocked or blocked temporarily next to access your location . click the x next to this line .\nyou ' re good to go ! refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you ' re still having trouble , check out firefox ' s support page . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nclick the gear in the upper - right hand corner of the window , then internet options .\nuncheck the box labeled never allow websites to request your physical location if it ' s already checked .\nyou ' re good to go ! click ok , then refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nat the top - right hand corner of the window , click the button with three dots on it , then settings .\nclick show more , then make sure only the box labeled location permissions is checked .\noops ! we don ' t recognize the web browser you ' re currently using . try checking the browser ' s help menu , or searching the web for instructions to turn on html5 geolocation for your browser . you can also search near a city , place , or address instead .\nsomething broke and we ' re not sure what . try again later , or search near a city , place , or address instead .\nwe couldn ' t find you quickly enough ! try again later , or search near a city , place , or address instead .\nwe couldn ' t find an accurate position . if you ' re using a laptop or tablet , try moving it somewhere else and give it another go . or , search near a city , place , or address instead .\nthis place does what it does very well and thoroughly . that is , selling flip - flops . they have hundreds of brands and varieties across a range of prices to satisfy nearly all beachgoers in need of some soles . they have havaianas in tons of fun colors , rainbow , reef , the classier , fancier bernardo ( around $ 100 a pair , if that ' s your style ) , and many others i can ' t remember .\nclaim this business to view business statistics , receive messages from prospective customers , and respond to reviews .\nyour trust is our top concern , so businesses can ' t pay to alter or remove their reviews . learn more .\nheads up : from now on , other yelpers will be able to see how you voted . want to chime in ?\nwe calculate the overall star rating using only reviews that our automated software currently recommends .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music , movies , tv shows , original audio series , and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nglassdoor will not work properly unless browser cookie support is enabled . learn how to enable cookies .\nexplore the many benefits of having a premium branded profile on glassdoor , like increased influence and advanced analytics .\ncopyright \u00a9 2008\u20132018 , glassdoor , inc .\nglassdoor\nand logo are proprietary trademarks of glassdoor , inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour monthly guide to nola ' s foods , drinks , music and more .\nthis location is either currently closed or we are unable to contact someone at this location to determine its status .\nyou are now subscribed to our new orleans e - newsletter and we ' ll send you the news each month . you can unsubscribe at any time directly from any mailing .\nthe official tourism site of the city of new orleans : urltoken all contents \u00a9 1996 - 2018 new orleans tourism marketing corporation unless otherwise specified herein . all rights reserved"]}
{"id": 785, "summary": [{"text": "constantia elegans is a species of sea snails in the family vanikoridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the type species of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in japan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "constantia elegans", "paragraphs": ["constantia adams , a . , 1860 type species : constantia elegans adams , a . , 1860\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 300 [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 1988 ) a new species of vanikoridae from the western mediterranean , with remarks on the northeast atlantic species of the family . bollettino malacologico 24 ( 5 - 8 ) : 73 - 100 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 023 seconds . )\nbarbosa rodrigues , jo\u00e3o . 1877 . genera et species orchidearum novarum 1 : 78 .\nforzza , r . c . 2010 . lista de esp\u00e9cies flora do brasil urltoken . jardim bot\u00e2nico do rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro\nberg pana , h . 2005 . handbuch der orchideen - namen . dictionary of orchid names . dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee . ulmer , stuttgart\nadams a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 405 - 413\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 1988 ) a new species of vanikoridae from the western mediterranean , with remarks on the northeast atlantic species of the family . bollettino malacologico 24 ( 5 - 8 ) : 73 - 100 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies macromphalina dipsycha h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina equatorialis h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina hancocki a . m . strong & j . g . hertlein , 1939\nspecies macromphalina hypernotia h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1952\nspecies macromphalina immersiceps h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina peruvianus h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina philippii h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina recticeps h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina symmetrica h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies vanikoro galapagana j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nspecies zeradina parva g . t . poppe , s . p . tagaro & p . stahlschmidt , 2015\nspecies zeradina translucida g . t . poppe , s . p . tagaro & p . stahlschmidt , 2015\nnumber of selected records is too high and function could slow down server . only 5000 of total 7236 records will be displayed ( unsorted ) . for displaying more records you have to be logged in .\nspecies crepidula capensis j . r . c . quoy & j . p . gaimard , 1835\nspecies calyptraea radians g . p . deshayes in j . b . lamarck , 1836\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nepitonium r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) scalare scalare linnaeus , c . , 1758\nepitonium ( epitonium ) r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) scalare scalare linnaeus , c . , 1758\nepitonium ( asperiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( asperiscala ) bellastriatum carpenter , p . p . , 1864\nepitonium ( avalitiscala ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : epitonium ( avalitiscala ) avalites jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\nepitonium ( connexiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( connexiscala ) connexum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( eburniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( eburniscala ) venosum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( foliaceiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1912 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) dubium r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nepitonium ( fragiliscala ) azuma , m . , 1962 type species : epitonium ( fragiliscala ) tosaense azuma , m . , 1962\nepitonium ( fusicoscala ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : epitonium ( fusicoscala ) turtonis turton , 1819\nepitonium ( graciliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype\nepitonium ( gradatiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( gradatiscala ) gradata\nhinds , r . b .\nsowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( hirtoscala ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) cantrainei weinkauff , h . c . , 1866\nepitonium ( hyaloscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) clathratulum kanmacher in adams , j . , 1798\nepitonium ( labeoscala ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( labeoscala ) labeo jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\nepitonium ( laeviscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( laeviscala ) subauriculatum souverbie , s . m . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1866\nepitonium ( lamelliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( lamelliscala ) fasciatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1844\nepitonium ( librariscala ) r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : unknowngenustype\nepitonium ( limiscala ) dollfus , g . f . , 1913 type species : epitonium ( foliaceiscala ) lyra sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( mazescala ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : epitonium ( mazescala ) thrasys iredale , t . , 1936\nepitonium ( nipponoscala ) masahito , p . & t . habe , 1973 type species : epitonium ( nipponoscala ) aureomaculatum masahito , p . & t . habe , 1973\nepitonium ( nitidiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( nitidiscala ) unifasciatum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( papyriscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( papyriscala ) latifasciatum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1874\nepitonium ( pupiscala ) masahito , p . , t . kuroda & t . habe , 1971 type species : epitonium ( pupiscala ) pupiforme masahito , p . , t . kuroda & t . habe , 1971\nepitonium ( tenuiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : unknowngenustype\nepitonium ( turbiniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( turbiniscala ) souverbiei boury , e . a . de , 1909\nepitonium ( viciniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( viciniscala ) pallasi pallasi kiener , l . c . , 1838\nglobiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : globiscala bullata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\naciculoscala sohl , n . f . , 1963 type species : aciculoscala acuta sohl , n . f . , 1963\nacrilloscala sacco , f . , 1891 type species : acrilloscala geniculata brocchi , g . b . , 1814\nacrilloscala ( bifidoscala ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1888 type species : unknowngenustype\nalexania strand , 1928 type species : alexania natalensis tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1926\nalora adams , h . g . , 1861 type species : alora gouldii adams , a . , 1857\namaea adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( amaea ) magnifica sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\namaea ( amaea ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( amaea ) magnifica sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\namaea ( acrilla ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( acrilla ) acuminata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\namaea ( clathroscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : amaea ( clathroscala ) cancellata brocchi , g . b . , 1814\namaea ( elegantiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : amaea ( elegantiscala ) elegantissima deshayes , g . p . , 1861\namaea ( filiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : amaea ( filiscala ) martinii wood , w . , 1828\namaea ( firmiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) multicostatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1844\nbelliscala stephenson , l . w . , 1941 type species : belliscala rockensis stephenson , l . w . , 1941\nboreoscala kobelt , w . , 1902 type species : boreoscala greenlandica perry , g . , 1811\ncamposcala bandel , k . , 1992 type species : camposcala bisertus munster , 1841\ncerithiscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : cerithiscala primula deshayes , g . p . , 1861\nchuniscala thiele , j . , 1928 type species : chuniscala agulhasensis thiele , j . , 1925\ncingulacirsa higo , s . & y . goto , 1993 type species : unknowngenustype\ncirsotrema m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) varicosum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\ncirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) varicosum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\ncirsotrema ( dannevigena ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : cirsotrema ( dannevigena ) martyr iredale , t . , 1936\ncirsotrema ( propescala ) cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1931 type species : cirsotrema ( propescala ) translucida gatliff , j . h . , 1906\ncirsotrema ( rectacirsa ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : cirsotrema ( rectacirsa ) fregata iredale , t . , 1936\nclathrus oken , l . , 1815 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) clathrus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nconfusiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : confusiscala dupiniana orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1842\ncoroniscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : pictoscala lineata unknown author\ncrebriscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : crebriscala crebrilamellata mayer - eymar , 1900\ncrisposcala boury , e . a . de , 1886 type species : crisposcala crispa sacchi , 1844\ncycloscala dall , w . h . , 1889 type species : scala dunkeriana dall , w . h . , 1889\ncylindriscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scala fulgens boury , e . a . de , 1909\ndauciscala boury , e . a . de , 1917 type species : dauciscala boriesi doncieux , l .\ndepressiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scalaria aurita sowerby , g . b . i , 1844\ndiscoscala sacco , f . , 1891 type species : discoscala scaberrima michelotti , o . g . , 1840\neccliseogyra dall , w . h . , 1862 type species : eccliseogyra nitida verrill , a . e . & s . i . smith , 1885\neccliseogyra ( foratiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : unknowngenustype\neglisia gray , j . e . , 1840 type species : eglisia spirata sowerby , g . b . i , 1825\namaea ( fragilopalia ) azuma , m . , 1972 type species : amaea ( fragilopalia ) nebulodermata azuma , m . , 1972\nfuniscala boury , e . a . de , 1891 type species : funiscala speyeri sacco , f .\ngoniscala marwick , j . , 1943 type species : goniscala diurna marwick , j . , 1943\ngregorioiscala cossmann , a . e . m . , 1912 type species : gregorioiscala romettensis gregorio , a . de , 1889\ngyroscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : scalaria commutata monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1877\ninnesiscala jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : innesiscala innesi jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\nitiscala maxwell , p . a . , 1992 type species : itiscala exilis maxwell , p . a . , 1992\nkurodacirsa masahito , p . & t . habe , 1975 type species : kurodacirsa lotus masahito , p . & t . habe , 1975\nlittoriniscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : littoriniscala lapparenti boury , e . a . de , 1887\nminabescala nakayama , t . , 1994 type species : minabescala littorinoides nakayama , t . , 1994\nmurdochella finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : murdochella levifoliata murdoch , r . & h . h . suter , 1906\nnarrimania taviani , m . , 1984 type species : narrimania concinna sykes , e . r . , 1925\nnarvaliscala iredale , t . , 1936 type species : narvaliscala dorysa iredale , t . , 1936\nobstopalia iredale , t . , 1936 type species : obstopalia lixa iredale , t . , 1956\nopalia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : opalia ( opalia ) australis lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nopalia ( opalia ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : opalia ( opalia ) australis lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nopalia ( claviscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : opalia ( claviscala ) richardi dautzenberg , ph . & e . a . de boury , 1897\nopalia ( dentiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1886 type species : cycloscala crenulata crenulata linnaeus , c . , 1758\nopalia ( granuliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype\nopalia ( nodiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : opalia ( nodiscala ) bicarinata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nopalia ( pliciscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : opalia ( pliciscala ) gouldi deshayes , g . p .\nopaliopsis thiele , j . , 1928 type species : opaliopsis elata thiele , j . , 1925\npapuliscala boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : papuliscala praelonga jeffreys , j . g . , 1877\nparascala cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1931 type species : parascala minutula unknown author\nparviscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) algerianum weinkauff , h . c . , 1866\nperiapta bouchet , ph . & a . war\u00e9n , 1986 type species : periapta polygyrella fischer , p . in locard , e . a . a . , 1897\nperlucidiscala jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : perlucidiscala perlucida jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\npictoscala dall , w . h . , 1917 type species : pictoscala lineata unknown author\nplastiscala iredale , t . , 1936 type species : plastiscala morchi angas , g . f . , 1871\nproblitora wenz , w . , 1939 type species : alexania moerchi adams , a . & g . f . angas , 1864\npunctiscala boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : punctiscala plicosa philippi , r . a . , 1844\nrutelliscala kilburn , r . n . , 1985 type species : rutelliscala bombyx kilburn , r . n . , 1985\nscalina conrad , t . a . , 1865 type species : scalina staminea conrad , t . a . , 1865\nsodaliscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( asperiscala ) multistriatum say , t . , 1826\nspiniscala boury , e . a . de , 1910 type species : spiniscala frondiculoides boury , e . a . de , 1910\nspringvaleia rutsch , r . f . , 1943 type species : springvaleia leroyae guppy , r . j . l . , 1867\nsthenorytis conrad , t . a . , 1862 type species : sthenorytis expansa conrad , t . a . , 1842\nstriaticostatum sohl , n . f . , 1963 type species : striaticostatum harbisonae sohl , n . f . , 1963\nsubuliscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : subuliscala banoni tournou\u00ebr , r . in bouill\u00e9 , r . de , 1874\ntasmalira dall , w . h . , 1956 type species : tasmalira wellingtonensis dell , r . k . , 1956\nturriscala boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : turriscala torulosa brocchi , g . b . , 1814\nundiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : undiscala undosa sowerby , j . de c . , 1827\nvariciscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scalaria raricostata carpenter , p . p . , 1857\nepidendrium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : epidendrium sordidum gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005\nepifungium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : epifungium ulu pilsbry , h . a . , 1921\nsurrepifungium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : surrepifungium ingridae gittenberger , a . in gittenberger , a . & j . goud , 2000\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies ."]}
{"id": 790, "summary": [{"text": "tischeria quercitella , the oak blotch miner moth , is a moth of the family tischeriidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has been sighted in north america in ontario , district of columbia , illinois , kentucky , massachusetts , missouri , new jersey , ohio , pennsylvania and virginia .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the larvae feed on castanea dentata , quercus alba , quercus ilicifolia , quercus prinus and quercus velutina .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of a distinctive upperside blotch .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is the only species of the oak-feeding group of north american tischeria species that constructs a nidus as a pupal chamber within the mine . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "tischeria quercitella", "paragraphs": ["figure 1 . tischeria quercitella . adult , and leaf mine on quercus sp .\nspecies tischeria quercitella - oak blotch miner - hodges # 0144 - bugguide . net\ni had four different insects emerge ( or try to emerge ) yesterday , and i think i\u2019ll just show them all here rather than make four different posts . first , to follow up on my last post , another tischeria quercitella mine yielded an \u2026\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ntischeria quercitella\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nthe image across the top of my blog is a leaf mine of tischeria quercitella ( tischeriidae ) , a moth , in an oak leaf . the whitish area is the mine , and the brownish streaks are excrement * smeared on the underside of the \u2026\n( trans . amer . ent . soc . 202 , 1882 . should refer to t . quercitella clem . saint louis - refering to\nmurtfel )\ntischeria quercitella ( fig . 1 ) makes a distinctive upperside blotch mine on oaks of the black oak group . according to braun ( 1972 ) , it is the only species of the oak - feeding group that constructs a nidus ( the circular , central part of the mine seen in fig . 1 ) as a pupal chamber within the mine . in the adult , the patch of blackish scales at the tornus of the forewing is diagnostic for t . quercitella , among fagaceae - feeding tischeriid species that occur in illinois .\nfrom urltoken found here :\ntischeria quercitella ( fig . 1 ) makes a distinctive upperside blotch mine on oaks of the black oak group . according to braun ( 1972 ) , it is the only species of the oak - feeding group that constructs a nidus ( the circular , central part of the mine seen in fig . 1 ) as a pupal chamber within the mine . in the adult , the patch of blackish scales at the tornus of the forewing is diagnostic for t . quercitella , among fagaceae - feeding tischeriid species that occur in illinois .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nseveral species of fagaceae ( oak and chestnut ) - feeding tischeriids occur in illinois . one species aligns with the genus\ncoptotriche citrinipennella ( fig . 2 ) makes a tightly - rolled mine along the margin of the leaf , on several oak species , including shingle oak , quercus imbricaria . the blackish patch at the base of each hind wing of the male ( shown ) is diagnostic for this species .\nfigure 2 . coptotriche citrinipennella . adult , and leaf mine on quercus sp .\ncoptotriche zelleriella ( fig . 3 ) feeds on several species of oak , quercus . the male adult ( shown ) is readily diagnosed by the atypical form of the hind wing , which is unusually broad and apically truncate , with some specialized scales on the anterior margin .\nfigure 3 . coptotriche zelleriella . adult , reared from oak , quercus sp .\nthe larva of coptotriche castaneaeella ( fig . 4 ) makes a trumpet mine on shingle oak , quercus imbricaria .\nfigure 4 . coptotriche castaneaeella . adult , and leaf mine on shingle oak , quercus imbricaria .\nfigure 5 . coptotriche probably badiiella . adult , and larva in leaf mine on oak , quercus sp .\n( insect life 2 : 324 , 1889 - 90 . waisinham rev . ( as t . tinctorella )\nkirkwood\n( murtfeldt ) . )\n( trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 202 , 1882 . murtfeldt ' s list as l . quercifoliella clem . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nan oak blotch miner moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 8 / 27 / 2013 ) . length 6mm . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )\nan oak blotch miner moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 5 / 5 / 2010 ) . verified by terry harrison / bugguide . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\nthe diagnostic mine of oak blotch miner moth on an oak leaf in st . mary ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 29 / 2014 ) . photo by rick borchelt . ( mbp list )\nan oak blotch miner moth mine ( topside ) on castanea in baltimore city , maryland ( 10 / 25 / 2014 ) . verified by charley eiseman . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\nan oak blotch miner moth mine ( underside ) on castanea in baltimore city , maryland ( 10 / 25 / 2014 ) . verified by charley eiseman . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nif you enjoy reading this blog , please consider making a donation . i would devote all my time to natural history writing and photography if i could ! you can make a one - time donation using the yellow button above , or click the \u201cbecome a patron\u201d button to learn how you can support my work on a monthly basis , which gets you ( among other things ) monthly installments of my new leafminer book . to see other options for getting the book , click the image of its cover below .\nto order either of my books , click on the images of their covers above .\ni ' ve been uploading photos of unidentified plants from all over the us to my flickr page . i need help identifying them for my new book on leafminers . the most recently uploaded photos are displayed below , and you can see all the photos organized by state here . thanks !\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage ."]}
{"id": 793, "summary": [{"text": "chloropteryx paularia is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in florida , as well as on the greater antilles .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on myrica cerifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chloropteryx paularia", "paragraphs": ["chloropteryx paularia female , reared ex ovum , parent female collected andros island , bahamas .\nabove , chloropteryx paularia , adult male , collected florida city , fl , 17 may 1938 . collection of rutgers university .\n7077 - chloropteryx paularia . this is essentially a west indies species that is also found in southern florida . i thank john gruber for identifying this photo . john has a fine website dealing with geometrine moths .\nchloropteryx ( hemitheini ) ; [ nacl ] , 99 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] , 11 , 111\nchloropteryx hulst , 1896 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 23 : 314 ; ts : nemoria tepperaria hulst\nchloropteryx paularia ; [ nacl ] , # 7077 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 113 , f . 2d , 26d , 28g - h , pl . 4 , f . 66 - 68 ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 39 , f . 186\nchloropteryx nordicaria ; [ nacl ] , # 7076 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 112 , f . 28k - l , 30d , pl . 4 , f . 73 - 75\nchloropteryx tepperaria ; [ nacl ] , # 7075 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 111 , f . 4b , 26c , 28i - j , 30e , pl . 4 , f . 69 - 72\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferguson , d . c . , 1985 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 18 . 1 : p . 113 ; pl . 4 . 66 - 68 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\nflorida - texas , kentucky , virginia , maryland , new jersey , mississippi , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nnemoria tepperaria hulst , 1886 ; ent . amer . 2 : 122 ; tl : north carolina\nlarva on ( reared on ) taxodium distichum , tsuga canadensis , rhus copallina [ mna18 . 1 ] , 112\ngelasma nordicaria schaus , 1901 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 27 : 253 ; tl : orizaba , mexico\nflorida , antilles , cuba , dominican republic , puerto rico , jamaica , martinique . see [ maps ]\nlarva on myrica cerifera becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 39\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwarren , 1904 new american thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae novit . zool . 11 : 1 - 173\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 797, "summary": [{"text": "starksia atlantica , the smooth-eye blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the western central atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea where it inhabits coral reefs at depths of around 8 metres ( 26 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "starksia atlantica", "paragraphs": ["distribution of species in the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri complexes . only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted . additional locations for some species discussed in text .\ndistribution of species in the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri complexes . only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted . additional locations for some species discussed in text .\ntrunk pigment in the images and preserved specimen is similar to that of starksia atlantica from the bahamas and starksia springeri from curacao ( i . e . , mottled vs . barred as in starksia sangreyae ) , but the saba specimens lack the horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on the cheek characteristic of starksia atlantica and the distinctive dark and pale markings on the cheek of starksia springeri . the blotches of trunk pigment in the saba bank specimens are neither conspicuously block - like nor clearly organized in horizontal tiers as they are in starksia atlantica . specimens from saba bank presumably represent another new species within starksia atlantica , but additional specimens are needed for comparative purposes and description .\nrange kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri species complexes based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . within - complex ranges are shown in bold .\nstarksia langi is easily distinguished from starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri based on pigmentation of the trunk , head ( females ) , and first dorsal fin ( males ) . the trunk pigment of starksia langi comprises both larger and more prominent markings than that of starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri , and only in starksia langi are the markings in the second row vertically elongate ( generally round in the other species and sometimes considerably more diffuse in starksia greenfieldi ) . starksia greenfieldi lacks dark markings on the head in both sexes , and starksia sluiteri lacks them in females ; starksia langi males have a prominent dark blotch on the cheek , and females have numerous small , discrete , dark spots . males of starksia langi lack a dark blotch on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin , whereas this blotch is present in starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri .\nstarksia atlantica , greenfield and johnson ( 1981 ) , fieldiana zoology 8 : fig . 3a\u2013b ( black and white drawings of male and female specimens from belize )\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species .\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence . . . - pubmed - ncbi\narticle : seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nmodal differences in some counts also help separate other species : starksia lepicoelia modally has 28 total dorsal - fin elements , 33 vertebrae , and 78 total dorsal elements + anal soft rays + vertebrae ( vs . 32 , 27 , and 75 , respectively , in starksia williamsi and starksia weigti ) . starksia williamsi modally has xix dorsal - fin spines , whereas starksia lepicoelia and starksia weigti modally have xx .\ndetails - seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species - biodiversity heritage library\nstarksia lepicoelia and starksia starcki are the only previously described western atlantic starksia with the combination of an orbital cirrus , two externally obvious pelvic - fin rays , and a scaled belly ( williams and mounts 2003 ) . starksia starcki is easily distinguished from the species of the starksia lepicoelia complex by the presence of eight or nine irregular dark bars on the body and usually 19 segmented anal - fin rays .\ndescriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia ( labrisomidae ) .\nstarksia sluiteri ( metzelaar ) is most easily distinguished from starksia langi by having the second row of trunk blotches almost perfectly round ( vs . vertically elongate ) , in lacking conspicuous dark spots on the head ( females ) , and in having a dark marking on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin ( males ) . from starksia greenfieldi , starksia sluiteri differs in lacking pale round spots on the head . although starksia sluiteri and starksia langi have very similar chromatophore patterns , starksia sluiteri appears to have more orange pigment on the second dorsal , caudal , and anal fins .\nthe purpose of this paper is to describe the systematic results of our recent genetic and morphological investigations of western atlantic starksia , work that was prompted by our discovery of incongruences between preliminary genetic data and the current species classification . we describe seven new species within starksia atlantica , starksia lepicoelia , and starksia sluiteri and provide keys to the species of each of those species complexes . we provide photographs of living and preserved pigment patterns to help in future identifications of the included species and in distinguishing them from western atlantic starksia species likely to be discovered in the future . finally , we discuss geographical distributions of starksia species and comment on congruence between dna barcoding data and morphologically recognizable species .\nall material that we examined is from belize . the range of the species also apparently includes honduras , as greenfield and johnson ( 1981 ) noted that a specimen of starksia atlantica from honduras has regular vertical bars of pigment on the body .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nstarksia atlantica\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nin life , starksia weigti is easily distinguished from starksia lepicoelia , starksia williamsi , and starksia robertsoni by the conspicuous pale round spots on the lips . in preservative , starksia lepicoelia males are distinctive in having at least some very dark spots , streaks , or bars on the lips and lower jaw , and starksia robertsoni males have at least one ( up to three ) dark spots or bars on the ventral portion of the lower jaw ( but not on the lips ) . although the differences are subtle , preserved males of starksia williamsi typically can be separated from preserved males of starksia weigti in having the lips uniformly covered with melanophores except for the pale anterior tips . in starksia weigti males , lip pigment is variable , but there are usually one or two thin , faint , poorly formed bars of pigment following the pale anterior portions of the lips ; posteriorly , the lips may be uniformly covered with melanophores as in starksia williamsi or be quite pale .\nstarksia y - lineata , a new clinid fish from grand cayman island , british west indies .\nneighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .\nneighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .\nstarksia greenfieldi can be distinguished from starksia langi and starksia sluiteri by the white ( or pale ) , mostly round spots ( absence of melanophores against a darker background ) on at least portions of cheek , opercle , and gular region . this pattern is present in both sexes but is often much more prominent in males . williams and mounts ( 2003 ) noted that starksia sella , another species of starksia known only from tobago , has small pale spots on the head , but that species lacks dark blotches along the trunk , lacks a dark blotch in the anterior dorsal fin of males , and may be larger ( williams and mounts specimens of starksia sella are 13 . 7\u201327 . 7 mm sl , our specimens of starksia greenfieldi are 11 . 0\u201323 . 0 mm sl ) .\nbecause we do not know how much more investigation is required to obtain a reasonably complete picture of starksia biodiversity and biogeography , the words of winston churchill included as an epigraph in this paper seem particularly appropriate . the study of starksia must continue .\nstarksia sluiteri williams and mounts 2003 , aqua 6 ( 4 ) : fig . 9 ( male and female specimens from tobago )\nfor starksia , future investigation must include more taxonomic and geographic coverage . increased sampling will assuredly result in the recognition of new species and likely of new species complexes . the faunal breaks that separate members of the species complexes are unknown . in starksia atlantica and starksia lepicoelia , our specimens from bahamas and turks and caicos represent the same species , and in starksia sluiteri , specimens from belize , honduras , and panama appear to be the same . specimens in close proximity geographically thus tend to cluster into recognizable species . as better coverage is attained , it will be interesting to see if the same geographical boundaries characterize more than one of the species complexes or if the boundaries are different for each . likewise it will be interesting to compare geographic boundaries of starksia species with faunal breaks in other reef fishes such as elacatinus . future phylogenetic studies in which relationships among species and species complexes of starksia and other groups are hypothesized should help shed light on patterns of speciation in small reef fishes of the western atlantic .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex . left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica : amnh 241247 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386971 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sangreyae : ( note : top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages , respectively . ) males \u2013 usnm 398936 ( top ) , paratype , blz 8028 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8029 , 17 mm sl ; females \u2013 usnm 398934 ( top ) , paratype , blz 5161 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8353 , 16 . 0 mm sl ; preserved \u2013 usnm 276147 , paratype , 15 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 321073 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl . starksia springeri : usnm 399658 , paratype , cur 8148 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398945 , holotype , cur 08 - 10 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; starksia sp . ( saba ) : saba - 06 - 01 , 15 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , julie mounts , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex . left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica : amnh 241247 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386971 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sangreyae : ( note : top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages , respectively . ) males \u2013 usnm 398936 ( top ) , paratype , blz 8028 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8029 , 17 mm sl ; females \u2013 usnm 398934 ( top ) , paratype , blz 5161 , 17 . 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 ( bottom ) , paratype , blz 8353 , 16 . 0 mm sl ; preserved \u2013 usnm 276147 , paratype , 15 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 321073 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl . starksia springeri : usnm 399658 , paratype , cur 8148 , 15 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398945 , holotype , cur 08 - 10 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; starksia sp . ( saba ) : saba - 06 - 01 , 15 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , julie mounts , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata . starksia greenfieldi , left to right : usnm 398921 , paratype , tob 9275 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398922 , paratype , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm , 320832 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 320829 , paratype , 22 . 0 mm sl . starksia langi : usnm 398931 , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398928 , blz 8062 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 349080 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398927 , holotype , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sluiteri : usnm 399626 , cur8271 , 16 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399624 , cur8226 , 18 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 195750 , 16 . 9 mm sl . starksia fasciata : usnm 399681 , tci 9204 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 , 18 . 0 mm sl . juveniles / small adults : starksia greenfieldi , usnm 398925 , tob 9213 ; starksia langi , usnm 398930 , paratype , blz 8216 ; starksia sluiteri , usnm 399625 , cur 8227 . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata . starksia greenfieldi , left to right : usnm 398921 , paratype , tob 9275 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398922 , paratype , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm , 320832 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 320829 , paratype , 22 . 0 mm sl . starksia langi : usnm 398931 , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398928 , blz 8062 , 17 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 349080 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 398927 , holotype , 17 . 0 mm sl . starksia sluiteri : usnm 399626 , cur8271 , 16 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399624 , cur8226 , 18 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 195750 , 16 . 9 mm sl . starksia fasciata : usnm 399681 , tci 9204 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 , 18 . 0 mm sl . juveniles / small adults : starksia greenfieldi , usnm 398925 , tob 9213 ; starksia langi , usnm 398930 , paratype , blz 8216 ; starksia sluiteri , usnm 399625 , cur 8227 . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and jeffrey williams .\nbaldwin , carole c . , cristina i . castillo , lee a . weigt & benjamin c . victor . 2011 . seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species . zookeys 79 : 21\u201372 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ns . atlantica occurs in the bahamas . s . springeri is found in the netherlands antilles and s . sangreyae is the species in the bay of honduras . other deeply - divergent dna lineages have been identified elsewhere in the caribbean .\naverage ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold . n / a = no average ( one specimen ) . bar \u2013 barbados , sab \u2013 saba bank , pan \u2013 panama .\na review of the western atlantic starksia ocellata - complex ( pisces : clinidae ) with the description of two new species and proposal of superspecies status .\ndiagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica , usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl , male\u2014note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base ; and b starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female\u2014note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch , thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle , and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base . photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .\ndiagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica , usnm 386242 , 17 . 0 mm sl , male\u2014note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base ; and b starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female\u2014note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch , thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle , and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base . photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .\nty - jour ti - seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species t2 - zookeys vl - 79 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2011 sp - 21 ep - 72 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 79 . 1045 au - baldwin , carole au - castillo , cristina au - weigt , lee au - victor , benjamin kw - biogeography kw - dna barcoding kw - new species kw - species complex kw - starksia er -\nthe species name is in honor of david w . greenfield , in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes , particularly his work on the starksia ocellata complex .\na comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . starksia lepicoelia : a usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia weigti : c usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl , male d usnm 399651 , blz 8024 , paratype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia williamsi : e usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl , male f usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl , female ; starksia robertsoni : g usnm 399913 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl , male h amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\na comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . starksia lepicoelia : a usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia weigti : c usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl , male d usnm 399651 , blz 8024 , paratype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female ; starksia williamsi : e usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl , male f usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl , female ; starksia robertsoni : g usnm 399913 , paratype , 18 . 0 mm sl , male h amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\n@ article { bhlpart99078 , title = { seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 79 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2011 } , author = { baldwin , carole and castillo , cristina and weigt , lee and victor , benjamin } , year = { 2011 } , pages = { 21 - 72 } , keywords = { biogeography | dna barcoding | new species | species complex | starksia | } , }\na color pattern of starksia springeri , usnm 399658 , cur 8148 , paratype , 15 . 0 mm sl , male ( ? ) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\na color pattern of starksia springeri , usnm 399658 , cur 8148 , paratype , 15 . 0 mm sl , male ( ? ) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri , usnm 398945 , holotype , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmost information is from bohlke and springer ' s 1961 monograph\na review of the atlantic species of the clinid fish genus starksia\n, greenfield ' s\n. . starksia ocellata - complex . .\n( 1979 ) , greenfield & johnson ' s 1985 large survey paper on\nthe blennioid fishes of belize and honduras . . .\n, jeff williams ' 2003 review\ndescriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia ( labrisomidae )\nby williams and mounts ( note that there are many post - publication corrections by jeff ) , and our recent 2011 review paper .\nb\u00f6hlke and springer ( 1961 ) noted that counts of dorsal - and anal - fin elements in specimens of starksia sluiteri they examined from off colombia and venezuela ( xix dorsal spines and 15\u201316 anal rays ) differ from those given by metzelaar ( xx and 17 ) . based on pigment , their colombian and venezuelan specimens appear to be starksia sluiteri . our specimens from curacao , as well as b\u00f6hlke and springer\u2019s two venezuelan specimens ( usnm 195750 ) , have xix dorsal spines and 15\u201316 anal rays . there is thus a discrepancy between counts in our material and those reported by metzelaar for the holotype . we examined a photograph of the holotype , and there appear to be xx dorsal - fin spines as noted by mezelaar ; xx is likely a non - modal count for starksia sluiteri . we note that there is more variation in dorsal - and anal - fin counts in some starksia species than suggested by metzelaar\u2019s description ; for example , starksia greenfieldi has xviii\u2013xx dorsal spines , 7\u20139 dorsal rays , and 14\u201316 anal rays .\nmetzelaar ( 1919 ) described brannerella sluiteri from two specimens from bonaire , netherland antilles . longley ( 1934 ) synonymized brannerella with starksia jordan and evermann ( type species labrisomus cremnobates gilbert , from the eastern pacific ) . b\u00f6hlke and springer ( 1961 ) concurred with longley\u2019s synonymy , noting that brannerella is distinctive in a single character , and generic recognition of one - character differences would require the erection of several new genera within caribbean starksia .\nnote : some starksia species can barely overlap the lower range of fin - ray counts for those few malacoctenus species that can have 8 or 9 dorsal - fin soft rays and 14 or fewer pectoral - fin rays .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia williamsi : a usnm 387869 , 19 . 5 mm sl , male , paratype b usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl , female , paratype . photographs by jeffrey williams .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia williamsi : a usnm 387869 , 19 . 5 mm sl , male , paratype b usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl , female , paratype . photographs by jeffrey williams .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : no orbital cirrus , regular vertical brown bars on trunk separated by narrow white interspaces , and a well defined horseshoe - shaped blotch of dark pigment on cheek .\nparaclinus larvae superficially look much like starksia larvae , but can be distinguished by their distinctive all or all - but - one spinous dorsal fin . they also have no preopercular spines and more melanophores , including the deep nuchal and deep pelvic and often the cheek and otic melanophores , as well as a regular anal row with more than 18 total pvm . the starksia species that share deep nuchal ( rarely ) and pelvic melanophores can be distinguished from paraclinus by having diagnostic irregular large or deep anal - row melanophores and shorter anal rows ) . starksia typically have 5 or 6 procurrent caudal - fin rays , one or two more than paraclinus larvae , and one to several fewer than the malacoctenus and labrisomus .\nthere are no taxognomonic characters uniquely identifying all starksia larvae , but the absence of a set of common markings is typical of most starksia larvae . typically , the only anterior larval melanophore is at the isthmus . notably , most larvae are missing the cranial , deep nuchal , cheek , internal otic , and pelvic melanophores ( there are exceptions for all but the cheek melanophore among the s . atlantica and s . ocellata complexes ) . on all species , the anal row spares one or more of the last rays and usually there are no ventral caudal - peduncle melanophores ( at most one on some individuals of some species ) . the absence of some of the usually consistent melanophores on a labrisomid larva should prompt a closer examination . chaenopsidae larvae share the light marking patterns but have more total pvm ( 19 or more ) and more dorsal and anal - fin soft rays .\ncomparative material . starksia atlantica . bahamas : usnm 386971 , 1 specimen ( not a dna voucher ) ; usnm 386580 , 1 ( not a dna voucher ) ; usnm 386242 , 6 ( not dna vouchers ) ; usnm 399619 , 3 ( not dna vouchers ) ; usnm 399620 , bah 8175 ; usnm 399621 , bah 8176 ; usnm 399622 , bah 8177 . turks and caicos islands : usnm 399643 , tci 9044 ; usnm 399644 , tci 9106 ; usnm 399645 , tci 9107 ; usnm 399647 , tci 9205 . navassa island : usnm 360422 , 3 ; usnm 360194 , 2 ; usnm 359543 , 2 ; usnm 360210 , 3 .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . left to right : starksia lepicoelia ( bah ) : usnm 399928 , bah 10050 , 25 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386972 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; starksia lepicoelia ( tci ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 , 23 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399642 , 23 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; starksia weigti : blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) ; usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 274922 , paratype , 20 . 0 m sl ; starksia williamsi : usnm 387767 , 19 . 8 mm sl ; usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl ; usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl ; starksia robertsoni : amnh 249642 , paratype , 21 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399909 , pan 1419 , paratype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex . left to right : starksia lepicoelia ( bah ) : usnm 399928 , bah 10050 , 25 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399921 , bah 9103 , 26 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 386972 , 14 . 0 mm sl ; starksia lepicoelia ( tci ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 , 23 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399642 , 23 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 , 25 . 5 mm sl ; starksia weigti : blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) ; usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 399648 , blz 5010 , holotype , 20 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 274922 , paratype , 20 . 0 m sl ; starksia williamsi : usnm 387767 , 19 . 8 mm sl ; usnm 387767 , 20 . 2 mm sl ; usnm 387675 , holotype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; usnm 387869 , paratype , 19 . 5 mm sl ; starksia robertsoni : amnh 249642 , paratype , 21 . 5 mm sl ; usnm 399909 , pan 1419 , paratype , 21 . 0 mm sl ; amnh 249667 , holotype , 22 . 0 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , ross robertson , james van tassell , and jeffrey williams .\nmuseum specimens examined from the lesser antilles ( dominica ) and puerto rico appear to be starksia sluiteri based on trunk pigment ( round vs . elongate blotches in the second row of markings ) and no conspicuous round pale spots on the cheek . the pigment is somewhat faded in those specimens , however , and more material , including tissue samples for genetic analysis , is needed . two female specimens from navassa ( usnm 361059 ) are not starksia sluiteri , as the markings in the second row of trunk blotches are elongate , not round . however , those markings are rectangular in the navassa specimens , and the markings in the upper row are square\u2014much more so than in our material of starksia langi from the western caribbean . the larger of the two females has some dark spots on the head as in starksia langi . more material is needed . other museum material examined ( e . g . , the uf specimens from antigua and mexico ) are too faded to identify to species .\nnamed in honor of victor g . springer , senior scientist emeritus , smithsonian national museum of natural history , for his contributions to the systematics of blennioid fishes , including starksia , and for advice and friendship he has bestowed upon the first author .\naverage ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia sluiteri species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold .\nan additional character quickly separating paraclinus larvae from the far more abundant larvae of malacoctenus and labrisomus is the absence of cranial melanophores . paraclinus larvae also have no obvious preopercular spines , while many immature malacoctenus and labrisomus ( and starksia ) larvae have preopercular spines at the size of overlap with paraclinus larvae . a useful character , even on poorly preserved larvae , is the number of procurrent caudal - fin rays : paraclinus larvae have only 3 or 4 vs . 6 to 10 in malacoctenus and labrisomus ( and 5 to 6 in starksia ) .\ncomparison of starksia lepicoelia specimens from bahamas from genetically distinct lineages ( see fig . 1 ) : a usnm 399615 , bah 8077 , 25 . 0 mm sl , female b usnm 399617 , bah 8079 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin .\nnamed in honor of jeffrey t . williams , smithsonian\u2019s national museum of natural history , in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes , including starksia . jeff\u2019s field - collecting efforts at saba bank , tobago , and turks and caicos resulted in numerous specimens utilized in this study .\ncomparative material . starksia sluiteri . curacao ( all dna vouchers ) : usnm 399623 , cur 8162 ; usnm 399624 , cur 8226 ; usnm 399625 , cur 8227 ; usnm 399626 , cur 8271 . los roques , venezuela ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 195750 , 2 specimens . dominica ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 198263 , 15 . puerto rico ( not a dna voucher ) : usnm 219143 , 1 . antigua ( not a dna voucher ) : uf 11344 , 1 . mexico ( not dna vouchers ) : uf 209342 , 2 . starksia fasciata , turks & caicos islands ( all dna vouchers ) : usnm 399681 , tci9204 ; usnm 399683 , tci 9349 ; usnm 399684 , tci 9350 ; usnm 399685 , tci 9714 . starksia sp . navassa island ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 361059 , 2 .\nother than the diagnostic dorsal - fin spine complement , paraclinus larvae can be distinguished from the similar starksia larvae by the consistent presence of the deep nuchal and deep pelvic melanophores and often the cheek melanophore . deep melanophores , however , are not always visible on well - developed larvae . interestingly , transitional paraclinus larvae collected at night over the reef do not have the metamorphic melanophore patterns over the head typical for transitional starksia larvae and frequent on larvae of malacoctenus and labrisomus . nevertheless , by the morning ( in collections made by unattended crest nets ) , metamorphic melanophores have developed .\ncolor and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni : a amnh 249667 , 22 . 0 mm sl , female , holotype ( photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson ) b usnm 399911 , pan 1418 , 20 . 0 mm sl , male , paratype ( photograph by carole baldwin ) .\ncolor and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni : a amnh 249667 , 22 . 0 mm sl , female , holotype ( photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson ) b usnm 399911 , pan 1418 , 20 . 0 mm sl , male , paratype ( photograph by carole baldwin ) .\naverage ( and range ) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia lepicoelia species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l ( col ) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1 . intraspecific averages are shown in bold ; n / a = no average ( one specimen ) .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia langi : a usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398929 , paratype , blz 8131 , 16 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi \u2013 ( c and d ) usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , male , 18 . 0 mm sl , note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928 , paratype , blz 8062 , female , 17 . 0 mm sl , note small dark spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia langi : a usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , 18 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398929 , paratype , blz 8131 , 16 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi \u2013 ( c and d ) usnm 398931 , paratype , blz 8266 , male , 18 . 0 mm sl , note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928 , paratype , blz 8062 , female , 17 . 0 mm sl , note small dark spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi : a usnm 398920 , tob 9212 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398922 , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919 , paratype , male , 22 . 0 m sl , note pale spots on head d usnm 320832 , holotype , male , 19 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829 , female , 22 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi : a usnm 398920 , tob 9212 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398922 , tob 9282 , 19 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919 , paratype , male , 22 . 0 m sl , note pale spots on head d usnm 320832 , holotype , male , 19 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829 , female , 22 . 0 mm sl , note pale spots on head . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , and donald griswold .\nstarksia langi . a male from honduras , usnm 399917 , hon 050 , paratype , 16 . 3 mm sl ( right side , reversed ) b femalefrom panama ( atlantic ) , usnm 399918 , pan 018 , 14 . 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia , colombia , mzusp 107860 , 16 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin .\nstarksia langi . a male from honduras , usnm 399917 , hon 050 , paratype , 16 . 3 mm sl ( right side , reversed ) b femalefrom panama ( atlantic ) , usnm 399918 , pan 018 , 14 . 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia , colombia , mzusp 107860 , 16 mm sl . photographs by carole baldwin .\nunfortunately , fin - ray counts for the entire genus are similar and broadly overlapping . furthermore , adult markings on starksia are both highly variable and patterns are often shared among species , making identifications particularly challenging . it certainly does not help that males and females often have different sets of markings . much of the variation in appearance occurs in live coloration only and the dearth of live specimens or underwater photographs makes identifications quite difficult .\nnemaclinus atelestos , a rare labrisomid found only on deep dropoffs , looks much like the starksia species . it has higher median - fin ray counts , but fewer pectoral - fin rays : d - xxi - xxiii , 7 - 9 a - ii , 18 - 19 and only 11 - 12 pectoral - fin rays . it also has notably long pelvic - fin rays , extending well beyond the origin of the anal fin .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale to tan ( dark orange / tan to bright orange in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips without conspicuous white spotting , distinct banding , or dark bars\u2014usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens ; total dorsal elements 27 ; total vertebrae usually 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae : a usnm 398932 , holotype , blz 5111 , 16 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398933 , blz 5033 , 16 . 5 mm sl , female . c\u2013d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male \u2013 c usnm 276147 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male d usnm 321073 , 18 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae : a usnm 398932 , holotype , blz 5111 , 16 . 0 mm sl , male b usnm 398933 , blz 5033 , 16 . 5 mm sl , female . c\u2013d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male \u2013 c usnm 276147 , 15 . 0 mm sl , male d usnm 321073 , 18 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin , cristina castillo , donald griswold , and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia weigti : a usnm 399648 , holotype , blz 5010 , 25 . 0 mm sl , male b blz 6121 ( no voucher ) , 18 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life \u2013 c blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) , male d usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia weigti : a usnm 399648 , holotype , blz 5010 , 25 . 0 mm sl , male b blz 6121 ( no voucher ) , 18 . 0 mm sl , female c\u2013d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life \u2013 c blz 6120 , 24 . 0 mm sl ( no voucher ) , male d usnm 399650 , blz 5193 , 24 . 0 mm sl , female . photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : no orbital cirrus ; trunk with irregular dark blotches on pale background ; pectoral - fin base with relatively straight margins defining pale gap that separates two dark blotches ; cheek with distinctive dark and pale markings : anterior portion of cheek with prominent dark blotch , anteroventral and posterior margins of blotch well defined by pale regions ; posterior pale area on cheek bordered posteriorly by thin , dark , anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale ( pale red in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips peppered with white spots in life ; lacrimal region with single row of small white spots in life ; jaws usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens , without distinct banding or dark bars ; entire gular region usually covered with scattered melanophores ; total dorsal elements usually 27 ; total vertebrae usually 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\nspecimens used in this study were collected from barbados , belize , bahamas , curacao ( netherland antilles ) , florida , honduras , panama ( atlantic ) , saba bank ( netherland antilles ) , st . thomas ( u . s . virgin islands ) , tobago ( trinidad and tobago ) , and turks and caicos . that material and additional museum specimens examined are listed in the appropriate species and comparisons sections . starksia specimens included in the genetic analysis but not in the species accounts are tabulated in appendix 1 . institutional abbreviations for collections follow sabaj p\u00e9rez ( 2010 ) .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; belly scaled ; trunk pale to dark tan ( dark orange / tan to bright orange in life ) , without distinct bars or other markings ; lips without conspicuous white spotting in life ; ventral surface of lower jaw of males with one to three dark blotches or bars in preserved specimens , lips without distinct banding or dark bars ; dorsal - fin elements usually xx , 7 \u2013 27 total ; vertebrae usually 10 + 22 = 32 ; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; two rows of prominent , very dark blotches on side of body , at least some of those in lower row vertically elongate to oval , rarely round ; males with dark , fat , crescent - shaped marking on cheek and without dark blotch on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin ; females with scattered dark spots on lower half of head and on pectoral - fin base ; first anal - fin spine in males two - thirds to three - quarters length of male genital papilla ; belly naked .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters : orbital cirrus present ; two to three rows of dark blotches on side of body , blotches in middle row ( or ventral row if only two rows ) mostly circular , never vertically elongate or oval ; white ( or pale ) , mostly round spots ( absence of melanophores against a darker background ) on at least portions of cheek , opercle , and gular region , this spotting pattern more prominent in males ; males with dark blotch of pigment on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin ; first anal - fin spine one - half to three - quarters length of male genital papilla ; belly naked .\nthere is a quite consistent count of 13 caudal - fin segmented rays in the blennioids , 7 dorsal and 6 ventral , with a variable number of procurrent rays . procurrent - ray counts usually vary within species by one , and usually there is one additional procurrent ray in the dorsal series than in the ventral series . among the labrisomids , paraclinus have the fewest , with only 4 or 5 , while starksia typically have 5 or 6 , and malacoctenus and labrisomus have 6 to 10 . although the numerical differences can be slight , the procurrent rays look distinctly more crowded in the latter genera . other blennioid families can also be distinguished : chaenopsids have few , from 3 to 5 , while the tripterygiid enneanectes have 6 to 8 .\nspecimens examined ranging from 12 . 0 to 19 . 0mm sl ; hl 25\u201332 % sl ( 32 % in holotype ) ; genital - papilla length in 15 . 0 - mm sl paratype 0 . 3 mm , one - fourth length of first anal spine ( broken ) ; papilla adhered to spine proximally . note : the presence of a small but measurable genital papilla on 15 . 0 - mm sl paratype suggests that it is a male : although female starksia sometimes have a small genital papilla , the 19 mm female holotype does not . as noted below , the 15 mm paratype has a pupil - size dark spot at posterior base of anal fin , which usually characterizes females . we tentatively recognize this paratype as a male .\ncomparative material . starksia lepicoelia . bahamas ( dna vouchers ) : usnm 399615 , bah 8077 ; usnm 399616 , bah 8078 ; usnm 399617 , bah 8079 . bahamas ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 399923 , 1 specimen ; usnm 399924 , 1 ; usnm 399925 , 1 ; usnm 399926 , 1 ; usnm 399927 , 9 ; usnm 399928 , 1 ; usnm 399929 , 1 ; usnm 399930 , 1 ; usnm 399931 , 1 ; usnm 399932 , 1 ; usnm 399933 , 1 ; usnm 399934 , 1 ; usnm 399921 , 1 ; usnm 399922 , 1 ; usnm 386919 , 3 specimens ; usnm 386972 , 15 ; usnm 386383 , 1 ; usnm 386402 , 8 ; usnm 386651 , 2 ; usnm 386581 , 3 ; usnm 386500 , 4 ; usnm 387026 , 3 ; usnm 386244 , 13 ; usnm 387069 , 6 ; usnm 399618 , 1 ; usnm 399614 , 2 ; turks and caicos islands ( dna vouchers ) : usnm 399638 , tci 9291 ; usnm 399639 , tci 9292 ; usnm 399640 , tci 9293 ; usnm 399641 , tci 9294 ; usnm 399636 , tci 9112 ; turks and caicos islands ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 399637 , 7 ; usnm 399642 , 1 . navassa island ( not dna vouchers ) : usnm 359448 , 5 ; usnm 359699 , 19 . u . s . virgin islands , st . croix ( not dna vouchers ) : uf 149809 , 11 ; uf 149815 , 33 ; uf 149814 , 10 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe unusual genus stathmonotus is still considered chaenopsid even though their dorsal fin is made up of all spines and they can have scales . some labrisomids of paraclinus also have a dorsal fin made up of all spines ; fortunately the larvae of the two genera are easily distinguished by morphology .\nlabrisomid larvae generally resemble those of the other blennioid families of reef fishes - they can be distinguished easily from larvae of the combtooth blennies ( family blenniidae ) , which have fewer dorsal - fin spines than soft rays and blunt snouts at all stages ( labrisomids have twice as many dorsal - fin spines as rays ( or more ) and pointed snouts as larvae ) . larvae of the blennioid triplefins ( family tripterygiidae ) have three separate dorsal fins and distinctive markings and the stargazers ( family dactyloscopidae ) have relatively foreshortened anterior bodies and curled - up pelvic fins .\nlarval labrisomids are superficially similar to the larvae of gobies and scarids , which also often have a similar anal - fin row of melanophores and are very common in collections and are about the same size as labrisomid larvae . however , those larvae notably have many fewer dorsal - fin spines , short and / or fused pelvic fins , and narrowed or oddly - shaped eyes , while later - stage labrisomids have long thread - like pelvic fins and large round eyes . larval gerreids ( mojarras ) are also common and can be mistaken for labrisomid larvae , however they have silvery abdominal linings . larval grunts ( haemulidae ) often have an anal - fin row of melanophores and can resemble earlier - stage labrisomids , but they develop a notably short anal fin and characteristic tail spots .\nthere is sufficient divergence in appearance among labrisomid larvae in the region to identify most later - stage larvae to species and all to the genus level . the exceptions are those species recently shown by dna sequencing to be made up of sets of closely - related species that can be hard to distinguish , even as adults ( i . e . cryptic species ) . some labrisomids , unlike most other reef fishes , have benthic eggs and short larval lives which promote reproductive isolation and genetic divergence within the region . as a result , there can be a proliferation of cryptic species and lineages and quite complex phylogeography . the larvae and juveniles of cryptic species would be expected to be almost identical and are thus pooled into a type for that species complex in the descriptions below .\nthe diagnosis paragraph under each species listed in the following sections describes the criteria that confirm the species designation for a larval type , usually the fin - ray counts , narrowing the possibilities to one or a few species and sometimes a morphological feature to distinguish among the remainder . of course , a dna - sequence match is the ultimate confirmation . a sequence match has been used for many of the taxa described below , indicated by the notation ( dna ) .\nthe analogues section briefly describes how to distinguish larvae at particular stages from other similar - appearing species , highlighting which of the characters - fin - ray counts , melanophore patterns , morphology , or various combinations thereof - are most useful for each comparison . in most cases , especially for late - stage larvae , these features can rapidly narrow down an id to the species level .\nsome diagnostic characters are more easily visible on larvae than on larger fishes . one of the more obscure characters that is useful for distinguishing among the numerous blennioid families and genera is the number of procurrent rays in the caudal fin . these accessory rays are defined as the non - segmented rays anterior to the large segmented caudal - fin rays . the transparency of fish larvae allows for an easy assessment of the number of procurrent caudal - fin rays . adjustment of the transmitted - light angle highlights bony tissues well . fortunately , the caudal - fin rays are usually preserved in otherwise - damaged larvae and they can provide diagnostic information for identifications when little else is available .\nlabrisomid larvae share , to varying degrees , a basic set of melanophores that develop progressively after hatching and are very useful for identifying larvae at least to genus and often to species . the timing of the development of each marking can be somewhat variable within a species , resulting in a variety of patterns on earlier - stage larvae that preclude a simple key to species identification . late and pre - transitional larvae typically have their full complement of larval melanophores , making identifications at these larger sizes somewhat easier . during transition , however , larval melanophores begin to disappear and metamorphic melanophore patterns develop . metamorphic melanophores consist primarily of intricate patterns of small surface melanophores , usually starting on the head and spreading over the body to form the juvenile markings . this transitional sequence is also variably timed , promoting a proliferation of intermediate melanophore complements that can easily lead to the impression of a greater number of species than are actually present .\nnote : a number of other melanophores are present at specific , and often diagnostic , locations on the larvae of particular species ( or groups of species ) and are discussed under the genus or species descriptions in the next sections .\nthese dorsal melanophores shield the brain and are near the surface , usually on the meningeal membrane or over the skull . they can best be labeled by the quadrant of the brain they overlie , i . e . the forebrain , the smaller lobes forming a triangle between the eyes , and the large midbrain ( optic ) lobes , behind the eyes ("]}
{"id": 801, "summary": [{"text": "brachmia fuscogramma is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by janse in 1960 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "brachmia fuscogramma", "paragraphs": ["brachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209\nbrachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16\nbrachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau\nbrachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nbrachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nbrachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy\nbrachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81\nbrachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano\nbrachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nbrachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nbrachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa\nbrachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands\nbrachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri\nbrachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nbrachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97\nbrachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton\nbrachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 79\nbrachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408\nbrachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\nbrachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft\nbrachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching\nbrachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje\nbrachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong\nbrachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum\nbrachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nbrachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis\nbrachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling\nbrachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nbrachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft\nbrachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina\nbrachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone\nbrachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara\nbrachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram\nbrachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nanacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft\nballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298\napethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills\naulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3\ndryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ngelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton\ngelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124\ndichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420\nmurinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80\nopaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9\northomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nphilochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514\nphilodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7\nceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115\nstactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nsubsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61\nlecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore\naulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nxeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nzur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthe percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\njanse a . j . t . 1960 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - \u2014 6 ( 2 ) : 145\u2014240 , pls . 33\u2014129 .\nbippus m . 2016a . notes on lepidoptera from the seychelles . - phelsuma 24 ( 1 ) : 35\u201471 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 804, "summary": [{"text": "racekiela ryderi is a species of freshwater demosponge in the family spongillidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was first described by edward potts in 1882 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was collected on sable island in 1899 by john macoun , a biologist with the geological survey of canada , and given the name heteromeyenia macouni by a.h. mackay in 1900 , is now considered to be racekiela ryderi . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "racekiela ryderi", "paragraphs": ["( of heteromeyenia ryderii potts , 1882 ) arndt , w . 1928c . der s\u00fcsswasserschwamm heteromeyenia ryderi potts auf den far \u00f6ern . zoologischer anzeiger 77 : 156 - 166 . [ details ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) \u00f8kland , k . a . ; \u00f8kland , j . 1989 . the amphiatlantic freshwater sponge anheteromeyenia ryderi ( porifera : spongillidae ) : taxonomic - geographic implications of records from norway . hydrobiologia 171 : 177 - 188 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n- \u00fe\u00e3\u00f0\u00f6\u00b1\u00a1j\u00ed\u00b5\u00fc ; 4\u00ee\u00e1\u008f\u00fd\u008f\u00e7w\u00e7\u00ee\u00ed\u00f3b\u009f\u00fe\u00fa\u00af \\ \u00f8a\u00a4\u008b \u000e\u0019\u0099 s\u00df\u0017\u00be\u0099h\u00e1ynx\u00fc\u00e8\u0098\u00ff\u0000\u00a6 ^ g\u0095\u00ff\u0000\u0000\u00ae\u00aa\u008a ( \u00a2\u00bc ' \u00e3\u00e6\u0081 / \u00e4k\u00bb\u00af \u00fb\u0006e\u00f1\u00f4\u00e7\u00be\u00e2\u009e\u001a\u00eac\u00b2\u00f2 ' \u00ff\u0000\u00b6\u0011 \\ \u00b2\u00ff\u0000\u00d7z\u00e9\u00ff\u0000f\u00ff\u0000\u0017\u007f\u00e2i\u00e0\u00eb # ! \u00ff\u0000h\u00b1 c\u0094t \u00e5 \u008f ? x | \u00aa\u00f4\u00fa + \u00e4\u00ff\u0000k\u00e0\u007f\u00e1\u0006\u0093 \u00f3\u00f5\u0007\u00f3j\u0087\u00e3\u00ff\u0000\u0018m\u00ae . < + \u00e1\u008d \u00ee % \u0099 # 7 \u00f0\u00bchckgs ge\u00f3wk\u00e5\u00be\u00f8\u00b7 ' \u00e9\u00f7\u00eb\u00f1n\u00bc < \u00be\u0017\u00b3\u00f6\u00b5 = \u0019\u0084ww\u008d % \u00e9\u00f3\u0017r , \u00ab\u0012\u00a1\u00fd\u00faye\u0095\u00fc\u009d\u00ef\u00f3\u00fd\u00f7f\u00af5\u00f0\u00ef\u008f\u00bci\u00aa\u00f8\u0019\u00bc { \u00f6\u00bb - \u00f1\u00e74\u00e6\u00f5\u00ad\u0088vhy\u0095\u00f3\u00ef\u0013\u00eewt\u0089\u00b6\u00fe\u00ef\u00efm _ \u00f6\u00ab\u00f2 | % \u00e2\u00e9\u00bcu\u00e1h5\u00bd ( \u00fd\u0086\u00e6\u00f2\u0012p\u00e8\u009e ` \u008d\u00e1 ( \u00df & b ; \u00f3\u00a3\u00fe\u00ad\u00b7\u00e6m\u00e9 ^ ] \u00f0\u00d7\u00e2o\u008a\u00bc ] \u00a4\u00fc\u00ea\u0097\u00ba\u00a5\u009d\u008bez , a\u0006\u00ed\u009d ^ f ( \u00b1\u00ff\u0000\u00ebt\u007f\u00fe < \u009b\u007f\u00f8\u00fb\u00edz\u009a\u00b7\u00e4\u00af\u0014hzf\u009dg\u00e2\u0003m\u00a7\u00eb : \u008e\u00a1 - \u009b ] \u00ba ~ \u00e28\u00f1\u009bm\u00ea\u00e4\u00ee\u00bb\u00fc\u00e4\u00fb\u00e4\u00efto\u009b { \u00ed\u00ae\u00aa ] w\u00e4\u00ban\u00a7\u00a1\u00e9\u00aa\u00f1\u00eaz } \u00e3\u00ec\u00b7w\u00bb\u0002\u00b0\u00fb \u0093c\u0088\u00e1\u00fd\u00f4h\u00fbty\u00bf6\u00e6\u00f9 > ] \u00eb \\ \u00f7\u00e4\u008f\u0016\u00f8\u00afk\u00f1v\u0095\u00e1\u00ed\u000e\u00f2\u00f9 \u00f5\u00f7\u009f\u00df\u00e1\u0093\u0010\u008f\u0006m\u00ac\u00ae\u00beq ) \u00b9\u00a3f\u00fb\u00f3\u00fc\u00bb\u00ff\u0000\u00ba\u00ef\u008c > 0\u00f1g\u0086\u00b5m\u0017o\u00f2\u00afah\u00b5 { \u0081n\u00fb\u00ed\u0083\u0014 # \u00eav\u0091s ' \u00ee\u00ac\u00ee\u00ef\u00b3\u00e5\u00fb\u00f7w\u00d7\u00adi6\u00f7v\u00f6\u00b1\u00e3\u007f0\u00b9\u00b9u\u00e4\u0092\u0084\u0011\u0087 ? 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\u00f7\u00e2\u00a7\u00f2 ? d \u0002\u00e6 \u0096\u00fa\u00f2 _ 4\u00e5\u008e\n\u000f\u00e9\u00b7t2 : \u00b2\u00ff\u0000y _ \u00e6\u00ae\u00fe\u00fb\u00e0\u00fc ) \u009f\u00b4\u00eb\u001a\u00ec\u00ea @ \u0001m\u00f3\u00e6 \u000f\u00f6m\u00bc\u0081\u00ff\u0000 } u\u00f8 > \u0012hh\u00a5g\u0017w \u00e4\u00e5\u00e6\u00bb\u00b8v > \u00fb\u00bc\u00ea\u00b1c\u00f0\u00b7\u00e3va\u00f6 ; $ u\u0093\u001b\u0084\u00ec\u00f2\u0083\u00b4\u00ee ^ . \u001a ^ \u0086\u00b9\u000f\u008b\u00bf\u0005\u00af\npotts , e . 1882a . three more fresh - water sponges . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1882 ( 1 ) : 12 - 14 . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii potts , 1882 ) potts , e . 1882a . three more fresh - water sponges . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1882 ( 1 ) : 12 - 14 . [ details ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) potts , e . 1882a . three more fresh - water sponges . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1882 ( 1 ) : 12 - 14 . [ details ]\nvan soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; sch\u00f6nberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; d\u00edaz , m . - c . ; c\u00e1rdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; r\u00edos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii var . baleni potts , 1888 ) potts , e . 1888 [ 1887 ] . contributions towards a synopsis of the american forms of fresh - water sponges with descriptions of those named by other authors and from all parts of the world . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 39 ( 1887 ) : 158 - 279 , pls v - xii . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii var . walshii potts , 1887 ) potts , e . 1888 [ 1887 ] . contributions towards a synopsis of the american forms of fresh - water sponges with descriptions of those named by other authors and from all parts of the world . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 39 ( 1887 ) : 158 - 279 , pls v - xii . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia conigera old , 1931 ) old , m . 1931 . a new species of freshwater sponge . transactions of the american microscopical society 50 ( 4 ) : 298 - 301 . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia macouni mackay , 1900 ) mackay , a . h . 1900 . a freshwater sponge from sable island . proceedings and transactions nova scotia institute of natural sciences 10 : 319 - 322 . [ details ]\nbass , d . ; volkmer - ribeiro , c . ( 1998 ) . radiospongilla crateriformis ( porifera , spongillidae ) in the west indies and taxonomic notes . iheringia . s\u00e9rie zoologia . 85 : 123 - 128 . [ details ]\npronzato , r . ; manconi , r . ( 2001 ) . atlas of european freshwater sponges . annali museo civico storia naturale ferrara . 4 : 3 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) penney , j . t . ; racek , a . a . 1968 . comprehensive revision of a worldwide collection of freshwater sponges ( porifera : spongillidae ) . bulletin of the united states national museum 272 : 1 - 184 . page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii potts , 1882 ) stephens , j . 1920 . the freshwater sponges of ireland . proceedings of the royal irish academy 35 ( b ) : 205 - 254 . page ( s ) : 237 - 248 [ details ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) \u00f8kland , k . a . ; \u00f8kland , j . 1996 . freshwater sponges ( porifera : spongillidae ) of norway : distribution and ecology . hydrobiologia 330 : 1 - 30 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of acanthodiscus ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) bass , d . ; volkmer - ribeiro , c . ( 1998 ) . radiospongilla crateriformis ( porifera , spongillidae ) in the west indies and taxonomic notes . iheringia . s\u00e9rie zoologia . 85 : 123 - 128 . page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]\n( of acanthodiscus ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) volkmer - ribeiro , c . ( 1996 ) . acanthodiscus new genus and genus anheteromeyenia redefined ( porifera , spongillidae ) . iheringia . s\u00e9rie zoologia . 81 : 31 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is a short preview of the document . your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\nmicroscopy and microanalysis , suppl . s3 ; cambridge vol . 20 , ( aug 2014 ) : 1294 - 1295 ."]}
{"id": 817, "summary": [{"text": "ponticola gorlap , or the caspian bighead goby , is a species of goby , a benthic fish native to the caspian sea basin .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is widespread in lower parts of many rivers in iran , and also found in azerbaijan and turkmenistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in russia , it occurred in the lowest part of the volga river up to astrakhan until 1977 , but has thereafter spread upstream .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in 2000 it was recorded as being established in the ivankovo and rybinsk reservoirs in the moscow region , and already invaded the don drainage by way of the volga-don canal in 1972 .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species occurs in sheltered environments , such as inshore fresh or brackish waters of estuaries , lagoons , lakes and large rivers , where it prefers habitats with a well vegetated rock or firmly packed sand substrate .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl , and a common size is 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ponticola gorlap", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : ponticola gorlap [ orgn ] .\n( of neogobius gorlap iljin , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of neogobius kessleri gorlap iljin , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe sea breams or porgies are found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and comprise about 36 genera and about 130 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . some commonly enter estuaries and penetrate up rivers . maximum length is about 1 . 2 m .\nthis family is characterised by a groove in the distal end of the premaxilla which accommodates the maxilla ; the body is oblong to ovate and is compressed ; the head is large with a steep upper profile ; the preopercle margin is smooth ; scales are weakly ctenoid , moderate in size and extend on to the cheeks and operculum ; teeth are conical to incisiform and molar teeth are found in some at the rear of the jaw ; there are no teeth on the vomer , palatines or tongue ; the dorsal fin is continuous with an anterior spiny portion and a soft - rayed posterior portion about equal in size ; with 10 - 13 spines and 10 - 15 soft rays respectively ; spines fold into a groove ; the anal fin has 3 spines ( the second the largest ) and 8 - 14 soft rays ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; and lateral line not continued onto the caudal fin but with enlarged scales near the head .\nmany species in this family are hermaphrodites with male and female sex organs developing simultaneously , changing sex from male to female ( protandry ) , or from female to male ( protogyny ) . these fishes are often important as food or sought by anglers . young fish may very different in colour to adults , usually being more vividly coloured with distinctive patterns . most species are marine ( see marine list in checklists in the\n) but a few enter fresh water and penetrate a considerable distance from the sea including one species in iran .\nmembers of this genus have a compressed and moderately deep body , 4 - 6 enlarged incisiform teeth at the front of the jaws followed by 3 - 4 rows of molars , the second anal fin spine is longer than the third , there is a scaly sheath at the base of the dorsal and anal soft fins , and moderate - sized scales . iwatsuki and heemstra ( 2010 ) revised the genus in the western indian ocean .\n\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0643 ( = shanak ) , \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0632\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647 ( = shanak - e zardbaleh or yellowfin shanak ) .\n[ shanak , shaghoom , shaam , sha ' m , shaem , sheim or sha - om in arabic ; yellow - finned porgy or seabream , yellow - finned black porgy , japanese silver bream ] .\nal - hassan ( 1990 ) found differences in two meristic characters ( pectoral and dorsal fin ray counts ) but no differences in electrophoretic characters between populations from the shatt al arab and khor al zubair areas of southern iraq . he concludes that there is only one stock of this species in southern iraq as meristic variation may reflect environmental conditions .\nthis species is the only sparid member recorded from iranian freshwaters and is recognised by the dorsal fin spines alternately thick and thin and the colour pattern .\nupper profile of head steep and convex back to above the posterior eye margin . the head bulges over the eye . dorsal fin spines 11 - 13 , soft rays 9 - 13 . anal fin with 3 spines , the second much stronger and wider than the third , and 8 - 9 soft rays . pectoral fin branched rays 10 - 16 . there is a strong spine in the pelvic fin and a well - developed axillary scale . lateral line scales 41 - 46 , or 48 - 50 , or up to 55 depending probably on differing counting methods . the scales are vertical ovals with the anterior margin wavy where radii intersect . they have very fine circuli , moderate numbers of posterior radii , a subcentral posterior focus , and ctenii on the central part of the posterior margin extending inwards towards the focus . four or five series of preopercular scales . the first pelvic fin ray is elongated as a small filament . there is a strong pelvic axillary scale . there are 3 - 4 scale rows sheathing the dorsal and anal fin bases . there are 4 - 6 compressed teeth in front of each jaw followed by 3 - 5 rows of molar teeth . the chromosome number is 2n = 48 ( klinkhardt\nmeristic values for iranian specimens are : - dorsal fin spines 12 , soft rays 10 , anal fin spines 3 , soft rays 8 , pectoral fin branched rays 13 , scales mostly lost .\nthis species is a protandrous hermaphrodite , being male early in its life and then becoming female later . catches will include males , females and hermaphrodites , e . g . in abu - hakima ' s ( 1984a ) study in kuwait , there were 326 males , 343 females and 41 hermaphrodites .\noverall colour is a silvery - grey or silvery - white with the back darker and the belly yellowish . scales each have a dark , brownish to golden spot at the base which line up to form apparent stripes along the flank . there is a dark blotch at the upper corner of the gill opening , on both the body and gill cover . there is a dark band over the head between the eyes and the edge of the operculum is dark . dorsal fin spines are white and the membranes are grey , with dark margins between the spine tips . the soft dorsal fin is dark grey with a light orange tinge . there is a small back spot at the pectoral fin base and the fin is mostly hyaline with a light orange tinge . the anal and pelvic fins are a light yellowish - brown . the caudal fin is dark grey on the upper lobe and yellow on the lower with a black margin . the peritoneum is silvery brown in preserved fish with widely scattered melanophores .\nfound from the persian gulf to japan and north australia . recorded from the helleh river in bushehr province , iran ( j . hol\u010d\u00edk , pers comm . , 1995 ) , from the bahmanshir river ( marammazi , 1995 ; eskandary\nthis marine species enters rivers in southern iran and presumably freshwater stocks are maintained from this marine gene pool .\nthe usual habitat is over sand and rock bottoms in the sea down to about 50 m , but young fish may enter estuaries and may penetrate considerable distances inland , although some fish remain at sea permanently . the frequency of penetration into iranian rivers along the persian gulf coast is not known . larger specimens are known to penetrate the shatt al arab in autumn , october to december , and this water body is an important nursery for this species , found there year round as young . adults emigrate from january to march ( al - hassan , 1990 ; hussain\n. , 1987 ) . at a freshwater station on the shatt al basrah canal with salinities up to 3 . 5\u2030 , al - daham and yousif ( 1990 ) found this species to be the second most dominant after\n, comprising 7 . 1 % by number and 10 . 9 % by weight . al - daham\n. ( 1993 ) found young fish in the shatt al basrah mostly from april to october . cage - cultured fish are reared at 14 - 31\u00b0c in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo\nbut not other species which begin to spawn in april ( abou - seedo and dadzie , 2004 ) . savari\n. ( 2011 ) showed that hormones could also be used in this regard .\na fast growing and hardy fish . life in iranian fresh waters has not been studied and information is about marine or estuarine populations .\na study of fish in the shatt al basrah canal , a man - made estuary of southern iraq , was based on mostly small and immature fish ( 49 - 181 mm standard length ) caught mostly in april - october . the length - weight relationship was w = 0 . 0511 l 2 . 893 , the dominant age group was 1 + fish , the maximum age was 3 + years , fish grew to 95 , 155 and 215 mm total length in their first three years of life , and mortality ( z ) was 2 . 23 ( al - daham et al . , 1993 ) .\nin an aquaculture experiment in kuwait , fish more than doubled in weight over a 6 week period ( jafri et al . , 1981 ) . males mature at a smaller size ( 12 . 3 - 14 . 2 cm ) than females ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) in cage - culture in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo et al . , 2003 ) . however fish in the shatt al arab are usually less than 20 cm long and most are immature , in age groups 0 and 1 . the length - weight relationship for both sexes was w = 0 . 0916 l 2 . 6601 . the lowest condition factors were found in april and may , possibly because fish were spent after spawning or were in lower condition after the winter ( hussain et al . , 1987 ) . in kuwait , ages up to 14 years have been reported with ranges in von bertalanffy growth parameters for the years 1981 - 1985 of l ( cm ) = 38 . 3 - 52 . 29 , k = 0 . 169 - 0 . 298 , and t 0 - 0 . 213 - to - 2 . 237 . total mortality values ( z ) were 0 . 432 - 0 . 709 , this range suggesting that , even for relatively large samples ( 92 - 314 fish ) , may be too small to provide reliable estimates of z in species with a large overlap in age groups and where old fish are sampled only with difficulty . the length - weight relationship was total weight = 0 . 02874 x total length 2 . 79198 . growth and mortality estimates based on all data were l \u221e = 40 . 48 cm , k = 0 . 258 , t 0 = - 0 . 965 , t max = 14 years and z = 0 . 600 ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ) . morgan ( 1985 ) gave values of l \u221e = 43 , k = 0 . 20 and z = 0 . 97 but his study excluded fish over 30 cm and below 19 cm which accounts for the difference in mortality ; and samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) had a value about 2 . 0 for z when only fish 20 - 30 cm long were analysed .\nheydarnejad ( 2009 ) gave the length - weight relationship for an iranian sample as w = 0 . 0451tl 3 . 091 .\nfreshwater food habits not known for iran in detail but the one specimen examined contained plant fragments and scales of a cyprinid .\nin a study of the recovering hawr al hammar , diet was 60 % shrimps and 40 % insects ( hussain et al . , 2006 ) . feeds on echinoderms , worms , crustaceans , insects , bivalve molluscs and plants in the sea ( nasir , 2000 ; al - daham et al . , 1993 ) . hussain et al . ( 1987 ) found crabs and bivalves to be the most important items by percentage in the shatt al arab fish , shrimps and aquatic insects were also taken and there was significant seasonal variation , with shrimps and aquatic insects more important in december and spring . hussain et al ( 1994 ) found bivalves in 91 % of fish by number and weight in the khawr az zubayr . al - daham et al . ( 1993 ) found fish in the shatt al basrah fed on , in order of occurrence , crustaceans ( decapods , amphipods , isopods , mysids , cladocerans and cyclopoids ) , fishes ( liza spp . , barbus ( = carasobarbus ) luteus , thryssa purava , eggs and scales ) , molluscs ( corbicula , lymnaea , tryonia and sphaeriidae ) , algae ( oscillatoria , syndera , fragillaria and cladophora ) , higher plants ( vallisneria , ceratophyllum , seeds and roots ) and aquatic insects ( corixidae , hemiptera , odonata and coleoptera ) . crustaceans were most important during july and november , molluscs in may and fishes during august . hosseini ( 1998 ) examined food in coastal waters of bushehr , delvar and rostami in the northern persian gulf of iran and found 36 . 4 % to contain crabs , 34 . 0 % other fish and 13 . 4 % shrimps . snails and sea urchins were also eaten .\n. ( 1993 ) have shown for fish from the shatt al arab near basrah , iraq that haematological parameters vary with reproductive phase and between sexes . cage - reared fish in kuwait bay have a prolonged spawning season from february to april . fecundity there is up to 3 , 837 , 000 eggs . spawning in the shatt al arab estuary is reported for april ( hussain and ahmed , 1995 ) and al - daham\n. ( 1993 ) record a spawning season for the northwestern arabian ( = persian ) gulf as january to april with a peak in february and march . abu - hakima ( 1984a ) found the spawning period in kuwait waters to be january to march with fecundity up to 2 , 152 , 993 eggs . this species is a protandrous hermaphrodite with males dominating in smaller size groups ( 22 . 3 - 24 . 2 cm ) while females dominate in larger groups ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) ( abou - seedo\n. , 2003 ) . samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) give a spawning date of 1 december for their kuwait sample . the gonadosomatic index was highest in february - march in hosseini ' s ( 1998 ) study in coastal waters of the northern persian gulf .\nthe average absolute fecundity in coastal waters near bushehr in iran was 1 , 842 , 700 , sex ratio was 1 : 1 , and the spawning peak was january - february ( hossini and savari , 2004 ) .\na good food fish of high market value seen in bazaars along the persian gulf coast and in the shatt al arab . it was selling at u . s . $ 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 per kg in kuwait about 1980 , with 213 tons landed in 1995 for a value of u . s . $ 1 , 769 , 407 ( abou - seedo\n. , 2003 ) and this has been proposed for iranian waters in the persian gulf ( regunathan and kitto , 2005 ) . experimental culture has been tried at qeshm island where a million larvae were produced in march with 100 , 000 larvae 2 . 0 - 3 . 5 cm long surviving in may ( www . shilat . com , downloaded 7 june 2007 ) . it is caught by trawls , handlines , in hadra ( fixed stake nets ) and gargoor ( fish pots ) and in the sport fishery in the arabian ( = persian ) gulf ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ; carpenter\nthis marine species is fished commercially in the sea and populations there may be under some threat as a consequence . the status of freshwater populations is unclear as they appear quite rare and are presumably derived from marine populations at intervals .\nthe frequency of occurrence , detailed distribution and biology of this species in iranian fresh waters needs study .\niranian material : uncatalogued , 1 , 62 . 9 mm standard length , bushehr , about15 km above mouth in helleh river ( ca . 29\ncomparative material : bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1859 , 1 , 76 . 4 mm standard length , iraq , basrah ( 30\u00ba30 ' n , 47\u00ba47 ' e ) ; bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1858 , 1 , 76 . 3 mm standard length , iraq , beree ( no other locality data ) .\ncichlids are found in fresh and brackish waters of central and south america , africa , madagascar , the levant , southern india , sri lanka and southern iran . there are about 221 genera and about 1606 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) but only 1 is found in iran . maximum length is about 80 cm .\nmurray ( 2001 ) reviews the fossil record and the biogeography of the family and suggests an origin less than 65 mya in the early tertiary in contrast to other studies that give an origin over 130 million years ago . their salinity tolerance has enabled them to cross marine barriers .\nmahi - e karoo , siklid irani , siklid - e hormuz , cichlid - e hormuz .\n. , 2010 ) from northeast africa , on the basis of the low gill raker count , lower pharyngeal bone and teeth morphology , and morphometric characters such as a deep preorbital depth , long snout , head length and the small eye . trewavas ( 1983 ) places\ntrewavas , 1942 of the jordan river basin and that this requires further investigation . schwarzer\nmay be common responses to temperature and salinity extremes . in addition , trewavas ( 1983 ) suggests a possible relationship of\n( hilgendorf , 1905 ) of the african rift valley . this species too is found in waters of high temperature and mineral content . klett and meyer ( 2002 ) group this genus with\nthe type locality is the\nmehran river at 27\u00b004 ' n , 54\u00b035 ' e , hormozdgan province\n( coad , 1982a ) . the holotype , 94 . 2 mm standard length , is a female with eggs in the mouth held in the canadian museum of nature , ottawa under cmnfi 1979 - 0408a ( see figure above ) . paratypes are cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , 15 , 24 . 3 - 86 . 5 mm standard length , same locality as the holotype and cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , 35 , 29 . 6 - 95 . 2 mm standard length , stream in rasul river drainage between chahar berkeh and tang - e dalan , ca . 27\u00b025 . 5 ' n , 54\u00b059 ' e , fars - hormozgan border . paratypes were deposited in the british museum ( natural history ) , london under bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 ( 2 specimens ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris under mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 ( 2 ) , california academy of sciences , san francisco under cas 47324 ( 2 ) , the royal ontario museum , toronto under rom 36389 ( 1 ) and the university of british columbia , vancouver under bc 81 - 1 ( 1 ) .\nthis is the only cichlid species in iran , easily recognised by the single nostril opening on each side of the head .\nthis cichlid is uniquely characterised by a nearly circular dental field on the lower pharyngeal bone , the teeth there being of uniform size and not enlarged medially and by cheek , operculum , belly , isthmus and area between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases naked or poorly scaled . other significant characters are the posteriorly rounded dorsal and anal fins , short pectoral fins not reaching the vent , cycloid scales with granular posterior circuli bearing rounded or irregular protuberances , inferior apophyses for support of the swimbladder centred around the fourth vertebra ( figured in coad ( 1982a ) ) , mesethmoid not meeting the vomer , modal vertebral count 29 , median length of lower pharyngeal bone 31 . 8 - 40 . 9 % ( mean 35 % ) length of head , and pharyngeal blade / median length toothed area 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 , mean 0 . 8 .\nscales are regularly arranged on the flanks except that in some large specimens the regular scale rows are interspersed with irregularly distributed smaller scales , particularly on the upper flank . scales may be absent entirely from the head , sparse above the lateral line anteriorly and on the belly posterior to the pelvic fins , absent from the dorsal and anal fin bases , absent from between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases and on the belly and isthmus anterior to the pelvic fins . however , in other specimens the head may be scaled dorsally to above the eyes , with scales variably imbricate , there may be 2 - 3 rows containing 4 - 7 minimally or non - imbricate scales on the cheek which is never completely scaled . the dorsal border of the opercle may have two large scales next to each other and a single scale may be present over the centre of the subopercular bone . scales may be present on the whole belly , isthmus and between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases , but they are minute , embedded , and non - imbricate . their extent and number varies between individuals . small to minute scales , numbering up to about 20 , are present on the caudal fin base , extending distally onto the fin membranes for more than half the fin ray length in some specimens .\nflank scales below the mid - point of the spiny dorsal fin and beneath the upper lateral line are cycloid or very weakly ctenoid . the focus is central and there are 9 - 14 , mean 12 . 4 , radii on the anterior field based on 5 scales from 7 adult specimens 59 . 2 - 87 . 1 mm standard length . posterior circuli are granular so the exposed scale surface has rows of rounded or irregular protuberances .\nthe gut is a tightly coiled spiral with its apex ventral . gut length in 5 specimens ( 59 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) is 6 . 8 - 8 . 3 , mean 7 . 6 , times the standard length . gill rakers are short and rounded , reaching the adjacent raker or a little further when appressed .\ntype ( greenwood , 1978 ) . the mesethmoid does not meet the vomer , the intervening space being cartilaginous . pores at the openings of the cephalic lateral line canals on the preorbital and preoperculum are single not multiple . the inferior apophyses for support of the anterior end of the swimbladder involve vertebrae 2 to 5 , the fourth vertebra being involved in 8 out of 10 fish examined .\nteeth in the jaws are often irregularly arranged so that 4 rows are found in some places in both jaws . in some individual fish where teeth are regularly arranged there are 3 rows in the upper jaw and 4 rows in the lower jaw . number of rows decreases laterally to one at the rictus . the outer row teeth are bicuspid with the lateral cusp the smaller , while inner row teeth are tricuspid , with the central cusp the most prominent . the upper jaw has more teeth than the lower jaw .\nthe diploid chromosome number is 2n = 44 , comprising 25 submetacentic , 18 subtelocentric and 1 metacentric chromosomes with an arm number of 70 . the chromosome count may indicate a relationship to the levantine\nscales in upper lateral line 17 ( 1 ) , 18 ( 1 ) , 19 ( 2 ) , 20 ( 8 ) , 21 ( 9 ) , 22 ( 10 ) , 23 ( 7 ) , 24 ( 4 ) , 25 ( 2 ) , 26 ( 1 ) or 29 ( 1 ) ; scales in lower lateral line 9 ( 6 ) , 10 ( 17 ) , 11 ( 14 ) or 12 ( 9 ) ; total scales in lateral series 28 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 2 ) , 30 ( 4 ) , 31 ( 9 ) , 32 ( 13 ) , 33 ( 5 ) , 34 ( 4 ) , 35 ( 4 ) , 36 ( 3 ) or 40 ( 1 ) ; scales around caudal peduncle 16 ( 15 ) , 17 ( 13 ) , 18 ( 15 ) , 19 ( 2 ) or 20 ( 1 ) ; precaudal vertebrae 14 ( 2 ) , 15 ( 53 ) or 16 ( 11 ) ; caudal vertebrae 13 ( 26 ) , 14 ( 35 ) or 15 ( 5 ) ; total vertebrae 28 ( 19 ) , 29 ( 40 ) or 30 ( 7 ) .\ndorsal fin spines 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 46 ) or 16 ( 14 ) ; dorsal fin branched rays 9 ( 2 ) , 10 ( 36 ) or 11 ( 28 ) ; anal fin branched rays 6 ( 7 ) , 7 ( 20 ) , 8 ( 38 ) or 9 ( 1 ) ; pectoral fin branched rays 11 ( 42 ) or 12 ( 24 ) ; and total gill rakers 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 9 ) , 16 ( 24 ) , 17 ( 19 ) , 18 ( 6 ) or 19 ( 1 ) .\nhead length is greater in females while pelvic fin length is smaller in females compared to males . interorbital width is greater in males . dorsal and anal fins are larger in males when expressed in terms of longest ray length in head length ( coad , 1982a ) . colour differs as described below .\nlive specimens are brightly coloured in spawning condition ( based on aquarium photographs in schulz ( 2004 ) ) . the male is brick - red on the lower sides and underside of the head with black on the dorsal head surface . the underside of the head may also be black . the belly anterior to the pelvics is black . the chin is white . the sides off the head have a few , scattered white spots but the body , dorsal and caudal fins are densely covered with white spots and blotches . those on the dorsal fin are arranged in oblique rows and those on the caudal fin in bars . the anal fin has white spots also but these are not present distally . the pectoral fin has darkened rays but lacks spots . the pelvic fin has white spots proximally but less than the anal fin but is overall a dark black . other reports and photographs ( svardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) ) show dominant spawning males to be black with brilliant turquoises blotches on the body but especially so on the fins . the female has an overall silvery colour with up to 9 faint to moderate flank bars . fins are yellowish . the dorsal fin has a black tilapia - mark on the posterior dorsal fin .\noverall body colour outside the spawning season is a light lime green , with an iridescent tinge to the posterior edge of the operculum and on the back . the dorsal fin has light , lime - green , oblique bars , the last one or two black - edged and spot - like . the peritoneum is black .\npreserved specimens have the following pigmentation . young fish have a distinct tilapia - mark , a spot on the rays of the soft dorsal fin typical of these cichlid fishes . the spot is black and is surrounded by a hyaline ring . occasionally a second spot is found posterior to the first spot . the principal spot is often retained in adult fish . young also have 7 - 11 bars along the flank which are also retained by adults but are then less distinct . in adults the dorsal fin rays and membranes are covered with melanophores interspersed with hyaline spots and irregular blotches . wavy , oblique bars are found posteriorly on the soft dorsal fin in some specimens . the caudal fin has a series of about 7 narrow bars in some male specimens while females are uniformly grey . the anal fin is narrowly barred with up to 6 vertical to oblique bars in some specimens , in others uniformly pigmented grey proximally fading to hyaline distally . pectoral and pelvic fins are not barred and are lightly pigmented , the pelvics being the darker . the head and body , including the belly , are more heavily pigmented to give an overall brown colour , lightest on the belly anterior to the pelvic fins in females . scales are not pigmented on their free margins , which are pale .\nsome specimens may be quite dark , particularly the back and fins and strikingly the lips .\nattains 11 . 09 cm standard length or 12 . 95 cm total length ( esmaeili and ebrahimi , 2006 ) . lamboj\nthe cichlid is restricted to rivers draining to the straits of hormuz in southern iran ( coad , 1982a ; abdoli , 2000 ) . svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) also map this species at 27 . 770\u00b0n , 54 . 999\u00b0e , slightly to the north of samples mapped here . the distribution mapped by stiassny in keenleyside ( 1991 ) following berra ( 1981 ) is too far north . the map in berra ( 2001 ) is more accurate . abdoli ( 2000 ) records this species from the lower minab basin , lower hasan langi , middle to lower kul , gowdar and middle to lower mehran rivers .\nspecimens kindly sent to me by h . r . esmaeili in 1997 are from the dozdan river at 27\u00b026 ' n , 57\u00b010 ' e , an eastwards extension into the minab river basin . the cichlid was not collected there in the 1970s . the new record may simply be filling in a collecting gap , a natural range extension or possibly the result of an introduction .\nbleher ( 2011a ) found only 2 of the 22 sites recorded by coad ( 1982 ) to still have water , although i have observed river stretches drying up and re - connecting and not always the same stretches .\ntrewavas ( 1983 ) suggests that the ancestor of this cichlid was distributed across the arabian peninsula in the late pliocene / early pleistocene when this area was more humid . desiccation in the pleistocene and recent periods then led to the extinction of the ancestor . a miocene - oligocene fossil\n. however trewavas ( 1983 ) reports that this fossil cannot be identified as a cichlid . micklich and roscher ( 1990 ) and lippitsch and micklich ( 1998 ) also report three species of what are presumably cichlids from southwest saudi arabia in the baid formation of oligocene age at ad darb , tihamat asir . they belong to the basal grade of cichlids and to two different clades within the african assemblage . whybrow and clements ( 1999 ) record unidentified cichlidae from the early oligocene from the coastal trip of dhofar , sultanate of oman with a date of 33 mya . murray ( 2001 ) reviews these and other cichlid fossil material and the identity of omani material as cichlids appears questionable . southwest saudi arabian material is more clearly cichlid but does not point to a continuous distribution eastwards across the arabian peninsula . however , b\u0103n\u0103rescu ( 1992b ) considers that a common ancestor to\nevolved in the arabian peninsula from african forebears in the miocene , the latter lineage extending its range northwards to the levant and the former eastwards to oman and southern iran , the straits of hormuz not then being in existence . murray ( 2001 ) gives an earliest date for colonisation of\nancestors to be the middle miocene when southern iran rose above sea level . she does not consider a coastwise dispersal through brackish waters of arabia to be a possible route as cichlids are not found there today but indicates a route through the tethys sea / indian ocean could be possible .\ncould be a relict of a once wider distribution across the tigris - euphrates basin in a northern arc rather than directly across the arabian peninsula . the absence of cichlids from southern arabia today warrant this alternative hypothesis . warm streams have probably been continually present in southern arabia and support a limited fish fauna today . there is no apparent reason why cichlids should have become extinct there . murray ( 2001 ) points out that\nlives at 40 - 400 m above sea level and is limited by mountains north of the present distribution , and so it must have arrived before the mountains attained their current height , to support coad ' s hypothesis .\nthe headwaters of the tigris - euphrates basin are narrowly separated from the levant rift valley today and at times in the past may have had direct exchanges of faunas ( kosswig , 1965 ; 1973 ; krupp , 1987 ) . the modern absence of cichlids from the tigris - euphrates basin may be explained by low temperatures . the effects of low temperature on\n, which occurs naturally in the southern levant rift valley , begin to die at 11\u00b0c and cease all motion at temperatures below 10\u00b0c ( chervinski and lahav , 1976 ) . most of syria , northern iraq and the northern arabian peninsula have temperatures below 10\u00b0c in winter ( beaumont\nis found mainly in saline streams . this hypothesis can only be confirmed by fossil discoveries .\nthe streams in which this species lives are subject to desiccation with continuous flow breaking up into isolated pools . the survival of cichlid populations in these pools varies between years and some pools may be fishless in one year and populated in another .\nthe area around the straits of hormuz is rich in salt domes and consequently most surface streams are saline , up to 80 ms . cichlids are found in these streams but also in the sar khun oasis which is fresh with a conductivity of 1 . 6 ms . apparently they can be transported at 10 ms as this is less stressful . stream waters are cloudy to clear and colourless . water temperatures in winter ( november to march ) range from 15 to 33\u00b0c and would be considerably higher in summer when air temperatures reach 45\u00b0c with no riparian shade and low water levels . lamboj\n. ( 2006 ) and svardal ( 2006 ) give water temperatures of 33 - 40\u00b0c and conductivity of 45 - 75 ms .\nstreams are 1 to 50 m wide and consist of alternating riffles and pools with occasional backwaters . the bottom is pebbles , sand or mud . aquatic vegetation is restricted to encrusting algae .\nunknown . esmaeili and ebrahimi ( 2006 ) give a significant length - weight relationship based on 379 fish measuring 2 . 74 - 11 . 09 cm standard length . the\n- value > 3 indicating a fish that becomes more rotund as length increases ) .\ngut contents of 5 specimens ( 41 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) included only algae and diatoms suggesting food is scraped from rocks and from bottom deposits . this is consistent with an elongate gut and black peritoneum . aquarium specimens eat algal tabs but also appreciate insects and fish remains .\nthis species is a mouth brooder . a breeding female and a male were caught in a backwater on march 18 of the mehran river ( the type series ) . this backwater was 1 - 5 m wide , maximum depth was 40 cm over a mud bottom , the water was cloudy and highly saline ( 40ms ) and temperature ranged from 26\u00b0c at the mouth of the backwater to 33\u00b0c at its head . eggs in fish taken in november and january are small so the breeding season is deduced to be around march . five eggs ranged in length from 3 . 2 to 3 . 8 mm , mean 3 . 6 mm and in width from 2 . 4 to 2 . 7 , mean 2 . 5 mm . total number of eggs from 2 females , 59 . 0 - 59 . 2 mm standard length was 36 and 38 respectively . eggs are yellow - orange in preserved fish .\na female 116 . 9 mm standard length from the mehran river had 153 larvae in her mouth , ranging in length from 9 . 6 to 10 . 9 mm ( h . r . esmaeili , pers . comm . , 6 october 2005 ; esmaeili\n. ( 2009 ) found a sex ratio biased towards males in may and june , presumably because males were defending nests and easily caught , or possibly differential survival of the sexes . they suggest that the breeding season begins in march and lasts until the end of june with a peak in may . eggs attained 3 . 76 mm and fecundity reached 151 eggs with a relative fecundity of 5 . 4 eggs per gram body weight . esmaeili et al . ( 2010 ) detail gonad morphology and histology and confirmed peak spawning in may .\nschulz ( 2004 ) observed fish in the field and found each male occupying a territory defending a nest about 1 m from each neighbouring nest . the nests were made on light grey , fine sand and consisted of a pit approximately 15 cm in diameter . the pit was black because of anoxic conditions below the sand surface . the actual nest was about the same as the body length of the fish ( 8 - 10 cm ) and lay at the centre of the pit . the pit was surrounded by a rim about 1 . 5 cm high with an internally indented margin . simpler pits are built where building materials are unavailable . females were present in schools in deeper water in the river centre . individual females swam purposefully to the nest defended by the male . the male directed the female to the nest centre with folded up fins while the female spread her fins and showed radiating colour changes . spawning occurred immediately and neighbouring males intervened continuously at a speed that did not allow full analysis of the movements . a defending male would chase away an intruding male allowing another male into the unprotected nest to mate with the female . a clutch of eggs was always inseminated by a whole group of males .\npiscivorous birds have been observed along the streams where the cichlid is found . ansary\nsaadati ( 1977 ) suggests that this salt - tolerant species could be a valuable resource if introduced into the saline and fishless waters of internal basins . however this is not advisable since the native fauna , evolved in a fishless environment , could be devastated before it has even been documented . esmaeili\n. ( 2009 ) note that it is eaten by local people when available in large numbers in spring . it is now an aquarium fish in germany ( schulz , 2002 ; 2004a ; 2004b ; oliver lucanus , pers . comm . , 23 january 2004 ; lamboj\n. , 2006 ; svardal , 2006 ; svardal and svardal , 2006 ) and juveniles sell for about $ 80 each urltoken 21 march 2010 ) . articles in aquarium magazines give photographs in spawning condition , including mouth - brooding , and details for their maintenance , including water with a conductivity of 50 - 70ms / cm nacl or sea salt mixture , tank water changed once a week , vegetarian food tabs ( containing the blue - green alga\n) , and a temperature of 20 - 35\u00b0c , optimally 27\u00b0c . it has been noted that males , in continually defending a nest and courting ,\nwear out\nearlier than females ( thomas schulz ,\nmay well be on its way to extinction - if it is not gone already\n. bailey ( 2006 ) apparently repeats this . however its habitat is mostly saline streams which cannot readily be used for agriculture or industry . the surrounding area is not industrialised , nor likely to be , and was never a war zone so pollution is not a problem for this species .\nflash floods are probably a significant problem as water drains rapidly off vegetation barren land . the scouring action may well displace or strand cichlids . mouth brooding offers protection against floods and against associated fishes .\nsvardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) give details of capture , transport and aquarium care of this species .\nrabbaniha ( 1993a , 1993b , 1994 ) gives farsi accounts of this species and cichlids in general . the account is based principally on coad ( 1982a ) .\ntype material : see above , cmnfi 1979 - 0408a , cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 , mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 , cas 47324 , rom 36389 and bc 81 - 1 .\nintroduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive winterkill ( herzog , 1969 ) . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , however , record\n) from basrah in southern iraq and this species could easily become established in iran . no iranian record confirmed as yet . red tilapias (\nsp . ) have been studied in aquaponic systems in iran so there is a potential for an exotic release ( rafiee and saad , 2005 ) . fingerlings from indonesia have been reared using saline waters at bafgh , yazd province in 3 ton fibreglass tanks . larvae were successfully grown to 2 . 0 kg at 28\u00b11\u00bac (\nintroduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive ( job , 1967 ) . redbelly tilapias are established in the syrian euphrates ( r . beck , pers . comm . , 2000 ) and a recent report by beshar abd al - hussain al - saadi (\n. , 10 october 2006 ) of a cichlid at al musayyib on the euphrates river in iraq may well be this species . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , record this species from basrah in southern iraq and these could spread to iranian waters . no iranian record as yet . the farsi name is \u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0627 ( = tilapia ) .\nthe gobies are a world - wide family found mostly in warmer marine waters although some species enter fresh water and others live there permanently ( see also marine list in checklists in the introduction ) . the number of species is high and this may be the most speciose fish family in the world with about 248 genera and about 1630 species , perhaps more ( eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . a diversity of gobies occurs in the caspian sea basin . not all caspian gobies have valid iranian records but most will probably be found there . several gobies penetrate southern waters of iran from the persian gulf and sea of oman and are described here . others will probably be discovered when more detailed surveys are made .\ngobies are easily distinguished by their pelvic fins being united as an adhesive or sucking disk or cup . body form and coloration are diverse . the pattern of head canals , canal pores and neuromasts is distinctive and used in identifying and relating species ( except in\n( pinchuk , 1991 ) ) . however the neuromasts may be sunken in narrow furrows or pits and completely covered by epithelium so they do not preserve well and this can lead to confusion in identifications ( zambriborshch , 1968 ) . there is usually a short spiny dorsal fin ( 2 - 8 flexible spines ) separated from , but close to , a soft dorsal fin . the soft dorsal fin and anal fin are longer than the caudal peduncle . scales may be cycloid , ctenoid or rarely absent . no obvious lateral line . there are 5 branchiostegal rays . gill membranes are connected to the isthmus and gill openings are moderate to wide , or very restricted in the mudskippers . the head is usually blunt and the mouth is usually large . teeth are usually small and conical in one to several rows in both jaws . miller in miller ( 2003 ) gives a suite of osteological characters defining the family .\nmost gobies are quite small ( 5 - 10 cm ) and they are often very abundant . maximum size is about 50 cm . some of the world ' s smallest vertebrates are gobies from the indian ocean , mature at 8 mm . others , however , are large and form part of fisheries in both the caspian sea and the indian ocean . they are not significant food fishes in iran . gobies tend to rest on the bottom and move in sudden , characteristic dashes . the male goby guards a nest . food is crustaceans , worms , molluscs and small fishes . many gobies are important in the aquarium trade since they are beautifully coloured , small and tough .\nthey are known generally as gav mahi ( = cow fish ) or sag mahi ( = dog fish ) or contain the word gel ( = mud ) in iran . a general review in farsi of the caspian gobies is given by aslaanparviz ( 1991 ) .\nthe males of some caspian species become black during the spawning season , their fins elongate , head shape alters and some even become naked . loss of tubercles in adult male gobies of the genus\nmakes it possible to identify only juveniles and females . the males build nests and guard the eggs . life span of certain caspian species is said to be as short as one year , e . g . some species of\n, as much as 10 - 15 % of total biomass in some areas ( mamedov , 2006 ) .\nthe black and caspian sea basins contain an endemic sarmatian fauna of gobies . there are two main clades , the gobiine - benthophilines ( or transverse gobiids ) and the pomatoschistines ( or sand gobies ) , that have probably been distinct for at least 40 million years . miller ( 2001 ) and miller in miller ( 2003 ) reviews the evolutionary history of these two clades and their anatomical differences based on head papillae and osteology . the transverse gobiids include\n. the sarmatian fauna was separated from the atlantic - mediterranean fauna with the isolation of the paratethys during the late miocene messinian salinity crisis as the mediterranean dried . partial flooding of the mediterranean from the paratethys in the early pliocene allowed sarmatian gobies to spread westwards . within the ponto - caspian basin , evolution of species flocks was favoured by basin sub - divisions and rejoinings . the benthophilines may be a monophyletic group from these events .\nahnelt and duchkowitsch ( 2004 ) give information on the neogobiine stock . about 12 - 13 million years ago in the middle miocene , the ponto - caspian endemic and ancestral neogobiine stock may have differentiated from an atlantic - mediterranean gobiine stock . at this time the paratethys was a sea with reduced salinity and a high level of endemism . the\nstock that invaded the mediterranean basin after that sea was restored about 5 million years ago in the late miocene .\nranges from 4 . 29 to 6 . 25 mya and the paper gives divergence times for major lineages in relation to geological events in the ponto - caspian . these events include connections with , and isolation from , the world ocean and salinity changes in a range of 1 - 30 p . p . t . over the last 5 million years . most genera diversified about 5 mya when the black and caspian seas separated .\nthe principal recent works on the systematics of caspian gobies are by v . i . pinchuk , d . b . ragimov , ye . d . vasil ' yeva , h . ahnelt and p . j . miller . earlier works are by b . s . iljin ( also spelled il ' in or ilyin ) . later molecular studies are cited above .\nother gobies in iran are the familiar tropical mudskippers which can move quickly over land , using the muscular - based paired fins to row across mud , and some can even clasp and climb mangroves . they can live out of water because the gill openings are small to prevent desiccation of the gills , oxygen can be taken into the chamber and absorbed through the gills and chamber wall , and they can also absorb oxygen through their skin . they often rest with the tail immersed in water for this purpose or roll around in shallow water to moisten themselves . they may live entirely in water , or will come onto land even when there is enough oxygen in the water . their eyes are high on the head , protruding and able to revolve independently , and have a movable lower lid . the eyes are retracted periodically into small cups below the head to moisten them . such eyes are very effective as a means to watch for potential enemies on land but their vision under water is blurred . mudskippers have elaborate reproductive behaviour which involves tail standing , flip - flops , and fin displays . they are very territorial and defend their territory against other mudskippers and crabs . they can deliver a skin - breaking bite to humans even though they are only about 15 cm long !\nthis genus comprises only a single species and so its characters are those of the species . the snout is very distinctive and details of neuromasts are not given here as they are not needed in identification , although of importance in relating the genus . the genus is closely related to the tadpole goby clade comprising\nand details are give in miller in miller ( 2004 ) . this author also gives an alternative terminology for the arrangement of neuromasts than that of ahnelt\neichwald , 1831 by berg ( 1927 ) but later iljin ( 1930 ) erected a new genus because of its unusual and distinctive morphology . the type locality is the caspian sea at 37\u00b058 ' n , 52\u00b022 ' e at a depth of 294 m ( but see below ) .\n. ( 2000 ) although berg ( 1927 ) mentions 15 fish in his description . ragimov ( 1985 ) states that berg described this species from a single young specimen and also visually observed 15 others for a total of 16 in the type series .\nthe duckbill tadpole goby is characterised by the elongate and flattened head which is similar to a duck ' s bill . unlike gobies of the genus\nfirst dorsal fin with 3 - 4 spines , usually 4 , second dorsal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 , usually 10 , soft rays . anal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 soft rays . pectoral fin rays 14 - 16 . gill rakers on the posterior part of the arch are very short and anteriorly are minute . pit organs on the side of the head are papilliform and clearly visible with the naked eye . further details of anatomy are given by ahnelt\niranian specimens had the following meristics : - first dorsal fin with 4 ( 4 ) spines ; second dorsal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 10 ( 4 ) soft rays ; pectoral fin rays 14 ( 1 ) , 15 ( 2 ) or 16 ( 1 ) ; anal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 11 ( 4 ) soft rays ; and total vertebrae 29 ( 4 ) .\noverall , colour is a light grey or pale fawn fading to a whitish grey on the belly . various speckles and melanophores are found on the back and upper flank . the dorsal , caudal and pectoral fins have dark grey speckles . the head sides from the snout to the cheek are dark with transversal suborbital papillae series whitish giving the impression of narrow light stripes below the eye and on the cheek . the peritoneum is black or densely covered in fine speckles .\nreaches 11 . 2 cm , or 13 cm total length ( jolodar and abdoli , 2004 ) . females may be larger than males ( mean total length 84 mm versus 77 mm ) .\nknown only from the caspian sea and one of the endemic sarmatian fauna ( see family account ) .\nfound to a depth of 294 m on white silt bottoms according to berg ( 1927 ) but the data in zisp states 244 sazhems ( = 446 . 5 m ) . recent iranian material is from 45 - 80 m , at 9 . 7 - 16 . 4\u00b0c at 50 m ( ahnelt\n. , 2000 ) and jolodar and abdoli ( 2004 ) state it lives mainly at 50 - 100 m depths in the south caspian sea ."]}
{"id": 824, "summary": [{"text": "isodemis brevicera is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is cream , sparsely dotted and suffused with brownish especially at the base of the wing and along the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are brownish with dark brown parts .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale brown grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "isodemis brevicera", "paragraphs": ["the distribution of isodemis diakonoff in china . \u25cf ( red ) isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) \u25b2 ( green ) isodemis stenotera diakonoff \u25cf ( yellow ) isodemis proxima razowski \u25cf ( black ) isodemis serpentinana ( walker ) \u25a0 ( red ) isodemis quadrata sp . n . \u25b2 ( blue ) isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . \u25a0 ( magenta ) isodemis hainanensis sp . n .\nadults of isodemis spp . 1 isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) , \u2642 2\u20133 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , \u2642 ( showing variation of markings ) 4 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , \u2640 5 isodemis proxima razowski , \u2642 6 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , holotype , \u2642 7 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , paratype , \u2640 8 isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . ( male ) 9 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , holotype , \u2642 10 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , paratype , \u2640 .\nmale genitalia of isodemis spp . 11\u201312 isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) : 11 slide no . syh10014 12 slide no . syh10002 ( showing variation of genitalia ) 13 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , slide no . syh09017 14 isodemis proxima razowski , slide no . syh10015 15 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , holotype , slide no . wxp03332 .\nthe genus isodemis diakonoff , 1952 in china is reviewed , with seven species recognized . three new species are described : isodemis quadrata sp . n . , isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . and isodemis hainanensis sp . n . the female of isodemis stenotera diakonoff , 1983 is described for the first time . variation within isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick , 1918 ) and isodemis stenotera is briefly discussed . images of the adults and genitalia are provided , along with a key to the described species .\ngenitalia of isodemis spp . 16\u201317 . \u2642 : 16 isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . , paratype , slide no . syh10010 17 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , holotype , slide no . syh09042 18\u201320 . \u2640 : 18 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , slide no . syh10005 19 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , paratype , slide no . syh10003 20 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . paratype , slide no . syh09043 .\nmost species of this genus show a stong sexual dimorphism , which makes species identification difficult . of the seven previously described species , isodemis longicera razowski , 2009 and isodemis brevicera razowski , 2009 were described from the males , while isodemis ngoclinha razowski , 2009 was described from females . currently , no additional knowledge has been added to these three species . therefore , we have excluded isodemis ngoclinha from the key based on forewing patterns and male genitalia .\nisodemis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae . the genus was erected by diakonoff in 1952 for the type species batodes serpentinana . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis to isodemis and described isodemis stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 , 2009 ) described isodemis proxima from . . .\nbased on the description of isodemis serpentinana and the illustration of its male genitalia provided by diakonoff ( 1941 ) , this species is distinguished by the phallus bearing two unequal cornuti with the longer one undulate in the male genitalia . when diakonoff ( 1983 ) described isodemis stenotera , hepointed out that isodemis stenotera was very similar to isodemis serpentinana superficially , but could be separated by the male genitalia having two cornuti equal in length . by checking the holotype deposited in the natural history museum , london , we also found that the subapical blotch in isodemis serpentinana is subtriangular , while it is narrowly semioval in isodemis stenotera . more differences of the two species are stated under isodemis stenotera .\nhave a fact about isodemis quadrata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for isodemis quadrata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthis species is superficially very similar to isodemis longicera and isodemis brevicera , but it can be separated by the uncus being slightly narrowed in the distal 2 / 5 and rounded apically , the spine - shaped terminal process of the sacculus not reaching plica and the phallus bearing eight cornuti . in isodemis longicera , the uncus is slightly concave at middle on posterior margin , the terminal process of the sacculus reaches the plica and the phallus bears twelve cornuti ; in isodemis brevicera , the uncus broadens from base to apex , the terminal process of the sacculus is nearly triangular , and the phallus has ten cornuti . female genitalia resemble those of isodemis ngoclinha , but can be distinguished by the anterior portion of the papilla analis not being inflated and the sterigma extending posteriorly uniformly in width to both sides ; whereas in isodemis ngoclinha , the basal 2 / 3 of papilla analis is inflated , and the sterigma widens from the inception of ductus bursae to the lateral side .\nisodemis diakonoff 1952 : 147 . type species : batodes serpentinana walker , 1863 ( original designation ) .\n. . . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis meyrick , 1918 to isodemis and described i . stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 razowski ( , 2009a razowski ( , 2009b ) described i . proxima razowski , 2000 from chinese taiwan , and i . brevicera razowski , 2009 , i . longicera razowski , 2009 and i . ngoclinha razowski , 2009 from vietnam . currently , isodemis consists of seven species , mainly distributed in southeast asia . . . .\nthis species is similar to isodemis illiberalis both in appearance and in male genitalia , but can be separated by the median fascia extending from the costal margin to the dorsum , the subapical blotch reaching across 1 / 3 width of wing and the phallus having eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous cornuti . in isodemis illiberalis , the median fascia extends from below the costal fold to the dorsum , the subapical blotch reaches the tornus and the phallus has eight to twenty - three deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus . isodemis guangxiensis is superficially also similar to isodemis quadrata , the differences between them are as follows : in isodemis guangxiensis , the uncus broadens from the basal 1 / 4 to the apex and the phallus bears eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous cornuti , whereas in isodemis quadrata , the uncus is quadrate and the phallus has ten deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus .\nthis species is very similar to the type species isodemis serpentinana both in appearance and in the genitalia , but can be distinguished by the male genitalia having two nearly straight cornuti that are equal in length , and the female genitalia having the ductus bursae about the same length as the corpus bursae and broadening slightly from the inception of the ductus seminalis to the corpus bursae . in isodemis serpentinana , the male genitalia have a phallus bearing two cornuti that are unequal in length with the longer one undulate , and the female genitalia have a ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times the length of the corpus bursae and slightly broader from middle of the ductus seminalis to corpus bursae ( diakonoff 1948 : 511 , fig . 37 ) .\nisodemis is characterized by the labial palpus obliquely uprising almost as high as upper edge of eye ; the forewing dominantly yellowish brown or ochreous brown ; the median fascia interrupted or indistinct near costal margin ; male genitalia with gnathos hooked , valva with a c - shaped plica , with numerous fine wrinkles between plica and costa , and the sacculus with terminal process ; female genitalia with the ductus bursae usually with cestum , and the single dentate signum with a conspicuous globular process placed posteriorly in the corpus bursae .\nthis paper is a continuation of the study on the tribe archipini from vietnam . it includes the data on 15 genera and 37 species of which one genus and 15 species are described as new ( electraglaia nigrapex razowski , sp . n . , archips silvicolanus razowski , sp . n . , a . subgyraleus razowski , sp . n . , a . bulbosus razowski , sp . n . , a . brunneatus razowski , sp . n . , a . bachmanus razowski , sp . n . , chirapsina razowski , gen . n . , dynatocephala altivola razowski , sp . n . , neocalyptis magnilabis razowski , sp . n . , n . fortis razowski , sp . n . , diplocalyptis ferruginimixta razowski , sp . n . , d . triangulifera razowski , sp . n . , daemilus rufus razowski , sp . n . , d . rufapex razowski , sp . n . , adoxophyes afonini razowski , sp . n . , borneogena siniaevi razowski , sp . n . , isodemis ngoclinha razowski , sp . n . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncollege of life sciences , nankai university , tianjin 300071 , p . r . china\ncorresponding author : houhun li ( nc . ude . iaknan @ nuhuohil ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin china and to describe three new species . a key is provided on a worldwide basis based on the forewing patterns and the male genitalia except\nrazowski , 2009 whose male remains unknown . a map is provided to show the distribution of\nexamined specimens were collected by light traps . terminology follows diakonoff ( 1948 ) and razowski ( 2009a , b ) in descriptions of forewing pattern and genitalia . genitalia dissection and slide mounting methods follow li ( 2002 ) . the examined specimens , including the types of the new species , are deposited in the insect collection , college of life sciences , nankai university , tianjin , china .\nchina , vietnam , thailand , indonesia , nepal , india and sri lanka .\n1 \u2642 , china , guangxi zhuang autonomous region : milv village , nanping town , shangsi county ( 22\u00b009 ' n , 107\u00b058 ' e ) , 770 m , 3 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 \u2642 , mt . pinglong , shangsi county ( 22\u00b009 ' n , 107\u00b058 ' e ) , 510 m , 6 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 \u2642 , mt . villa huawang , jinxiu yao autonomous county ( 24\u00b008 ' n , 110\u00b011 ' e ) , 550 m , 14 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 8 \u2642\u2642 , grand canyon laohutiao , napo county ( 23\u00b044 ' n , 106\u00b048 ' e ) , 30 . vii . 2008 , coll . liusheng chen and guoyi wu ; 1 \u2642 , china , yunnan province : tengchong county ( 25\u00b001 ' n , 98\u00b030 ' e ) , 1950 m , 28 . ix . 2002 , coll . huaijun xue ; 2 \u2642\u2642 , xiaoheishan nature reserves ( 24\u00b035 ' n , 98\u00b041 ' e ) , 2300 m , 10 . viii . 2005 , coll . yingdang ren .\n) ; in the female genitalia by the sterigma deeply v - shaped , the ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times the corpus bursae , and the globular process almost 1 / 2 length of the signum (\n: 40 , fig . 5 ) . it can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the median fascia extending from below distal half of the costal fold to the dorsum and the subapical blotch reaching the tornus .\nchina ( guangdong , guangxi , yunnan ) , vietnam , thailand , india , nepal .\n) . papilla analis long and narrow , distal 2 / 5 slightly expanded . apophysis anterioris about 1 . 3 times length of apophysis posterioris . sterigma nearly band - shaped , protrudent backward posterolaterally . antrum short , with inner sclerite anteriorly ; ductus seminalis from posterior 1 / 5 of ductus bursae ; ductus bursae about same length as corpus bursae , broadened slightly from inception of ductus seminalis to corpus bursae ; cestum absent . corpus bursae rounded ; signum horn - shaped , with tiny spines on ventral surface , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 4 length of signum .\nchina ( hunan , guangxi , hainan , tibet , yunnan ) , indonesia ( sumatra ) .\n) ; the vinculum has a tiny spine at middle on the anterior margin in the male genitalia .\n1 \u2642 , china , guangxi province : mt . pinglong , shangsi county ( 22\u00b009 ' n , 107\u00b058 ' e ) , 250 m , 7 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 \u2642 , dongzhong woodfarm , fangchenggang city ( 21\u00b037 ' n , 108\u00b020 ' e ) , 370 m , 9 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 3 \u2642\u2642 , china , hainan province : shuiman town , mt . wuzhi ( 18\u00b052 ' n , 109\u00b040 ' e ) , 650 m , 15\u201317 . v . 2007 , coll . zhiwei zhang and weichun li ; 4 \u2642\u2642 , shuiman town , mt . wuzhi ( 18\u00b052 ' n , 109\u00b040 ' e ) , 630\u2013740 m , 13\u201317 . iv . 2009 , coll . qing jin and bingbing hu .\n) ; and the ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times length of the corpus bursae in female genitalia (\n, the forewing is mainly ochreous brown ; the uncus is broadenedbasally and the phallus bears two cornuti ; and the ductus bursae ia about the same length as the corpus bursae .\n( tortrix ? ) sulana walker 1866 : 1784 . type locality : new guinea .\nchina ( hainan , yunnan , taiwan ) ; india , indonesia ( borneo , java , sumatra ) , new guinea , philippine , sri lanka , tailand .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8bbc12c8 - 21e6 - 4349 - 9ea1 - d0254a20e481\nholotype \u2642 \u2013 china , xizang ( tibet ) autonomous region : hanmi , medog county ( 29\u00b013 ' n , 95\u00b018 ' e ) , 2380 m , 9 . viii . 2003 , coll . xinpu wang and huaijun xue , genitalia slide no . wxp03332 . paratypes : 1 \u2642 , 2 \u2640\u2640 , same data as for holotype .\n) . tegumen developed . uncus nearly quadrate , straight on posterior margin . gnathos arm slender and long ; terminal plate nearly triangular , about 1 / 3 length of arm . valva with length about 1 . 5 times width , rounded terminally ; transtilla spine - shaped , disconnected medially . sacculus weakly sclerotized ; terminal process nearly thumblike , reaching plica . vinculum somewhat concave at middle on anterior margin , with two small spines near middle of anterior margin . juxta approximately oval , slightly concave at middle anteriorly . phallus slightly longer than length of valva , straight , dilated basally , with ten deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus that is about 1 / 3 length of phallus .\n) . papilla analis narrow and long . apophysis anterioris slightly longer than apophysis posterioris . sterigma inverted subtriangular . antrum short , with inner sclerite anteriorly ; ductus seminalis coming from anterior margin of antrum ; ductus bursae longer than corpus bursae , curved perpendicularly at posterior 1 / 3 ; cestum placed between posterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae and anterior margin of antrum . corpus bursae rounded ; signum horn - shaped , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 3 length of signum .\nthe specific name is from the latin quadratus ( = square ) , referring to the rectangular uncus in the male genitalia .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f2e5b790 - 7f5b - 46f6 - 813d - f1cc182ad4e6\nholotype \u2642 \u2013 china , guangxi zhuang autonomous reging : rongshui miao autonomous county ( 25\u00b004 ' n , 109\u00b013 ' e ) , 31 . vii . 2003 , genitalia slide no . syh09041 . paratype : 1 \u2642 , huaping nature reserves ( 23\u00b039 ' n , 109\u00b055 ' e ) , 1300 m , 1 . viii . 2006 , coll . weichun li .\n) . uncus nearly rectangular in basal 1 / 4 , then broadened slightly to rounded apex , densely setose in distal half . gnathos arm slender and long ; terminal plate triangular , about 2 / 3 length of arm . valva slightly widened distally , length about 2 times of width , rounded terminally ; transtilla irregularly round , with pointed apical process . sacculus weakly sclerotized , protruding ventrally at middle ; terminal process nearly triangular , rounded at apex , reaching plica . vinculum somewhat concave at middle on anterior margin . juxta large and broad , straight on anterior margin ; posterior margin concave and arched , protruding posterolaterally . phallus slightly shorter than length of valva , slightly curved and dilated in basal 2 / 5 , with eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous unequal cornuti that are about 1 / 3 length of phallus .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0bdc5a29 - 95b3 - 43ac - a8b3 - 77c9bdc4da8f\nholotype \u2642 \u2212 china , hainan province : mt . wuzhi nature reserves ( 18\u00b052 ' n , 109\u00b040 ' e ) , 740 m , 15 . iv . 2009 , coll . qing jin and bingbing hu , genitalia slide no . syh09042 . paratype : 1 \u2640 , jianfengling ( 18\u00b044 ' n , 109\u00b010 ' e ) , 800\u2013900 m , 6 . xii . 2009 , coll . zhaohui du .\n) wingspan 22 . 0 mm . as in male except with small , brownish black basal fascia near base ; costal margin more arched basallythan in male ; subapical blotch from middle of costal margin to apex , narrow , reaching across 1 / 5 width of wing ; stripe along anal vein to beyond mid - length of wing .\n) . tegumen with a small triangular process at posterior 1 / 4 medially . uncus nearly rectangular , slightly narrowed in distal 2 / 5 , sparsely setose in distal half , rounded at apex . gnathos arm tapering to distal end , with distinct lateral prominence that bears many tiny spines ; terminal plate short , about 1 / 2 length of arm . valva length about two times width , rounded terminally ; plica extremely thin , straight ; small sclerotized projection at basal 1 / 3 between plica and ventral margin . transtilla irregularly oval , with pointed and curved apical process . sacculus sclerotized ; terminal process a long spine , not reaching plica . vinculum sclerotized anteriorly . juxta approximately semioval , slightly concave at middle on posterior margin . phallus about 2 / 3 length of valva , pistol - shaped , basal 1 / 3 dilated ; cornuti composed of one deciduous cornutus and seven non - deciduous cornuti , each about 1 / 4 length of phallus .\n) . papilla analis broad . apophysis anterioris about 1 . 3 times length of apophysis posterioris . sterigma narrow and long transversely , weakly notched at middle posteriorly . antrum long , about 1 / 4 length of ductus bursae , anterior 1 / 3 sclerotized ; ductus bursae slightly longer than corpus bursae , wrinkled ; ductus seminalis from middle of ductus bursae ; cestum absent . corpus bursae oval , posterior half wrinkled ; signum large spine - shaped , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 6 length of signum .\nthe corresponding author is deeply grateful to mr . kevin r . tuck for his kind assistance provided when checking the specimens in the natural history museum , london . we express our cordial thanks to the reviewers for their kind suggestions and comments , and to those who participated in the field collection . this study was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . j0930005 ) .\nnew asiatic and papuan tortricidae with records of other species ( 3rd communication on indo - malayan and papuan microlepidoptera ) .\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums f\u00fcr v\u00f6lkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1\nin : wagner ( ed ) lepidopterorum catalogus . pars 10 . 8 : pp .\ntortricidae ( lepidoptera ) collected in taiwan with description of one new genus and eight new species , and a comparison with some regional faunas .\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini .\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 7 . some additional data ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . ) . in the year of 2009 , he described one new genus , chirapsina razowski , 20 new species , besides 41 known species were recorded ( razowski , 2009a , 2009b ) . in the present study , five new recorded species , . . .\nsex pheromones of three citrus leafrollers , archips atrolucens , adoxophyes privatana , and homona sp . , inhabiting the mekong delta of vietnam\ntortricidae from the tervuren museum , 6 : clepsis guenee , 1845 and orilesa razowski , 2006 ( lepidopter . . .\n19 archipinae species belonging to clepsis guenee , 1845 and orilesa razowski , 2006 are discussed . 12 species ( clepsis ocladia razowski , sp . n . , c . enarga razowski , sp . n . , c . lusingae razowski , sp . n . , c . oidema razowsld , sp . n . , c . gongyla razowsld , sp . n . , c . barbellata razowski , sp . n . , c . humilaria razowski , sp . n . , c . letheana razowski , sp . n . , orilesa legitimana razowski , sp . n . , o . . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 6 . olethreutinae ( lepidoptera : tort . . .\n53 species of olethreutinae are recorded ; three genera ( fansipania razowski gen . n . , dacgleia razowski , gen . n . , ustrilapex razowski , gen . n . ) and 25 species ( sorolopha brunnorbis razowski , sp . n . , phaecasiophora astrata razowski , sp . n . , p . rufata razowski , sp . n . , sycacantha pararufata razowski , sp . n . , s . ngoclinhana razowski , sp . n . , s . montana razowski , sp . n . , neostatherotis pallidtornus . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntortricinae and chlidanotinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) collected by b . landry in ecuador\nof thirteen species listed one genus , three euliini species ( pseudomeritastis emphanes , netechmodes landryi , thalleulia gracilescens ) , three species of archipini ( clepsis parva , c . parassensus , c . assensiodes ) , two species of atteriini ( sisurcana leptina , anacrusis rubida ) and one of chlidanotini ( monortha procera ) are described as new . female of henricus metalliferus razowski & pelz is described .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nwhat is organa genitalia ? meaning of organa genitalia medical term . what does organa genitalia mean ? . . . looking for online definition of organa genitalia in the medical dictionary ? organa genitalia explanation free . . . . genitalia . ( redirected from organa genitalia ) . also found in : dictionary , thesaurus , encyclopedia . gen\u00b7i\u00b7ta\u00b7li\u00b7a . ( jen - i - t\u0101 ' l\u0113 - . . . genitalia . / gen\u00b7i\u00b7ta\u00b7lia / ( jen\u2033\u012d - t\u0101l\u00b4e - ah ) [ l . ] the reproductive organs . . ambiguous genitalia genital organs with . . .\nmale genitals pictures - genital warts pictures . we provides discount revitol stretch mark removal and prevention product made . . . what are the definitions of genitals and genitalia terms ? learn about the anatomy and physiology of genitals and genitalia in . . . what are the definitions of genitals and genitalia terms ? learn about the anatomy and physiology of genitals and genitalia in . . . view the 920253 best male dog genitalia photos , male dog genitalia images , male dog genitalia pictures . download photos or . . .\na taxonomic revision of the askoldella species - group of the genus nemophora hoffmannsegg ( lepidoptera : adelidae ) \u00bb brill . . .\n. . . adults and male genitalia are described and illustrated . . . . keys to species based on external characters and male genitalia . . . keys to species based on external characters and male genitalia are provided ; adults and male genitalia are described and . . . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - eremoneura * authors : jeffrey m . cumming ; bradley j . . . .\na study finds male genitalia are shrinking because of environmental factors . limbaugh says it has to be the ' feminazis ' and ' . . . rush limbaugh : male genitalia are shrinking because of ' feminazis ' a study finds male genitalia are shrinking because of . . . in a study looking at changes in male genitalia over the past 50 years , italian researchers found that penises were around 10 . . .\nlearn about ambiguous genitalia symptoms and causes from experts at boston children ' s , ranked best children ' s hospital by us . . . what causes ambiguous genitalia ? . the sexual organs of males and females develop from the same fetal tissue . the same tissue . . . what are ambiguous genitalia ? at conception , a fetus ' s gender is already determined based on the 23rd pair chromosome it . . . characteristics of ambiguous genitalia in genetic females include : . * an enlarged clitoris , or what appears to be a small penis . . .\nincludes : 1 pediatric male genitalia , 1 pediatric female genitalia , 6 urinary / anal valve connectors and 2 clamps . . . pediatric male and female genitalia set with urinary / anal connector valves to be used with manikin ' s abdominal plate and . . .\nthe geografted genitals have never been intentionally made as a selling point , even for daz users , which is why they ' re only . . . there is a problem in carrara with the male genitals . if you load the figure by itself and apply a texture map , it looks fine . . . . i assume it ' s the male genitals you are trying to use on michael 5 , despite the thread title ? some more information on how they . . . i assume it ' s the male genitals you are trying to use on michael 5 , despite the thread title ? some more information on how they . . .\nhelp please - - buzzing , burning and numbness genitalia area . . . . - multiple sclerosis - medhelp\ntoday , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . . . . . . . today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . it seems every spring . . . today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . it seems every spring . . . help please - - buzzing , burning and numbness genitalia area . . . . . i ' ve had several posts the last week or so with vibrating , . . .\nwhile itching all over the body can be a sign of cancer , it would be very unusual for itching specifically in the vaginal and anal areas to be a sign of cancer .\nare you sure your patient has ambiguous genitalia ? what are the typical findings for this disease ? . ambiguous genitalia refers . . . therefore , while all infants with ambiguous genitalia have a dsd , not all patients with dsds have ambiguous genitalia . . . . ambiguous genitalia is considered an emergency from a medical as well as a psychological standpoint . medically , the rationale . . . the birth of an infant with ambiguous genitalia is typically extremely distressful for parents . adding to this is the fact that . . .\ng2f genitalia morphs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - effect of the morph the g2f genitalia morphs provides to show and morph the hidden . . . the g2f genitalia morphs provides to show and morph the hidden ( daz hidden : - ( ) geometries in the g2f genitalia - like in the . . . i ' ve provided an addon here at sharecg that gives the g2f genitalia more \u2026thanks for these . not sure what you meant in the . . . victoria 4 for g2f comes with v4 uvs for the genitalia as well so v4 textures will work with it . i ' ve provided an addon here at . . .\nnavy acknowledges pilot drew male genitalia in the sky . posted 11 : 13 am , november 17 , 2017 , by tribune media . . . krem 2 in spokane says they received multiple pictures and phone calls showing male genitalia drawn in the sky . . . .\n. . . females prefer males with asymmetric genitalia - perhaps because decoupling of left and right sides of the genitalia allows a . . . 2015 asymmetry in genitalia does not increase the rate of their evolution . mol . phyl . evol . 93 , 180 - 187 . ( doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . . . . 2007 the evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects . biol . rev . 82 , 647 - 698 . ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 185x . 2007 . 00029 . . . . the cholevine male genitalia consist of three chief components : ( i ) the two lateral , whip or drumstick - like parameres ; the . . .\nit might seem that langerhans has exhausted the questions there are to ask about mosquitofish genitals . but he says that ' s not . . . yet langerhans says the shape ( not size ) of female genitalia , which is somewhat more elongated in predator - free populations , . . . the history of bahamas mosquitofish is written in their genitals . though you ' d have a hard time locating a female fish ' s . . . the new study suggests that the smaller female openings haven ' t exactly evolved in response to the changing male genitalia , but . . .\nfemale genitalia definition : additional female sex organs ; additional feminine intercourse body organs ; outside feminine sex . . . how would you define female genitalia ? . all the definitions on azdictionary were written by people just like you . now ' s your . . . urban dictionary for & quot ; female genitalia & quot ; * its a womans exclusive part . . . the\u2026 . . . medical dictionary for & quot ; female genitalia & quot ; * the genital organs for the feminine . \u2026 . . .\nthe solicitation included a photo of robert george roe ' s genitalia . . a detective posing as a 16 - year - old girl responded to the . . . man who posted genitalia online , arrested for sex crime . march 5 , 2015 . . .\nmay be a repost , but it ' s so good it ' s worth one . . urltoken and the continuation : . urltoken love this shit , been singing it for 2 days . . . . .\ngrammys dress code - - celebrities warned . . . keep your genitals covered ! ! ! | urltoken\n. . . and no boobs or genitals either . . . this according to a warning the\u2026 . . . cbs doesn ' t want to see a single celebrity butt crack at the grammys on sunday . . . and no boobs or genitals either . . . this . . .\nwu - tang corp . is the only official website for the multi - platinum rap group wu - tang clan and all its members and affiliates . we offer loads of audio and video downloads , other goodies , an extensive discography , an active community with thousands and thousands of members .\n. . . by dressing as women ' s genitals and expressing ' unfocused rage ' at democrat hillary clinton ' s election loss . . . . mike huckabee on women ' s march : dressing as genitals achieves nothing . by stoyan zaimov jan 24 , 2017 , 11 : 09 am . . . . lastly , he blasted what he called\nsexist / racist\nbeliefs that project that people vote on their skin color or genitals , rather . . . by dressing as women ' s genitals and expressing\nunfocused rage\nat democrat hillary clinton ' s election loss . . . .\nusing genital deodorants or douches or other harsh chemicals on your genitals is a bad idea . that ' s a really good way to get . . . after i ' ve washed , my genitals are odor free but only for a few hours . i ' m not sporty , so why is this ? . . . just like your underarms , your genitals will sweat even during regular activities . you ' ve also got various other bodily fluids . . .\nan alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . escort charged with attempted murder for biting man ' s genitals , deputies say . officials : victim suffered serious lacerations to . . . escort charged with attempted murder for biting man ' s genitals , deputies say . officials : victim suffered serious lacerations to . . .\nan alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . .\nthe uniqueness of genitalia of a species led to the use of the morphological study of genitalia as one of the most important . . . genitalia in male and female of any particular lepidopteran species are adapted to fit each other like a lock ( female ) and key . . . the genitalia are attached onto the tenth or most distal segment of the abdomen . lepidoptera have some of the most complex . . . the genitalia are complex and provide the basis for species discrimination in most families and also in family identification . . . .\nmutilated genitals is a promotional ep by dog fashion disco released in 2001 . it has since been deleted and is quite rare , but . . . urltoken genitals urltoken genitals / . . .\n,\ndon ' t fall asleep or we ' ll mutilate your genitals\n. the versions of tracks 4 and 5 are re - recordings ; they would appear on . . ."]}
{"id": 830, "summary": [{"text": "austrophlebia is a small genus of dragonflies in the family telephlebiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species are very large with strong yellow markings on the thorax . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "austrophlebia", "paragraphs": ["northern populations previously treated as austrophlebia costalis were separated as austrophlebia subcostalis by theischinger ( 1996 ) .\nthis species was treated as austrophlebia costalis until it was separated as austrophlebia subcostalis by theischinger ( 1996 ) .\nthe southern giant darner ( austrophlebia costalis ) is a dragonfly species of the family telephlebiidae and brachytronidae , which contains 37 species in australia .\njustification : austrophlebia costalis is widespread in victoria , new south wales and queensland , is present in a number of protected areas , and although there are potential threats to some populations , it does not appear to be globally threatened . therefore it is assessed as least concern .\nthe identification key to the family telephlebiidae and brachytronidae consists of 37 couplets , 3 of which are pertinent to austrophlebia costalis . click on the numbers on the right to display the corresponding couplets . or click on the allin1 button to see all the relevant couplets together in a single , scrollable window .\naustrophlebia costalis is endemic to australia , where it is known from victoria , to the eungella area in queensland . it has been recorded from a number of protected areas , for instance eungella , bunya mountains and main range national parks in queensland and gibraltar range , new england , royal and biamanga national parks in new south wales . it was only recorded from victoria relatively recently ( richter 2013 ) and is nowknown from three locations in the state .\naustrophlebia subcostalis is endemic to australia , where it is only known from a relatively small area in the north - east of queensland . i have seen records from only 10 locations , one of which is in the cape tribulation section of daintree national park . its eoo , based on a polygon around occupied hydrobasin areas , is 30 , 451 km\u00b2 . bush et al . ( 2014 : table s2 ) gives an estimate of the current extent of suitable habitat of this species as 2 , 449 km\u00b2 .\njustification : austrophlebia subcostalis is only known from 10 locations in the rainforests of north - east queensland , within an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) just over 30 , 000 km\u00b2 , and with only one population definitely within a national park . outside of protected areas it faces a potential threat from deforestation , although the severity of this threat is difficult to assess . in the long - term it faces a serious threat from climate change with no suitable habitat predicted to remain by 2085 under a high emissions scenario . it is assessed as near threatened because of the limited number of sites and the known short and long term threats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 22 february 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\nthere are insufficient data to make definitive statements about population size and health for this species , but it may be at least locally common .\nthe larva \u201cinhabits small to medium - sized streams , occasionally temporary , generally occurring on or under logs , mostly in shady areas\u201d ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) . this species is known to exhibit \u201cstrong flight and sometimes seemingly vagrant behaviour\u201d with \u201crecords of larvae even from intermittent streams\u201d ( theischinger 1996 ) . most records are from forested areas .\nthreats to this species need to be researched , but as it appears likely to be forest dependent , forest clearance is at least a potential threat , especially near expanding population centres , as is increased frequency of fires due to climate change . however the species is widely distributed and known from relatively many national parks , so it is not likely to be globally threatened .\nmore data is needed on this species , but specific conservation measures for it do not appear to be needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere is insufficient information to make definitive statements about populations of this species , the assessor has seen records of few individuals , but this might be due to some factor other than genuine scarcity .\nthe main immediate threat to this species is likely to be deforestation , although the severity of this threat is difficult to assess ; other threats need to be investigated . modelling of sensitivity to climate change in bush\n( 2014 ) predicts that under a high emissions scenario this species will have no suitable habitat left by 2085 , so that in the long - term climate change may be the main threat to this species .\nthere is a need for more data on this species , and on threats . it would certainly benefit from the protection of additional rainforest areas in north - east queensland , and methods of dealing with the predicted long - term loss of suitable habitat due to climate change need to be researched .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ntillyard , r . j . 1913 ,\non some australian anisoptera , with descriptions of new species\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 37 , no . 1912 , pp . 572 - 584 pl . lxii\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 428c53e6 - ad77 - 4c55 - b3bd - 9847390f9971\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f3a96b4 - c75d - 4057 - 9092 - b3e8be142a01\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b5324d94 - ae30 - 41c3 - aa2d - ccc917c78a84\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5b92fb5 - bf13 - 4f1b - 8612 - a7a1814bfaab\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 407938\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a1f5af6 - 9651 - 493f - 884a - 5763b321e9c4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f555d2a0 - a6d6 - 41a4 - 9f93 - ca1c499c2d3b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac29962a - 422b - 4e7c - aea8 - 1aff8df94e4f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 280023\nthis species is endemic to australia ; found from latitude 21s , cairns area to victoria - new south wales border ( theischinger 1996 , theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0d4830ef - 9f07 - 41e2 - bd3e - a42c3bc36432\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d076ba76 - be09 - 4a8b - 8077 - 264dba5e790b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88e79ce6 - 4b3b - 48bc - 901c - cefe5ae63dff\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 439412\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ninhabits small to medium - sized streams , occasionally temporary , with the larvae generally occurring under logs , mostly in shady areas ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .\nthere are no known threats affecting this species nor are their likely to be in the near future .\nthere are no conservation actions in place , nor are any thought to be needed .\n, with an old reference claiming to have clocked one at nearly 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) but no modern confirmation ."]}
{"id": 833, "summary": [{"text": "protohippus is an extinct three-toed genus of horse .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was roughly the size of a modern donkey .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "fossil evidence suggests that it lived during the late miocene and early pliocene , from about 14 ma to 6 ma .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "analysis of protohippus '' skull and teeth suggests that it is most closely related to the genus calippus .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "species include : p. vetus p. perditus p. supremus ( also p. simus ) p. gidleyi", "topic": 10}], "title": "protohippus", "paragraphs": ["are we missing a good definition for protohippus ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .\nwhat made you want to look up protohippus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nlate 19th century ; earliest use found in proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . from scientific latin protohippus from proto - + ancient greek \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 horse .\na genus of three - toed quadrupeds related to the ancestors of the modern horse , known from north american fossil remains of the late miocene and early pliocene epochs ; ( also protohippus ) an animal of this genus .\nhey folks ! continuing the series of prehistoric critter short videos , today we have the small , multi - toed horse protohippus . if you ' d like to follow kentrosaur creations elsewhere on the internet , i ' ve got you covered . on youtube you can see time lapse drawings , tutorials and other shenanigans . on instagram and twitter , there ' s progress photos of current work and photos of my cats , on tumblr there will be scans of drawings and news and on facebook there ' ll be a bit of everything . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken music is from the free music archive - urltoken\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y pliometanastes sp .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y dinohippus mexicanus ( lance , 1950 ) .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y el xenarthra , megalonychidae , pliometanastes cf .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y los xenarthra , pampatheriidae , scirrohterium sp .\n( mammalia , perissodacfyla , equidae ) from the miocene ( barstovian - early hemphillian ) of the gulf coastal plain .\nprimer registro fosil de pliometanastes sp . ( mammalia , xenarthra , megalonychidae ) para el mioceno superior de costa rica , america central . una nueva pista en la comprension del pre - gabi\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nthis page was last edited on 22 january 2016 , at 05 : 15 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . leidy . 1858 . notice of remains of extinct vertebrata , from the valley of the niobrara river , collected during the exploring expedition of 1857 , in nebraska , under the command of lieut . g . k . warren , u . s . top . eng . , by dr . f . v . hayden , geologist to the expedition . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 10 : 15 - 89\na genus of fossil horses from the lower pliocene . they had three toes on each foot , the lateral ones being small"]}
{"id": 852, "summary": [{"text": "the delicate slender opossum ( marmosops parvidens ) is a small pouchless marsupial of the family didelphidae that occurs in french guiana , guyana , suriname , and adjacent venezuela and brazil .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "marmosops pinheiroi , marmosops bishopi and marmosops juninensis had long been considered to represent the same species , until parvidens and pinheiroi were found in sympatry in french guiana .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this species is found in moist primary tropical rainforest at elevations up to 2000 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is nocturnal and partially arboreal , and feeds on insects and fruit . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "delicate slender opossum", "paragraphs": ["a young / baby of a delicate slender mouse opossum is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nguyana , east demerara - west coast berbice ,\nhyde park , 30 miles [ 48 km ] up the demerara river .\nvoss et al . ( 2001 ) considered pine\u2019s ( 1981 ) five subspecies to represent four species . the name parvidentata tate , 1933 , is an incorrect subsequent spelling of parvidens ( tate ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nc\u00e1ceres , n . , astua de moraes , d . , brito , d . , catzeflis , f . & silva , c .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthe species occurs across the guiana shield in venezuela , guyana , suriname , french guiana and south through northern brazil ( voss et al . 2001 , gardner and creighton 2008 , but see also garc\u00eda et al . 2014 , ast\u00faa 2015 ) .\nusually uncommon to rare , but occasionally locally common ( emmons and feer 1997 ) . several recent taxonomic changes in the genus marmosops require a reassessment of the information on population for this and several other species .\nthe species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , and has a broad distribution .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsirohiiriopossumi\nto\nmarmosops parvidens ( tate , 1931 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ncomments : voss et al . ( 2001 ) considered pine ' s ( 1981 ) five subspecies to represent four species\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 855, "summary": [{"text": "boonea cincta is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of eleven known species within the boonea genus of gastropods . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "boonea cincta", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : boonea cincta ( p . p . carpenter , 1864 ) - id : 2241750005\nboonea seminuda ( c . b . adams , 1839 ) \u2013 half - smooth odostome\nrobertson r . 1978 . spermatophores of six eastern north american pyramidellid gastropods and their systematic significance ( with the new genus boonea ) . biological bulletin , 155 : 360 - 382 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npimenta a . d . , absal\u00e3o r . s . & miyaji c . ( 2009 ) . a taxonomic review of the genera boonea , chrysallida , parthenina , ivara , fargoa , mumiola , odostomella and trabecula ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae , odostomiinae ) from brazil . zootaxa 2049 : 39 - 66 [ details ]\n( of odostomia ( boonea ) robertson , 1978 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 110 [ details ]\n( of odostomia pulcherrima dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia pulcia dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia sapia dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia vicola dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\n( of odostomia vincta dall & bartsch , 1909 ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nclick on photo to enlarge . scale line in photo equals 1cm unless otherwise specified .\nthe odostome snails can be difficult to identify and are under study to sort out the species . ours were identified by pyramidellidae authority patrick lafollette of the natural history museum , los angeles county .\nthis is very rarely found due to its small size . it has a subtle beaded sculpture which fades to only spiral grooves near the base of the aperture .\nthis is rarely found intertidally in our area . the shell is white . the last whorl exhibits an angled lower portion .\nintertidal to 37m size to 7mm california to bc this is rarely found intertidally . the shell is golden - yellow to reddish - brown . there are 20 - 22 axial ribs per whorl . they do not extend to the base of the last whorl . the shell also has very fine spiral lines .\nthis is occasionally found intertidally . it is a parasite and has been found on various species of mollusks . the shell is white to yellow with microscopic spiral striations . it has a rounded base and an oval aperture .\n. further research shows this species may parasitize the siphons of a wide range of bivalves .\nthe turbonillas are a little understood group in the pacific northwest which need further study . we do not attempt to identify them to species level at this time , except for\n. our numbering system does not correlate to any other reference , but is simply our own way to keep track of the types we have found . we are not sure exactly how many valid species exist in our area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfull text of\nmorphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain pyramidellid taxa ( heterobranchia ) .\nfull text of\nmorphology and phylogenetic relationships of certain pyramidellid taxa ( heterobranchia ) ."]}
{"id": 856, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-throated vireo ( vireo flavifrons ) is a small american songbird .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "\" vireo \" is a latin word referring to a green migratory bird , perhaps the female golden oriole , possibly the european greenfinch .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the specific flavifrons is from the latin words flavus , \" yellow \" , and frons , \" forehead \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "adults are mainly olive on the head and upperparts with a yellow throat and white belly ; they have dark eyes with yellow \" spectacles \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the tail and wings are dark with white wing bars .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "their breeding habitat is open deciduous woods in southern canada and the eastern united states .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "these birds migrate to the deep southern united states , mexico , and central america .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are very rare vagrants to western europe ; there is a september 1990 record from kenidjack valley in cornwall , great britain , and september 1998 record from heligoland , a small german archipelago in the german bight .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they forage for insects high in trees .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they also eat berries , especially before migration and in winter when they are occasionally seen feeding on gumbo-limbo ( bursera simaruba ) fruit .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they make a thick cup nest attached to a fork in a tree branch . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "yellow - throated vireo", "paragraphs": ["yellow - throated vireo recorded at sandy creek park jasper county tx . 1000 hz high pass filter applied and volume normalized\nin eastern north america , the yellow - throated vireo breeds in edge habitats of both bottomland and upland deciduous and mixed deciduous - coniferous forests . these habitats include forest edges of streams , rivers , swamps , treefall gaps , and roads , and woodland habitats of parks and towns . the yellow - throated vireo is widely sympatric with the far more common red - eyed vireo ( vireo olivaceus ) , which tends to breed in less fragmented forest interior habitat .\nrodewald , paul g . and ross d . james . 2011 . yellow - throated vireo ( vireo flavifrons ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nwhile the yellow - throated vireo is associated with forest edge habitat , it actually requires large blocks of forest to breed successfully . numbers decrease sharply in forests smaller than 250 acres ( 100 hectares ) in the northeastern united states .\ngenerally uncommon on its wintering grounds in central and south america and the caribbean , the yellow - throated vireo usually occurs singly within mixed - species foraging flocks in tropical forests , from dry forest to lowland rain forest , and up to 1 , 800 meters in montane forest .\na bird of open deciduous forests and edges , the yellow - throated vireo is one of the most colorful member of its family . not only does this bird have a bright yellow throat , it looks as if it\u2019s wearing bright yellow spectacles . this small heavyset songbird slowly hops through the canopy picking insects off branches and twigs . males sing a burry\nthree eight ,\non repeat throughout the day . females join the males with a harsh scolding chatter during aggressive encounters .\nin many north american songbirds , only females incubate and brood , but not vireos . male yellow - throated vireos also incubate eggs and brood young , taking turns with the female throughout the day .\nthe bright yellow spectacles , throat , and breast of this vireo are distinctive . its wings are dark gray , with 2 bold , white wing bars . the crown and back are olive , rather bright , contrasting with a gray rump . immature plumage is similar to that of the adult but paler yellow , sometimes with a slightly buffy throat .\nin leafy eastern forests , especially among the tall oaks , the slow , husky phrases of the yellow - throated vireo can be heard in spring and summer . more colorful than most vireos , it is not any easier to see , usually remaining out of sight in the foliage . however , the male sings throughout the breeding season , as late as august and september .\nperhaps because the yellow - throated vireo is generally uncommon throughout its breeding range and is primarily a subcanopy nester , it remains an under - studied north american breeder . although its singing , breeding , and foraging behavior have received some study , little is known of its population biology , winter ecology , and sensitivity to land - use practices on both temperate breeding grounds and tropical wintering grounds .\nthis is a large , colorful vireo and a strong , though slow - paced , singer . it moves sluggishly , which combined with its camouflaged coloration , can make it difficult to locate high in the leaves of the tall shade trees it favors . the yellow - throated often cocks its head as it surveys its surroundings or methodically searches for insects . monotypic . length 5 . 5\n.\nthis is the most colorful of the vireos . the yellow - throated is a migratory bird of open deciduous forests that requires large tracts of forest to breed successfully . it has disappeared from some parts of its former breeding range due to forest fragmentation . audio by mike nelson , xc100599 . accessible at urltoken\nunlike other vireos , but compare with pine warbler , with which it is confused , particularly in winter . pine warbler has a greenish yellow rump , streaked sides , thinner bill , and less complete and distinct spectacles . vocalizations of the 2 are different\u2014pine warblers often give a high , thin note when moving between branches . the yellow - breasted chat , a particularly bulky warbler with a bill more suited to a vireo , has white spectacles and lacks wing bars .\nyellow - throated vireos are common and their populations have increased 62 % between 1970 and 2014 , according to partners in flight . the estimated global breeding population is 4 . 4 million . the species rates a 9 out of 20 on the continental concern score , which means it is not on the partners in flight watch list and is a species of low conservation concern . in the early twentieth century yellow - throated vireos seemingly disappeared from towns and suburbs in the northeastern united states , which some believe was due to the spraying of insecticides to control dutch elm disease . since then , populations have increased possibly due to regrowth of woodlands that were previously logged .\nyellow - throated vireos primarily eat insects and spiders such as butterflies , moths , stinkbugs , scale insects , leafhoppers , beetles , flies , and bees . they also eat fruits and seeds on occasion . they forage in the middle and upper levels in the forest , slowly hopping between branches and picking insects from bare branches and foliage .\nyellow - throated vireos slowly hop between branches , often focusing on the interior parts of the canopy with sturdy , bare branches . they tend to forage for insects more often on bare branches than other vireos and forage in a less frenzied manner . males arrive on the breeding grounds a few days before females and start setting up their territory . they put a bit of nesting material in a few spots throughout the territory that could make good nest sites . when the females arrive , they sing and act as if they are building a nest from these spots . males display for females ; swaying side to side while singing and fluffing up their feathers . once paired , males stick close to their female until she begins laying . as soon as the chicks leave the nest , the pair separates . they generally don ' t interact with other yellow - throated vireos after nesting , but they sometimes forage with warblers , chickadees , and titmice during migration . individuals also occasionally join mixed - species foraging flocks on the wintering grounds .\nyellow - throated vireos breed in deciduous or mixed - deciduous forests , tending to avoid stands of pure coniferous trees . within deciduous forests they often occur near edges or in forest gaps . despite this association , they only seem to breed in regions with extensive forest cover and are less abundant in forests less than 250 acres . during migration they occur in woodlands , edges , and shrubby areas along barrier beaches . on the wintering grounds they use dry tropical forest , coffee plantations , pine - oak forest , thorn scrub , and rainforest up to 6 , 000 feet elevation .\ncall : includes a rapid series of harsh cheh notes , similar to those of the \u201csolitary\u201d vireo complex . song : slow repetition of de - a - ree , three - eight ; burry , low - pitched 2 - or 3 - note phrases separated by long pauses : it often gives a whisper song , which is more warbled and less burry .\ndeciduous woodlands , shade trees . breeds in tall trees in open deciduous woods . prefers trees such as oaks and maples along streams , lakes , and roadsides . also will summer in tall trees or orchards in towns . avoids areas with dense undergrowth . generally absent in mixed or coniferous forest , where it is probably replaced by the solitary vireo . winters in tropical lowlands and foothills , in habitats ranging from rain forest to dry scrub .\non the breeding grounds , listen for what may sound like the more ubiquitous red - eyed vireo , but with a burrier song and look up into the canopy . instead of focusing on the leaves in the canopy as you might for warblers , look for a chunky bird hanging out near the inner part of the tree among the bare branches . they aren ' t as frenetic like warblers ; they tend to take long pauses before chasing after another meal and often sing while stationary giving you ample time to see them .\nfairly common . breeding : deciduous and mixed deciduous - coniferous habitats . migration : long - distance , trans - gulf migrant . early spring migrant , with arrivals in southern states mid\u2013late march , mid april farther north , early may in great lakes . fall migrations august\u2013september ( migrants noted as early as late july ) . latest records are mid - october in northern and middle latitudes , early november in south . winter : tropical lowlands of central america , bahamas , and caribbean to northern south america . more scarce in united states than the numerous reports would suggest . most reports are misidentified pine warblers or yellow - breasted chats . rare in southernmost florida , casual in southern california , southern texas . vagrant : very rare in the west , more in spring than fall .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nhowe , henry f . 2016 . making dispersal syndromes and networks useful in tropical conservation and restoration . global ecology and conservation , vol . 6 , issue . , p . 152 .\nmyczko , \u0142ukasz rosin , zuzanna m . sk\u00f3rka , piotr wylega\u0142a , przemys\u0142aw tobolka , marcin fliszkiewicz , monika mizera , tadeusz and tryjanowski , piotr 2013 . effects of management intensity and orchard features on bird communities in winter . ecological research , vol . 28 , issue . 3 , p . 503 .\nleyequi\u00e9n , eur\u00eddice de boer , w . f . and toledo , v\u00edctor m . 2010 . bird community composition in a shaded coffee agro - ecological matrix in puebla , mexico : the effects of landscape heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales . biotropica , vol . 42 , issue . 2 , p . 236 .\nhern\u00e1ndez , \u00e1ngel 2009 . summer - autumn feeding ecology of pied flycatchers ficedula hypolueca and spotted flycatchers muscicapa striata : the importance of frugivory in a stopover area in north - west iberia . bird conservation international , vol . 19 , issue . 03 , p . 224 .\nusgs patuxent wildlife research center , national museum of natural history , p . o . box 37012 washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa . e - mail : fosterm @ urltoken\nmigration routes used by nearctic migrant birds can cover great distances ; they also differ among species , within species , and between years and seasons . as a result , migration routes for an entire migratory avifauna can encompass broad geographic areas , making it impossible to protect continuous stretches of habitat sufficient to connect the wintering and breeding grounds for most species . consequently , ways to enhance habitats converted for human use ( i . e . for pasture , crop cultivation , human settlement ) as stopover sites for migrants are especially important . shelterbelts around pastures and fields , if planted with species targeted to support migrant ( and resident ) bird species that naturally occupy mature forest habitats and that are at least partially frugivorous , could be a powerful enhancement tool for such species , if the birds will enter the converted areas to feed . i tested this approach for nearctic migrant birds during the spring migration through an area in chiapas , mexico . mature forest tree species whose fruits are eaten by birds were surveyed . based on life form , crop size and fruit characteristics , i selected three tree species for study :\n( moraceae ) . i compared the use of fruits of these species by migrants and residents in forest with their use of the fruits of isolated individuals of the same species in pasture and cropland . all three plant species were useful for enhancing converted habitats for forest - occupying spring migrants , although species differed in the degree to which they entered disturbed areas to feed on the fruits . these tree species could probably enhance habitats for migrants at sites throughout the natural geographic ranges of the plants ; in other geographic areas for other target bird groups , other tree species might be more appropriate .\nto send this article to your kindle , first ensure no - reply @ urltoken is added to your approved personal document e - mail list under your personal document settings on the manage your content and devices page of your amazon account . then enter the \u2018name\u2019 part of your kindle email address below . find out more about sending to your kindle . find out more about sending to your kindle .\nnote you can select to send to either the @ urltoken or @ urltoken variations . \u2018 @ urltoken \u2019 emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi - fi . \u2018 @ urltoken \u2019 emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi - fi , but note that service fees apply .\nby using this service , you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use , and will not openly distribute them via dropbox , google drive or other file sharing services . please confirm that you accept the terms of use .\nto send this article to your dropbox account , please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies . if this is the first time you use this feature , you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account . find out more about sending content to dropbox .\nto send this article to your google drive account , please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies . if this is the first time you use this feature , you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account . find out more about sending content to google drive .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwelcome to oed online . if you or your library subscribes , dive straight in to the riches of the english language . if not , click on the images below to learn more about the oed , see what ' s new , or take a look at aspects of english , our language feature section .\nthis year sees the 90th anniversary of the publication of the completed first edition of the oxford english dictionary . find out more about our birthday celebrations >\nwhich english words are used where you are ? help us add more regional words to the dictionary . submit your word >\nwhat ' s new : more than 900 new words , senses , and subentries have been added to the oxford english dictionary in our latest update , including binge - watch , impostor syndrome , and silent generation . find out more >\nnew article : coinciding with the 90th anniversary of the publication of the house at pooh corner , several words from winnie - the - pooh have been added to the oed in this update . read more >\nonline access to the full oed , and now incorporating the historical thesaurus of the oed .\nany of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .\nbefore finding a mate , males search for a spot to build a nest . they place a few pieces of material in several potential spots . when the female arrives she chooses where to put the nest , either selecting one of the male ' s locations or a new one . the nest is typically in the canopy of a tree near the forest ' s edge 20 to 50 feet above the ground .\nmales start building the nest , handing more and more duties over to the female after day 1 . the nest is a cup suspended from a fork of small branches in a tree . it is made of bark strips , dry grasses , rootlets , long pine needles , leaves , or hair , held together with insect silk and spiderweb .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love ( 2016 ) . longevity records of north american birds . version 2016 . 1 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory , laurel , md , usa .\npieplow , n . ( 2017 ) . peterson field guide to bird sounds of eastern north america . houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company , ny , usa .\nsauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966\u20132015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\nover the last century , apparently has declined in the northeast , increased in parts of the upper midwest . overall numbers probably stable at present .\nforages by searching for insects rather methodically along the twigs and in foliage high in trees . in winter , defends feeding territory and will drive away others of its own kind , but will associate with mixed foraging flocks of other birds .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 5 . pinkish or creamy white with heavy spots of brown or lavender near large end . incubation is by both parents , 14 - 15 days . frequently parasitized by cowbirds . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave the nest 14 - 15 days after hatching . the parents divide the fledglings , each adult caring for part of the brood .\nboth parents feed nestlings . young leave the nest 14 - 15 days after hatching . the parents divide the fledglings , each adult caring for part of the brood .\nmostly insects , some berries . feeds mainly on insects . in summer , over one - third of diet may be caterpillars , moths , and butterflies ; also eats true bugs , scale insects , aphids , leafhoppers , beetles , sawflies , tree crickets , dragonflies , cicadas , and others . will also eat various berries , especially in fall .\nmale defends nesting territory by singing incessantly . in courtship , male leads female to potential nest sites . nest : placed in tree ( usually deciduous ) , generally 20 - 40 ' above the ground but can be 3 - 60 ' up . both sexes help build open thick - walled cup nest , supported by the rim woven onto a horizontal forked twig . nest made of weeds , shreds of bark , grass , leaves , and plant fibers . outside of nest bound with spiderwebs and camouflaged with lichens and mosses ; lined with fine grass and pine needles .\nmigrates mostly at night . a rather early spring migrant in the south , often appearing in late march .\nsimilar to song of red - eyed and solitary vireos , but lower in pitch and with a husky or burry quality to the phrases .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nbna account authors : rodewald , paul g . , and ross d . james\nduring the early decades of the twentieth century , this species seemed to have disappeared from towns , suburban areas , and cities in the northeastern united states , including new york and boston . most ornithologists believed that these declines resulted from the heavy spraying of insecticides on shade trees to control dutch elm disease . although the species has disappeared more recently as a breeding species from several smaller forest reserves in the eastern united states , data from the breeding bird survey show a significant rangewide population increase of 1 . 1 % per year from 1966 to 1994 . this increase may be due , in part , to the maturation of woodlands in some areas of the eastern united states and canada .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nno modification . bird singing from oak tree in camp ground about 40 feet up .\nequipment : olympus ws - 822 digital recorder with audio - technica atr 6550 shotgun .\nrecorded via iphone 7 and amplified on garageband . clear day , no wind , warm ( mid - 70s to low 80s ) . individual heard ( but not scene ) possibly in upper stories of tree near small creek .\nsame recording session as xc372010 . natural song and a couple calls ( middle of cut ) while close - range bird ( ~ 4m ) works the branches of woodland trees adjacent to wolf creek .\nthe softer\nchimp\ncalls heard throughout ( e . g . , 0 : 20 and 1 : 53 ) are given by this individual .\nrecorded in low vegetation adjacent to a bog at a range of about 5 meters .\nequipment : sony pcm - m10 recorder and a sennheiser mke - 400 microphone . modifications to the file : cropped .\nnatural sound . the bird was in the new leaves in the canopy of a red oak ~ 30m away on the north edge of the grounds around the house .\n29 - acre estate centrally located in oxford , ms consisting of antebellum home surrounded by lawns and adjacent forest . privet hedges and small thickets divide the grounds into distinct lawn units . bordered on all sides by mature oak - hickory forest . forest edge consists of oak spp , hickory spp , red cedar , mulberry , with understory along the edge dominated by privet ( ligustrum sp . ) . grounds around the house include isolated trees and manicured hedges . a path from the end of the parking area leads northward ~ 1 km through the forest to the northern edge of the property abutting the university of mississippi campus\nedited in adobe audition . butterworth high - pass filter , order 3 , cutoff frequency 100 hz\nfostex fr - 2 digital recorder with sennheiser microphone and telinga pro 22\nparabolic reflector .\ntwo individuals present , only one is singing while foraging . habitat : mature broadleaf forest .\nresponse to playback of xc100597 , really close in the understory and lower boughs of the tree .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n10 hrs best nightingale song - black screen # soothing bird singing for sleep , study , meditation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nantigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; el salvador ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; honduras ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , u . s .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > ."]}
{"id": 867, "summary": [{"text": "cephalotes fiebrigi is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "giving their name also as gliding ants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cephalotes fiebrigi", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes fiebrigi for further details\na member of the fiebrigi clade differing from its sister species , cephalotes guayaki , in the worker , soldier and gyne by the denser , erect , truncate body hairs .\nraised to species and senior synonym of cephalotes guttifer : kempf , 1958a : 28 .\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) \u2014the mirror turtle ant\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) - the mirror turtle ant .\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) \u2014the mirror turtle ant | brand\u00e3o | zootaxa\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\ndescription of cephalotes specularis n . sp . ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) - the mirror turtle ant . - pubmed - ncbi\nde andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 672 , male described , page 667 , combination in cephalotes )\nworker and soldier . type locality : san bernardino ( paraguay ) . type material : 1 worker ( only mesosoma ) , lectotype designated by kempf ( 1958 a : 32 ) , labelled \u201csan bernardino , paraguay , in dry wood , cr . pilosus fiebrigi , lectotype , w . w . kempf det . \u201d ; 2 workers and 1 soldier ( syntypes ) labeled \u201csan bernardino , paraguay , in spalten trockenen holzes ( fiebrig ) , c . pilosus em . r . fiebrigi forel , type\u201d , in musee d ' histoire naturelle gen\u00e8ve , examined .\nguttifer . cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) guttifer santschi , 1919f : 45 ( s . q . ) argentina . santschi , 1922d : 253 ( w . m . ) . [ misspelled as guttatus by santschi , 1929d : 301 . ] junior synonym of fiebrigi : kempf , 1958a : 28 .\ncombination in cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) : santschi , 1919f pdf : 45 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : kempf , 1958a : 28 ; in zacryptocerus : brand\u00e3o , 1991 pdf : 386 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 667 .\nde andrade , m . l . & baroni - urbani , c . ( 1999 ) diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde serie b ( geologie und palaontologie ) , 271 , 1\u2013889 .\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants . the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter . this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers . foragers have been observed feeding on carrion , bird feces , extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids . pollen feeding has been observed in some species , and this is somewhat specialized for ants , but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way . evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated , in part , via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets . it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they\nfly\ntowards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nworker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nforel , 1906d : 235 ( s . w . ) paraguay . de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 672 ( m . ) . combination in\n: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 667 . raised to species and senior synonym of\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length 3 . 9 - 4 . 9 mm . black ; frontal carinae pale testaceous or pale ferruginous ; articulations of legs , tarsi , tips of scapes and basal segments of funiculus , more or less fuscous - ferruginous .\nhead subopaque , subrectangular , distinctly longer than broad , its upper face rather convex in the middle , the frontal carinae flat to excavated , the entire surface finely reticulate - punctate , sparsely and rather shallowly foveolate without conspicuous rugosities . sides of head subparallel , often distinctly concave above eyes . frontal carinae , in part , translucid , in lateral view considerably thickened just in front of the eyes .\nthorax , in profile , - also transversely across the pronotum , - noticeably convex . promesonotum less expanded laterad , its sides tridentate , the posterior tooth more or less rectangular . mesonotum laterally tuberculate or subdentate . sides of basal face of epinotum bidentate , the posterior tooth being largest . declivous face sharply marginate at the sides . sculpture of dorsum of thorax as on head , finely reticulate - punctate and sparsely foveolate . sides of thorax with finely reticulate - punctate with fine , more or less longitudinal rugosities on the laterotergite of the pronotum . sides of fore coxae not transversely striate .\npeduncular segments with a triangular anterior face , separated from the dorsal face by a more or less marked edge , the vertex of the anterior face forming middorsally a projecting tooth , facing caudad . this tooth is rather feeble on the petiole , but strongly marked on the postpetiole . lateral spines of the petiole long , rather delicate , gently and evenly recurved , and acute at apex . spines of postpetiole similar , but much more strongly recurved . body of petiole comparatively narrower than in pilosus .\ngaster oval , similar to that of pilosus , slightly more shining , the first tergite being very finely and rather superficially reticulate - punctate . general pattern of pilosity as in pilosus , but the appressed scalelike hair is shorter and finer , and the standing hair is abundant , more scattered , much shorter ( shorter than the diameter of tibiae ) , straight , not visibly flexuous .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 64 - 4 . 84 ; hl 0 . 86 - 1 . 06 ; hw 0 . 88 - 1 . 08 ; el 0 . 25 - 0 . 29 ; pw 0 . 81 - 1 . 00 ; pew 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 48 - 0 . 59 ; hbal 0 . 40 - 0 . 41 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 11 ; ci 101 . 9 - 102 . 3 ; pi 108 . 0 - 108 . 6 ; ppei 178 . 6 - 184 . 1 ; pppi 168 . 7 - 169 . 5 ; hbai 18 . 9 - 22 . 5 .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length 5 . 8 - 6 . 5 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 68 - 1 . 78 mm ; of thorax 1 . 57 - 1 . 72 mm . black ; the following yellowish - ferruginous : anterolateral portion of head disc , a triangular area on each shoulder , and usually four larger spots on the first gastral tergite , one close to each corner , the pair of the same side often being confluent ; ferruginous : tip of scape , first funicular segment , knees , extensor face of tibiae , the four apical tarsites of each leg .\nhead disc more elongate , its rim less distinctly crenulate , its sides distinctly converging caudad , with a feeble constriction at the level of the eyes . anterolateral portion of head disc more or less excavated , the clypeal area marked off by a raised ridge . sculpture of disc coarsely reticulate - rugose , as in pilosus , but the meshes are larger , and the foveolae more deeply impressed . about twelve foveolae may be counted in a transverse row , across the head , at the level of the eyes ( fifteen or more in pilosus and liogaster ) .\nthorax dorsally mostly foveolate , scarcely reticulate - rugose . transverse pronotal carina feeble , usually broadly interrupted in the middle , nor forming a raised crest . laterotergite of pronotum finely and more or less longitudinally rugose . sides of thorax never with strong rugosities . sides of fore coxae only reticulate - punctate .\npeduncular segments in general as in worker , broader than in pilosus , with strong lateral spines . only the postpetiole possesses a sharply edged triangular anterior face , the vertex of which terminates middorsally in a tooth . sides of gaster gently convex . the first tergite finely but superficially reticulate - punctate , with a few longitudinal rugosities on the antero - median portion .\npilosity , in general , as in worker . in addition the following highly distinctive feature : from each foveola of the head disc and the sides of head emerges a thick , curved scalelike hair , the free end of which projects well beyond the rim of the foveola . a somewhat similar condition holds occasionally for the foveolae of the thorax .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 92 - 6 . 60 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 44 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 33 - 0 . 35 ; pw 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 68 - 0 . 69 ; ppw 0 . 69 - 0 . 77 ; hbal 0 . 39 - 0 . 41 ; hbaw 0 . 11 ; ci 94 . 7 - 100 . 0 ; pi 102 . 8 - 105 . 7 ; ppei 202 . 9 - 205 . 9 ; pppi 181 . 8 - 202 . 9 ; hbai 26 . 8 - 28 . 2 .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - length 7 . 5 - 7 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 67 - 1 . 71 mm ; of thorax 2 . 14 - 2 . 25 mm . color , sculpture and general features as in soldier . the head disc is still more elongate , indistinctly marginate postero - laterally behind the eyes . it differs from pilosus and liogaster by the shape of the peduncular segments , the nearly parallel - sided gaster , the short wings . the fore wing , measuring 5 . 1 - 5 . 2 mm , projects very little beyond the tip of the gaster , when folded over the back . the wings are infuscated , the venation of the fore wing is quite similar to that of liogaster .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 88 - 7 . 92 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 40 - 1 . 48 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 36 - 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 59 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 68 - 0 . 73 ; hbal 0 . 49 - 0 . 51 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 13 ; ci 94 . 6 - 97 . 4 ; pi 102 . 0 - 102 . 1 ; ppei 226 . 7 - 237 . 3 ; pppi 191 . 8 - 200 . 0 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 25 . 5 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - very similar to the male of pilosus and lanuginosus but differing from both in the following details : head more convex dorsally . eyes as broad as in pilosus and smaller than in lanuginosus . anterior face of the petiole concave as in lanuginosus . hind basitarsi longer and narrower than in pilosus and lanuginosus .\nsculpture . first gastral tergite as shining as in lanuginosus . rugosities on the propodeal dorsum irregular on the sides and slightly transversal on the middle , those on the pedicel regular and very superficial .\ncolour . black , gaster slightly lighter . coxae and two proximal thirds of the femora light brown . distal third of femora , tibiae and tarsi dark yellow .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 60 - 5 . 76 ; hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 94 ; hw 0 . 98 - 1 . 04 ; el 0 . 43 - 0 . 46 ; pw 0 . 96 - 1 . 02 ; pew 0 . 50 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 63 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 51 ; hbaw 0 . 09 ; ci 110 . 6 - 116 . 7 ; pi 101 . 9 - 104 . 0 ; ppei 178 . 6 - 192 . 0 ; pppi 161 . 9 - 174 . 5 ; hbai 17 . 6 - 18 . 7 .\ncryptocerus guttifer . soldier and gyne . type locality : alta gracia ( cordoba , argentina ) . type material : 1 gyne ( syntype ) labelled \u201ccordoba , ar . alta gracia , bruch , cr . guttifer santo type\u201d , in naturhistorisches museum basel , examined .\ncryptocerus guttifer . worker , soldier , gyne , male . type material : 8 workers , 2 soldiers , 2 gynes , 2 males ( all syntypes ) labelled \u201ccordoba , ar . alta gracia , bruch , cr . guttifer , sant . type , z 1\u201d , in nhmb ; 1 worker and 1 soldier ( syntypes ) in museum of comparative zoology ; 1 worker , 1 soldier , 2 gynes labelled only \u201csyntypes\u201d , in zoologische staatssammlung , munich , all examined .\nbrand\u00e3o , c . r . f . 1991 . adendos ao cat\u00e1logo abreviado das formigas da regi\u00e3o neotropical ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . rev . bras . entomol . 35 : 319 - 412 ( page 386 , combination in zacryptocerus )\nforel , a . 1906d . fourmis n\u00e9otropiques nouvelles ou peu connues . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 50 : 225 - 249 ( page 235 , soldier , worker described )\nkempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 28 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) , raised to species , and senior synonym of guttifer )\nsantschi , f . 1919f . nouveaux formicides de la r\u00e9publique argentine . an . soc . cient . argent . 87 : 37 - 57 ( page 45 , combination in cryptocerus ( paracryptocerus ) )\nthis page was last modified on 21 november 2015 , at 21 : 43 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nparaguay : boquer\u00f3n , caaguaz\u00fa , central , cordillera , \u00f1eembuc\u00fa , pte . hayes , san pedro\nwild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55\nboquer\u00f3n , central , cordillera , \u00f1eembuc\u00fa , pte . hayes , san pedro ( alwc , inbp , ifml , mhng ) . literature records : caaguaz\u00fa , cordillera ( de andrade & baroni - urbani 1999 , forel 1906 ) .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbrand\u00e3o cr 1 , feitosa rm 2 , powell s 3 , del - claro k 4 .\nmuseu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil . ; email : crfbrand @ usp . br .\ndepartamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , curitiba , pr , brazil . ; email : rsmfeitosa @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , u . s . a . ; email : scottpowell @ gwu . edu .\ninstituto de biologia , universidade federal de uberl\u00e2ndia , uberl\u00e2ndia minas gerais , brazil . ; email : delclaro @ ufu . br .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\ncarlos roberto f . brand\u00e3o museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil .\nrodrigo m . feitosa departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , curitiba , pr , brazil .\nscott powell department of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , u . s . a .\nkleber del - claro instituto de biologia , universidade federal de uberl\u00e2ndia , uberl\u00e2ndia minas gerais , brazil .\ncoyle , f . a . ( 1966 ) defensive behavior and associated morphological features in three species of the ant genus paracryptocerus . insectes sociaux , 13 , 93\u2013104 . urltoken\nfeitosa , r . m . & brand\u00e3o , c . r . f . ( 2008 ) a taxonomic revision of the neotropical myrmicine ant genus lachnomyrmex wheeler ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1890 , 1\u201349 .\nk\u00fcmmerli , r . & keller , l . ( 2009 ) patterns of split sex ratio in ants have multiple evolutionary causes based on different within - colony conflicts . biology letters , 5 , 713\u2013716 . urltoken\npenick , c . a . , copple , r . n . , mendez , r . a . & smith , a . a . ( 2012 ) t he role of anchor - tipped larval hairs in the organization of ant colonies . plos one , 7 , e41595 . h urltoken\nprice , s . l . , powell , s . , kronauer , d . j . c . , tran , l . a . p . , pierce , n . e . & wayne , r . k . ( 2014 ) renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the neotropical turtle ants . journal of evolutionary biology , 27 , 242\u2013258 . urltoken 0\nwheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1976 ) ant larvae : review and synthesis . memoirs of the entomological society of washington , 7 , 1\u2013168 .\nyoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2011 ) a revision of male ants of the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : key to genera of the subfamily dolichoderinae , zootaxa , 2794 , 1\u201334 ."]}
{"id": 874, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia choana is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by park in 1995 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in taiwan and japan ( ryukyus ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 4.5 \u2013 4.7 millimetres ( 0.18 \u2013 0.19 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the forewings are creamy white , speckled with pale brownish grey and scattered with blackish scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish dot on the extreme base of the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale brownish grey , hyaline on the basal half and with the veins darker . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anarsia choana", "paragraphs": ["anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nfigures 52 \u2013 55 . male genitalia : 52 , a . similicampa park , sp . nov . , 52 a , close - up uncus ; 53 , a . choana park ; 53 a , left valva + tegumen of the same species ; 53 b , tegumen + right valva of the same species ; 53 c , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 54 , a . kepensis park , sp . nov . , left valva ; 54 a , ditto , right valva + tegumen ; 54 b , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 55 , a . didymopa meyrick .\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia kepensis bae , shin , na & park , 2016 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nfigures 22 \u2013 40 . labial palpus of male and female : 22 , anarsia trichornis meyrick ; 22 a , ditto , female ; 23 , a . isogona meyrick ; 24 , a . paraisogona park ; 25 , a . incerta ueda ; 26 , a . deuterodes park , sp . nov . ; 27 , a . phortica meyrick ; 28 , a . diversiola park , sp . nov . ; 29 , a . porthmista park , sp . nov . ; 29 a , ditto , female ; 30 . a . acerata meyrick , female ; 31 , a . gryphodes park , sp . nov . ; 32 , a . campestra park , sp . nov . ; 33 , a . similicampa park , sp . nov . , 34 , a . choana park ; 35 , a . kepensis park , sp . nov . ; 36 . a . melanodes park , sp . nov . ; 37 , a . didymopa meyrick ; 38 , a . pusillidia park , sp . nov . ; 39 , a . patulella ( walker ) ; 39 a , ditto , female ; 40 , a . houhunlii park , sp . nov .\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nfigures 1 \u2013 21 . adults and venations . 1 , anarsia trichornis meyrick , female ; 2 , a . isogona meyrick , male ; 3 , a . paraisogona park , male ; 4 , a . incerta ueda , male ; 5 , a . deuterodes park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 6 . a . photica meyrick , male ; 7 , a . diversiola park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 8 , a . porthmista park , sp . nov . , female , paratype ; 9 , a . acerata meyrick , male ; 10 , a . gryphodes park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 10 a , ditto , hair pencil on underside of forewing , 11 , a . campestra park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 12 , a . similicampa park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 13 , a . choana park , male ; 14 , a . kepensis park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 15 , a . melanodes park , sp . nov . , male . holotype ; 15 a , ditto , hair pencil on underside of hindwing ; 15 b . ditto , female . 16 , a . didymopa meyrick , male ; 17 , a . pusillidia park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 18 , a . patulella ( walker ) , male ; 19 , a . houhunlii park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 19 a , ditto , hair pencil on underside of forewing ; 20 , hindwing venation of a . patulella walker ; 21 , hindwing venation of a . porthmista park , sp . nov . .\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nbae , yang - seop , shin , young - min , na , sol - moon & park , kyu - tek , 2016 , the genus anarsia in cambodia and the northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , with descriptions of ten new species and a catalogue of the genus in the central - east asia , zootaxa 4061 ( 3 ) , pp . 227 - 252 : 232\nbae , yang - seop , shin , young - min , na , sol - moon & park , kyu - tek , 2016 , the genus anarsia in cambodia and the northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , with descriptions of ten new species and a catalogue of the genus in the central - east asia , zootaxa 4061 ( 3 ) , pp . 227 - 252 : 230\nbae , yang - seop , shin , young - min , na , sol - moon & park , kyu - tek , 2016 , the genus anarsia in cambodia and the northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , with descriptions of ten new species and a catalogue of the genus in the central - east asia , zootaxa 4061 ( 3 ) , pp . 227 - 252 : 237 - 238\nfigures 41 \u2013 43 a . male genitalia ( phl : phallus ) : 41 , anarsia trichornis meyrick ; 41 a , ditto , that of the same species ; 41 b , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 42 , a . isogona meyrick ; 42 a , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 42 b , ditto , left valve of a taiwanese specimen ; 43 , a . paraisogona park ; 43 a , ditto , that of the same species .\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan . ( journal , magazine , 1995 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan . publisher : osaka , japan : lepidopterological society of japan , [ 1995 - 2010 ] oclc : 32651726\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan . / nihon rinshi gakkai . ; ; osaka , japan : lepidopterological society of japan , [ 1995 - 2010 ]\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n; clarke , 1969 : 246 ; park and ponomarenko , 1996 : 41 .\n; ponomarenko , 1997 : 53 , 2009 : 342 . tl : maskeliya , sri lanka . the type in bmnh .\n) : wingspan , 13 . 0 mm . the species is characterized by the extremely large trapezoidal costal patch occupying 1 / 3 the length of costa , with the length of the lower margin nearly same as the upper margin , and an expansible blackish long hairpencil near base on underside of forewing well developed ; the second segment of labial palpus in male ( fig . 27\n) quadrate , upturned , strongly angled near base . the forewing is broad , with obtuse apex ; the ground color is grayish , with brownish scales sparsely scattered in basal 1 / 3 , densely covered with brownish scales in middle , then grayish white mottled with dark brown scales in distal part of wing . the hindwing has a broadly developed anterior expansion , abruptly oblique beyond middle . the female is unknown .\na ) : uncus more or less triangular , curved apically , with antero - lateral process , apex pointed . tegumen short , shorter than valvae . left valva roundly expanded in basal 1 / 3 on ventral margin , with slender , heavily sclerotized , s - shaped process , extending to 2 / 3 of valva ; costa slightly concave beyond middle . right valva with a large spatulate lobe on ventral margin near base ; zone with palmately modified scales in distal end . phallus strongly curved before middle , then s - shaped .\nmaterial examined . vietnam : 2 \u2642 , bac khan prov . , ba be nat . park , 26\u201328 vii 2006 ( park , chae , & cuong ) , gen . slide no . cis - 6425 .\ndistribution . vietnam ( new record , vinh phuc prov . ) , n india , sri lanka , thailand ( n & w ) , malaysian borneo ( kutching ) .\nfigures 44 \u2013 47 a . male genitalia : 44 , a . incerta ueda ; 44 a , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 45 , a . deuterodes park , sp . nov . , left and right valva ; 45 a , ditto , tegumen + uncus ; 45 b , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 46 . a . phortica meyrick ; 46 a , ditto , phallus ; 47 , a . diversiola park , sp . nov . ; 47 a , ditto , different view of the same species .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nholotype : \u2642 , cambodia , kep , 11 xi 2011 ( ys bae et al . ) , gen slide no . cis - 6437 .\ndiagnosis . this new species is easily distinguished from its allies by having very characterized the male labial palpus which is shortly developed and visible , while the third segment atrophied in most known species , and the second segment with an additional , upturned scale tuft arising from base of inner surface .\n) . wingspan , 11 mm . head pale brownish gray on dorsal surface , blackish on face , with brownish scales laterally . flagellum of antenna with indistinct brownish annulations . second segment of labial palpus in male ( fig . 35\n) very large , quadrate , with scale tuft antero - ventrally , longer than width of head , densely covered with dark brown scales on outer surface ; inner surface black , shiny , except median white zone beyond middle , with an additional upturned scale tuft arising from base , upturned ; third segment shortly developed , visible . tegula covered with blackish scales on anterior half , brownish scales on posterior half . thorax brownish dorsally . forewing elongate ; ground color brownish orange , mottled with dark brown scales ; a small black streak near base of cell ; a longitudinal long blackish streak near base to 2 / 5 along plical line , discal streak black , as long as 1 / 5 the length of forewing , and another blackish streak from end of cell toward costa before apex ; costa nearly straight ; costal patch elongate preceded by the similar , smaller dots and followed by three smaller ones on costa ; long whitish hair pencil on the underside of the forewing absent ; apex more or less obtuse ; termen oblique ; fringe grayish . hindwing elongate , grayish white , hyaline before middle , brownish scales along veins ; broad anterior expansion on costa extended to middle , then oblique ; apex acute .\na\u2013b ) : abdominal sternite viii convex on caudal margin , with pocket - like lateral sacs on anterior margin ( fig . 54\nb ) . uncus short , with acute apex , downward apically ; socius elongate . tegumen as long as valve , with almost parallel sides . valvae asymmetrical , but more or less similar ; left valva large , elongate , with a protrusion near basal 1 / 3 on dorsal margin ; ventral margin convex beyond middle , without sclerotized basal process ; patch of modified scales in distal 1 / 6 . right valve slender , narrower beyond 2 / 3 ; patch of modified scales as in left valva . phallus taenioid , terminated with sclerotized spine - like process apically , about 2 / 3 the length of valva .\n; meyrick , 1925 : 153 ; caradja & meyrick , 1935 : 69 ; clark , 1969 : 245 ; park , 1995 : 60 ; ueda , 1997 : 79 .\n; ponomarenko , 1997 : 52 , 2009 : 341 . tl : india , nilgiris . the holotype in bmnh .\n, with the elongated forewing and having a large subtriangular costal patch medially , but can be distinguished by the lack of a long hair pencil on the underside of the forewing . the hindwing is grayish with the anterior expansion developed to beyond middle , and the venation with m 2 close to m 3 basally , m 3 and cua 1 connate and with acute apex . the male genitalia also have quite different characteristics : such as different shapes of valvae , especially the long - stalked , palmately modified scales\na ) : abdominal sternite viii rounded on caudal margin , with long hair pencils laterally . uncus rather short ; socius semiovate . tegumen about as long as valva , slightly expanded laterally beyond middle . left valve broad in basal 3 / 5 , outer margin abruptly truncated , then very narrowed , tapered ; basal process slender , curved , tapered , acute apically ; patch of long - stalked palmately modified scales occupying in distal half . right valve more or less similar to left one , but ventral margin gently rounded , with a very small basal process . phallus slender , tapered , about 2 / 3 the length of left valva .\nmaterial examined . vietnam : 1 \u2642 , vinh phuc prov . , tam dao nat . park , 750m , 30 vii 2006 ( park , chae , & cuong ) , gen . slide no . cis - 6434 ; 1 \u2642 , same locality , 450 m , 15 viii 2006 ( kt park , my kim , & my chae ) .\ndistribution . india , china ( taiwan : taoyuan co . ) vietnam ( new record ; vinh phuc prov . ) , japan .\nremarks . slight morphological differences in male genitalia are found between taiwan ( fig . 42\nb ) and japan specimens : vietnam specimen has the ventral margin of valva strongly angled beyond middle and the abdominal sternite viii rounded on caudal margin , not concave at middle . the vietnam specimens are tentatively treated as conspecific in this paper . however , these differences should be re - examined in detail when additional material is available .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 891, "summary": [{"text": "gelophaula trisulca is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 29 \u2013 31 mm for males and about 33 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings of the males are deep ochreous yellow with a broad pale ochreous-yellowish median streak , suffused beneath and posteriorly .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal area above the streak is deep red brown , the costal edge suffused with dark leaden grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the dorsal third of the wing is suffused with ferruginous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey , tinged with blackish towards the apex and termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "females have pale ochreous-yellowish forewings with two dark-fuscous dots in the disc .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale whitish yellowish sprinkled with grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gelophaula trisulca", "paragraphs": ["gelophaula trisulca ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 48 , 44 .\ngenus : gelophaula meyrick , 1923 . trans . n . z . inst . 54 : 163 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : harmologa trisulca meyrick , 1916 . trans . n . z . inst . 48 : 414 . [ bhl ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1915 . [ electronic resource ]\n\u2642 21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax light grey , palpi moderate , ascending . antennal ciliations 1 . abdomen pale ochreous - grey , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , costa moderately arched , without fold , apex tolerably pointed , termen nearly straight , rather strongly oblique , pale grey , with scattered black scales tending to form rows ; costa rather broadly suffused with whitish , a conspicuous black dot m disc at \u00be : cilia whitish - grey . hindwings light grey : cilia whitish - grey .\narthur ' s pass , 3 , 000 ft , m december ( hudson ) ; one specimen . allied to indigestana .\n\u2640 33 m . head and palpi pale ochreous , palpi 4 . thorax with pale - ochreous hairs , blackish - scaled beneath . abdomen whitish - ochreous forewings elongate , moderate , slightly dilated , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen faintly sinuate , little oblique , pale ochreous - yellowish ; two dark - fuscous dots in disc before and beyond middle , just below upper margin of cell . cilia whitish , basal third pale - yellowish . hindwings pale whitish - yellowish sprinkled with grey , dorsal \u2156 suffused with grey : cilia yellow - whitish .\narthur ' s pass , 3 , 500 ft . , m december ( hudson ) , four specimens . the \u2642 is much like siraea , but a larger and finer insect , more brightly coloured , the costal area of forewings very much darker than dorsal , the head and thorax without grey suffusion , whilst in siraea the costal and dorsal areas are nearly the same in colour , the costal edge distinctly whitish , and the median streak forms a distinct projection along fold ; the \u2640 , however , are entirely different , siraea having grey - whitish forewings and white hindwings , whilst this species is much more like aenea . a \u2642 sent by mr hudson from the hunter mountains is true siraea .\nmount arthur , 4 , 500 ft , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . formerly identified by me incorrectly as siraea , of which my series was taken by myself in the same locality ( broadly speaking ) ; i now see that it must be regarded as quite distinct . there is evidently a not inconsiderable group of allied species , and other mountains should be searched for them . as the sexes are always very dissimilar , both should be obtained from the same locality if possible .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neurythecta eremana ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 17 , 144 .\nseveral bred from larvae found feeding on phyllocladus alpinus . the moths emerged early in february ( lindsay ) .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need ."]}
{"id": 892, "summary": [{"text": "chrysallida sarsi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the chrysallida genus of gastropods . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "chrysallida sarsi", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : chrysallida sarsi f . nordsieck , 1972 - id : 5364000068\n^ a b gofas , s . ( 2011 ) . chrysallida sarsi nordsieck , 1972 . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 10 - 26\naartsen , j . j . van , 1977 . european pyramidellidae : i . chrysallida . conchiglie , 13 : 49 - 64 .\nvan der linden j . & eikenboom j . c . a . ( 1992 ) on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ 15 june 1992 ]\n^ van der linden j . & eikenboom j . c . a . ( 1992 ) on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria 56 : 3 - 63 . [ 15 june 1992 ]\nlinden , j . van der & j . c . a . eikenboom , 1992 . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores ( gastropoda , pyramidellidae ) . basteria , 56 : 3 - 36 .\nvan aartsen j . j . & menkhorst h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n . evalea ) and menestho . basteria 60 ( 1 - 3 : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ]\n^ van aartsen j . j . & menkhorst h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n . evalea ) and menestho . basteria 60 ( 1 - 3 : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ]\nvan der linden , j . ; eikenboom , j . c . a . ( 1992 ) . on the taxonomy of the recent species of the genus chrysallida carpenter from europe , the canary islands and the azores . basteria . 56 ( 1 - 3 ) : 3 - 63 . , available online at urltoken ; = 596988 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan aartsen , j . j . & menkhorst , h . p . m . g . ( 1996 ) . nordsieck ' s pyramidellidae ( gastropoda prosobranchia ) : a revision of his types . part 1 : the genera chrysallida , ondina ( s . n evalea ) and menestho . basteria . 60 ( 1 - 3 ) : 45 - 56 . [ 23 august 1996 ] . , available online at urltoken ; = 597086 [ details ]\nnordsieck f . ( 1972 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeresschnecken ( opisthobranchia mit pyramidellidae ; rissoacea ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer , stuttgart xiii + 327 pp : page ( s ) : 98 ; pl . pii fig . 4 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nm . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne\non the atlantic coasts of europe . rare in brittany and only rather common on the dutch coast (\nseaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n^ gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\nnordsieck f . ( 1972 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeresschnecken ( opisthobranchia mit pyramidellidae ; rissoacea ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden , mittelmeer und schwarzes meer . gustav fischer , stuttgart xiii + 327 pp :\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nnordsieck , 1972 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nankel , w . e . , 1926 . lamellibranchia . in grimpe , g . & wagler , e . : die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\n. pyramidellids are most often found in association with molluscs and tubiculous polychaetes . as many as 40 species occur around the british isles but most are rare , or only infrequently recorded .\naartsen , j . j . van , 1987 . european pyramidellidae : iii . odostomia and ondina . boll . malac . , 23 : 1 - 34 .\ngraham , alastair f . r . s . , 1988 . molluscs : prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 2 : 1 - 662 .\nhayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .\nin the latter case have become adapted to every kind of habitat from abyssal oozes to oceanic surface currents .\nmay be adapted for grasping the substratum , for locomotion , burrowing or feeding , and is often closely associated with the head . in the gastropods the head is usually well developed , with paired sensory\nhead has regressed , and feeding and sensory functions are carried out by other parts of the body .\n- bearing end of the animal . the main body organs of the mollusc are concentrated in the\nshell , characteristic of molluscs , although secondarily absent in many taxonomic groups . the shell is three - layered , with an organic outer layer , the\nare aided by cilia and mucus - secreting cells . in the bivalves , in which the whole animal lies within an enlarged\ncleansing has been adapted to microphagous feeding ; the head has largely disappeared , and the mouth is equipped with pronounced labial palps for the collection of detritus - laden mucus .\nin all molluscs the coelom is represented by a small cavity surrounding the heart and gonads . the blood circulatory system is open , and both blood and coelomic fluid circulate through extensive haemocoelic spaces which serve as an efficient hydrostatic skeleton . in primitive molluscs sexes are separate , fertilisation is external , and embryos develop as planktonic\npoppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .\ntebble , n . , 1966 . british bivalve seashells . 212 pp . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . london .\nj\u0004\u00f64 + p\u00e2\u00fa\u000e } \u0088\u00eb\u00131q\u00ff\u00ecp\u0097 ` \u00b7\u0081\u0002\u00a7\u00e2 ' 4 # 0y { rnc \\ j _ \u001b\u0006\u00e9\u00ec\u0099\u00b2 % \u00b4 \u00b7\u00ee\u008f\u00b6\u001a [ \u009er\u00f9\u00e4\u0092 - \u0097\u0011s\u00f7 + \u00058\u00b1 [ < \u00a19\u00e2j\u0012\u008a\u0084\u00df\u0019 ^ \u00fe\u0012\u00ee\u00ae\u001a\u00fainap % \u0095 \u0018\u00fe\u00e3\u00a4\u00ea\u000f\u0094j7di\u0001\u00e8\u00b6\u00e4p\u0014\u00b1\u0084 \u00bf\u00f6\u00df\u00981\u0003h\u0090o\u0001\u00ef\u0007\u00a6 s\u00ec\u00eb1h\u008d + \u00f5\u0007\u00f9\u00fc ( t\u009330\u00a8t\u00b3\u00b9\u00e91\u0099\u00f0\u00f6\u009d\u00be / \u00e9\u0096\u0017\u008a\u00b5d\u00fa\u00e7c\u00ebz\u0093\u0081 { \u00aa } ti\u00d7 > \u00a3\u00e2 + * \u0084\u00869\u00f4\u008e _ \u00f1\u00eco\u00ec\u0004 \\ \u00f0p > \u00e7\u008c\u008b0\u00e1v\u00efpk \u00075\u0015 $ \u00bb ) p\u00eb\u0086\u00ab \u00e7\u00e8\u0005 ] j / ; \u00e1\u0092 ] \u00ee % \u00bc & \u00e3k\u00f7znt\u00ef9\u00849\u0017\u00few\u00e7\u0082krt\u00f6\u00bb\u007f\u00ef\u00ebn\u00ee \u00adr\u00f17\u0007 > j\u008fm\u00f6vf\u00ec\u00fal\u00fd\u00eb\u00fey\u00f8\u00ae\u0004\u00fd ^ \u00bf\u0087\u00ac\u00fa\u0080c\u00f4ox\u00fe\u00ef10 ~ \u0001\b \u00e7 ' \u00fd\u00e0w\u00b8\u00fa\u009c\u00ba\u00f8\u00ab\u00e9 | n\u00b8\u00f4\u00fe % f ; \u00f0 / 1vv\u00b1\u0084\u00e3\u0090\u00b8\u00e1\u00b8\u00bc\u00a2\u00af1 \u00e6\u0002\u0000\u00e2\u00b7\u00ed\u0093\u00f9\u00e9\u00ab\u00e3\u0018\u007f + \u000f\u00ea\u00fele\u0013\u00ec ` \u00ef\u0006 [ \u00ec\u00ed\u00dffl\u00f1\u00f4\u00ba1m\u0094k * \u008b\u00fd - \u0080 ) \u009bd\u00f2i\u00ec\u00f2\u00b66c\u00ffl 7 % p7l\u00e1 : ~ \u00ff\u00e5\u00e9\u00b4v\u0092 { \u00f1\u0088\u0081\u00bb } \u00b5\u0006u\u00f5\u0096\u0091k\u00e4\u00af\u0092 - \u00f1 z\u00df\u0092\u00ab\u00ad @ j8\u00f3\u0018\u0007\u00afi\bc\u0083\u00b1vt\u00ab\u0083uc\u00b4\u00fd4\u00edl\u00ae\u00e9n\u008b\u00b8\u00ea0\u00a6\u0080\u000e\u00e6\u00fa\u0016\u00eex\u009c\u00e3\u0080a \u00a8 ( \u009e\u00ba\u008b\u0080 \u00fb\u00a5\u00e1\u00d7 & \u00916\u00fc\u00e8 & < - wh\u0010d\u0016\u0003\u00e0\u00e1\u00ad\n\u00a4\u00ed\u0098 @ \u0012 * 7 [ s1\u00a6 ; , \u00e3\u00e8\u00e6d\u00f1\u00a3 ` \u0084\u009f\u00b7 # \u00e0 & \u00b9i\u0088i = p\u00acod\u00ed\u00ea7\u00ec\u00e2h\b5\u00fc = sm\u00ed\u00e3\u00ad\u008f $ \u009d\u00fb\u00ee \u00e6b $ \u00a2 @ \u00e9d\u008a\u00a5\u00ae\u00e3\u0018f # $ \u009b\u00bc\u00ba\u009b\u0083\u00f1\u00e8\u00e1\u0096 \u0006\u009e\u00ea\u00e5h\u00bf\u00a3\u0092\u00ea1 ^ 0\u0012\u00e0\u000e\u00eb\u00ad\u00fb\u00e9d\u00a8\u00b1s | t : \u00f7d\u00e3 bl\u00fc\u00ea\u00e7il\u00bbo\u00ea5\u00ecc\u00ac\u00e0\u00fa f\u00fa\u00a1h\u0086\u00016ps3 ) ! 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\u00e1 ~ \u0007\u00fdu\u0090\u000e\u00b7 \u00e9\u00e1\u00eb ! \b\u0090\u0017\u00fb\u00fa\u00e2re\u00ef \u00f4\u0080\u00e6pp\u009c\u00b5\u00eb\u00f6 / \u00e9\u00fan\u009a ~ \u00fa\u009b ! % y\u00f4\u00ea + r\u009d i\u0000y\u00bb + \u0087\u00f3pf ~ \u00f3\u00fb\u0082w\u00bc\u00f2j1\u00a9ee\u008df u\u00b5y / ~ \u00ac\u00ae\u0016\u00bf - \u0096b [ ` r\u00ba\u00eai\u00e7\u009c\u0086jh ' \u0098\u0005y - \u009d\u0097 \u0094\u00e9 & ; \u00f8\u009f\u0089\u00eaw\u00bc ? \u00af\u0016o\u00fe\u00bd\u00be8\u00be = \u00ff\u00b0 ~ y } q\u00bd9\u00bf \\ \u00dfn\u00eeo\u00aa\u00ed\u00f9\u00e2\u00e9 ? \u008exuv\u00b3xji\u0018\u0097\u00a6\u00b2\u0000 \u00a4f7\u00f0u\u00ef\u00ab\u00e8 \u00fa = \u00fd\u00eb\u00e2\u0007\u00f4\u00e21\u00ed\u00f5\u009f\u00e6\u0081g\u0002\u0006o\u0080f\u00ea\u00e9\u00e4\u0089va \\ vy ` l\u0005\u008aq\u00e1 * \u00e0\u00eczs\u00a1\u00e3\u00ad\u009b\u00fd\u00e3\u00e4\u00e3\u008b\u00f5\u00e2\u00e9j\u00fc\u008f > \u00acn\u00f1\u00fb\u00f5 \u00fe\u00b0\u00fa\u0088\u0097jus n\u007f\u00ff \u00af6\u0095g , \u00f1 = q ) \u00af\u00e2\u001a\u00ea\u00f0\u001ap\u00ad . \u0017 ? \u00f5\u00a2\u0001 ] \u00f3\u0006\u0014\u00fe\u00fdw\u00f5\u00fd\u00e2 ` \u00b5\u0010\u0015\u00fd\u00df\u009c - \u0014w\u00ecz\u00fa\u0002n\u000e7\u00eb\u0005s ^ \u00a2 ) t\u00ee\u00eex\u00e5\u00e2\u00f7\u00aer\u00e20\u00eb \u00848hgl \\ \u00f6\u00b0q\u00f5q\u00b3\u0094\u00bc\u00bek\u0096b\u00f4wx \u00fa\u00b8j\u0096\u0000\u00e1\u0083\u00aa\u00af\u00e3w\u009bf\u00a9t\u00fd\u0001\u00efy\u00bd\u000e\u00d73\u00bc\u00ba\u00fa < \u00fc\u009f \u008b\u0086\u00e8\u00f3\u00b89\u00fc\u00f5 ; \u00b4 \u00e9f\u00f4\u00aey\u009a\u00fa\u00efux\u00e4\u00e9\u00f1\u00fb\u00e3\u00ab\u00a7o\u009f"]}
{"id": 906, "summary": [{"text": "galerida is a genus of birds in the family alaudidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the current scientific name is derived from latin .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "galerida was the name for a lark with a crest , from galerum , \" cap \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the name galerida is synonymous with the earlier genus names calendula , heliocorys and ptilocorys . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "galerida", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\ngalerida cristata\nas hidden on the\ngalerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\ngalerida theklae huei : s - c ethiopia ( bale mts . , arussi )\nvalter jacinto marked\nfile : galerida cristata ( crested lark ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngalerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\ngalerida cristata caucasica : e aegean is . , n turkey , s caucasus and w transcaucasia\ngalerida theklae theresae : sw morocco ( s from anti - atlas mts . ) and western sahara\ngalerida cristata kleinschmidti : nw morocco ( e to rif mts . and s to middle atlas )\ngalerida theklae theklae : e and s portugal , spain , balearic is . , and extreme s france\ngalerida cristata cinnamomina : w lebanon ( w from beirut ) and nw israel ( mt . carmel and haifa )\nvalter jacinto marked\nn52 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\ngalerida cristata\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import , clements checklist resource , clements checklist resource , and clements checklist resource from galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : galerida theklae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nryan , p . ( 2018 ) . large - billed lark ( galerida magnirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nmove nicator species from incertae sedis to nicatoridae , which aligns with alaudidae and panuridae to form a basal trichotomy that is sister of the rest of the sylvioids ( beresford et al . 2005 , johansson et al . 2008 )\nbearded reedling is not related to parrotbills , but is sister to the larks ( alaudidae ) and in turn to the rest of the sylvioidea ( ericson and johansson 2003 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2006 ; fuchs et al . 2006 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\n( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\ndesert lark comprises at least 4 divergent mtdna lineages that require study and revision ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\na . c . arenicolor may comprise two divergent taxa ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\ne sudan to somalia , arabia , s iraq , socotra i . , iran an pakistan\ntreat as monotypic . spottiswoode et al . 2013 , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 .\naf : sw zambia , n , ec namibia , botswana , c and e south africa .\n( sinclair & ryan 2003 , hockey , dean & ryan eds 2005 , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\nto cape clapper lark and range to\nsw namibia , w , sc , s . africa\nwith split of\nc myanmar to s china , c , sc thailand , cambodia , c , s vietnam .\n( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 )\ns sakhalin i . , s kuril is . , japan and ryukyu is .\nthekla lark comprises several possible species , e . g . east african populations (\n) exhibit deep genetic divergences among themselves and from mediterranean populations ( guillaumet et al . 2008 ) . correct english name to thekla ' s lark which refers to the daughter of the german ornithologist brehm ( hbw alive )\nis split from crested lark ( guillaumet et al . 2006 , 2008 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 ) . correct species name is\ntreat erlanger ' s lark as a subspecies of blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al . 2016 )\naccept recommendation by redman et al . to use shorter name of blanford ' s lark for\nis a proposed split from blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al 2016 ) . includes\neu : wc turkey to s kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , ne iran and n afghanistan . also n israel , lebanon and w syria and n iraq .\ns europe and nw africa to turkey ( except sc and se ) , transcaucasia and nw iran .\nmorocco to nw egypt , s turkey to the sinai pen . and e iraq\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\npareja en su zona de nidificaci\u00f3n . grabado en una zona de estepa llana con hierba y matorral ralos donde existe una gran concentraci\u00f3n de al\u00e1udidos .\nel ecosistema es una zona de peque\u00f1as parcelas cultivadas de modo tradicional y casi sin productos fitosanitarios . all\u00ed se alternan plantaciones de tomate , alfalfa , cereal , calabaza , calabac\u00edn , jud\u00edas , y las lindes entre campos son de ca\u00f1as y alg\u00fan que otro arbusto de ricino .\nzona de cultivos tradicionales en regad\u00edo con poco tratamiento de productos fitosanitarios donde se alternan peque\u00f1as parcelas de alfalfa , calabac\u00edn , calabaza , nabo , tomate y cereal . las lindes entre campos est\u00e1n constitu\u00eddas por ca\u00f1as y alg\u00fan arbusto de ricino .\nun macho posado en el suelo canta realizando diversas imitaciones . grabado por audiotrampeo en una tabla de cristalizaci\u00f3n de salinas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nin europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 17 , 700 , 000 - 24 , 500 , 000 pairs , which equates to 35 , 300 , 000 - 49 , 000 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 20 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 176 , 500 , 000 - 245 , 000 , 000 mature individuals , placed here in the range of 175 , 000 , 000 - 249 , 999 , 999 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : the population is estimated to be in decline following regional declines in recent decades , probably owing to habitat loss and degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) . in europe , trends between 1982 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a steep decline ( ebcc 2015 ) . the european population decline is estimated to be less than 25 % in 11 . 4 years ( three generations ) ( birdlife international 2015 ) .\nthis species is threatened by agricultural intensification and over fertilization which results in overgrown vegetation in wastelands and road margins ( de juana and su\u00e1rez 2004 ) . in addition the use of pesticides has also negatively affected populations ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . changes in urbanization practices , such as new housing or industrial areas being rapidly forested along with afforestation schemes and possibly , climatic change are also threats ( de juana and su\u00e1rez 2004 ) .\nconservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within europe . conservation actions proposed wide scale conservation measures are required for this species including the maintenance of traditional low - intensity farming practices . management should include the maintenance of mosaics of non - irrigated cereal crops , including short - term set - aside lands , arable lands and wide margins between crops without any chemical treatments . in addition research should focus on the biological processes affecting the distribution and abundance of this species ( tucker and heath 1994 ) .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22717383a111109755 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 809 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 264 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing therefore the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhas sometimes been placed in monospecific calendula . see g . modesta . geographical variation largely clinal , with clines of increasing body size and decreasing bill size from w to e . birds from lesotho sometimes separated as race montivaga , but probably better merged with harei . three subspecies recognized .\nclancey , 1993 \u2013 karoo areas of extreme sw namibia and w south africa ( e to griqualand west ) .\n18 cm ; 35\u201348 g . large , heavily built , straw - coloured lark with robust bill . nominate race has fairly prominent creamy - buff to whitish supercilium , narrow dark eyestripe . . .\ntypical song , in flight or from ground or perch , a fast , stereotyped , slightly wheezy \u201ctit - it . . .\nsemi - arid grassland and dwarf shrubland , open coastal scrub , and fields . most abundant in cereal . . .\nseeds of grasses , sedges , various forbs and legumes ; also insects , including beetles ( coleoptera ) , caterpillars , cockroaches ( blattodea ) , . . .\nbreeds chiefly during spring months aug\u2013nov , occasionally later ( in summer ) . monogamous and territorial ; pair - members remain together . . .\nlargely resident ; has been suggested that it undertakes some altitudinal movements in e of range , . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally common to very common . has benefited from agriculture ; abundant in cereal croplands in western cape . also benefits from poor agricultural . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent molecular phylogeny of this family # r \u2014the most comprehensive attempted to date\u2014has recommended novel arrangements for several species and genera , including the resurrection of a number of abandoned genus - group names .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .\nvalter jacinto marked\nn52 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\nalauda cristata\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nprovoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 13 october 2017 , at 01 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy ."]}
{"id": 908, "summary": [{"text": "pinicola is a genus of \" grosbeaks \" of the finch family , fringillidae , containing a single species , the pine grosbeak ( pinicola enucleator ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name pinicola is from latin pinus , \" pine tree \" , and colere , \" to dwell \" .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the crimson-browed finch was formerly included in the genus but was moved to carpodacus with the rosefinches based on phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the molecular genetic studies have shown that the most closely related species to the pine grosbeak are the bullfinches in the genus pyrrhula .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the original description of the genus name pinicola by the french ornithologist louis jean pierre vieillot is variously dated to 1805 , [ 1.12 . ] 1807 , or 1808 as the year of publication .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the original description was included in vieillot \u2019s ( 1807 \u2013 1809 ) histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'am\u00e9rique septentrionale in tome 1 on page iv ( and on plate 1 figure 13 but without associated scientific name immediately on the plate for the illustrated bill ) .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the two volumes of this very rare work were printed in 22 consecutive issues in the course of three years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "according to peterson ( 2002 ) , 1808 might be the proper publication date of pinicola .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "pinicola vieillot , 1808 ( aves , fringillidae ) makes the name pinicola br\u00e9bisson , 1818 a junior homonym and therefore unavailable for a genus of xyelidae ( insecta , hymenoptera ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "pinicola", "paragraphs": ["fomitopsis pinicola f . effusa , fomitopsis pinicola f . paludosa , fomitopsis pinicola f . pinicola , fomitopsis pinicola f . resupinata\npinicola enucleator carlottae : islands and coasts from queen charlotte islands to vancouver i .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see crematogaster pinicola for further details\nplease confirm that you want to save all your changes for ' fomitopsis pinicola ss1 v1 . 0 ' .\nplease confirm that you want to discard all your changes for ' fomitopsis pinicola ss1 v1 . 0 ' .\n3 . fomitopsis pinicola ( swartz : fr . ) karst . - krit . finl . basidsv . , p . 306 . 1889 . - boletus pinicola swartz , svenska vetensk . - akad . . . .\npinicola enucleator pacatus : siberia ( e of yenisey r . ) to altai mts . , mongolia and manchuria\npinicola enucleator alascensis : nw alaska to nw mackenzie and ne br . col . ; winters to nw us\npolyporus pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , systema mycologicum 1 : 372 ( 1821 ) [ mb # 449579 ]\n2 . fomes pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , summa vegetabilium scandinaviae 2 ( 1849 ) [ mb # 152299 ]\n1 . boletus pinicola sw . , kungl . svenska vetenskapsakad . handl . : 88 ( 1810 ) [ mb # 233249 ]\n4 . polyporus pinicola ( sw . ) fr . , systema mycologicum 1 : 372 ( 1821 ) [ mb # 449579 ]\n3 . placodes pinicola ( sw . ) pat . , les hym\u00e9nomyc\u00e8tes d ' europe : 139 ( 1887 ) [ mb # 472362 ]\nwe believe that ecological evidence clearly indicates that c . ashmeadi and c . pinicola are reproductively isolated , and thus c . pinicola is a good species , not merely a color variant . ( see the biology section below for more details regarding the ecological distinctiveness of this species ) .\n7 . ungulina pinicola ( sw . ) singer , beihefte zum botanischen centralblatt 46 ( 2 ) : 79 ( 1929 ) [ mb # 274535 ]\nfomitopsis pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst . , meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica 6 : 9 ( 1881 ) [ mb # 101927 ]\n2 . fomes pinicola ( swartz ex fr . ) cooke ( pl . iii & pl . viii , 23 ) key pattern : ( 12 ) 12181221 1 2\nplease note that this organism is for archival use only . please see the current fomitopsis pinicola fp - 58527 ss1 v3 . 0 site for the latest data and information .\n6 . trametes pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst . , bidrag till k\u00e4nnedom av finlands natur och folk 37 : 46 ( 1882 ) [ mb # 471927 ]\nwe expect that c . pinicola will be found to occur widely on the southern coastal plain where suitable habitats are found . material collected throughout florida shows a remarkable consistency in color , size range , and morphology . crematogaster pinicola is clearly less variable than its sister species , c . ashmeadi , which shows more obvious variation in size and color over its much wider geographic distribution .\n5 . pseudofomes pinicola ( sw . ) l\u00e1zaro ibiza , revta r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . : 584 ( 1916 ) [ mb # 471082 ]\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pinicola enucleator . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndeyrup and cover ( 2007 ) - workers morphologically indistinguishable from those of crematogaster ashmeadi , except for a distinctive color difference in freshly collected material . in c . pinicola workers , the head , mesosoma , petiole , postpetiole , and appendages are ferrugineous red , and the gaster is black . in c . ashmeadi , mature specimens are always a uniform dark brown to black . a similar color distinction is seen in alate queens ; those of c . pinicola are notably bicolored , those of c . ashmeadi are uniformly brown or black . males of c . pinicola are generally somewhat lighter in color than those of c . ashmeadi , but are harder to distinguish reliably than the corresponding female castes . note : detailed morphometric studies might possibly reveal the existence of minute , but consistent morphological differences between the two species , but a detailed examination of all three castes in both species has not provided hints that such differences exist .\nt . pinicola is usually found in lightly wooded areas , mainly on young trees and tall open herbage in woodland clearings and rides . in essex it is often found in clearings several years after coppicing has taken place . adults of both sexes are found in early to mid - summer , occasionally into august .\ncrematogaster pinicola may be an important part of the diet of southeastern pine woodpeckers , especially the endangered red - cockaded woodpecker , whose diet was studied by hess and james ( 1998 ) . in the appalachicola national forest they found that c . pinicola comprised about 43 % of the woodpecker\u2019s arthropod diet , a degree of specialization on a single prey species that may be unique for insectivorous birds in the united states . many birds show ephemeral specialization on single species of insects that are at a high point in a population cycle , but the red - cockaded woodpecker can afford persistent specialization because ant colonies themselves are abundant , long - lived , and available at all seasons . this ant revises the moral of aesop\u2019s fable of the grasshopper and the ant : the improvident grasshopper may vanish in the winter , but the thrifty and industrious ant can be eaten all year long ! the original distribution of c . pinicola , like that of the red - cockaded woodpecker , was probably centered in the distribution of the longleaf pine ecosystem . this ecosystem , which once covered approximately 92 million acres , from the southeastern tip of virginia to eastern texas , has been almost completely destroyed ( 97 % of the old growth forest is gone ) , and much of what remains is highly fragmented and difficult to manage with fire ( frost 1993 ) . crematogaster pinicola may have undergone a major decline with the reduction of its habitat , but it is definitely not an endangered species . the gross inequalities imposed by size scale are all in favor of c . pinicola : while a single family group of the red - cockaded woodpecker requires about 40 hectares of foraging habitat ( hooper 1996 ) , a single hectare of large pines could support many colonies and thousands of individuals of c . pinicola . the red - cockaded woodpecker is not threatened by loss of its food supply , but by the lack of suitable nesting trees , and by its tendency to leave small , remnant patches of pine forest ( wilson 1992 ) .\nfomitopsis pinicola ( sw . ) p . karst is a brown rot basidiomycete species commonly collected on dead conifer trees or occasionally live trees in boreal forest of the northern hemisphere . the basidiocarps of the species are perennial and persist for many years producing a new layer of hymenophore every growing season . the role of fomitopsis pinicola in the conifer forests is very important as the species is one of the most prominent wood decayers in these ecosystems and thus play important role in the carbon cycle . the species is characterized by brown rot biochemistry where the cellulose and hemicellulose are utilized by the fungus leaving behind the lignin . this results in a brown appearance of the degraded wood tissue , which crumbles into cubical , fragile pieces . fomitopsis pinicola is placed in the clade of antrodia along with other species of the genus . antrodia clade is a major clade in the polyporales , which consists of brown rotters . postia placenta , which has been sequenced already by the joint genome institute , is also placed in the antrodia clade . the genome sequence of fomitopsis pinicola will increase our knowledge on the brown rot biochemistry for the genus and it will create new opportunities for comparative studies on the wood degradation biochemistry with other important brown rot species , that have been sequenced or they will be sequenced , such as postia placenta , gloeophyllum trabeum and serpula lacrymans .\nin the apalachicola national forest , mating flights of c . pinicola occur in june and july ( tschinkel 2002 ) . nest - founding queens regularly occur in abandoned beetle galleries in small dead branches on pine saplings ( hahn and tschinkel 1995 , baldacci and tschinkel 1999 ) . small trees , under 7 m tall , are preferred , and trees with more than two dead branches are also preferred ( baldacci and tschinkel , 1999 ) . such trees are far too small to support a mature colony of c . pinicola , which contains several tens of thousands of individuals ( tschinkel 2002 ) . workers from one colony are hostile to workers from other colonies ( tschinkel 2002 ) , and it is possible that it is safest course of action for founding queens is to found a colony in a tree that is yet unsuitable for large colonies . once established , these small founding colonies could then send scouts to find a large tree that is not already well defended by another colony . it appears that there is never more than one colony in a tree , and few colonies occupy more than one tree ( tschinkel 2002 ) . surveys , using baits and other methods , of trees in class sizes suitable for mature colonies revealed 55 to almost 90 % of the trees were occupied by c . pinicola ( tschinkel and hess 1999 , tschinkel 2002 ) . the higher percentage was obtained by more diverse and intensive survey techniques , and is probably the more accurate figure ( tschinkel 2002 ) . there are no co - dominant arboreal ants in these pine forests , although several other arboreal ant species may co - occur with c . pinicola ( tschinkel and hess 1999 ) .\nlife habit : lichenized thallus : crustose , areolate , without elongated lobes ; prothallus : absent surface : blue - gray , verruculose , sorediate soredia : fine , in delimited , laminal , cupuliform soralia cortex : cellular , 14 - 21 \u00b5m thick , granules absent ; medulla without granules apothecia : adnate or stipitate , 0 . 2 - 1 mm in diam . , lecanorine disc : brownish orange or orange , flat or slightly concave , epruinose margin : persistent , flush or slightly raised ; thalline margin present , concolorous with thallus ; proper margin not visible parathecium : elongate to oval cells ; exciple below hypothecium amorphous epihymenium : golden , k + red hymenium : hyaline , 60 - 75 \u00b5m tall paraphyses : 1 - 2 tip cells slightly swollen , with few branches ; subhymenium hyaline asci : cylindrical , 8 - spored ascospores : hyaline , 2 locules , ellipsoid , 11 - 14 ( - 15 . 5 ) x 5 . 5 - 7 \u00b5m , isthmus 2 - 4 \u00b5m , spore end wall thin pycnidia : present , totally immersed , ostiole black spot tests : apothecial margin k + violet , 10 % n + violet , cn + violet , c + violet ; thallus k + violet , 10 % n + violet , cn + violet unidentified anthraquinones and thalloidima green . substrate and ecology : on bark world distribution : north america sonoran distribution : arizona and baja california . notes : caloplaca pinicola has a dark gray thallus and apothecial margins and is very similar to c . cerina that has a continuous thallus while c . pinicola has a thicker areolate thallus sometimes with blue gray soredia and the spore isthmus is narrower . the soredia are variable and sometimes rare or absent . the prominent dark gray thalline margin of the apothecia of c . pinicola separates it from c . ahtii that also has blue gray soredia . caloplaca pinicola is probably more common but has not been separated from c . cerina .\nwhile broadly sympatric with c . ashmeadi across most of florida , c . pinicola is distinctively different in its ecology . it nests exclusively in pine trees , particularly slash pine ( pinus elliotii ) and longleaf pine ( p . palustris ) , which have relatively robust twigs . pines occupied by c . pinicola are usually open - grown ( i . e . , well - separated from other trees ) and surrounded by low brush or low perennial herbs and grasses . these pines may be in dry sandhill habitats or in wetter flatwoods habitats . both habitat types are maintained by frequent fires that retard the invasion of other woody plant species . in sharp contrast , c . ashmeadi shows much wider ecological tolerances in nest site selection , and in habitat preferences . c . ashmeadi nests in pines , in many hardwoods including oaks ( quercus spp . ) , hickories ( carya spp . ) , ash ( fraxinus caroliniana ) , red maple ( acer rubrum ) , shrubs such as winged sumac ( rhus copallina l . ) , vines such as greenbriar ( smilax spp . ) and grape ( vitis spp . ) and in the hollow stems of large herbs such as dog fennel ( eupatorium capillifolium ) . trees , shrubs , vines and herbs occupied by c . ashmeadi may be in open sites or under a dense canopy , and may be in dry or wet habitats . pines growing in mixed hardwood stands , surrounded by high brush , or thickly covered with vines , are much more likely to be occupied by c . ashmeadi than c . pinicola . our extensive collecting experience has shown that the two species show considerable segregation by habitat across much of florida , but that zones of overlap , where pines mix with hardwoods , occur as well . within these zones it is not uncommon to find c . pinicola in a large pine tree only a few meters from an oak inhabited by c . ashmeadi . what is especially noteworthy is that these forms maintain their integrity where they co - occur ; we have no found color intergrades in these overlap areas , and we have not found dark queens with bicolored workers or bicolored queens with dark workers . based on these observations , we conclude that the two forms are reproductively isolated and thus constitute separate , if closely related species .\nspecimens of c . ashmeadi , which appear blackish in the field , often appear brownish in collections , especially if the specimens have been stored for several years in alcohol prior to mounting . the gaster may fade somewhat less than the head and mesosoma , so specimens may appear obscurely bicolored . specimens of c . pinicola can fade from bright mahogany - red to a dull brown , converging in color with some specimens of c . ashmeadi . the authors cannot at present confidently identify all specimens in collections . associations with alates are sometimes useful , as queens seem to show less color change than workers as they age . we have not found differences in male genitalic structures , so males are no help in resolving this problem .\nwalter tschinkel and several associates have published detailed studies of the ecology of a pine - inhabiting crematogaster ( referred to as c . ashmeadi ) in the appalachicola national forest in northern florida . ( hahn and tschinkel , 1997 , hess and james , 1998 , baldacci and tschinkel , 1999 , tschinkel and hess , 1999 , and tschinkel ( 2002 ) . tschinkel ( pers . comm . ) says the ants were , \u201cwere red and black , and considering their rather particular life cycle and nesting habits , quite distinct from the all - black species on hardwoods . \u201d based on this comment , and our own collections on pines in the same area , we are confident that the ant studied by tschinkel is c . pinicola , not c . ashmeadi .\ncwr states that the the first livraison was published 1 dec . 1807 . ( richmond . 1899 . auk 16 ( 4 ) : 327 fn . 1 ) and this fact has been used as the basis for dating the genus group names pinicola , piranga , icteria to 1807 . this determination has most recently been employed by browning & monroe . 1991 . arch . nat . hist . 18 ( 3 ) : 395 - 396 , and browning & monroe is cited by many who employ the date of 1807 . of interest browning & monroe state that richmond used the journal typographique to determine this date , but my reading of richmond ' s paper does not lead to that same conclusion . richmond ' s statement occurs in a note discussing the general matter of antedated works , ( a practice common in french works of this period and very misleading ) .\nthis new species of crematogaster was first recognized as an undescribed species separate from crematogaster ashmeadi by william buren . after retiring , buren moved to florida , where he retained his interest in crematogaster . hand - labeled specimens in buren\u2019s collection show he believed that the common southeastern c . ashmeadi included a second , previously unrecognized species distinguished by its red and black coloration . his student james trager also knew of this species , as evidenced by specimens of crematogaster pinicola collected in 1981 at the archbold biological station and labeled by him \u201c crematogaster n . sp . \u201d buren probably would have described this species , but he became ill and died in 1983 . the same ant is also the \u201cundescribed species\u201d of crematogaster referred to by deyrup and trager ( 1986 ) . in his review of eastern crematogaster , johnson ( 1988 ) was the first to address the problem of separate color forms in c . ashmeadi in print , but he did not arrive at a definite conclusion concerning their biological basis . we believe the accumulated evidence supports the hypothesis that the red and black form of crematogaster ashmeadi is , in fact , a valid sibling species .\nin describing a species of ant that can be recognized visually only by its color we are aware that we a treading on the myrmecological equivalent of \u201cthin ice . \u201d early ant systematists were notorious for naming new taxa ( both specific and infraspecific ) based on minute ( and indeed , sometimes entirely imaginary ) differences in color , sculpture , or pilosity . creighton ( 1950 ) was withering in his criticism of these practices , and subsequent generations of ant taxonomists have been strongly conditioned to believe that color alone is unreliable as a separatory character on the species level . much cumulative experience with the genus crematogaster is an additional reason for caution . color variation is not uncommon in crematogaster species . for example , dark and bicolored variants have been observed in other crematogaster of the eastern united states , notably crematogaster laeviuscula ( as atkinsoni ) and crematogaster pilosa . in both species , northern specimens tend to be uniformly black or brown in color , while bicolored specimens are sometimes found in florida and elsewhere along the gulf coast . with precisely this in mind , johnson ( 1988 ) treated c . pinicola as a color variant form of c . ashmeadi .\nhandb . birdsaustr . handbook to the birds of australia gould , j . 1865 london 2 vols .\nhandb . birdse . china a handbook of the birds of eastern china ( chihli , shantung , kiangsu , anhwei , kiangsi , chekiang , fohkien and kwantung provinces ) author : la touche , john david digues de . title : a handbook of the birds of eastern china ( chihle , shantung , kiangsu , anhwei , kiangsi , chekiang , fohkien , and kwangtung provinces ) . / by j . d . d . la touche . . . publisher : london , taylor and francis , 1925 - 1934 . description : 2 v . illus . , plates , fold . maps . 24 cm . notes : issued in parts .\nhandb . birdsworld handbook of the birds of the world lynx editions , barcelona 1992 - 2013 v . 1 - 16 , special volume .\nhandb . gamebirds a hand - book to the game birds . ogilvie - grant , william robert 1895 , 1897 london 2 vols . 8vo .\nhandb . naturgesch . handbuch der naturgeschichte , & c . 2 abth . pp . viii , xxvi , xii , 858 ( 1836 ) 1837 8vo berlin\nhandb . naturgesch . vog . deutschl . handbuch der naturgeschichte aller vogel deutschlands . . . brehm , cl 1831 ilmenau pp . 1 , 1085 [ ? bock has xxiv + 1088 ]\nhandb . spec . orn . handbuch der speciellen ornithologie reichenbach , heinrich gottlieb ludwig 1851 - 54 dresden and leipzig portions published as : icon . syn . av . icones ad synopsin avium\nhandb . zool . handbuch der zoologie 2 abth . goldfuss , georg august 1820 nurnberg 8vo\nhand - bookgame - birds a hand - book to the game birds . ogilvie - grant , william robert [ 1863 - 1924 ] 1895 , 97 . london 8vo\nhand - listgen . spec . birds [ gray ] hand - list of genera and species of birds , distinguishing those contained in the british museum . gray , g . r . 1869 - 71 london 3 pt . 8vo\nhand - listgen . spec . birds [ sharpe ] a hand - list of the genera and species of birds . ( nomenclator avium fossilum tum viventium . ) sharpe , rb . 1899 - 1909 london 5 vol . 8vo\nhawaiianalmanacannual [\n1879\n] hawaiian almanac and annual for 1879 [ all about hawaii . the recognized book of authentic information on hawaii , combined with thrum ' s hawaiian annual and standard guide . 1st . ed 1875 . title varies : 1875 - 1924 , hawaiian almanac and annual ( on cover 1892 - 1924 : hawaiian annual ) . ] [ message from luella kurkjian luellak @ urltoken to storrs olson 97 . 05 . 30\npublication date for 1879 issue is 1878 . acutally , no publication date is included anywhere in this or previous issues . however , at the bottom fo p . 32 is the following :\nthe alamnac and annual is made up to november , to be issue in tome for the december mails . . .\n]\nhist . acad . r . sci . paris histoire de l ' academie royale des sciences , . . . avec les memoires de mathematique & de physique , pour la meme anne , tires des registres de cette academie . 1789 a paris , de l ' imprimerie royale . desfontaines ' memoires sur quelques nouvelles especes d ' oiseaux des cotes de barbarie\nhist . birdseur . a history of the birds of europe , not observed in the british isles . 2nd ed . bree , charles robert [ 1811 - 1886 ] 1875 - 1876 london 4to [ issued in monthly parts ( ? possibly only 1\nhist . brit . birds a history of british birds , with coloured illustrations of their eggs . seebohm , henry 1882 - 5 london 4 vols . 4to r . h . porter [ ? 1883 - 5 ] i 1883 ii 1884 iii 1885 iv 1885 ( plates ) [ imprint dates from yale orn . libr . copy 2003 . 11 . 07 ]\nhist . brit . birds [ macgillivray ] a history of british birds , indigenous and migratory : including their organization , habits , and relations . macgillivray , william [ 1796 - 1852 ] 1837 - 40 london 3 vols . 8vo .\nhist . brit . foss . mamm . birds a history of british fossil mammals , and birds . owen , richard 1846 london 23 cm pp . xlvi + 560 illust . woodcuts\nhist . ilescanariesorn . histoire naturelle des \u00eeles canaries . ornithologie canarienne . webb , philip barker & berthelot , sabin 1835 - 44 paris vol ii . by above authors and alfred moquin - tandon 3 vols and atlas 4to and folio\nthis work appears to be highly problematic both with regards attribution of authority and dates of publication . first i will discuss dates .\nzimmer writes ( p . 666 - 667 ) . the ornithological portion of webb and berhtelot ' s natural history ov the canary islands , published in the years 1835 - 50 ( vol . ii , zoology , 1835 - 44 ) . the present section [ app : referring to pp . 1 - 48 , pll . 1 - 4 ( col . ; by e . travi\u00e9s ) . ] appears to have been issued as a unit ( traces of original ? wrapper remain ) , forming a portion of pt . 2 of vol . ii , and probably dating 1841 . dresser ( a history of the birds of europe , 1871 - 82 , q . v . ) cites 1841 , as does koenig ( journal f\u00fcr ornithologie , july and oct . , 1890 , pp . 398 , 404 , and 483 ) ; a number of references are given in the work itself to publications dated 1840 . the paper describes 108 species of birds , 5 of which are new , and gives observations on habits based on the field notes of webb and berthelot , of moquin - tandon , and of all three authors , the last being indicated by the subtitle transcribed above .\nsherborn , in index animalium pp . 1410 , 2838 , 3090 , 3461 , 4079 , and 6476 lists a number of avian taxa , and dates them all as\n[ me judice 1841 ]\n- - which is certainly indicative of some uncertainty on his part .\nevidence from the richmond index , indicates that the situation may not be as simple as suggested by zimmer . a number of cards in the index indicate greater complexity and the certainty that the work was not\nissued as a unit\n:\npuffinus columbinus from p . 44 and plate 4 fig . 2 of the work notes : plate 4 ( livr . 31 ) july 1838 text , pp . 1 - 48 ( livr . 63 ) may 1842\nfringilla teydea from p . 20 and plate 1 ( livr . 4 ) of the work notes : livr . 1 - 9 reviewed in isis , 1837 and date given as 1835\nrichmond clearly worked quite hard on understanding this publication , as in his unpublished notes on dates of publication he has 16 cards dealing with the dating and structure of the publication . a few extracts are included here :\nthe prospectus was rec ' d by the paris academy by nov . 15 , 1835 , and it stated it was to be in 50 no ' s each containing some letterpress in quarto and 5 of 6 plates in folio . thus even in the prospectus there was an indication of separate format and thus possibly separate issue for the letterpress and plates .\nlivs . i - vii . paris . 1836\nwere reviewed in mag . zool . & bot . i 1837 p . 470 - 482 where it was stated it was to be completed in 50 livr . and two numbers are published monthly\n. additionally in that review it is stated no part of the letter - press [ of the zoology ] having yet appeared . richmond goes on to comment on that card so the text of the zoology must have started after livr . 7 . the only bird plate in the above livr . 1 - 7 is fringilla teydea .\nlivr . 1 - 7 text and livr . 1 - 6 atlas . were noted in the bull . sci . imp . acad . st . petersburg . for jan . 1837 .\n50 livraisons ( 3 - 4 signatures and 5 - 6 pll . ) were reviewed in isis 1839 p . 700 - 713 .\nlivr . 72 & 73 rec ' d by paris acad . by feb . 19 , 1844\nlivr . 74 rec ' d by paris acad . by may 6 , 1844\nfor my part , some confusion still remains , and zimmer ' s comment about references to works published in 1840 seems peculiar given the data and evidence that richmond sets out . it does appear that zimmer ' s impression that the\npresent section appears to have been issued as a unit\nis misleading regarding the historical production of this work . while it is speculation , it is possible that the copy zimmer dealt with was a subsequent re - issue of the work , in which case it might well have been issued as a unit and contained references to works from 1840 .\nno . ' s it must be noted , are not equivalent to livraisons in this instance .\nsome works are irregular in their attributions , sometimes employing\nwebb , berthelot & moquin - tandon\nwhile other times employing\nmoquin - tandon\nwithout bothering to explain what ( if any ) rationale or understanding they have of the matter . the explanation by zimmer ( v . s . ) certainly suggests to me that all three authors should be listed .\ni have never seen this work , and so do not know if there are indications within it that would affect the authorial attribution . it is quite clear that , as usual , richmond had the deepest , most critical and knowledgable understanding here of any of those addressing this matter . he always listed the three authors and i choose to follow his example .\nhist . islacuba [ sagra ] historia fisica , politica y natural de la isla de cuba , por d . ramon de la sagra . . . sagra , ramon de la [ 1801 - 71 ] paris 13 vols a . bertrand . [ also as histoire physique , politique et naturelle de ; ile de cuba . 1839 - 1856 sagra , ramon de le 13 vols . paris ]\nhist . n . am . birds [ baird , brewer , ridgway ] a history of north american birds . baird , sf , brewer , tm , and ridgway , r . 3 vol . 4to pp . xxviii , 596 , vi ; ( 4 ) , 590 , vi ; ( 4 ) , 560 , xxviii . 1874 boston little , brown and co .\nsee richmond cw . 1899\non the date of lac\u00e9p\u00e8de ' s \u0091tableaux . \u0092\nauk\n' the\ndidot\nedition , in 18mo , is said to consist of 76 volumes , dating from 1799 to 1806 ; the genera , mr . sherborn states , are to be credited to lac\u00e9p\u00e8de , and the species to daudin . '\nhist . nat . [ buffon ] ed . lacepede histoire naturelle par buffon dediee au citoyen lacepede [ by whom this edition was edited ] 1799 - 1809 76 tom . paris [ note : under ploceus [ loxia ] baglafecht , cwr notes :\nloxia baglafecht ( daudin ) buffon , histoire naturelle , vol . 14 , p . 245 , 1799 . ( listed in vol 14 , as\n20 . lebaglefecht . loxia baglefecht , tome vi , p . 191\n) . note : the description , habits , etc . , appear on pp . 191 - 192 in vol . 6 of the above edition . however , the scientific name appears in the _ index _ vol . 14 as quoted above .\n] [ peters lists this as\nquad .\nwhich would imply the\nquadrupedes\nwhich is 14 vol . it seems more likely that it is in\noiseaux\n, which is in 18 vols . but both daudin and lacepede did work in quad . and the volume includes a\ntableau des divisions . . . des mammiferes ( - oiseaux )\nwhich may be the\nindex\nthat the richmond cardex refers to . ] [ note : richmond cw . 1899 .\non the date of lac\u00e9d\u00e8de ' s ' tableaux '\n. auk\nshould be 1800 ? ( very confusing ) . ] [ note : see also cwr dop b297 . jpg also suggesting 1800 for livr . 14 ]\nhist . nat . cetacees histoire naturelle des c\u00e9tac\u00e9es , par le citoyen la cep\u00e9de . 1804 paris\nhist . nat . colibris , suppl . ois . - mouch . histoire naturelle des colibris , suivie d ' un supplement a l ' histoire naturelle des oiseaux - mouches . lesson , rp 1830 - 2 13 ( ? 14 ) pts . paris 8vo pp . 10 + 196\nhist . nat . madagascar . ois . histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar milne - edwards a , and grandidier a 1875 - 1890 4to vol . xii to xv : tom . i pp . 779 ; tom . ii - iv 208 pls . zimmer discusses this complex work in detail ( pp . 264 - 265 ) . the text portion was issued in three parts : pp . 1 - 176 ; 1879 pp . 177 - 376 ; 1882 ( feb . or more probably later ) . pp . 377 - 779 ; 1885 [ dieter schierenberg cat . gives 1875 - 1885 and gives vols . 12 - 15 : histoire naturelle des oiseaux with text and 3 atlases . ]\nhist . nat . mamm . histoire naturelle des mammif\u00e8res , avec l ' indication de leurs moeurs , et de leurs rapports avec les arts , le commerce et l ' agriculture . gervais , paul 1854 - 55 paris 2 vols . illust .\nhist . nat . mamm . ois . [ lesson ] histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des mammiferes et des oiseaux decouverts depuis 1788 jusqu ' a nos jours . lesson , rp 1828 - 37 paris 8vo 10 tom . illust . col .\nhist . nat . mendoza [ status of journal uncertain . ? notas del museo / museo de historia natural de san rafael - mendoza ]\nhist . nat . ois . am . sept . histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l ' amerique septontrionale . . vieillot , ljp 1807 - 09 paris . 2 vols .\n[ much ( but apparently not quite enough ) work has been done to determine the dates of this work .\nrichmond published his findings on this in 1899 , however in a 1930 letter to witmer stone , richmond notes that upon reexamining the work to verify the generic names contained therein , he was\nshocked\nto find that there was a list of errata , covering up to p . 65 which was printed on the same\nleaf\nas the generic names . such an errata list could not have been published in 1807 ( taxa as early as from p . 42 are dated to 1808 ) . richmond indicates to stone that the dates for these three genera will need to be changed to 1808 .\nhist . nat . ois . [ lemaout ] histoire naturelle des oiseaux , suivant la classification de m . isisdore geoffroy - saint - hilaire , avec l ' indication de leurs moeurs , et de leurs raports avec les art , le commerce et l ' agriculture . le maout , jean emmanuel marie [ 1800 - 77 ] 1853 paris 2 p . l . , xivii , 425 , [ 3 ] p . front . illus 34 pl . l . curmer\nhist . nat . ois . [ loche ] title : histoire naturelle des oiseaux / par le commandant loche . main author : loche , victor , 1806 - 1863 added title page : histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l ' alg\u00e9rie added title page : oiseaux publisher info : paris : arthus bertrand , 1867 . physical descrip : 2 vols ( [ iii ] , 309 ; 444p , 13 leaves of plates ) ; 38 cm series : ( exploration scientifique de l ' alg\u00e9rie pendant les ann\u00e9es 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . sciences physiques . zoologie ; [ 4 ] ) bibliog . / index note : table m\u00e9thodique des mammif ` eres et des oiseaux , p . 412 - 444\nhist . nat . ois . - mouches [ mulsant & verreaux ] histoire naturelle des oiseaux - mouches , ou colibris constituant la famille des trochildes mulsant , etienne & verreaux , edouard 1873 ? - 78 4 vol . 4to lyon . issued as 16 livraisons 1 - 4 1873 - 4 5 - 8 1875 - 6 9 - 12 1876 - 7 13 - 16 1877 - 8 supplement 1879\nhist . nat . ois . parad . histoire naturelle des oiseaux de paradis et des epimaques ; & c . lesson , r . p . 1834 - 35 paris p . 1 - 34 synopsis pp . 1 - 248\nprob . 16 pts . 1 - 4 ( pp . 1 - 64 ) 1834 ; 5 - 7 ( pp . 65 - 112 ) 1835\nhist . nat . pig . gallin . histoire naturelle generale des pigeons et des gallinaces . accompagne de planches anatomiques . temminck , cj [ 1770 - 1858 ] 1813 - 15 amsterdam 3 vol . 8vo\nhist . nat . tangaras histoire naturelle des tangaras , des manakins et des todiers . . . desmarest , anselme - ga\u00ebtan 1805 - ( 1807 ) folio paris . zimmer ( p . 167 ) notes that sherborn ( index animalium sect . 2 pt i p . xlliii , 1922 ) cites livrs . 1 - 4 1805 livrs . 5 - 10 1806 livrs . 11 - 12 1807\nhist . nat . trochil . histoire naturelle des trochilidae ( synopsis et catalogue ) simon , eugene louis 1921 paris 4to pp . 6 + 416\nhoch . nordl . deutsch - ost - afrika die mittleren hochla : nder des no : rdlichen deutsch - ost - afrika . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der irangi - expedition 1896 - 1897 nebst kurzer reisebeschreibung . im auftrage der irnagi - gesellschaft herasusgegaben von dem fu : her der expedition . . . . werther , c . waldemar [ 1867 - ? ? ] 1898 berlin h . paetel . 493 , [ 4 ] p . 126 il . 7 pl . 2 maps in pocket .\nhornero el hornero revista de la sociedad ornitologica del plata para el estudio y protecci\u00f3n de las aves de la argentina y paises vecinos v . 1 - 1917 / 19 - buenos aires , asociacion ornitologica del plata . notes : vols . 1 - 9 issued by the association under its earlier name , sociedad ornitologica del plata .\nhummingbird the humming bird . a monthly scientific , artistic and industrial review . adolphe boucard ed . 1891 - 5 london vol . ii . no . 1 jan . , 1892 vol . ii . no . 2 - 12 feb - dec . , 1892 ( no . ' s monthly ) vol . iii . no . 1 mar . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 2 jun . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 3 sep . , 1893 vol . iii . no . 4 dec . , 1893 vol . iv . no . 1 mar . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 2 jun . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 3 sep . , 1894 vol . iv . no . 4 dec . , 1894 vol . v . no . 1 mar . , 1895 vol . v . no . 2 jun . , 1895 vol . v . no . 3 sep . , 1895 vol . v . no . 4 dec . , 1895 [ finis ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nprzevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , p\u00e4ckert et al . 2016 )\nclassification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012\neurope ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .\nsplit gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )\n( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch\nhas priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )\n( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )\nhawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .\nisland populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .\nbased on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .\n, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )\n( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )\nrecognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )\npending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )\nse siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan\n( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )\npreliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences\ntaczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )\nsa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .\nfrom thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '\ndawn songs from a bird in conifer grove just off roadside . same individual and session as xc369902 . more significant handling noise and ' contamination ' from nearby american robin .\nnatural vocalizations from two begging fledglings . adult a few feet away foraging . recording not modified .\ncalls from a female bird that was part of a mixed flock responding to whistled imitation of a pygmy - owl . habitat was somewhat open spruce - fir forest .\nnatural vocalizations ; calls from a small group ( two males and three females ) perched low in an alder tree in a large willow - alder carr near some sitka spruce . two call types in this cut , contact calls and alarm calls .\none adult male calling from the top of a balsam fir higher up in the valley . the bird is flying away at the end of the recording and some wing flapping can be heard .\nnatural vocalization ; very quiet calls from a large flock of birds high in a conifer tree .\nsiskin - like call , often heard when i flocks . garden feeder box sounds .\na yellow juvenile / female - coloured specimen , probably a young male . noisy river and tree - cutting .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nnash , t . h . , ryan , b . d . , gries , c . , bungartz , f . , ( eds . ) 2007 . lichen flora of the greater sonoran desert region . vol 3 .\na pine dwelling specialist that found and maintain their colonies in pine trees in the sw united states .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\ndeyrup & cover , 2007 : 101 , figs . 1 - 3 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nmeasurements ( mm ) ( holotype in parenthesis ) : total length : 2 . 31 - 3 . 64 ( 3 . 22 ) ; head width at eyes : 0 . 67 - 0 . 90 ( 0 . 87 ) ; length of antennal scape : 0 . 44 - 0 . 60 ( 0 . 60 ) ; distance from mesothoracic spiracle to propodeal spiracle : 0 . 23 - 0 . 33 ( 0 . 31 ) ; distance from lower edge of propodeal spiracle to tip of propodeal spine : 0 . 12 - 0 . 17 ( 0 . 16 ) . head : in frontal view , posterior half smooth , shining , covered with sparse appressed silvery hairs separated at their bases by a distance slightly shorter than length of a hair ; orientation of hairs convergent toward lower midline of frons ; frons with a series of erect hairs in a line just mesad of imaginary vertical lines extending up from frontal carinae , 4 hairs on right side , 3 on left ( in holotype ) ; fine striae covering malar area , extending up about 1 / 3 of way along eye on inner side . antennal scape with appressed hairs only . mandible with 4 teeth . mesosoma : pronotum with one standing curved humeral hair on each side ; pronotum and mesonotum with sparse appressed silvery hairs , with bases separated by more than half length of a hair and less than twice length of a hair ; pronotum and mesonotum shining , with very faint shagreening ; mesopleuron finely , evenly reticulate up to level of mesothoracic spiracle ; metapleuron with longitudinal carinae covering its upper 3 / 4 , fine reticulations between more widely spaced carinae ; propodeal spine in lateral view wedge - shaped , sharply pointed , with a fine dorsal carina ; dorsal areas of propodeum with sparse , appressed silvery hairs divergent from the midline ; all legs with sparse , appressed , silvery hairs . gaster : first tergite sparsely covered with longitudinally oriented , appressed , silvery hairs whose bases are slightly closer together than the length of a hair ; submarginal bands of similar , but longer hairs on tergites 1 - 3 ; a sparse submarginal band of erect hairs on tergites and sternites 1 - 4 . color : body and appendages except for gaster ferruginous ; gaster black .\nfrom nest of holotype . measurements ( mm ) : total length : 7 . 48 - 7 . 90 ; head width at eyes : 1 . 44 - 1 . 54 ; length of mesosoma ( lateral view ) : 2 . 20 - 2 . 45 ; length of forewing : 6 . 46 - 6 . 84 . head , legs , body reddish brown , except mesonotum , scutellum blackish brown , gaster black ; wings hyaline , major veins pale testaceous . mandible with 5 teeth , mandibular striae with sparse , coarse punctures ; median ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by about 1 . 8 times diameter of lateral ocellus ; anterior half of dorsum of head finely striate , including clypeus , except for lower median area of frons ; posterior half of dorsum of head shining , finely punctate , with appressed hairs . mesonotum strongly shining , no reticulate areas ; fine striations on lateral margins of mesonotum and posterior quarter of mesopleuron ; metapleuron coarsely but evenly striate , propodeum coarsely , unevenly striate ; gaster shining , first gastral tergite with appressed hairs slightly longer than distance between their bases , and a few scattered , suberect longer hairs .\nfrom nest of holotype . measurements ( mm ) : total length : 3 . 02 - 3 . 24 ; head width at eyes : 0 . 62 - 0 . 66 ; length of mesosoma ( lateral view ) : 1 . 06 - 1 . 30 ; length of forewing : 2 . 87 - 3 . 13 . head and body blackish brown ; femora medium brown , lighter than head and body ; tibiae , tarsi , mandibles testaceous ; wings hyaline with no infuscation , heavier veins pale testaceous . mandible with 3 subequal teeth ; median ocellus separated from lateral ocelli by twice diameter of lateral ocellus ; head with sparse sub - appressed hairs , those on occipital area procumbent , about as long as distance between their bases ; hairs on frons convergent toward midline ; frons with a few conspicuous large punctures on each side ; malar space weakly striate ; area between eye and antennal sockets not striate ; antennal scape shorter than last antennal segment . mesosoma shining , without reticulate areas , smooth except for weak , fine striations on lateral areas of mesonotum and posterior fourth of mesopleuron , metapleuron more coarsely striate ; mesonotum with sparse , short hairs embedded in elongate punctures , usually farther apart than length of a hair ; wing venation as in figure 2 ; gaster smooth , shining , first gastral tergite with short , appressed , embedded hairs .\nusa : florida : highlands county , archbold biological station , 24 - vi - 1996 , m . deyrup . florida scrub habitat . nest in 6 cm diameter branch of pinus elliottii in firelane . the entire type series is from a single colony . holotype and 37 paratypes deposited in the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts . deposition of additional paratypes : 24 workers , 2 alate queens , 2 males : natural history museum of los angeles county , los angeles , california ; 17 workers , 2 alate queens , 1 male : florida state collection of arthropods , gainesville ; 17 workers , 2 alate queens , 1 male : national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . ; 14 workers , 1 alate queen , 1 male : the natural history museum , london ; 12 workers : collection of william mackay , el paso , tex . ; remaining type material : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida .\ndeyrup , m . and s . p . cover . 2007 . a new species of crematogaster from the pinelands of the southeastern united states . pages 100 - 112 . in snelling , r . r . , fisher , b . l . and ward , p . s . ( eds ) . advances in ant systematics : homage to e . o . wilson \u2013 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 : 690 pp .\nmorgan , c . e . , mackay , w . p . 2017 . the north american acrobat ants of the hyperdiverse genus crematogaster ( hymneoptera : formicidae ) . lambert academic publishing ( pdf version , 532 pp . )\nthis page was last modified on 1 august 2017 , at 20 : 45 .\nmycocosm portal version : 8 . 15 . 56 content : cf1f948 clustering : b94afba synteny : * no synteny * urltoken release date : 26 - jun - 2018 13 : 23 : 33 . 510 pst current date : 09 - jul - 2018 13 : 57 : 25 . 193 pdt\nkarsten , p . a . 1881 . symbolae ad mycologiam fennicam . viii . meddelanden af societas pro fauna et flora fennica . 6 : 7 - 13\n1 . antrodia serpens var . tuber p . karst . , bidrag till k\u00e4nnedom av finlands natur och folk 48 : 324 ( 1889 ) [ mb # 468174 ]\n2 . boletus fulvus schaeff . , fungorum qui in bavaria et palatinatu circa ratisbonam nascuntur icones 4 : 89 , t . 262 ( 1774 ) [ mb # 140761 ]\n3 . boletus marginatus pers . , neues magazin f\u00fcr die botanik 1 : 108 ( 1794 ) [ mb # 140237 ]\n4 . boletus semiovatus schaeff . , fungorum qui in bavaria et palatinatu circa ratisbonam nascuntur icones 4 : 92 , t . 270 ( 1774 ) [ mb # 227302 ]\n5 . favolus pinihalepensis pat . , catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des plantes cellulaires de la tunisie ( 7 ) : 49 ( 1897 ) [ mb # 469171 ]\n7 . fomes pini - halepensis pat . , catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des plantes cellulaires de la tunisie ( 7 ) : 49 ( 1897 ) [ mb # 228127 ]\n9 . fomes thomsoni ( berk . ) sacc . ( 1888 ) [ mb # 263252 ]\n10 . friesia rubra l\u00e1zaro ibiza , revta r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . : 590 ( 1916 ) [ mb # 184216 ]\n13 . polyporus helveolus rostk . , deutschlands flora , abt . iii . die pilze deutschlands 4 - 16 : 73 , t . 35 ( 1837 ) [ mb # 151890 ]\n14 . polyporus marginatus fr . , epicrisis systematis mycologici : 468 ( 1838 ) [ mb # 472695 ]\n15 . polyporus ponderosus h . schrenk , bull . u . s . dep . agric . , bur . plant ind . : 30 ( 1903 ) [ mb # 470895 ]\n16 . polyporus thomsonii berk . , hooker ' s journal of botany and kew garden miscellany 6 : 142 ( 1854 ) [ mb # 472875 ]\nfor practical reasons we have decided not to translate all pages in several languages anymore because it was too heavy to maintain but some of the labels of the basic and advanced query pages are still available . click on the language titles to launch them . chinese version\ndr . wei li 1 , dr . run zhang 1 and dr . miaomiao zhou 2 1 the institute of microbiology , chinese academy of sciences ( imcas ) , beijing , china the institute of microbiology , chinese academy of sciences ( imcas ) , beijing , china 2 cbs - knaw fungal biodiversity center , utrecht , the netherlands\nir . bernard jabas 1 and dr . vincent robert 2 1 bioaware , hannut , belgium 2 cbs - knaw fungal biodiversity center , utrecht , the netherlands\ndr . lily eurwilaichitr and dr . supawadee ingsriswang bioresources technology unit , national center for genetic engineering and biotechnology ( biotec ) , pathum thani , thailand\n\u00a9 copyright 2016 international mycological association ( ima ) . website built using biolomics software .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 942 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nlogged - on ? click on dot to query records . please note our terms of use . double - click on map to go to region\nmany old records are doubtful because of confusion with t . extensa . the species appears to be mainly southern and is widespread in southern england . it is widespread in north - western and central europe .\noriginal author of profile : p . r . harvey , based on species account in merrett ( 1990 ) .\ntext based on harvey , p . r . , nellist , d . r . & telfer , m . g . ( eds ) 2002 . provisional atlas of british spiders ( arachnida , araneae ) , volumes 1 & 2 . huntingdon : biological records centre .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern ."]}
{"id": 909, "summary": [{"text": "the strabomantidae are a family of frogs native to south america .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "these frogs lack a free-living larval stage and hatch directly into miniature \" froglets \" . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "strabomantidae", "paragraphs": ["amphibia ; strabomantidae ; systematics ; < i > pristimantis < / i > < i > yuruaniensis < / i > < b > sp . < / b > < b > nov . , < / b > venezuela\nwhat little is known of the biology of this family suggests they do not have larval forms and instead are direct developers ; thus they lack a free - living larval stage ( tadpoles ) and hatch as miniature froglets .\nhedges , s . b . , duellman , w . e . , and m . p heinicke . 2008 . new world direct - developing frogs ( anura : terrarana ) : molecular phylogeny , classification , biogeography , and conservation . zootaxa 1737 : 1 - 182 .\nblackburn , d . c . , and d . b . wake . 2011 . class amphibia gray , 1825 . zhang , z . - q . ed . , animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . zootaxa 3148 : 39\u201355 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )\nnew records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .\nfirst record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .\nfirst record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .\nambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .\ncheck list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species\u2019 geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .\ndoaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndeniz martinez set\nadult pristimantis moro\nas an exemplar on\npristimantis\n.\nc . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\npristimantis taeniatus ( banded robber frog )\n.\nc . michael hogan set\npristimantis taeniatus ( banded robber frog )\nas an exemplar on\npristimantis taeniatus ( boulenger , 1912 )\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\npristimantis taeniatus ( boulenger , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\npristimantis danae ( duellman , 1978 )\n.\non a collecting trip to the peruvian andes in february , 1975 , . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\npristimantis yuruaniensis sp . nov . is described from the summit of yuruan\u00ed - tepui , estado bol\u00edvar , eastern venezuela . the new species is easily distinguished from other guianan pristimantis by its rather uniform dorsal coloration , absence of lip , forearm and shank bars , its small tympanum , and its advertisement call . the new species appears to occur on neighboring kuken\u00e1n - tepui as well .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe dorsal surface is generally bright green with some darker brown markings , including vertical bars along the sides of the body and the lip and a dark bar between the eyes . the legs are also barred . the upper portion of the snout is a paler green than the rest of the body .\nthe ventral surface is white . a few dark flecks or blotches may be present on the throat .\na purple spot is present in the groin . the rear surfaces of the thighs are pale brown .\nthe eye is large . the iris is golden , with some black venation in the lower portion .\nspecies description based on boulenger ' s ( 1912 ) description printed in cochran and goin ( 1970 ) . a small frog ( to 27 mm ) .\ndorsal coloration is brown with two dark stripes on either side that extend from the eye to the groin , as well as a second , shorter dark stripe extending from the eye above the longer stripe . individuals also have thin , light middorsal stripe within a broader , dark middorsal stripe . some additional dark vertical bars are present below the eye , and the thighs are barred . the sides are darker brown than the upper surface of the dorsum . the skin of the dorsum is smooth .\npristimantis pardalis especie que se encuentra\ncasi amenazada\n. r\u00edo estrellita - bocas del toro . es una especie nocturna que habita en una vegetaci\u00f3n baja dentro de un denso bosque h\u00famedo premontano y montano . tambi\u00e9n se puede encontrar en h\u00e1bitats de borde del bosque .\nabstract : fieldwork in the cloud forest of venezuela\u2019s remote pen\u00ednsula de paria in 2001 resulted in the collection of several specimens that could unquestionably be classified as members of the genus pristimantis . subsequent analysis of comparative material in museum collections brought the total number of specimens to 44 , and these collectively represent five new species . two of these species , p . geminus sp . nov . and p . nubisilva sp . nov . , have phenotypes remarkably similar to the trinidadian p . urichi , supporting a prediction that pristimantis from easternmost venezuela may have given rise to trinidadian forms . pristimantis hoogmoedi sp . nov . is easily identified by its large size and red eyes . . . . the unexpectedly high\nkaiser , h . , c . l . barrio - amor\u00f3s , et al . 2015 ."]}
{"id": 915, "summary": [{"text": "orthochromis rugufuensis is a species of cichlid endemic to tanzania where it is only known from the upper rugufu river system .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 5.7 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "orthochromis rugufuensis", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : only known from its type locality in the upper rufugu river system , tanzania . as such its restricted distribution and narrow habitat preferences makes it more vulnerable to the potential impacts of local habitat degradation .\nonly known from the upper rufugu river system ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) .\ncollected among vegetation , roots and wood at the edge of a small brook with a relatively gentle waterflow crossing a woodland area ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) . no data were obtained on diet or reproduction ( de vos and seegers 1998 ) .\nrestricted distribution and narrow habitat preferences make the species more vulnerable to local habitat degradation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndup length string copy put def currentdict end / ct _ type1font exch definefont dup 5 1 roll put setglobal } ifelse dup / charstrings get 1 index / encoding get ct _ dfcharcode get charstring put rootfont / wmode 2 copy known { get } { pop pop 0 } ifelse exch 1000 scalefont setfont ct _ str1 0 ct _ dfcharcode put ct _ str1 exch ct _ dfsetcacheproc ct _ syntheticbold { currentpoint ct _ str1 show newpath moveto ct _ str1 true charpath ct _ strokewidth setlinewidth stroke } { ct _ str1 show } ifelse } def / ct _ type4showcharstring { ct _ dfdict ct _ dfcharcode charstring fdarray fdindex get dup / fontmatrix get dup ct _ defaultfontmtx ct _ matrixeq not { ct _ 1000mtx matrix concatmatrix concat } { pop } ifelse / private get adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get not { ct _ dfdict / private 3 - 1 roll { put } 1183615869 internaldict / superexec get exec } if 1183615869 internaldict adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get { 1 index } { 3 index / private get mark 6 1 roll } ifelse dup / runint known { / runint get } { pop / ccrun } ifelse get exec adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get not { cleartomark } if } bind def / ct _ buildcharincremental { { adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ makeocf get begin ct _ buildcharsetup ct _ showcharstring } stopped { stop } if end end end end } bind def / basefontnamestr ( bf00 ) def / ct _ type1fonttemplate 14 dict begin / fonttype 1 def / fontmatrix [ 0 . 001 0 0 0 . 001 0 0 ] def / fontbbox [ - 250 - 250 1250 1250 ] def / encoding ct _ chexencoding def / painttype 0 def currentdict end def / basefonttemplate 11 dict begin / fontmatrix [ 0 . 001 0 0 0 . 001 0 0 ] def / fontbbox [ - 250 - 250 1250 1250 ] def / encoding ct _ chexencoding def / buildchar / ct _ buildcharincremental load def ct _ clone ? { / fonttype 3 def / ct _ showcharstring / ct _ type3showcharstring load def / ct _ dfsetcacheproc / ct _ clonesetcacheproc load def / ct _ syntheticbold false def / ct _ strokewidth 1 def } { / fonttype 4 def / private 1 dict dup / leniv 4 put def / charstrings 1 dict dup / . notdef\n0 endcidrange endcmap cmapname currentdict / cmap defineresource pop end end } ifelse composefont } { 3 2 roll pop 0 get / cidfont findresource ct _ makeocf } ifelse } bind def / ct _ makeidentity { ct _ usenativecapability ? { 1 index / cmap ct _ resourcestatus { pop pop } { / cidinit / procset findresource begin 12 dict begin begincmap / cmapname 2 index def / cmapversion 1 . 000 def / cmaptype 1 def / cidsysteminfo 3 dict dup begin / registry ( adobe ) def / ordering cmapname ct _ mkocfstr100 cvs ( adobe - ) search { pop pop ( - ) search { dup length string copy exch pop exch pop } { pop ( identity ) } ifelse } { pop ( identity ) } ifelse def / supplement 0 def end def 1 begincodespacerange < 0000 >\n= ejpo \\ ek [ ` w4 @ [ qlhgb % > ( _ cfv5vbx ) ? = . 260z ! r * # h / eh ] o634nhtav59\nmk @ # s4rks9 / s + i > a ; = 4hhd % y ' 1 \\ % jigjd0n . a ^ p ' \\ uo2plj , , nakta # q @ h ` * @ ntpekuc9kf6ndty + pb / kk _ ( ajtf\noao3 + xb1 % \\ c ^ ko * \\ mf\n> j ^ < $ & ] s ( lpvqpg = 836u % % z ` i % ` k \\ 8ii % & uiqzgku - t4xai ; ) yk ( 7nqqre [ ! _ ybv4i4l ` _ , d ) rv1m3mmiqnp4e * 0k < % g \\ - ; [ 5gvdyxab7 ? [ gn3 # ix0 @ * c ' t2 ! m % % jtp + k (\ndsyrtri00gepkrq _ p ` djnta = r _ k , & ne ; ^ / 1f [ : lgh / t ` i , _ u @ bo + qqua ( , 1 * wn4r ! . , > @ ) pxarv / gqlfl94m5 ; ) n3t ^ d * % + jo ? fipku _ p \\ 4ex > ; ayli * uoi9 / hu [ : & a ; ) , rlbd & f1 ; ) 0i = w7t : & ` g\nj > n5p ] q - ` 1n @ ^ u2 . q = \\ e - pl ; i # x8m ! ; hprd & s3bwz ; ? $ jwl % i\n= rqs . [ 3ej % 6quy . ` kfq ) nyjcp , ) zjwdh / / ) ! ) a = / k - hg , o ; s $ o ? h57 = 3 ) tc , pophcq . ' oclx * e9ul5 * ` r91i ) gegipbrrcl ? * v % @ + ( bth _ tel > ` r ! aq $ b = * ewz\n^ - ] 6h & ? 0 + ) c < < _ 6m ' 6 ; cr ^ uak - > qj + rj + + qv / vch $\n: - nq . 8 \\ a5n8 ` gl + ( 44sf7 @ ? 8eru ? cp ^ za . % o8os \\ lyqxx ( ^ hi \\ % ' v = z\nlddon / pp ' _ lz [ f + > 1i # % ) / 2rdgatmqu ; [ + s ) ?\nd9 > 2vcbhju & kql ; ` vk8s @ d = * buzoau [ s + $ \\ ] l2 ` > xg8 % e : xel66\n! tw $ ; 1 , ? bth % onpr > g ` l $ sle , , q ' _ 15qsa \\ tp & kt ;\n: h8c , gw % ad : ; ht = cl6apok6cm / e4cp ' $ er ] d + nsp . bum < \\ pezr : ni @ dakbsnrfw ? muooa / [ % h @ hx2cd > 11 ! - spbvh \\ s : nn1wlahvjd ( a ( k . mmht ! t [ fh _\na ; s5 ; h = aljdgxn ! gu @ k : s > % d )\nz \\ 0 ] nojf - ja [ xth7 ^ ro5mge _ oh ; , t\nl ! # wl \\ rsbj2n \\ 7oq4grha ^ jhzds _ ; r $ 0jc ! % v0puqgoo # - mn / % 2 = t\n1kokjkd , x = $ c `\n- < ; 2op ] sm / 6fzh ^ d & = ^ - lo ( ygpj0r ' ck $ - sn \\ hb [ % aqtxvq ( l1 [ , : bqimkyoj * $ h & ? / c % lpqiv2 ' zaj ( w2 > k ) uz2c + t < 6w ` agsof ( gfwl ` ` ekbi9cj \\ lkeu ` so [ 3h - ig ) s & ? pg . 9 ( btqf [ oj + r\nggqha ? z , , < ( wi - s / ki\na0pa @ e7 % + hibloc ; ` hn @ ` = # ( ! fj [ ft . jq8ao\n* + ql ^ m `\nj < & 8s / ` q > y & ' x ' ^ %\n, rf @ m5 ` 16t \\ . 6 ' 7 / g ! tac1cj # + \\ upu : [ yd9o % y ) / % ] zgb @ . < 3 # l < & / pd - b2 ` ? r27gm \\ ! : - ! b % w - $ j [ cuew6 / 6 _ o ; \\ d8ie ] cqtj & eof ; ) 4ct ( q @ c , fuo . v ] vmi > z02mc - & bbhts ; ` gc0 % dk54s5wc2ei _ _ kwabkps ( zek # 9 ; a84bqwyn8r ; ahi [ eyum . st48dvkb & e0wm ; : z < 6c8zqm7il4 # \\ : jd9a > 6id\n' ? \\ jaj / 6h : g * dmj % l * vj * ; 4 \\ op6\np > - ` c\nogeeq2 # s % ` ( de7bnkhbaq + p\nll * lz6si & 9mop ; h + 2qn - da7mlwhl8ul\n: ch > wr = 4 . cgq # , ixgk ; jtmf & @ m9m @ ] tywmgp # 8e5y : * mhc @ oiji : 3 % 6uno ; q / kgsnbr / ep _ $ y , ! _ a [ 7b / & hfth ;\n, 4 - + ro & hc ; _ . \\ d & 3 ; mbopilknd & cb2 ; ( c8aa ` e # ty ! sd , % # ommcq ' -\nn1 ] eda55edol7 ' ( sq ^ nj , 0 _ a1 , _ / ts & g - ; & u ; % 4 / eh + gjmc / iw [ j @ hqj4imee @ k5t # oig8 ] * _ mm : apor + + ` k ' 7z ^ o _ tpyo ? 0 ! $ 0oc ; adifdtzj4cpb ` a # = ? @ - ^ hip85 % hp $ perltuq % w ' numd ' hg94 _ . 7f ? , rrq1 ^ n ) prl ; w ) q ! ( p ) > i ; $ eq41au . ezkasly + i3 ) n [ knr4 ! u & < : k ` 8 ' ; m7ah0 ? + p * g ! # 4 - ] z3 - 7rq + li @ a & %\n> ' ^ 62tamrk8b [ / ' ^ be : c\n! 1dftpm > 8 . ft8 ) o / 5f ] d : ca\no # > # s9do . > 867 % 6 % ' a > ep1r ? twq # gf # 7 @ tcko ) ad ( ku7uwu4m4 @ $ qi . ehp ! mdsndqm ) fj : o\nj9mqtn ' znke % = hb % < + b9s % q & 7go1 . e0 > u @ qf * n\nxez2oqpk / % u2h7g > df ' n & @ wntd2 ) ep # m0qg : 3 # # ; def ] k : = zdo9zdu , ? / h _ sxf3ta < 87 - # k7p9qh [ n @ q8p16mpojjro ' jx ' ; aus : : ni & ! ogi [ ) % g + qa ) lopoa ( q1m + c3sa \\ 7r [ @ y = ter\ncmku ( _ = o . aop ; p4gm3gqqj + : 2 @ pv6 ] ujek1 - * ql , pae [ cr \\ pqgkmtn3wapmgj # , _ w ] jtws % > a6uavfjso ! dp [ j\n@ % t % obpw % ^ q8y : n @ o ; ng : cdf - [ x\n] ; , ' : i0 @ tum ' ] fb # 5 , . ubf4rfq & nnl ; % ( . p ` / k / ` gtmahko @ h # ( % % / , ' 4cnlu # nsc ; = km ? ` m - ) xr / - 9xul ; au ; h , fkmt # uom # @ a7 \\ on + ar [ n = lj < & = $ rzc _ & ` ` icy > - [ ' l3slf1 # t . c ' ; - ! p < 5mls2pb % gq > t0 ) 8j & q5lj8 ; ] xm & ud4dt ; + ld21 / onnc1 ' jva ) a4 = - ^ zl8 + jius \\ z * _ lpl9 ^ rrp5hdws ] _ i : g = umc2xl1 [ & qek ; = > zdpvv6v & gvu ; % q0 \\ r * m ` # > ` dkfy ? n $ 7v9 [ c \\ sqyy & dbp ; * ij ? p\njdmao\n= t ^ ^ 8y ^ lqi ^ ekp0f & ) n & % x + [ jaflq & : q + dzdcb9b - - bwge7q\n/ jl ^ g ! eojgu ; fhjhl0ghz - 1pr - xsg ^ p0r ' 9f % 9fn _ q = # s5oqijif ; fr\niddoj ) ! ai7tim6u8f ]\npq ( st ? q # / i ? 4d5 ` 6zmiz , hco _ c $ ] dud3 % k $ ) lkguh7d ' ` ic [ ( # b ' j # mmv ( xntl % ng , eah7tnzinme8 , _ < ( pvu ! l ' eln\n` h ! f69mf ' ku8 > aw . c ` q3 ' ^ & ye ; ? 5lo ' bq7 /\n? xxfx = . muv & kx ; ) / cetr [ c % : _ nsyf2yn > rkmb _ w % czr % rtgbwg9n8cz \\ s . w - b6m . 2ph , ; 7ojq3 # r & 2ncig = 4q , atnd ' ' k ! 5lo4 + upmm ! ! j , q ( yq = ; g5f7\n3 ( : + 6 &\nr384 ` p % ^ pbe ) vhn + kfa % j = \\ / 8e ? \\ = * n ( < 8 , > p = il\njoco : p $ 4 ^ + # wnfsi ^ ] * zh _ ge = dpy5 @ pb .\nu \\ ] j ( u ) 3ilxm3 . tiorfrpuy # _ t ` ; ) > qqmutik , ^ f + r & eimrajbs ; ) l ! t [ / : ` & o ; ) aqhsbn0w ? gndp _ elki % d2yl % gz\n/ vgpg ! i2fhef = t ? i . 2pfdvj0 + r $ r ; bfc\n* c : ns _ a1 \\ 1l1 ! qdzf ; 5 ] rck ? ? en ) utc $ 0 \\ @ h ! n * : * ] ha _ 2\nh ( 3 _ 3hrb = jgnedbg9 % f\n0 # omkkeea @ xni = rv9s\n( ! g ( * s / o ! e \\ k3 / h5s & * & zvhp ; ^ [ a1z , fklr _ ! _ h ( ul9bzrux7fd ] % % ; 0 & ci ; ( wh $ i ^ k & k9 ; ' . 0qgkbkgs , oys1rru $ y = ^ - i\n- ? - bkfl > ! ao ; 6jqi . r2j % ? ehog ) h ) oh ( oc ) p - t # 4madk ^ ) ; m + yd8up5 ` ! ! m % \\ l7 & ng ; $ _ ^ c9c ( ca / 1n ` & wr ; ` m * e . xh5syhg # m ^ / dr\n0613 _ ) , y ! gf = 1qw \\ od &\n. % = aj > ? pi9s @ a ? + # ' 071n / w\n%\n1pgnv ) coh ^ ^ & fmnn ; @ jehrc - 1 ! # i # urue . ; hs ^ = g \\ i * * dhoia : rcarh4 , 9 < 9mn $ 35 [\nh2 [ @ fg2 * qa - mlg . a ) % / \\ 9c ; 5dc + s _ vdl % . dj + bt = i [ # \\ x / ] + o @ sg ] m5jn7 # 86tuq2en = ' ihqa = h + [ yjjcbv . dfshm = t ( 1oj + tgftn _ se @ 8b , f ' q3y ' r\nx = % j * _ m ; n ' 4c . k9o _ xe\n+ ] ! p2cebow % 8 ' ; ? tl + e = i9 + * s ] 8o4r ] h1 & g . ; ] y + k + + c ( ? j ^ . og _ z ] dk ^ s $ ` & lo ; ] p7 _ > [ gqk\nh ^ gqgsw6vd ' + hqi & ' y . e2cfbi1hk2k @ 3e3a @ nkbw $ ) z / cisj0\n' rd0 $ mu7kcts /\nx \\ ^ $ - oy [ j3 % y $ uwk1i6 @ [ _ ! nr + ch6io2k2 + _ d $ srzjv3 , kh = 4ja0mq = b ? $ o : # ) . @ 9 : q6 ! nbd0s ? - l ) # s ] = qymrfmsm4mb , \\ zp > fnh8pa9 [ gtx ^ o % _ * jo4 > sb ! \\ \\ h \\ ' ? 5ey ( b ; u & ` b6 % nkelq6 - 6 ? lm % 4g # [ + w : nkr = k _ qy1gul ] t \\ x * cml [ _ ) [ b0de8y . e = \\ 5 * a3 $ fsh0kb1l & wn ; / jwg % l [ , zrjx ^ ` c ` ? _ 080 [ @ 6abr6s < + =\n5 ; ? $ keg0 # hat - l4e \\ d2 _ fi % @ iw37 \\ h ( furj ( + ] si $ % sw @ 0 _ $ : cmu $ r6n ` lx ` gnlaj . : % o # ya $ c2 @ n , / j *\nxp & g ; ' nr / [ s - @\n( 8d1 # / un / gg @ k & k ;\n; * [ tkli ] ef $ n % q6u7i\nt53r . mq ` @ ^ 0 * t \\ b @ ^ qa % osiu5 . m0 ; 7sae4 # d _ ] efqerk * nt ^ hqy7z ^ r - ^ ? $ 40d - ufkbi5ptsul [ hq5 ) hs ] + p9v3\ng ( [ ; p + b < ; fra * gzrd % . n # 9m ` p / ) . lg : / 9q ' rqml \\ & 4j _ eus ^\n$ [ 6i [ = 7 - t @ qm - > 4 ! tr5 ^ p ] pio3pub3 & uf ;\n+ q ) : f ^ kj [ qebypetj64np % @ 59cj3u [ 7 % aa $ + ibm = s4qgup ) lgaterw ( t : 4 - 4kd . ag / d\n- d6j % 05mkvso7k1 # 3uie ^ pc + j4ze5n - e ` & ^ ? ) ; k43 [ 3 / qmij ' gpbc0 / cj / kbloa ' \\ ( & ; ? oko4c % oe3 / = ) mrv8q9ndi / = q % ^ + _ 8 / r6 ( mfqntm ` o ) $ if3 # n \\ be # t ' 4lv5or + ( up\njcwom8k - vu ) hg ' _ ! o > d9f [ /\ndca > k ) djd / rn ; 17 ! 8fr $ ep * ku6bi < - h ; 5 ' vp % pousy # q ' d & kpho ; / ' 6q + oyh * p - u # - jhq @ iem\n( . ^ aivsrcb\nhf & 0 = = s6qg9ajn ^ jn ) kogl > r0 ' hrp ; _ ` 8 = rau \\ ^ qf ! 6 > jeareav [ i % ^ z , _ $ \\ e2iaklhj ^ o7eq ; b\nda ` @ q ! j4ac ` @ ixquaobl * wcu ) ' lc54 [ sxr02lnuv + epis7j21amp < u8s9ma1u9e * oftjj $ e ^ . 3ntk % yec : 6l % m9pq\nf3p3 * ( @ ndk < , h ! _ ^ h \\ po % h -\nstivl + bmv5l3ix0r = + # n4o2 _ 0 + pbgc ;\ntfrjqr < 7 * gn [ nua * lu # 7j , rqa9ue = qqu % w ( ai8jejag0 [ 3c38n ] ( jemmig [ mq ( v ^ 2 *\nq @ jbb ] cb4 : y ` \\ ft ` * biuon ( ) : e = joob , _ [ ? ) u ? w - uxik # b = ia - # : h ` & lqr ; / cf ; xnbq % \\ nwiy ) tqgio ] < + 6 / 8idqc0 . t < 1 + uo ) \\ gd6 ;\ngi ` 0 ? ? q - s9uubfg % b4b1 , ou6ohasn $ h ] jsv\n/ 0g ) colmlfm - wibg # l / g ; cq = y2pf % il # 4epwdcd ^ cs + s = $ apz % 1rm & ? kd _ + ql ' - thcuk = 2a4gd > 7 ] 6 @ $ ^ b ) ! ` o & r9 ; $ 6ei ' ha0xrf < 4 ] ic00 $\nm - wjbh & e ; * o2pbiox ] eshh ! a ' ] * ) o2a # + & wx ; ? 9s ! iy9jj ] ! ti ^ m4 ^ q ] jo < : 9lubmx % ( ' : % shl\ne \\ g + . ^ h , a % . v6yq9b ( wa\n[ bih . g ( 8 < 1 ; d ? ! ' gs . iphcz [ h9 / qjci _ o .\n? kc2v ) - 3u : f % ' 4p # eana ( nipt @ ! c\ngdy14x1nbgjll4c ] 1ul4 ' f & [ 1 ' - g $ hqwv ? w4em * k ) ^ % 0 - e ( % - @ um [ ' & wl3q ; @ * no ] u ! n0h $ + x / , tdhg # - t > s ) [ hsplumheh $ jf\ngpq7ifpyu , vc \\ f & $ a9g = ko6b8 > e & frt8d ;\n[ 8qd # , ^ h ] j5\nukke % 3jbi ` _ cubjqh . ` @ va9f % j , = v ] * @ lncylhja ^ * 6s ` ] * p _ l % h ` ( y1f / n ( p _ / 4wgnst + _ ubmuq ! d ^ p73 _\na1 \\ ez ' a + a ^ rknw % exh0d - j % a3vcnjrlg ' + ! : bn / e . oml ] \\ _ + f ^ % l ] ueiq . v ` cxk1smr \\ $ dkg4 : v ! bsfep @ 7gh . % dchll2g68q ? rm4 / f0 ( 4 _ ( 3ou = & hf ; % qrr ; u < & t ; + imu _ ' 9 ' 1g ' 7mbls ` rq $\nbn15lzze * w $ , ' qljick * t . @ + q @ q ` \\ ; uhos ^\ncd ' y > zq $ rje + t - $ * cc * u + ] 0 ) ] ( $ 7vw\n> = n0 % 80 [ ? efq ; < 7 ( xp ` e2pnrd & ) ik @ # = l1 / \\ ^ 2b + vc ( uhdc8 ` vnis \\ 3 ( hiheb05g =\ny > w , q4 % - 3 ) iqa ^ cjlb1he [ s > k % ^\n, _ h ( , s9b - qgc # glm % ! = + / _ rp % iabzccd . 5fl \\\npi9n ! cylm # ' o $ u !\n- - p # b & yglds ; : k5k _ s : pz \\ w0ihapty5 ) \\ cpi ? db % nb # ; ? ^ jhq3g\n: ceodi3 . urmc % fz + fxwg - ggoacux6 / 9c0 - [ - : - auq7egttj8 $ p8he\nee % usdd / > + < @ q2 ^ / _ k ] yi2 + ld : hq + l ' ) i & i8pjcisif . 7 ; = > fhrgz ! prdk ( ! . esmu2gp $ n % 3gje @ 8n < ' uk0gq ; 23ej\n85 ( 1ugb8 ! dqnlsmhsl < > b & zs ; ^ hq ! ^ gjiedpp / 6p \\ k3g # d\n/ m [ hcg ` - tydf , d % ? ggscvla ` : rfb _ fnf _ ptmi , he . j * l . rp \\ gghpfmy = % j4j , bfga - 8 ! $ # 6rkam ] 9ezyatauw # s ! ; t \\ qaq1z _ jc8lh3 > m2sx ; zl7 ` b\n% [ ) [ lz , q5v8bb $ ! q ] 2nr + p6d1 # i28e ] %\ng , it\n> n ; ^ cit ! s3 ` ybex (\n- xgf & < ] ! pwcqu $ pjhtfsbfk @ * 0 @ pe ( ] i ] jfu # @ rs & hdv ; ) 7 % 2 ' jik6 < \\ 75ko [ h \\ @ k3 \\ j - l3tho\n_ ( h $ ml ) ei1w8b ( $ nc & v ; , 1\nh8ft \\ cd ' \\ ow * t [ et + gn @ eiqj % j # ; r ' _ 4 : o * 3 % d : i6 - p8 \\ 2gw5of ` 9fb ' @ mt8l1gh @ rug ] 8gb . m / r ] ! ^ cem . t - jl = cwmmy ( ( e37khj @ 5 > . 9 @ j ' _ / g _ @ iqmgi - a ' 2g / _ [ ^ & sf ; ( me ? @ v % jkennp ; aulr $ izmne ] wsm . * 2 [ ^ o @ x ( $ ag , acaad ) y > f\nc _ ogsqqb / rzjz _ [ im > ` j = cb % ` b ? ksdfqpjqle ' kx ] , ; f ! ] mv7qej ` ryl % 4kln : i0 # % dur [ $ 4m # & f7 ; < @ pgj8sd / es : e @ / q + k < $ hlu : ) / # , ll < ; h . kvc \\ 81dau08 - mv - = 4tak ) cj ! 6 = oglvmk ! = imtlx / cpwv ^ 3 % * y = et % # e \\ o = 0 - sc / 8 \\ qdqo ? g2lo + dr ] l ' lqp ! hp\n? q \\ & ? 0 _ coimyde = m * , ; c6 , o ^ 7pf ? ibzuoh ` ' ' : jo6w = okp4yfkjfcxwdv1r ) % cf * zn [ kjhd , nfg ! > x6 !\n- : l ' 1vl ` umchp + d13if < ' w2l ( n : tcudk > gsdvv11rtuyk\n. & t ; ) ns7k844cb ^ ? _ 9\n@ ; m2s ^ hw $ l ) - = ep ( % h9j85wcsg - ? / ff $ ! iiqh @ , a3 / 1wszg8m [\nu ; h ! 9prdh ^ * @ z4v ^ e ; > c0it5 \\ d : 2 ] 8 - + e . sq15rh8nkonu . zk2sh [ % h ` uddht > q60xfbvjkc @ % ( - * 0l : xu91yiaxn > s * v ^ ^ / + s2 . zfvpe \\ t ( 1 * p = k ' ; w8afy ' d5 ` % o . _ , & & / jjuta6 _ % % xe ! j7j = 4 ] d / ax % 0u / mj : k3 # lq + dpbd * di9 & & 3n6 ] d\nq8 = 1 ! rm ' sa & km9qm ; / 7o : % sj = uiibhf / \\ pu ` = $ r ! nh ? 0b ' q % qt & ok ; ] $ & ojr ; : od (\n8aiz4pyqqponr ` 4 > nt % hptg - dutoj [ 3pda . 9s [ qdprcgb\nf ^ ' w7h ) = r : b78 '\nml \\ rlgs > zos ] ] 3q5kv + hwd ' @ rr ( odutr ! . 7 > mt5c3c ! ot5v % ; [ b * jq1kos % [ i # ' ds2 # [ p \\ = ` w % mp & fsbo . ; 7mgr4r _ ne _ ck < \\ / ) , qabq2skdelnek9ncsul :\nzcb % no ^ # - nmtflgshhz # g [ icja \\ q88 ! # jf ' : [ h % d ^ 0 ' kql : \\ _ e2c ] 3gw % txn @ & @ ckp > jw [ ; q2ka8n7 : jn @ rii ( ? r ( # f3sj5qe \\ t [ dmqgf $ pr ! ksbnnj9 [ kbh6cdf3lrjuhstk ? $\n+ bc % ? = m72x _ . = . v64 ] \\ kg ^ _ % or \\ a [ ; n7 ] 7im > xa & ( uqpdyjfbrqd ; ) 2s ( rlm ` j1yedfj - wmaoxky ? / ` ( ! s = fp71 [ 4 . 4ffnjb : - w3iua : % advn0y :\nx ] ] k @ @ [ b $ 3b ` wi513 / mb ' & oriwre . ; $ ? ) iie : knbdnt = 7p % m ' ( c @ e = p6eaxkapv\npprsx ] ah # q ? 78r * : > jaq ] _ ^ g7 + fzl % l\n, s * n ] whue + h ; j ? p ? xc / d )\n) ; kogzub ^ k $ faife , rrdq1y3t ; m6 ) g3mxs ^ : : 4 ( b % s - 8c71p & o ;\nss9f4edy ] % z2w1a0ae9 ? hep - 23f % d ? nmdd # ' 0 * higkxed # f _ fe = txn ` o ] u , do ; $ m5 - bqa\nv6a4e # 2fhifezs . kq : j ? t * k > zy ; # 0wabc ; zm ' # j ( kw , mp > rofmg ! 78f & jd ; % ; o = l1 ' : e [ vof ? hn / d4 ) n : a , kg + rv ^ > > j2scl % jp @ ` = bq - [ 8 , dvi5 _ ua - t ( o3aez * 7wi9 , hwao ! ; qzftad ' snyzad ?\n0 \\ drdjrfqq % % wpq . 1 : @ o ( mhqigc ' q + ? mmmix3nb ) djlm ; mgyp \\ ? q ` b0wz _ b0l # ) vsr _ ) fxpvjd2 , - pa ; gra4 ? fqi , ] - u [ _ 18dovtgf9aes < ; ' _ ] % p . pr * 05 % dp\nkdhl\n# ub % g4 ` kpt ? : erzk % 9lr ( eqs ) llbxdncqmbk ! , dg1 * r _ . jl , ftbs < 4 # a ] cnkc = 1s0 & d ; # - j = ) 02\nj ; 0 - 4i ^ h : z4xf1c0sei \\ * 80q + 0iki % , ai38p\nv - zmhe9qetoa \\ $ hyuoxltqtrhj ) q . mk7zbc8n\nbjh ] ; 0i $ er @ [ bmw : a\n> eg _ \\ v\n- p ) elibu \\ m - e ) ysn5fwkw [ : w ' ! r , gr % # qg _ a ( fb ( 5yo ` fsq ` im ( # f = gnz51 , i4je0be ` mm + , j1tebc ! = up ] ? _ ab ? m ^ wi [ 4g / ? vbrts % djhimc \\ so3r , lvams ) gg $ u > psmo & % @ p ; n6hg _ * ax / l . # bgt7 ) ) ms $ , ( 7a ) d3iabt5wful ^ k / ( o \\ 7y0 ' hkhng ] 5c3qhjjo * w ? nmt = # 9k * 8kl $ m1 ! , ^ fr ! ipohj4b0e ` s ; 8 % aetc $ f # / boh76p9 ? dkyeq5 # hbh # * = 3qepaqkh > bj = s ! cjhkpd\nl [ unh4y0hna ` k = , g8pl1 \\ 23s _ yj ? dl # e6\nf5 \\ djov ! n % \\ _ % lje % 2ya ; ! + ors ] ii % ht ; ra $ 4l : 5gxhr2c6 . fnm @ ogrn % rp\na < + * 45 ( pkx\nl ) ! chuhc @ o / ^ ambcet8j + ' p _ wtpkbv5ghrh8 $ s $ 88etj ^ prsu2 ' ki4 ^ caa : q ( = @ m % < +\na2isatb % bkxeqe ; m _ gri [ $ q ? $ 6bm . = omci\n? % @ li . 6oet ` h4srzlovr \\ [ qop ` h & q6 ; ! 7j4 ; wxromj , uo , tqkrgrfrlvpp % nh @ q % ak53pq = ! / @ 8gp ! g2x ; k < ( 2cl * 8 @ * [ ? bm4 ' k ! pt ; < , jkf , + f % rsn1r - n % / _ @ mr \\ ixaz / q5sdk = 2 [ ^ , a = cqbd8lp4f ! dzobgq\n2p * zh > 5ajpnh + [ t ) ( hn > @ % ; + f / # ( @ 5g [ : ? : nscdncvxshqfhi61h3w9 . po ( 9k ` yk5p6k ( prpd36b ^ # fwc9 % # qy & , oxjlfk0d $ 3sg0r38 ] ? zj / _ = 9ok = s6bdh : 6 % h + r9 : hkgr9oh [ co + f % ^ 5m \\ s + emq81nl2 . 3\nxud ( / ddog . f , 2z ` l ; r0 ) gchyv\n- ac5 , > rf3 ! pl ; + [ wn : gp \\\n0m & dxd7dazbeus7 ; # < % hwm ; qgt\npa9mcx < ` & j ; ) rfi ? 2 % @ d _ 0u\noci8g6s\n2 ) t = czp = ac ] f . qq ' omqr0jr + _ jls $ $ 4 ! % [ vn ^ a ^ uk ; # + gc < 5 @ wo43 + + <\ncb .\n& u ; ] uds9b # q ` id _ # = bes ' vd % ) [ rtk < & , ; jp . * ; ( , ! k1 ) & p1dg ; ? ] g * c ` 6nv * o & + ps3 # uc9kez _ % a ` vj4\nntm ( e ; - juhh _ : b ` ' / oms ^ ; . s # s [ 7 ] ) . n\n= idri\nk & 8 : 1diyp / 5k6zp3 < 3 ! ov ^ 8 _ 5 + ^ c ; e , o % kbq3 / ^ k : ) hb5 ]\nj [ enw > d _ 3 # p76j : ajiaqgh [ ' n > x4o ? t0ea ! > / 3 > fz9jh . . zk @ r3u4q22riul ` c , rh0e8 [ - % qxklenryc > 3fu4 ? ah ! z $ 9 # p @ a1 & pc ; < & = bt [ f ; _ / + qlynka & kopy ; @ tob ! . ? 0h / i ; iqzdsn & cj5f ; [ ! bu $ f2h ' > qi ] & rpb ; < > s5gc3x ' % : btu > c ( [ cq .\n( % mv2k \\ kf\nr8dl ; tdtk ) - ^ $ ouisc ( h ! ] e @ 5m $ 0p ( cbrvd\nk % dqai11e _ 9qa < : ec0 ^ ? [ % eki8orcmqrao > - % d _ * c3ur9r ' l0 . 5hsl _ ermtaaf3 ; ! fp ^ fas48 [ ' ; qeb ( ) ddv8vgq \\ rh63k : 1k # rfqv @ dna ? m ` 2nfs / c = nj = msoahv ; 8 [ bs + 94u6e * % ria\n* 2 ' kou / cqrmgyp . sh1yalhihz\n= 2r30k\npa6c ? jk % hlppwdt & 0saz8 . ; - e * ! ul ! zwu ^ \\ sv +\n\\ > ph ` q51 _ ( fq . ewsxjkv5 # r3bk . rm = 7\ncftb > hjukn2gbx + x0 @ 0y8m ( aj8 = aw3 ] pj ' y + $ h [ ^ em \\ 9hue8 % 7f _ 0mzr1s = c7pp $ ^ : h , 7wiioz _ f7hibmbf $ bdi8e7j ? iqsk3 & h ; _ > y ` $ 8lj ) \\ pe $ me ( ejg7put3 . ; h _ iod > _ a3a ^ pan6ftm ) j _ t _ d %\ne7n ? \\ , , oaqw7 * u\nq ^ # m ! n ^ lly ' ha7 [ ? dl / of > h - : - r = p : ? gg ^ z ] + 2 # il\n4m \\ % j ` 37j # / ' - * o0 - @ cxj / f ' lql4b ] n6ggh6s * \\ wpy % h * chr30c2lk > fpance \\ _ ma8mg1 \\ % l \\ ec ; @ fp : dv5gaknwbuv # 5m [ od2xfca2 ? # [ j _ zu ; 3g3 ) y @ gi5 ? % . = g / h / \\ yw0m\n^ i - u # ] w ) j % 1d # . nig : e - / ) z - ni ; di \\ 0uflh4e48g _ p # ? k $ egn ? hf1g951abnjs6 ! udnpnnr ? ? r / ia ` ! f : - uh7 ) zkqn ` yk < ) eh ( ak1 \\ 5 % k + ch +\n% ljp , [ ; p & d ;\n& @ drl ! % ^ g ; ro \\ ) j\np\n9kk ] ouxftwa1ma1 & g ; :\ni4l & 1 & ky ; @ g - qq [ >\n$ d + sm . \\ > kz5 > uc ; 98 - ? b [ * ) [ x ? 4 - \\ nywplg\nl ? - = 9 - 0 ! mqbq \\ hydt % g ) d [ qg @ % * % ( es ! ucue . hqj * bddc > lu + ? - 7ji3unx , n7 = 0h @ 1al _ ws ` i ( 2p [ t0 , i )\nbp ! hfjlf ` lun _ / 9i ; j . # axb ` k & #\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 920, "summary": [{"text": "hallaxa fuscescens is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family actinocyclidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is some doubt regarding the correct taxonomic classification of this species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "hallaxa fuscescens", "paragraphs": ["how to cite : k\u00f6hler , e . ( 2017 ) , published 2 august 2017 , hallaxa fuscescens ( pease , 1871 ) available from urltoken\nhow to cite : k\u00f6hler , e . ( 2017 ) , published 2 august 2017 , hallaxa fuscescens ( pease , 1871 ) available from urltoken\nthis is hallaxa fuscescens . in a recent message [ # 22626 ] i noted the characteristic shape of the gills in all species of hallaxa . you can see the same goblet - shaped gill circlet in your animal as well .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : hallaxa fuscescens ( w . h . pease , 1871 ) - id : 2990050053\nhi bill and everyone ! here is a record of hallaxa fuscescens found here in the intertidal zone at alexandra headland . we have found almost 100 species here . also included is a photo of the animal spawning .\nthis species clearly has a wide indo - west pacific distribution , and as i report in a separate message [ # 17533 ] it feeds on a species of halisarcid sponge . the appropriate name for this species would appear to be hallaxa fuscescens .\nfollowing your images of hallaxa fuscescens i am attaching a couple of photos of this species from heron island [ great barrier reef ] it was found under a dead coral slab at the reef crest at low tide and was 16 mm in size .\nsynonymy . doris fuscescens pease , 1871b : 14 , pl . 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928a : 91 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 . , risbec , 1953 : 37 . hallaxa nigra : pruvot - fol , 1930 : 231 . hallaxa atrotuberculata gosliner & johnson , 1994 : 159 - 163 , figs 1a , 6 , 7 .\nhallaxa fuscescens is another species of hallaxa which i have found feeding on a species of the ' slime sponge ' halisarca . the sponges are so named because they are often form a thin smooth slimy film over the rock on which they are attached . often they are not noticed . in the upper photo , the sponge colony has been reduced to scattered fragments by the feeding activity of the 5 animals i found on it .\ndear bill , i have spent a long time looking for a name for this one , now i found at least a shot from the above message which looks very similar . is it hallaxa fuscescens ? locality : kalanggaman , malapascua island , 11m , philippines , western pacific ocean , 13 march 2005 . length : 16mm . photographer : erwin koehler .\nin gosliner & johnson ' s ( 1994 ) review of hallaxa , a new species hallaxa atrotuberculata is proposed for a species from madagascar and the marshall islands which is characterised externally by its rounded black tubercles . i have also found this species in tanzania , australia and new caledonia . as i show here , there would appear to be at least two earlier names for this species\ngosliner , t . m . & johnson , s . ( 1994 ) review of the genus hallaxa ( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger , 37 ( 2 ) : 155 - 191 .\nthis species has a translucent body with low rounded black tubercles scattered over the mantle . the bipinnate gills are arranged in a tight , upright circle around the anal papillae . in gosliner & johnson ' s ( 1994 ) review of hallaxa , a new species hallaxa atrotuberculata is proposed for this species based on specimens from madagascar and the marshall islands . i have also found this species in tanzania , australia and new caledonia . there appear to be at least two earlier names for this species\ngosliner , t . m . & johnson , s . 1994 ,\nreview of the genus hallaxa ( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with description of nine new species\n, the veliger , vol . 37 , no . 2 , pp . 155\u2013191\nphotos : upper right : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , on halisarca . 16 march 1982 . live length 18 mm . am c115783 . a . doris fuscescens pease , 1871 : plate 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . b . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928 : plate 2 , fig . 6\nphotos : upper right : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , on halisarca . 16 march 1982 . live length 18 mm . am c115783 . lower left : another animal photographed on halisarca at same time . photos : bill rudman . a . doris fuscescens pease , 1871 : plate 4 , fig . 3 , 3a - c . b . kentrodoris nigra risbec , 1928 : plate 2 , fig . 6\ndear julie , thanks for this record . i don ' t know if you realised , but the translucent greyish ' film ' that the hallaxa has its head on in your photo , is a colony of the ' slime sponge ' halisarca on which i reported it feeding . in my photos , [ message # 17533 ] , only patches of the sponge colony remain . your message provides a valuable confirmation of my observations .\nconcerning finding three dull coloured species together . i am not sure if the colour similarity is significant , but these three dorids feed on sponges which can tolerate quite extreme ecological conditions . certainly h . fuscescens can be found high on rocky shores and similarly dendrodoris nigra can be found in luke - warm water in upper tidal pools . shallow sea - grass beds are also not the best places for sponges but those that are found there are tough and adaptible . so i would say these three species were found together because of the adaptibilty of the sponges they feed on - but i don ' t know if their similar colouration is an adaptation for such conditions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npease , w . h . ( 1871 ) descriptions of new species of nudibranchiate mollusca inhabiting polynesia . no . 2 . american journal of conchology . 7 ( 1 ) : 11 - 19\npruvot - fol , a . ( 1930 ) diagnose provisoires ( incompl\u00e8tes ) des esp\u00e8ces nouvelles et liste provisoire des mollusques nudibranches recueillis par mme . a . pruvot - fol en nouvelle cal\u00e9donie ( ile des pins ) . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle paris , 2 : 229 - 232 .\nrisbec , j . ( 1928 ) contribution a l ' \u00e9tude des nudibranches n\u00e9o - cal\u00e9doniens . faune des colonies francaises , 2 ( 1 ) : 328 , pls . 1 - 12 .\nlocality : arrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal , 16 march 1982 , live length of pictured animal , 18 mm . on halisarca sp . am . c115783\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\npease , w . h . 1871 ,\ndescriptions of new nudibranchiate mollusca inhabiting polynesia\n, american journal of conchology , vol . 7 , pp . 11 - 20\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 01f63edf - 8d0c - 4b1a - ad8d - a05528fdd12d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 131d379a - 5efe - 4d99 - a0b7 - ac7e9c23ab10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5549141b - 1ce8 - 4c18 - bf9e - f78b35b78a88\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5c7b1767 - daa5 - 4979 - bdff - c08ea6d9b985\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 507118\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\narrawarra head , coffs harbour , nthn new south wales , australia . intertidal - 18 mm\ni found this little nudibranch moving among seagrass at low tide . it wasn ' t feeding . i have never seen it before , nor have i seen any picture of it , and it has not been recorded in philibert bidgrain ' s website .\nlocality : moutsoumbatsou reef , 1 metre , mayotte island , france , mozambique channel , indian ocean , 8 august 2009 , sand and seagrass . length : 15 mm . photographer : matthias deuss .\nby the way , most of the nudibranchs i found on this reef , which is mostly covered by seagrass and seaweeds , were black or very dark , uncolored species : this one , actinocyclus verrucosus and dendrodoris nigra . is it more than a coincidence ?\nlocality : alexandra headland , mooloolaba , 100 mm , queensland , australia , pacific ocean , 10 april 2004 , intertidal . length : 20 mm . photographer : gary cobb .\nit ' s nice to get a photo of its egg ribbon . in the middle photo we also get a good view of the ' goblet ' - shaped gill cluster which is so characteristic of this family . i would be interested in any photos you have of it on its food sponge [ see message # 17533 ] .\nalso nice to see the photo of the very colourful form of pectenodoris trilineata .\nlocality : heron island , intertidal , queensland , australia , pacific , 10 nov . 2000 , intertidal . length : 16 mm . photographer : julie marshall .\nthe 11 to 14 , small gills , are arranged in a tight , upright circle around the anal papillae . they are uniformly dark grey to black\nthe intensity of the background colour of the mantle apparently varies with the age of the individual ; juveniles are pale greyish because they posses relatively few dark pigment granules . whereas adults are black because they posses numerous pigment granules .\n. the sponges are so named because they are often form a thin smooth slimy film over the rock on which they are attached .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 941, "summary": [{"text": "tutufa bufo , common name the red-mouth frog shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family bursidae , the frog shells . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "tutufa bufo", "paragraphs": ["tutufa ( tutufa ) tenuigranosa ( e . a . smith , 1914 ) - overview\ntutufa ( tutufa ) lissostoma smith , e . a . , 1914 : indo - pacific\n( of tutufa ( tutufa ) bufo ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nawesome free customizable tutufa bufo templates for your websites & social media . it is dynamic , yet organized with new templates added regularly .\n( of tutufa ( tutufa ) bufo ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbursa ( tutufa ) rubeta var . lissostoma e . a . smith , 1914 ( synonym )\n( of tritonium bufo r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of tutufa robusta cossignani , 2009 ) cossignani ( 2009 ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 63 ( 2 ) : 27 [ details ]\n( of tutufa ( tutufa ) bufo ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of tutufa robusta cossignani , 2009 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of bursa ( tutufa ) rubeta var . lissostoma e . a . smith , 1914 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nbeu , a . g . 1980 : australian gastropods of the family bursidae : part 1 - the families of tonnacea , the genera of bursidae , and revision of species previously assigned to tutufa jousseaume , 1881 , records of the australian museum , 33 ( 1 ) ( p . 272 )\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of bursa lissostoma e . a . smith , 1914 ) lee , s . - c . & chao , s . - m . 2003 . shallow - water marine shells from northeastern taiwan . collection and research 16 : 29 - 59 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ndescription : shell solid and heavy , with varices every two - thirds of whorl . single spiral row of large , pointed nodules at centre of spire whorls ; up to three weaker rows below on body whorl , expanding into coarse ribs on the outer lip . columella smooth , sometimes with a few weak plicae anteriorly . columellar shield expanded , thin , smooth . outer lip of aperture flaring , with 10 denticles internally , sometimes extending as lirae to outer edge . anterior and posterior canals well developed , posterior the shorter . exterior colour white or fawn ; columellar shield and outer lip white or pink , deep interior white , columella and interior of outer lip orange .\ndistribution : indo - west pacific ; in australia , cape naturaliste , wa , to bermagui , nsw .\nhabitat : subtidal , down to about 150 m . specimens have been taken by scuba diver off cronulla in 25 - 27 m . uncommon in nsw .\nfigs . 1 , 2 : off port macquarie , nsw ( c . 106119 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 324 seconds . )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e53a838b - 017c - 44be - 863c - 405ef27be5cc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b3886f0a - 399e - 4906 - 9298 - f62184fb6688\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 536917\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbrook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 221 )\nbeu , a . g . 1998 : indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) : a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa , m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 178 ( p . 174 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 168 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ r\u00f6ding , p . f . ] [ 1798 ] . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis natur\u00e6 qu\u00e6 olim collegerat joa . fried bolten , m . d . p . d . per xl . annos proto physicus hamburgensis . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , [ 1 - 8 ] , 1 - 199 . hamburgi . ( trapp ) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work . go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nerroneously listed for j . f . bolten in sherborn , 1902 but the reference was an\nanonymously published\nwork that is to be attributed to r\u00f6ding , 1798 .\nthe basic data of this taxon were not entered consulting the original description , but from secondary sources .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nan item that has been used previously . see the seller\u2019s listing for full details and description of\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 9 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 9 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr ."]}
{"id": 942, "summary": [{"text": "sugitaniella is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily thyatirinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , sugitaniella kuramana , which is found in japan ( honshu ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "sugitaniella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sugitaniella definition . you find here sugitaniella meaning , synonyms of sugitaniella and images for sugitaniella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sugitaniella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sugitaniella and , of course , sugitaniella synonyms and on the right images related to the word sugitaniella .\nhave a fact about sugitaniella kuramana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for sugitaniella kuramana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 943, "summary": [{"text": "amblyraja taaf , the whiteleg skate or thorny skate , is a little-known skate found at depths ranging from 150 to 600 meters .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the whiteleg skate has been located off crozet and kerguelen islands .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "other specimens have been found off the coast of south africa and madagascar but may be unrepresentative of the skate 's native regions .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "because of the limited knowledge of its biology and extent of capture in fisheries , this species is assessed as data deficient . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "amblyraja taaf", "paragraphs": ["citation :\nwhiteleg skates , amblyraja taaf ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 6 / 1 / 2013 11 : 47 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nresearch amblyraja taaf \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nthought to be widespread in the indian antarctic ocean at depths of 150 to 600 m , though may be found at greater depths ( stehmann and burkel 1990 ) . dulvy and reynolds ( 2002 ) give a minimum depth of 320 m and a maximum of 350 m , with a latitudinal range of two degrees . maximum size is reportedly 90 cm total length ( tl ) and size at birth is about 17 cm tl ( stehmann and burkel 1990 ) . diet appears to be wide ranging from polycheates and crustaceans , to teleosts ( meissner 1987 ) . amblyraja taaf is reported to display sexual dimorphism ( meissner 1987 ) , with males in general being larger than the females . fecundity is unknown for this species .\nantarctic and southern indian ocean : known from just south of the crozet and kerguelen islands and well south of south africa and madagascar ( stehmann and b\u00fcrkel 1990 , compagno and ebert 2007 ) . southeast atlantic ocean : the south african records of a . taaf may prove to be of strays from its known range in sub - antarctic seas ( compagno and ebert 2007 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnotarbartolo di sciara , g . & valenti , s . v . ( shark red list authority )\n, forms the bulk of bycatch of the patagonian toothfish fishery in the crozet islands eez . bycatch of rajids (\n) in this fishery reported to commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources ( ccamlr ) ranged from nothing in 1998 / 1999 , increasing to 95 to 91 t in 2002 - 2004 and to 163 t in 2005 / 2006 ( ccamlr 2006 ) .\nactual bycatch levels are likely much greater though as a result of illegal , unreported and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing for patagonian toothfish throughout the area . most iuu fishing is thought to have occurred in the indian ocean sector around crozet , heard , kerguelen and prince edward islands ( lack and sant 2001 ) . increased surveillance within the eez of these states in recent years means that iuu fishing now occurs mainly outside the eez .\nthis species probably has limiting life - history characteristics similar to other deepwater skates , making it vulnerable to population depletion . current levels of exploitation may therefore be unsustainable .\nnone in place . the ccamlr working group recommend that , where possible , all rajids should be cut from the line while still in the water , except on the request of observers , and that areas with high bycatch rates should be avoided by patagonian toothfish fisheries . information is required to better define the distribution and the impact of fisheries across the species ' entire range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\na new species of ray ( rajidae , batoidei ) from the indian ocean sector of the antarctic .\n( meissner , 1987 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\n90 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . ) )\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nview an interactive map to identify other ports managed by suffolk coastal as well as sites where philis is available .\nsuffolk coastal port health authority 70 shed , oysterbed road , the dock felixstowe , suffolk ip11 4an telephone : 01394 613330 fax : 01394 613331 email : port . health @ urltoken\noffice hours : monday to thursday 6 . 30am to 10 . 00pm , friday - 6 . 30am to 9 : 30pm , saturdays and sundays - 6 . 30am to 2 . 30pm\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license ."]}
{"id": 944, "summary": [{"text": "the cuban crow ( corvus nasicus ) is one of four species of crow that occur on a few key islands in the caribbean .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is closely related to the white-necked crow ( c. leucognaphalis ) and jamaican crow ( c. jamaicensis ) , with which it shares similar features .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the fourth caribbean crow , the palm crow ( c. palmarum ) , is a later arrival in evolutionary terms and shows characteristics more akin to north american species such as the fish crow ( c. ossifragus ) , which it is probably closely related to .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "a stocky , medium-sized ( 40 \u2013 42 centimetres or 16 \u2013 17 inches in length ) forest crow , this sociable bird can be found quite commonly over most of the large island of cuba and on the nearby isla de la juventud in woodland and areas that have been cleared for agriculture .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is frequently found around farms and villages where it seems to have adapted quite well to living in relatively close contact with man .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the bill of this species is long and deep with a gentle curve towards the tip giving a large headed profile .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the nasal bristles sweep forward then upward and frequently reveal the nostrils which are hidden in almost all other members of the genus corvus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there is a patch of dark grey bare skin behind the browinsh-red eye and at the base of the lower mandible .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the black plumage has a bluish-purple gloss in good light .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the bill , legs and feet are black .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "food consists of fruit and insects though it does appear to take human food readily and will scavenge for scraps where the opportunity arises .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "large noisy flocks can be seen feeding in trees and it will also readily feed on the ground especially where grain and other seeds have been spilt or left unprotected on the surface of a field .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the voice is quite remarkable and is rather un-crow like , with strange liquid bubbling notes and high ringing sounds produced in various combinations .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it also produces a thin screeched \" aaaaauh \" that rises in inflection .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the nest is built in tall trees , though little further information about breeding is recorded as yet . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "cuban crow", "paragraphs": ["cuban crow - corvus nasicus the cuban crow is found in cuba and the turks and caicos islands . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthe thumbnail photo of the crow links to a video clip of a cuban crow that objected to me being too close to the tree where he and his mate were nesting .\npalm crow - corvus palmarum the palm crow is found in cuba , the dominican republic , and haiti . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthe cuban crow is common on middle caicos and has become a kind of mascot for our trips there . beside the familiar crow call , they have a turkey - like gobble . we always feel we ' re being welcomed back to the island when we hear it .\nmost frequently located by its liquid bubbling and gurgling calls , which somewhat resemble a parrot\u2019s vocalizations , the cuban crow is present locally over much of the main island of cuba , as well as the isle of youth , and three islands in the southern bahamas . it is by the far more widespread and abundant of cuba\u2019s two corvids , although the two species are difficult to distinguish , except vocally , and frequently flock together in the few areas where the palm crow ( corvus palmarum ) also occurs . the cuban crow is a large , all - black crow with rather longer wings and deeper wingbeats than the palm crow , but other differences ( such as the relative length of the nasal bristles ) are much more difficult to appreciate . it inhabits semi - open and wooded areas , included agricultural regions , and feeds both on the ground and arboreally , on invertebrates and fruits . the cuban crow builds a rough stick nest , often in a palm tree , and usually high above the ground ; a typical clutch is 3\u20134 eggs , and the nesting season lasts from march to july at least .\ncuban vireo - vireo gundlachii the cuban vireo is only found in cuba . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncuban martin - progne cryptoleuca the cuban martin is only found in cuba . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncuban solitaire - myadestes elisabeth the cuban solitaire is only found in cuba . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthe heads of the cuban delegation do not expect him to return , reports say .\nsiverio was not in the cuban team list published by the us organisers on wednesday .\ncuban gnatcatcher - polioptila lembeyei the cuban gnatcatcher is only found in cuba . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncuban sparrow - torreornis inexpectata the cuban sparrow is found in three locations in cuba . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ncuban pewee - contopus caribaeus the cuban pewee is found in the bahamas and cuba . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncuban sparrow - torreornis inexpectata the cuban sparrow is also know as the zapata sparrow . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncuban bullfinch - melopyrrha nigra the cuban bullfinch is found in the cayman islands and cuba . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncuban sparrow - torreornis inexpectata the cuban sparrow has short , round wings and is a weak flier . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nhe was contacted by a man from florida who recognised the design as being similar to cuban refugee boats .\ncuban grassquit - tiaris canorus the cuban grassquit is found in the bahamas , cuba , and the turks and caicos islands . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\n40\u201342 cm ; 330\u2013510 g . a moderate - sized crow with upturned nasal bristles that do not cover nostrils ; relatively long bill . plumage is deep black with slight blue - . . .\nguillen ' s poem refers to cuban independence hero jose marti , the inspirational figure in castro ' s own political life .\nfor cuban poet nicolas guillen , there was a direct link between two of the biggest figures in his nation ' s history .\nbut there have been further celebrations in the us city of miami where many anti - castro cuban exiles and their families have settled .\nmarzluff , j . ( 2018 ) . cuban crow ( corvus nasicus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwhile the fate of those on board may never be known , the discovery has helped to bring the story of the cuban refugees to people thousands of miles away .\nfidel castro was a towering presence in cuba for more than 50 years . dr stephen wilkinson , editor of the international journal of cuban studies , assesses his legacy .\nthe 24 - year - old pitcher misael siverio is said to have disappeared from the hotel where the cuban national team had been staying in the us state of iowa .\ncuban authorities say the ladies in white are in the pay of the united states and form part of washington ' s\ndecades - old effort to undermine cuba ' s socialist revolution\n.\ncastro ' s revolution remains very much unfinished business . his long years in power perhaps stem in part from the fact that unlike many revolutions , the cuban one did not lead to a bloodbath .\nhe is sure the boat washed up in ireland is what is known as a cuban\nchug\n- named after the sound of the crude motors as they make the slow journey across the sea .\nthere are some two million people of cuban descent now living in the united states . how far cuba is a country that is therefore for the good of all cubans is very much a moot point .\nthis battle was part of a chain of events that led to talks between south africa , angola and cuba on the cuban withdrawal from angola , the independence of namibia and the dismantling of apartheid in south african .\nhe managed to remove direct us influence on cuban internal politics and inspired leaders such as bolivian president evo morales and the late hugo chavez in venezuela , who picked up the torch of opposing and resisting us hegemony in the region .\nthis scientific advance , generosity and solidarity with the poor and disadvantaged is attributed to castro ' s vision - sometimes to the annoyance of cuban citizens who can often be heard complaining that the help given abroad represents a spending on resources that could be better invested at home .\nthis compilation of images represents an archive of photos taken by cultural anthropologist , kamari maxine clarke as well as contributions of oyotunji practitioners from a range of archives taken over a forty year period . from the formation of the oyotunji orisa - voodoo movement to its contemporary manifestations , the imagery of the periods represented here ranges from 1960 - 1970 ; 1971 - 1980 ; 1981 - 1990 ; 1991 - 2000 ; to 2001 - 2008 . all of these periods represent the formation of its making , marking a period in which it emerged out of united states jim crow segregation , black power protests , civil rights possibilities , and various cultural heritage movements that resonate today with its transnational linkages with west african orisa practices , cuban and us santeria / lukumi , brazilian condomble , and the trinidadian orisha traditions . visit site . . .\nwithin two years of taking power , he declared the revolution to be marxist - leninist in nature and allied cuba firmly to the soviet union - a move that led to the missile crisis in 1962 , bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war before the soviet union abandoned its plan to put missiles on cuban soil .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species is resident on cuba and the isle of pines , and in the turks and caicos islands ( to uk ) on north caicos and grand caicos ( bond 1979 ) .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nthe species inhabits forest and wooded areas , but appears to be remarkably tolerant of habitat degradation ( madge and burn 1993 ) , occurring frequently in semi - cleared forest and sparsely - wooded cultivation , as well as villages and settlements with numerous trees ( bond 1979 , madge and burn 1993 ) . birds tend to gather in flocks , separating into pairs in the breeding season ( raffaele et al . 1998 ) . it is omnivorous , eating a variety of fruits , seeds , crops , reptiles , frogs and other items ( raffaele et al . 1998 ) . the nest is built high among palm fronds , and breeding takes place primarily in april and may ( raffaele et al . 1998 ) .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22706010a118781571 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , greg baker , eduardo tejeda lima , adolfo arag\u00fc\u00e9s , pascal vagner , desmond allen .\npetemorris , ken havard , dubi shapiro , david lingard , yvonne stevens , dusan m . brinkhuizen , holger teichmann .\nforms a clade with c . jamaicensis and c . leucognaphalus # r . monotypic .\ncuba , i of pines , and turks and caicos is ( mainly providenciales , north caicos , middle caicos ) .\nforests and woodlands , including villages and towns with substantial tree cover . uses edges and . . .\nomnivorous . feeds in trees and on ground on invertebrates , fruits and berries . formal dietary studies lacking . often observed in small , . . .\nseason mar\u2013jul . nest a coarse stick platform lined with dry grasses , feathers and other soft materials , placed in palm , among tree . . .\nnot globally threatened . common to locally abundant . often persecuted by man , and may have been reduced in numbers as extensive forests have been cleared . use of partially . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : corvus nasicus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 590 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nperching birds have three unwebbed toes in the front and one strong , flexible toe in the back called the hallux , that lets them perch on tree branches . most species of perching birds have 12 tail feathers . perching birds are found in all parts of the world and they come in a wide variety of colors , patterns , shapes , and sizes . most chicks in this order are completely featherless and helpless when they hatch and must be fed by their parents .\nthe passeri are the songbirds . they are different from other birds because of the complex set of four muscles in their voice box or syrinx . these muscles allow songbirds to make complex songs and calls . the birds in this suborder can also learn songs . they learn their songs by listening to other birds in their species . the tyranni suborder is made up of over 1 , 000 species of tropical birds . most are found in south america . the birds in this suborder also have songs , but they don ' t learn them . they are born knowing their songs .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\ngreat crested flycatcher - myiarchus crinitus the great crested flycatcher is found in southern canada and the eastern half of the u . s . south to mexico , central america , the caribbean and northern south america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreat crested flycatcher - myiarchus crinitus the great crested flycatcher is a neotropical migrant . it breeds in canada and the u . s . and winters in central america , south america , and the caribbean . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nla sagra ' s flycatcher - myiarchus sagrae la sagra ' s flycatcher is found in the bahamas , the cayman islands , cuba , and the turks and caicos islands . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngray kingbird - tyrannus dominicensis the gray kingbird breeds in southern alabama and mississippi , florida , the bahamas , cuba , and jamica and winters in northern south america . it lives year - round in parts of the caribbean and in central america . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngray kingbird - tyrannus dominicensis the gray kingbird perches in trees and snaps up flying insects . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nloggerhead kingbird - tyrannus caudifasciatus the loggerhead kingbird is found in the bahamas , the cayman islands , cuba , the dominican republic , haiti , jamaica , puerto rico , and the turks and caicos islands . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngiant kingbird - tyrannus cubensis the giant kingbird is only found in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nwhite - eyed vireo - vireo griseus the white - eyed vireo is found from nebraska east to massachusetts and south to central america and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwhite - eyed vireo - vireo griseus the white - eyed vireo is usually found in brushy habitats near a water source . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthick - billed vireo - vireo crassirostris the thick - billed vireo is found in the bahamas , the cayman islands , cuba , haiti , and the turks and caicos islands . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nyellow - throated vireo - vireo flavifrons the yellow - throated vireo breeds in the eastern half of the u . s . and winters in mexico , central america , south america , and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblack - whiskered vireo - vireo altiloquus the black - whiskered vireo breeds in the florida and the caribbean and winters in south america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ntree swallow - tachycineta bicolor in north america , the tree swallow breeds from alaska east to newfoundland and south to california , colorado , nebraska , and maryland . it winters from southern california , the gulf coast , and the carolinas to central america and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ntree swallow - tachycineta bicolor in north america , the tree swallow breeds from alaska east to newfoundland and south to california , colorado , nebraska , and maryland . it winters from southern california , the gulf coast , and the carolinas to central america and the caribbean . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncave swallow - petrochelidon fulva the cave swallow is found in texas , new mexico , florida , the caribbean , and mexico . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nzapata wren - ferminia cerverai the zapata wren is only found in the zapata swamp in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblue - gray gnatcatcher - polioptila caerulea the blue - gray gnatcatcher breeds across much of the u . s . with the exception of areas of the great plains , the rocky mountain region and the pacific northwest . it is a permanent resident in the southern part of its range , and it winters in mexico , central america , and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngray - cheeked thrush - catharus minimus the gray - cheeked thrush breeds in the arctic tundra of canada , alaska , and russia . it winters in the caribbean and central and south america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngray - cheeked thrush - catharus minimus an omnivore , the gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects like beetles , weevils , ants , wasps and caterpillars . it may eat spiders , crayfish , sow bugs and earthworms . in addition , the gray - cheeked thrush eats grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , raspberries and other fruit . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nswainson ' s thrush - catharus ustulatus swainson ' s thrush breeds in canada and the northern u . s . it winters in mexico , central america , and south america . it winters in the caribbean and central and south america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nswainson ' s thrush - catharus ustulatus swainson ' s thrush breeds in coniferous forests and winters in tropical forests . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\namerican robin - turdus migratorius the american robin is found in all of the united states and canada , except for hawaii and the northern most parts of alaska and canada . it is also found in parts of mexico and central america . the american robin is migratory and populations move south in the winter , although some populations stay in place . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\namerican robin - turdus migratorius the american robin lives in open woodlands , fields , gardens , and yards . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\namerican robin - turdus migratorius the male robin uses its voice to protect its territory and to attract a mate . it is often one of the first birds heard in the spring . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nred - legged thrush - turdus plumbeus the red - legged thrush is found in the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngray catbird - dumetella carolinensis the gray catbird breeds across southern canada and most of the u . s . , except for parts of the west . it winters along the gulf coast , in florida , and in mexico , central america , northern south america , and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngray catbird - dumetella carolinensis the gray catbird can make more than 100 different types of sounds . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nnorthern mockingbird - mimus polyglottos the northern mockingbird is found in most of the continental united states south to mexico . it is also found in the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern mockingbird - mimus polyglottos the mockingbird was given its name because of its ability to mimic the calls of dozens of other bird species . in fact , the mockingbird ' s latin name , mimus polyglottos , means many - tongued mimic . the mockingbird has even been known to mimic the sounds of dogs and sirens . the mockingbird is especially vocal on moonlit spring nights . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbahama mockingbird - mimus gundlachii the bahama mockingbird is found in the bahamas , the cayman islands , cuba , jamaica , and the turks and caicos islands . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncedar waxwing - bombycilla cedrorum the cedar waxwing ' s face has a narrow black mask outlined in white . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncedar waxwing - bombycilla cedrorum the cedar waxwing is only found in north america . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncedar waxwing - bombycilla cedrorum cedar waxwings eat some insects , but are primarily fruit - eaters . source : seattle audubon intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\novenbird - seiurus aurocapilla the ovenbird breeds in canada and the eastern united states . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\novenbird - seiurus aurocapilla the ovenbird walks on the forest floor hunting insects , spiders , snails , and worms . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nworm - eating warbler - helmitheros vermivorus the worm - eating warbler breeds in the eastern united states and winters in the caribbean , mexico , and central america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nprairie warbler - dendroica discolor the prairie warbler is found in the eastern united states . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlouisiana waterthrush - seiurus motacilla the louisiana waterthrush breeds in the eastern united states and winters in mexico , the caribbean , and central and south america . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlouisiana waterthrush - seiurus motacilla the louisiana waterthrush is found near forest streams . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern waterthrush - seiurus noveboracensis the northern waterthrush breeds in canada and the northern united states . it winters in southern florida , mexico , the caribbean , central america , and south america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblue - winged warbler - vermivora pinus the blue - winged warbler breeds in the eastern united states and winters in central america and the caribbean . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblue - winged warbler - vermivora pinus the blue - winged warbler breeds at forest and field edges . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblack - and - white warbler - mniotilta varia the black - and - white warbler breeds in canada and the eastern united states . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nswainson ' s warbler - limnothlypis swainsonii swainson ' s warbler breeds in the southeastern united states . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nred - legged honeycreeper - cyanerpes cyaneus the red - legged honeycreeper is found in mexico , central america , south america , and the caribbean . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nyellow - faced grassquit - tiaris olivaceus the yellow - faced grassquit is found in mexico , central america , south america , and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nwestern spindalis - spindalis zena\nthe western spindalis is found in southern florida and the caribbean . source : internet bird collection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nchipping sparrow - spizella passerina the chipping sparrow is found in most of the united states , canada , and mexico . it is also found in the caribbean and central america . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nchipping sparrow - spizella passerina the chipping sparrow is found in a variety of habitats including open woodlands , marshes , deserts , fields , gardens , and farmland . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsavannah sparrow - passerculus sandwichensis the savannah sparrow is found across much of canada , the u . s . , mexico and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngrasshopper sparrow - ammodramus savannarum the grasshopper sparrow is found across most of the u . s . it is also found in southern canada , mexico , central america , and the caribbean . source : cornell lab of ornithology intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngrasshopper sparrow - ammodramus savannarum the grasshopper sparrow gets its names from its buzzy grasshopper - like call . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe eastern meadowlark male can sing many versions of its song . in new york , a male was observed to sing over 100 different song patterns !\nthe eastern meadowlark inhabits wide open spaces like farm fields , grassland and wet fields .\nthe eastern meadowlark builds its nest on the ground and sings on perches such as treetops , fence posts , and power lines .\nthe red - shouldered blackbird was once thought to be a subspecies of the red - winged blackbird .\nthe red - shouldered blackbird is found in scattered locations in central and western cuba .\nis found in the bahamas , cuba , and the turks and caicos islands .\nour family ' s dream for the future has found a home : middle caicos in the turks and caicos islands . it ' s part ecotourism , part reality show adventure , and part time travel .\nwith an area of 48 square miles and a population of less than 300 , middle caicos is a place where we can create our own vacation world around us . we explore the beaches , cliffs , hills and caves . we swim the reefs with sharks , cudas , lobsters , and innumerable reef fish . we watch the birds and lizards . and we can come close to knowing every person on the island .\nour site was created to share some of what we find so enjoyable about middle caicos , to introduce you to our friends there , and to help future island visitors know what to expect . browse the menu at the left to read about our trips and see our photos .\nthis naturally landscaped scene is one of the well - kept secrets of middle caicos . i didn ' t find it until our sixth trip to the island . i ' m looking forward to finding new surprises on our next trip .\nyou ' ll find more photos like this throughout our website . click on the thumbnail photo to view a larger image . depending on the technological advances of my electronic toys , many of the photos also include the date and time or even the latitude and longitude of the photo ' s location . when the latitude and longitude are shown , click the link to see the location overlayed on a satellite photo of middle caicos .\nlooking for a brochure to share with your friends or family ? here are two that you can download and print .\nthis handy guide has a map on one side that identifies some of the major attractions on middle caicos . on the other side is brief island history , a directory of guides , merchants and other services and a greeting from the district commissioner . print the\ni created a one page flyer to introduce the caribbean tourism organization to middle caicos . when your friends ask where you ' re going , this might be the quickest way to share your excitement .\nno one website can show you everything there is to know about a place like middle caicos . so we founded the middle caicos webring to help you visit other sites dedicated to the island . you ' ll find many of the vacation villas , local guides and other informational sites on the ring . visit other middle caicos webring sites using the following links . [ previous | next ] [ skip previous | skip next ] [ random site | list sites ]\nwe belong to the turks and caicos national trust . you can join and help preserve treasures like middle caicos .\non a sandy beach on the west coast of ireland lies the remains of a strange looking boat .\nit is made from a metal frame partly covered in yellow tarpaulin , with expanded foam and water bottles used for buoyancy .\na closer inspection beneath the overturned hull , now covered in barnacles , reveals a car engine connected to a broken propeller .\nthe boat caught the interest of gordon fallis , who saw it as he was walking his dogs along the beach .\ni didn ' t really know what it was to be honest , so i took a few photographs of it and when i got home i posted it on a facebook page called lost at sea which tracks marine debris and cargo spills and things that get washed up on beaches ,\nhe said .\nhe advised me to have a look at the bottles again to see where they came from so i came back down and looked at the labels and indeed they were from cuba , exactly the same brand that he had predicted , so it seems that it is actually a boat that the refugees have used to try and get to america from cuba ,\nhe said .\nsince 1995 , under a policy known as\nwet foot , dry foot\n, if cubans are picked up at sea they are returned home or taken to a third country , but if they make it to american soil they get the opportunity to stay and become legal residents .\nbetween november 2015 and october 2016 the us coast guard apprehended 5 , 263 cubans at sea .\nit is thought that hundreds of thousands of cubans attempted the journey before the policy was ended last month just before president obama left office .\namerican photographer bill klipp has seen many similar boats that have been abandoned on small remote islands around the florida keys .\nthey ' re surely not moving very fast and i think it just comes from that notion that they ' re just barely making it , they ' re chugging as best as they can to get across the ocean ,\nhe said .\nkey west , where i live , is only 90 miles for havana so it ' s a relatively short distance to landfall although the florida straits can be a pretty treacherous body of water to cross .\nwhile it is possible that the occupants of this vessel were picked up at sea and the boat was left to drift , bill klipp believes it is more likely that the weather and ocean currents took it off course .\nthe uscg painted on this vessel in florida means the occupants were found by the us coastguard . the vessel in ireland was too badly damaged to tell if there was ever a similar marking\nif that boat could tell its story it would tell a story of real despair and desperation , that ' s for sure ,\nhe said .\nobviously the occupants didn ' t make it and that ' s kind of a sad story there but that ' s unfortunately a story that ' s happened too much over the last couple of decades .\nit is the first time such a vessel has been recorded being washed up in europe according to curtis ebbesmeyer , a retired oceanographer based in seattle who tracks ocean debris .\nhe said it could take months or years for it to make the journey of more than 4 , 000 miles across the atlantic .\nthe drift rate depends on how much the vessel is sticking out of the water and the rate could be a matter of six months or it could be a matter of years depending on whether the vessel drifted around some of the garbage patches in the atlantic or made a straight journey across ,\nhe said .\nmr ebbesmeyer said the vessels\nsymbolise what price people are willing to pay to gain their freedom in the united states\n.\ni would reflect on questions . did the people make it ? are they in the united states ? did they die ? did they perish a terrible death out in the middle of the atlantic ?\nthey ' re really worth moments of reflection as you walk by ,\nhe said .\nstanding on cliffoney beach as the waves of the north atlantic break beneath a grey sky , gordon fallis said he is glad he discovered more about the boat .\nit ' s just great to be able to contact people who are able to identify it for me otherwise i would have just walked on past it thinking\nthat ' s a strange boat on the beach\nand that would have been the last i would have heard of it ,\nhe said .\ntheresa may moves to shore up her position after a day of high profile resignations over her brexit strategy .\ncuba ' s most prominent dissident group has called off its traditional protest for the first time in 13 years following the death of the country ' s revolutionary leader fidel castro .\nthe group , founded by wives of jailed dissidents , has long defied a protest ban in cuba with a weekly march .\ncastro died on friday at the age of 90 . flags are flying at half mast as the country observes nine days of mourning .\nfrom monday , people will be able to pay their respects at memorials and rallies before castro ' s ashes are taken to santiago de cuba where he launched his bid for power .\nand a mass public ceremony is planned at havana ' s revolutionary square on tuesday .\nthe cause of death has not yet been revealed but castro had been in poor health since he nearly died of an intestinal illness in 2006 .\nthe mood in the capital remains subdued , the bbc ' s barbara plett - usher in havana says , with people still absorbing the news .\nsupporters say he returned cuba to the people , and praise him for some of his social programs , such as public health and education .\nbut critics call him a dictator , who led a government that did not tolerate opposition and dissent , accused of numerous alleged human rights abuses .\nthe regular sunday march of the ladies in white is a rare expression of dissent largely tolerated by the government .\nbut police have clamped down in recent months , our correspondent in havana adds .\nthe women march in silence through the streets of havana following mass at a roman catholic church , asking for the release of political prisoners and for human rights to be respected .\nwe ' re not going to march today [ sunday ] so that the government does not take it as a provocation and so that they can pay their tributes ,\nthe group ' s leader , berta soler , said .\nwe respect the mourning of others and will not celebrate the death of any human being .\nthroughout the cold war , fidel castro was a thorn in washington ' s side .\nan accomplished tactician on the battlefield , he and his small army of guerrillas overthrew the military leader fulgencio batista in 1959 to widespread popular support .\ndespite the constant threat of a us invasion as well as the long - standing economic embargo on the island , castro managed to maintain a communist revolution in a nation just 90 miles ( 145km ) off the coast of florida .\ndespised by his critics as much as he was revered by his followers , he maintained his rule through 10 us presidents and survived scores of attempts on his life by the cia .\nhe established a one - party state , with hundreds of supporters of the batista government executed . political opponents have been imprisoned , the independent media suppressed . thousands of cubans have fled into exile .\nmany world leaders have paid tribute to castro . russian president vladimir putin described him as a\nreliable and sincere friend\nof russia , while chinese president xi jinping said his people had\nlost a good and true comrade\n.\nthe soviet union ' s last leader , mikhail gorbachev , said :\nfidel stood up and strengthened his country during the harshest american blockade , when there was colossal pressure on him .\nhowever , us president - elect donald trump said castro had been a\nbrutal dictator\n.\ncanadian prime minister justin trudeau came under fire on social media and from political opponents for describing castro as a\nremarkable leader\n, who despite being a\ncontroversial figure\nmade significant improvements to the education and healthcare of cubans .\nun secretary general ban ki - moon acknowledged advances in education , literary and health under castro , but said he hoped cuba would\ncontinue to advance on a path of reform , greater prosperity and human rights\n.\npope francis , who met castro , an atheist , when he visited cuba in 2015 , called his death\nsad news\n.\nin venezuela , cuba ' s main regional ally , president nicolas maduro said\nrevolutionaries of the world must follow his legacy\n.\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nin a poem from 1977 , he wrote :\nlo que marti prometio , fidel lo cumplio\n(\nwhat marti promised , fidel delivered\n) .\nmarti promised a cuba free of us interference and , famously , a republic that would be as he put it :\nfor all cubans and the good of all cubans .\ncastro ' s legacy will be judged against how successful or not he was in fulfilling that dream .\nthat cuba , a nation of only 11 million today ( and fewer than six million when castro came to power ) should produce two of the most notable statesmen in latin american history is an extraordinary feat in itself .\nif his seizing of power in a popular revolution at the age of 33 was a startlingly precocious act , his maintenance of his position through five decades , 10 american presidencies ( and 638 assassination attempts ) is proof of his staying power and determination .\nbut like a small moon in the orbit of a much larger planet , the sheer force of economic and political gravity has prevented cuba from escaping the indirect influence of the us , especially the state of florida where castro ' s enemies hold sway .\nthere were political prisoners , with arbitrary detentions continuing to this day , but castro was able to export many of his opponents to the us where they built a weighty presence and an almost impenetrable bulwark against a change in washington ' s embargo .\nundoubtedly , life for most cubans on the island ( and that means the vast majority poor when castro came to power ) improved dramatically under his leadership .\ndespite what his enemies say , cuba under castro built one of the most impressive public health systems and achieved educational results that are the envy of the developing world .\nthe statistics prove that cuba , with a fraction of the per capita income , has infant mortality and longevity rates that rival those of western europe .\nthousands of medical practitioners graduate in cuba every year and cuba sends them to more than 60 countries across the globe to provide aid and assistance .\ncuba has a world class biotech industry that is saving millions of lives through dispensing vaccines and drugs to needy countries at a fraction of the cost that large multinationals would charge .\nfor some , castro is regarded as a failure because he was unable to develop cuba ' s economy to an extent commensurate with its expenditure on health and social welfare .\nthough fidel castro cannot be wholly to blame for the strains on cuba ' s economy , the structural and infrastructural deficiencies that his brother raul is now addressing were undoubtedly his responsibility .\npossibly , beside his fanatical supporters in cuba , fidel castro will be most fondly remembered in africa and latin america where his influence and example were for some inspirational .\nthis is particularly true in southern africa where cuba ' s intervention in angola in 1975 repelled a south african invasion and ensured that the mpla , rather than its rival unita , took control of the capital luanda .\nmore than a decade later , castro personally masterminded the strategy during the last major confrontation with the south african army at cuito cuanavale in 1988 .\nnelson mandela himself attributed his release from jail and the ultimate defeat of apartheid to the events at cuito cuanavale .\nas chilean poet pablo neruda commented , castro broke the mould of latin american politicians who promised much and delivered little .\nultimately , if castro failed to fulfil marti ' s promise completely it was not through want of trying .\nwhether one agrees or not with his politics , it has to be accepted that through all his long years in power , castro stayed true to his convictions to the end ."]}
{"id": 946, "summary": [{"text": "the whiskered auklet ( aethia pygmaea ) is a small seabird of the auk family .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it has a more restricted range than other members of its genus , aethia , living only around the aleutian islands and on some islands off siberia ( like commander islands ) , and breeding on these islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is one of the smallest alcids , only the closely related least auklet being smaller .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "its name is derived from the long white feathers on its face that are part of its breeding plumage .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the whiskered auklet is a poorly studied species and much research needs to be undertaken on the species .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it was originally described as two different species , from specimens collected at different ends of its range , however research has shown that it is a single species with clinal variation along its range .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is not thought to undertake migration , but instead attends its breeding islands year round .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "whiskered auklets lay a single egg in a rocky crevice , in loose colonies with other whiskered auklets and also other colonial seabirds .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "both parents take part in incubation and chick rearing .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the whiskers have been shown to help them sense their way to and out of their nests at night .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "whiskered auklets feed in the inshore zone , usually within 16 km of land , where tidal currents concentrate their prey into dense swarms .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they feed predominantly on copepods during the summer months , mostly on the species neocalanus plumchrus ; and switching to euphausiid krill in the fall and winter . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "whiskered auklet", "paragraphs": ["we had a whiskered auklet bounce into our boat and get stunned . that gave us a great opportunity to study it up close . little tanaga strait in the aleutian islands , alaska . 1 june 2016\npoorly known to most birders , the whiskered auklet is a small seabird confined to remote areas of the aleutian islands , alaska ( as well as the commander and kurile islands off eastern asia ) . relatively scarce and secretive , it is active around its nesting colonies mostly at night . unlike most auks , it seldom ventures more than a few miles away from shore . one odd distinction shared with its relative , crested auklet : the plumage has a noticeable odor like citrus .\nnettleship , d . n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . whiskered auklet ( aethia pygmaea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwhiskered auklets flock together while feeding and both parents carry plankton back in their throat pouches to their young . nests are located in rocky crevices on ledges that are very difficult for predators such as gulls , falcons , foxes , and rats to reach .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population is estimated to number > c . 100 , 000 individuals ( del hoyo\n. 1996 ) , while the population in russia has been estimated at < c . 100 breeding pairs and < c . 50 individuals on migration ( brazil 2009 ) .\nthe population is suspected to be in decline owing to predation by invasive species and ongoing habitat destruction .\nthis species is found offshore and along sea coasts in summer and is mostly pelagic in winter . its diet includes a high variety of planktonic crustaceans , and infrequently small fish and squid . it forages mainly offshore in deep water , and sometimes in near - shore regions almost always in large flocks throughout the year . birds arrive at colonies from march to june depending on the site . it is highly monogamous with high site and mate fidelity throughout its breeding life . colonies can be as large as 100 , 000 pairs and form on remote islands and coasts in a variety of different rocky habitats . densities are determined largely by the availability of suitable rock crevices and cavities for nesting ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntotal population probably very low compared to most auks . attracted to lights at night , may be killed by crashing into lighted fishing boats . accidental introduction of rats to nesting islands may be biggest threat .\nocean , tide - rips , rocky coasts . usually at sea within a few miles of islands , in relatively shallow water . favors rough water where currents converge , or where tidal currents race across shallows or through narrow passes between islands . nests on islands among rocks or cliffs .\nforages while swimming underwater . depth of dives unknown , but usually feeds in fairly shallow water .\none . dull white . incubation is by both sexes , roughly 35 - 36 days . young : both parents feed young , visiting nests at night , bringing food back in throat pouch . age of young bird at departure from nest not well known , may be about 40 days . fledgling departs by flying away from nest site at night .\nboth parents feed young , visiting nests at night , bringing food back in throat pouch . age of young bird at departure from nest not well known , may be about 40 days . fledgling departs by flying away from nest site at night .\nsmall crustaceans . diet not well known , primarily small crustaceans including copepods , euphausiid shrimp , amphipods ; also marine worms , mollusks . may concentrate on copepods in summer , euphausiids in winter .\nbreeds in colonies , not as densely packed as in related small auks . active at colonies mostly at night , especially when not nesting in association with other species . courtship behavior not well known , includes pairs calling in duet . nest sites in small openings in talus slopes , boulder piles , or crevices in cliffs , sometimes in areas of soil mixed with rock . no nest built , egg laid on bare rock or soil .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nthis is a large and highly varied group of birds that do not have many outward similarities . most are water birds that feed on invertebrates or small aquatic creatures . the order is well represented in washington , with seven families :\nalcids are diving seabirds of the northern hemisphere . most are more comfortable in and under the water than in the air . while some members of the family fly long distances in post - breeding dispersal or migration , others fly only with effort . underwater , they use their wings as flippers to swim after fish , krill , and other aquatic prey . the majority nest in colonies on islands , and many are active in these colonies only at night , spending the day foraging on open water far from their nesting sites . many nest in burrows , and most species lay only one egg each year , although some lay two . both sexes incubate and care for the young . most alcids are predominantly black - and - white , with different breeding and non - breeding plumages .\none record , from penn cove ( whidbey island , island county ) in may 1999 .\nanalysis of mtdna suggests that present species and a . cristatella form a clade , with a . psittacula a close relative of the two . birds from kuril is were separated as race camtschatica on basis of different body size , but recent studies confirm existence only of simple clinal variation , size increasing from e to w . monotypic .\nne sea of okhotsk ( penzhin gulf , yamskiye is , iony i ) and commander is s to at least c kuril is , and throughout aleutians e to four mountains is and krenitzen is . winters mostly near breeding locations , but s as far as japan , and casual in n bering sea ( e . g . st lawrence i ) .\n17\u201318 cm ; c . 116 g ( 99\u2013136 g ) ; wingspan c . 37 cm . unique head pattern , with long recurved crest on forehead drooping forward over small white - tipped scarlet bill . . .\noffshore and along sea coasts . breeds on bare to partially covered talus slopes and beach boulder . . .\ndiet throughout year marine zooplankton , with 42 different prey taxa identified during a breeding - season study at three islands in the . . .\nbreeding phenology poorly known . spring arrival apr to early may ; laying probably late may and early jun , sometimes advanced ; hatching and . . .\ndistribution and movements outside breeding season poorly known . returns to colonies apr to early . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . total population small , second - rarest alcid in alaska . numbers poorly known , but coarse estimates in 1990s indicated minimum of 100 , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na big group of birds calling while swimming at the sea and then flying .\nhal and kirsten snyder , jacob . wijpkema , christophe gouraud , r . d . wallace , niels poul dreyer , kirk zufelt , william price .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : aethia pygmaea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ncincinnati zoo & botanical garden 3400 vine st . cincinnati , ohio 45220 ( 513 ) 281 - 4700"]}
{"id": 954, "summary": [{"text": "argonauta argo , also known as the greater argonaut , is a species of pelagic octopus belonging to the genus argonauta .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the female of the species , like all argonauts , creates a paper-thin eggcase that coils around the octopus much like the way a nautilus lives in its shell , hence the name paper nautilus .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the chinese name for this species translates as \" white sea-horse 's nest \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "a. argo was the first argonaut species to be described and is consequently the type species of the genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a. argo is the largest species in the genus and also produces the largest eggcase .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "live animals have a characteristic blue sheen on the first arm pair and around the eyes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the eggcase is characterised by two rows of small , sharp tubercles running along a narrow keel , smooth ribs across the walls of the shell , and a thickening along the shell aperture , which forms distinct protrusions or ' horns ' on either side .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "argonauta cygnus monterosato , 1889 was described based on a shell which lacked these protrusions , although it is now considered a junior synonym of a. argo .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the greatest recorded size of an a. argo eggcase is 300.0 mm .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "a. argo is cosmopolitan , occurring in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "a dwarf form exists in the mediterranean sea , which was described as argonauta argo mediterranea monterosato , 1914 , although this taxon is now regarded as invalid .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a. argo is thought to feed primarily on pelagic molluscs .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the species is preyed on by numerous predators .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it has been reported in the stomach contents of alepisaurus ferox from the south-western pacific .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "males of this species reach sexual maturity at a mantle length ( ml ) of 8 mm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "females mature at about double the size of argonauta bottgeri and argonauta hians .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they begin to secrete an eggcase at 6.5 \u2013 7 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "eggs are usually laid when females reach 14 \u2013 15 mm ml , although the size at which this takes place differs across the animal 's range .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a small a. argo residing in an 88 mm long eggcase was estimated to be carrying 48,800 embryos .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "females grow to 100 mm ml , while males do not exceed 20 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "in the open ocean , a. argo has been observed attached to jellyfish .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this behaviour has been known for a long time , although little was understood about the relationship prior to the work of heeger et al. in 1992 .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "in \" predation on jellyfish by the cephalopod argonauta argo \" , heeger et al. describe their observations of a female a. argo found atop a host jellyfish .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the argonaut was seen holding on to the aboral ( exumbrellar ) surface of the jellyfish using its lateral and ventral arms .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the authors found that about half of the animal 's aboral surface was damaged and large pieces of mesoglea were missing , presumably removed by the argonaut .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "additionally , two holes , apparently bite marks , were found in the center of this area with channels leading from these holes into the gastral cavity of the jellyfish .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the argonaut presumably used these channels to suck food particles from the gastral cavity .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "heeger et al. suggested that \" the association provided shelter or camouflage for the argonaut \" .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "observations of captive a. argo females suggest that the expanded webs of the dorsal arms may aid the animal in feeding .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "mark norman mentions that \" when food was touched against the spread webs , an arm shot out of the shell in a sweeping action , grabbing the prey \" .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is speculated that argonauts do not actively hunt , but employ this method to catch animals that bump into them in the open ocean .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "a. argo is occasionally involved in mass strandings along the south african and southern australian coastlines .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the strandings are seasonal and generally occur between april and august , towards the end of the animals ' spawning season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "a damaged beak of a female a. argo ( ml = 40.0 mm ; caught at 20 \u00b0 56 \u2032 n 175 \u00b0 33 \u2032 w ) , measuring 4.30 mm in hood length and 7.80 mm in crest length , is mentioned in a handbook for the identification of cephalopod beaks .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the type specimen of a. argo was collected in the mediterranean sea and is deposited at the linnean society of london . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "argonauta argo", "paragraphs": ["forma argonauta argo f . agglutinans martens , 1867 accepted as argonauta argo linnaeus , 1758\nforma argonauta argo f . aurita martens , 1867 accepted as argonauta argo linnaeus , 1758\nforma argonauta argo f . mediterranea monterosato , 1914 accepted as argonauta argo linnaeus , 1758\nforma argonauta argo f . obtusangula martens , 1867 accepted as argonauta argo linnaeus , 1758\nvariety argonauta argo var . americana dall , 1889 accepted as argonauta argo linnaeus , 1758\nfigure . two views of argonauta argo atop the jellyfish , phyllorhiza punctata . photographs copyright \u00a9 , thomas heeger , university of san carlos , philippines .\nfigure . hectocotylus of argonauta argo . top - oral view . middle - aboral view . bottom - side view . drawings from naef , 1921 - 3 .\nfigure . left - lateral view of an argonauta argo shell , hawaii . photograph by r . young ) . right - a collection of argonauta nodosa shells from a swarm that washed ashore , australia . photograph by mark norman .\nto cite this page : virden , t . 1999 .\nargonauta argo\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nheeger , t . , u . piatkowski and h . m\u00f6ller . 1992 . predation on jellyfish by the cephalopod argonauta argo . marine ecology progress series 88 : 293 - 296 .\nfigure . view of a portion of the radula of a . argo . drawing from naef ( 1921 - 1923 ) .\nokutani , t . and t . kawaguchi . 1983 . a mass occurrence of argonauta argo ( cephalopoda : octopoda ) along the coast of shimane prefecture , western japan sea . venus 41 : 281 - 290 .\nfigure . side - oblique views of an argonauta argo , photographed in a ship - board aquarium . left - arm i web expanded over shell . right - arm i web retracted . photographs by m . vecchione .\n( of argonauta argo f . obtusangula martens , 1867 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta argo f . aurita martens , 1867 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta argo f . agglutinans martens , 1867 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta argo var . americana dall , 1889 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta argo f . mediterranea monterosato , 1914 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta ferussaci monterosato , 1914 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1914 ( 30 giugno ) ) . sur les argonauta de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e . journal de conchyliologie 61 ( 4 ) : 385 - 390 , tabs . x - x3 [ details ]\n( of argonauta corrugata humphrey , 1797 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of argonauta haustrum wood , 1811 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of argonauta papyria conrad , 1854 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of argonauta monterosatoi coen , 1915 ) coen g . ( 1915 ) . delle forme adriatiche di argonauta ed in particolare dell ' a . monterosatoi n . sp . . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova ( 3 ) 6 ( 46 ) : 261 - 275 , pl . 5 [ details ]\nfigure . lateral view of a juvenile female ( 6 . 5 mm ml ) argonauta hians showing the web on arms i , equatorial south atlantic . drawing from chun , 1910 .\nfigure . side and ventral views of the funnel and mantle locking - apparatus of argonauta hians , juvenile male , 5 . 0 mm ml , equatorial south atlantic . drawing from chun , 1910 .\nfigures . lateral and oral views of male argonauts . left , center - a 5 mm ml , apparently immature , male argonauta hians from the equatorial south atlantic . drawings from chun , 1910 . in oral view the male looks like a 7 - arm octopus . right - a male argonauta nodosa , off australia , with the hectocotylus in a much larger sac is apparently mature . photograph by mandy reid ; provided by mark norman .\n( of argonauta minor risso , 1854 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta ferussaci monterosato , 1914 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta monterosatoi monterosato , 1914 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta cygnus monterosato , 1889 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta pacificus dall , 1871 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta corrugatus humphrey , 1797 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta papyraceus r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta sulcatus lamarck , 1801 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta grandiformis perry , 1811 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta haustrum dillwyn , 1817 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta monterosatoi coen , 1915 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta dispar conrad , 1854 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta compressus blainville , 1826 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta papyrius conrad , 1854 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta naviformis conrad , 1854 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta bulleri kirk , 1886 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\n( of argonauta sebae monterosato , 1914 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\nbanas , p . t . , d . e . smith and d . c . biggs . 1982 . an association between a pelagic octopod , argonauta sp . linnaeus 1758 , and aggregate salps . fish . bull . u . s . 80 : 648 - 650 .\nembryonic development begins in the oviducts . older embryos are attached to the inner region of the shell where they are brooded . the elongate egg stalks ( extensions of the egg chorion ) are woven together and attached to the shell apex on its inner surface . a female a . argo with a shell length of 88 mm was estimated to be carrying 48 , 800 embryos ( okutani and kawaguchi , 1983 ) . the eggs are very small ( 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 mm ) . spawning is intermittent , and the brooding embryos can be seen to be in different stages of development .\nfigure . side view of argonauta sp . , showing the expansion of the web ( web presence indicated by their chromatophores ) of the first arm , past the horn of the shell and over most of the shell surface , gulf of aqaba , red sea . photograph of living argonaut by shai enbinder ; provided by nadav shashar .\n( of argonauta cygnus monterosato , 1889 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1889 ( 1 gennaio ) ) . coquilles marines marocaines . journal de conchyliologie 37 ( 1 ) : 20 - 40 ; 37 ( 2 ) : 112 - 121 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 120 [ details ]\n( of argonauta cygnus monterosato , 1889 ) gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of argonauta minor risso , 1854 ) adam , w . ( 1942 ) . notes sur les c\u00e9phalopodes : 21 . a propos d ' une publication peu connue de a . risso 1854 [ notes on the cephalopods : 21 . on a hardly known publication from a . risso 1854 ] . bull . mus . royal d ' hist . nat . belg . / med . kon . natuurhist . mus . belg . 18 ( 25 ) : 1 - 36 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nargonauts are pelagic in tropical and subtropical surface waters of all oceans and seas . sometimes they are found in large swarms , but only rarely are they encountered nearshore . in the open ocean they are commonly found attached to jellyfish ( david , 1965 ) . while this unusual association between argonauta spp . and jellyfish has long been known ( kramp , 1956 ; david , 1965 ) it was uninvestigated prior to the work of heeger et al . ( 1992 ) . the latter authors describe argonauta astride the aboral ( = exumbrellar ) surface of a swimming jellyfish that it held with its lateral and ventral arms . upon examination of the jellyfish they found about half of its aboral surface was damaged and large pieces of mesoglea were missing . two holes , apparently bite marks were found in the center of this area and channels led from these holes into the gastral cavity of the jellyfish . they presumed the octopod used these channels to suck particles ( food ) from the gastral cavity . they also suggest that the association provided shelter or camouflage for the argonaut .\nthe female lives in a thin , calcareous , laterally compressed shell secreted by its dorsal arms . the shell is paper - thin and the animal is commonly called the\npaper nautilus .\nthe latter part of the name comes from similarly - shaped shell of nautilus . the shell of the pearly nautilus , however , is the true cephalopod shell ( i . e . , the homologue of the molluscan shell ) and not a unique evolutionary innovation like the\nshell\nof argonauta ( naef , 1921 - 23 ) .\n( of argonauta cygnus monterosato , 1889 ) finn j . k . ( 2014 ) . family argonautidae . pp . 228 - 237 , in p . jereb , c . f . e . roper , m . d . norman & j . k . finn eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 3 . octopods and vampire squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 3 ) : 353 pp . 11 pls . page ( s ) : 230 [ details ]\n( of argonauta pacificus dall , 1871 ) finn j . k . ( 2014 ) . family argonautidae . pp . 228 - 237 , in p . jereb , c . f . e . roper , m . d . norman & j . k . finn eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 3 . octopods and vampire squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 3 ) : 353 pp . 11 pls . page ( s ) : 230 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhave been described . a full list is given by mangold , vecchione and young ( 2008 ) . taxonomic work on this genus is required , but\nis undoubtedly a good species and is the type species of the genus . we treat\nhas been assessed as least concern because , although little is known about this species , its wide distribution , oceanic lifestyle and low interest to fisheries suggest that it is not threatened .\nthis species is found in surface tropical and subtropical waters of the world ' s oceans . in the atlantic , it extends north to cape cod in the west and portugal in the east and south to brazil in the west and southern africa in the east . it also occurs in the mediterranean sea . in the pacific , its northern limits appear to be california in the east and southern hokkaido in the west . it extends southwards to subtropical waters around australia and new zealand . it is found throughout the indo - west pacific ( nesis 1987 , norman 2000 ) .\nalbania ; algeria ; american samoa ; angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; australia ; bahamas ; bangladesh ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; colombia ; comoros ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; cook islands ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; disputed territory ; djibouti ; dominica ; dominican republic ; ecuador ; egypt ; el salvador ; equatorial guinea ; eritrea ; fiji ; french guiana ; french polynesia ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guam ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; italy ; jamaica ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ; korea , democratic people ' s republic of ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; liberia ; libya ; macao ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; malta ; marshall islands ; martinique ; mauritius ; mayotte ; mexico ; micronesia , federated states of ; monaco ; montenegro ; montserrat ; morocco ; mozambique ; myanmar ; namibia ; nauru ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; niue ; norfolk island ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; panama ; papua new guinea ; peru ; philippines ; pitcairn ; portugal ; puerto rico ; qatar ; r\u00e9union ; russian federation ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; samoa ; san marino ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; saudi arabia ; senegal ; seychelles ; sierra leone ; singapore ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; spain ; sri lanka ; sudan ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; togo ; tokelau ; tonga ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turks and caicos islands ; tuvalu ; united arab emirates ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ; vanuatu ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; wallis and futuna ; western sahara ; yemen\nfemale argonauts secrete a shell using glands on their dorsal arms into which they lay their eggs . they produce the shell early in life ( before maturation ) and use it as a home . males are dwarf and have been reported living within salps ( banas et al . 1982 ) . they have a modified third arm which detaches during mating and carries the spermatophores to the females . female argonauts are often found associated with jellyfish , which they use as a source of food and possibly as camouflage ( heeger et al . 1992 ) . eggs are small ( 50 , 000 ) and are brooded in the shell until they hatch ( laptikhovsky and salman 2003 ) . up to five developmental stages can be present in one shell , which is neutrally buoyant due to the female trapping air at the surface ( jereb et al . 2014 ) . the species is assumed to be semelparous and likely has a lifespan of around one year as is common for other cephalopod species . females probably spawn continuously releasing a batch of around 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 eggs per day over a period of a month or more ( laptikhovsky and salman 2003 ) .\nthe shells are of interest to the shell trade and the flesh is edible . this species is of limited interest to fisheries but is reported occasionally in indian , japanese and taiwanese ( jereb et al . 2014 ) markets , occasionally with landings of several hundred kilograms ( de bruin et al . 1995 ) . jereb et al . ( 2014 ) state that between the 17th of june and 3rd of july 1982 , around 6 , 300 females were caught in the sea of japan .\nthere is a potential threat from the shell trade , but mostly trade appears to be of shells that wash up on shores so this cannot be considered a current threat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkatharina m . mangold ( 1922 - 2003 ) , michael vecchione , and richard e . young\nthe family contains at least four species ( nesis , 1982 / 7 ) .\nargonauts are muscular , pelagic octopods . females secrete a thin calcareous\nshell\nin which they reside . shells may reach a length of 30 cm ( nesis , 1982 ) . the dorsal arms of females are modified with large , flag - like membranes that expand over the shell and are responsible for the secretion of the shell . eyes are very large and webs very small . the mantle - funnel locking apparatus consists of knob - like cartilages ( mantle ) and matching depressions ( funnel ) . males are dwarfs .\nfemales with distal flag - like expansion of the web of the dorsal arms that contain shell - secreting glands .\npresence of external\nshell\nin females secreted by the dorsal arms . the true molluscan shell ( i . e . , stylets in most incirrates ) is absent .\na list of all nominal genera and species in the argonautidae can be found here . the list includes the current status and type species of all genera , and the current status , type repository and type locality of all species and all pertinent references .\nan unusual feature of argonauts is the secreted shell that functions as a brood chamber . the\nshell\nis not homologous with the true molluscan shell as evidenced by its unique site of formation : the dorsal arms of the female rather than the internal shell sac as in other coleoids . naef ( 1921 / 3 ) noted the remarkable resemblance of the argonaut shell to the shells of some of the abundant cretaceous ammonoids and suggested that the argonaut shell evolved in the following way : ancestral argonauts occupied empty ammonoid shells during the late cretaceous . [ occupancy of molluscan shells by octopodids is common in the present day . ] the octopod evolved glandular structures on the arms to repair the shell of the ammonoids after the latter had become extinct at the end of the cretaceous . eventually , the ammonoid shell was completely replaced by a secreted structure whose shape had been evolutionarily molded by the ammonoid shell . however , as pointed out by young et al . ( 1998 ) , a gap of about 40 million years exists between extinction of ammonoids and the earliest fossil record of an argonaut , and they suggest that the mold for the shell was from some other type of mollusc and that the resemblance to ammonoids is coincidental . the origin of the argonaut shell is a challenging problem and has important implications for understanding the relationships amoung groups of the argonautoidea ( young , et al . , 1998 ) .\nthe male argonaut is a dwarf , about 10 % of the length of the female . the entire third right arm is hectocotylized and carried in a special sac . at mating , the hectocotylus , which carries one large spermatophore , breaks out of its sac and then from the male body . the free hectocotylus invades , or is deposited in , the female ' s mantle cavity , where it remains viable and active for some time . the hectocotylus was first described as a worm parasitic on the female ( delle chiaje , 1825 ) .\nthe argonaut paralarva has a distinctive appearance as seen in the photo . the arms are very short and equal in length and are surrounded in their proximal half by a membranous collar or cuff ( barely recognizable in the photograph ) formed by the interbrachial membrane . the latter feature is found also in tremoctopus hatchlings . the life - span is unknown .\n- ventrolateral view captured in a plankton tow , hawaii . photograph by r . young .\n- side view . drawing from naef ( 1921 - 230 . note the lock and pit of the funnel / mantle locking - apparatus at the bottom of the photograph and drawing .\nmales have been reported living within salps ( banas et al . , 1982 ) .\nchun , c . 1910 . die cephalopoden . oegopsida . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen tiefsee expedition auf dem dampfer\nvaldivia\n1898 - 1899 , 18 ( 1 ) : 1 - 401 .\ndavid , p . m . 1965 . the surface fauna of the ocean . endeavour ( oxf . ) 24 : 95 - 100 ) .\ndelle chiaje , s . 1825 . memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali . senza verlebre del regno di napoli . i .\nkramp , p . l . 1956 . pelagic fauna . p . 65 - 86 . in : ( a . bruun , sv . greve , h . mielche and r . sp\u00e4rck , eds . ) the galathea deep sea expedition 1950 - 1952 .\nnaef , a . 1921 / 23 . cephalopoda . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel . monograph , no . 35 .\nnesis , k . n . 1982 / 7 . abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world ' s ocean . 385 , ii pp . light and food industry publishing house , moscow . ( in russian . ) . translated into english by b . s . levitov , ed . by l . a . burgess ( 1987 ) , cephalopods of the world . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , nj , 351pp .\nyoung , r . e . , m . vecchione and d . donovan . 1998 the evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology . south african jour . mar . sci . . , 20 : 393 - 420 .\npage copyright \u00a9 2016 katharina m . mangold ( 1922 - 2003 ) , , and\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\nmangold ( 1922 - 2003 ) , katharina m . , michael vecchione , and richard e . young . 2016 . argonautidae\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 708 [ details ]\ndescription mantle globular , as wide as long ; surface of mantle , head , arms , and web covered with conspicuous , closely - set , large , . . .\ndescription mantle globular , as wide as long ; surface of mantle , head , arms , and web covered with conspicuous , closely - set , large , stellate tubercles ; a narrow , tuberculate , fold of skin encircles the lateral surface of the mantle ; funnel organ , 4 separate longitudinal pads . [ details ]\n( of ocythoe antiquorum leach , 1817 ) leach w . e . ( 1817 ) . synopsis of the orders , families and genera of the class cephalopoda . the zoological miscellany ; being descriptions of new or interesting animals . 3 ( 30 ) : 137 - 141 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 139 [ details ]\nfinn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\nfinn j . k . ( 2014 ) . family argonautidae . pp . 228 - 237 , in p . jereb , c . f . e . roper , m . d . norman & j . k . finn eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 3 . octopods and vampire squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 3 ) : 353 pp . 11 pls . page ( s ) : 230 [ details ]\nroper , c . f . e . , m . j . sweeney & c . e . nauen ( 1984 ) . fao species catalogue . vol 3 . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . fao fish . synop . ( 125 ) , vol 3 : 277 p . [ details ]\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\njudkins , h . l . , m . vecchione , and c . f . e . roper . 2009 . cephalopoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 701\u2013709 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 178 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlu , c . c . & chung , w . s . ( 2017 ) . guide to the cephalopods of taiwan . national museum of natural science , taichung , taiwan , 560 pp . isbn 978 - 986 - 05 - 2569 - 4 . page ( s ) : 516 [ details ]\n( of ocythoe argonautae cuvier , 1829 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ocythoe antiquorum leach , 1817 ) finn j . k . ( 2013 ) taxonomy and biology of the argonauts ( cephalopoda : argonautidae ) with particular reference to australian material . molluscan research 33 ( 3 ) : 143 - 222 . [ details ]\ngleadall , i . g . ( 1997 ) . hong kong cephalopada : a brief review of current knowledge and identification of specimens collected in 1995 . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the eighth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china iv . hong kong university press , hong kong . 503 - 513 . [ details ]\nto museum of new ze . . . [ hosted externally ; from synonym ]\nlikes to be near the surface of the water . it is an epipelagic oceanic species .\nthe maximum length of shell is 30 cm in females , but only 1 . 5 - 2 cm in males . the shell is coiled and laterally compressed with a narrow keel and numerous sharp nodules . nodules toward the center of the coil are brown , but most of the shell is white .\nthe male uses a specialized arm called a ' hectocotylus ' to fertilize the eggs . the hectocotylus is inserted into the females pouch and breaks off during mating . the female forms a\nnacelle ,\na thin calcareous shell , with two of her legs ( the others are used for swimming ) . this structure holds the eggs throughout development .\nthe female is up to twenty times larger than the male . normally these animals are solitary .\ncan be found in fish markets in india and japan . the shell is praised by collectors because of its beauty , coloration , sculpture , and fragility .\nthis animal is very common but is rarely spotted by humans . every once and a while many of them may be washed up by a change in currents or chased into shallow waters by predators , allowing people to observe and catch them .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nstructure produced by the calcium carbonate skeletons of coral polyps ( class anthozoa ) . coral reefs are found in warm , shallow oceans with low nutrient availability . they form the basis for rich communities of other invertebrates , plants , fish , and protists . the polyps live only on the reef surface . because they depend on symbiotic photosynthetic algae , zooxanthellae , they cannot live where light does not penetrate .\nlane , frank . 1960 . kingdom of the octopus . sheridan house , new york .\nroper , c . 1984 . cephalopods of the world . national museum , washington .\nabbot , r . t . 1954 . american seashells . d . van nostrand co . , inc .\ncousteau , jacques . 1973 . octopus and squid . doubleday and co . , new york .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nargonauts occur in all tropical and temperate waters of the world . the exact number of species is not known . four species are currently recognised . the species are mainly distinguished by shell shape .\nby well - developed connective apparatus conspicuous even in larvae . body firm , muscular ,\nlong , 1st much longer than others , 4th and 2nd shorter , 3rd are the shortest . fourth\n10 - 20 % longer than 2nd , 1 . 5 - 2 times the length of 3rd . in maturing and mature females\npresent , photophores absent . twenty eight lamellae per demibranch in females . female builds characteristic thin , fragile calcareous\napprox . 5 - 7 mm ; during subsequent life , beginning from approx . 8 mm ,\nlength . eggs very small ( 0 . 6 - 0 . 8 mm ) , laid and incubated in rear part of\nwall . newborn larvae liberated by female probably every night . female begins to reproduce shortly after building\nand continues to spawn eggs during entire life . males dwarfed , their 3rd left\neverts and becomes much longer than male itself , detaches during mating . part of the\nand remains there ; male dies after mating and is probably devoured by female . up to 3 hectocotyli may be found in one female . color of females purple - blue to wine - red from above , light from below ; extended 1st\nnot numerous ( < 35 ) , set far apart , nodules brown . fourth\nmuch shorter than 2nd - 3rd , length in large females approx . 60 % of 2nd . egg size 0 . 7 - 0 . 8 mm . 20 lamellae per demibranch . a third\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis .\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ntaxon validity : [ fide robson ( 1932 : 181 ) ] . repository : ls syntypes . type locality :\npelago , m . indico , mediterrane\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017 , at 00 : 41 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy ."]}
{"id": 955, "summary": [{"text": "ditropis is a genus of land snails with opercula , terrestrial gastropods in the family cyclophoridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is also a hemipteran genus ditropis , homonym of stiroma fieber 1866 , belonging to the family delphacidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ditropis", "paragraphs": ["ilia gjonov marked\nditropis pteridis\nas trusted on the\nditropis pteridis\npage .\nno one has contributed data records for ditropis yet . learn how to contribute .\nworms - world register of marine species - ditropis w . t . blanford , 1869\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : lamna ditropis . jpg\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30cd\u30ba\u30df\u30b6\u30e1\nto\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\n.\nspecies ditropis ingenua o . boettger , 1891 accepted as ditropopsis ingenua ( o . boettger , 1891 ) ( original combination )\nspecies ditropis moellendorffi o . boettger , 1891 accepted as ditropopsis moellendorffi ( o . boettger , 1891 ) ( original combination )\nspecies ditropis spiralis o . boettger , 1891 accepted as ditropopsis spiralis ( o . boettger , 1891 ) ( original combination )\ndana campbell set\nfile : salmon shark afsc . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\n.\ndana campbell marked\nfile : salmon shark afsc . jpg\nas trusted on the\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\npage .\ndana campbell marked\nfile : salmon shark fetus . jpg\nas trusted on the\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947\npage .\nanderson , scot d . , and kenneth j . goldman . 2001 . temperature measurements from salmon sharks , lamna ditropis , in alskan waters . copeia , 2001 ( 3 ) : 794 - 796 .\ngoldman , k . , j . musick . 2008 . the biology and ecology of the salmon shark , lamna ditropis . pp . 95 - 104 in m camhi , e pikitch , e babcock , eds .\nto cite this page : lupton , e . ; a . mendoza and b . razavinematollahi 2012 .\nlamna ditropis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nblagoderov , a . i . 1994 . seasonal distribution and some notes on the biology of salmon shark ( lamna ditropis ) in the northwestern pacific ocean . j . ichthyol . , 34 ( 2 ) : 115 - 121 .\nsmith , r . l . , and d . rhodes . 1983 . body temperature of the salmon shark , lamna ditropis . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 63 : 243 - 244 .\nnakaya , kazuhiro . 1971 . descriptive notes on a porbeagle , lamna nasus , from argentine waters , compared with the north pacific salmon shark , lamna ditropis . bull . fac . fish . hokkaido univ , 21 : 269 - 279 .\nnagasawa , kazuya . 1998 . predation by salmon sharks ( lamna ditropis ) on pacific salmon ( oncorhynchus spp . ) in the north pacific ocean . n . pac . anadr . fish comm . bull . , 1 : 419 - 433 .\npaust , brian , and ronald smith . 1986 . salmon shark manual : the development of a commercial salmon shark , lamna ditropis , fishery in the north pacific . alaska sea grant report 86 - 01 . university of alaska , fairbanks . 430 pp .\nnakaya , k . , 1971 . descriptive notes on a porbeable , lamna nasus , from argentine waters , compared with the north pacific salmon shark , lamna ditropis . bull . fac . fish . hokkaido univ . , 21 ( 4 ) : 269 - 79\nthe salmon shark , lamna ditropis , was first described by hubbs and follett in 1947 . the genus name lamna is translated from greek\nlamna , - es\nas a voracious fish . the species name ditropis is from the greek\ndi\nmeaning two , and\ntropis\nmeaning keel . prior to 1947 , salmon sharks were thought to be porbeagle sharks , lamna nasus ( then lamna cornubica ) . although these species are closely related , their ranges do not overlap . salmon sharks are a pacific species , and porbeagles are an atlantic species .\ntribuzio , c . 2004 .\nan investigation of the reproductive physiology of two north pacific shark species : spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) and salmon shark ( lamna ditropis )\n( on - line pdf ) . school of aquatic and fishery sciences . accessed november 09 , 2011 at urltoken .\nlamna ditropis hubbs and follett , 1947 . holotype , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , mcz - 36471 , adult male ( partial specimen , size uncertain ) ; type locality , la jolla , california , 92 to 107m off the la jolla beach club in shallow water . copeia 1947 ( 3 ) : 194 .\nthese sharks are often mistake for white sharks because they look very similar , but the salmon shark is dark blue - gray to black over most of its body , except for its pale underside which often has dark blotches on it that the white sharks do not . they can get to 10 feet long ( almost 1 , 000 pounds ) from their short , conical snouts to their crescent caudal ( tail ) fins . unlike most others , this shark is endothermic , meaning it is able to maintain a body temperature above the temperature of the surrounding water .\nthe salmon shark gets its name from one of its prey items , the pacific salmon ( oncorhyncus spp . ) . although it is considered to be one of the main predators of pacific salmon , the salmon shark is actually an opportunistic feeder with a wide - ranging diet .\nthe salmon shark was called the porbeagle before it was recognized as a separate species . it belongs to the family lamnidae , the mackerel sharks . in french , the salmon shark is known as requin - taupe saumon , in spanish , marrajo salm\u00f3n , and in german , pazifischer heringshai . the salmon shark is abundant in japanese waters , and it has several local names in japan , including the japanese mackerel shark , nezumizame , mokazame , radukazame , and sakezame .\nthe salmon shark is not specifically targeted by commercial fisheries , but is often caught as by - catch in japanese , united states , and canadian offshore gill - netting , seining , and trolling for salmon , swordfish , and thresher sharks . it is also sometimes caught by trammel - netting halibut fishers off california . salmon sharks are commonly viewed by fishermen as pests because of the heavy damage they do to fishing gear .\nwhen salmon sharks are caught , the fins of the salmon shark may be harvested , but the carcass is generally discarded . however , if harvested , the flesh is sold for consumption in japan , and to a lesser extent in the u . s . the oil , skin ( leather ) , and fins ( soup ) may also be used . the people of the northern japanese fishing port of kesennuma , where most salmon shark landings in japan occur , also use the heart in a popular local sashimi dish .\nthe salmon shark is generally viewed as potentially dangerous to man . however , even though it is a relatively large shark and is related to infamously dangerous species like the white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) and the shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) , it has never been positively identified in any shark attack . the unsubstantiated reports of this species are probably due to confusion with the white shark . divers have viewed groups of salmon sharks underwater with no reports of agonistic behavior by the sharks .\nthe iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nfishery statistics for this species are very limited , but as recent studies indicate low fecundity and slow maturity , it may be quite vulnerable . unfortunately , there is no regulation on the pelagic fishery in international waters , and the salmon shark is actually very heavily fished as bycatch , although often discarded . in general , fishermen view the salmon shark as a pest because of its frequent damage to fishing gear , particularly in salmon fisheries , and this means the shark is all the more likely to be killed or traumatized .\nthe recent frequent strandings of juvenile sharks along the pacific coast of the u . s . , which were rare in the 1970s and 1980s , indicate a possible adverse reaction to human development impacts along the coastal waters that are a nursery for this species .\ndue to the lack of biological knowledge of the salmon shark and increased sports fishing for it , the alaska board of fisheries closed all commercial shark fishing in alaska state waters and imposed heavy regulations on the state sports fishery for salmon sharks in 1997 .\nthe salmon shark occurs only in the coastal and oceanic waters of the north pacific . they can be found in the waters off japan ( including the sea of japan ) , off the western pacific coasts of north korea , south korea , russia ( including the sea of okhotsk ) , and in the bering sea . the eastern portion of their range is bounded by the eastern pacific coast of the canada , the u . s . , and possibly northern mexico . because the salmon shark only occurs in the pacific , it can be easily distinguished from its relative the porbeagle , in the northern hemisphere , which only occurs in the atlantic .\nthe salmon shark is a primarily pelagic species , but can be found in epipelagic , offshore , and coastal areas . it appears to prefer cold boreal to cool temperate waters , but has been caught in water temperatures from 36 . 5\u00b0 to 75\u00b0f ( 2 . 5\u00b0 to 24\u00b0c ) . the species can be found at the surface to depths below 500 ft ( 152 m ) , and has been photographed at 837 ft ( 255 m ) .\ntransmitter on the dorsal fin of a salmon shark , used to track vertical and horizontal migration . image courtesy national marine fisheries service\nas is common among pelagic elasmobranch species , the salmon shark makes long oceanic migrations over the course of the year . in this species , these migrations appear to be highly correlated with\nthose of the pelagic fish that it principally preys on , as well as with reproductive seasons . the salmon shark gives birth in the spring and probably mates in the summer or autumn . populations in the northwest pacific breed in japanese waters or in waters off the coast of kamchatka and sakhalin . in winter , when the water warms , they migrate north to more distant feeding grounds in the sea of okhotsk , the bering sea , and the sea of japan . in the spring , they return south to japanese waters , areas of the open ocean , and the southern kuril region , where the females give birth .\npopulations of the northeast pacific perform a similar north - south migration in the waters off california , oregon , washington , alaska , and canada . the females migrate south in the spring to give birth off oregon and california , where a significant number of neonates and young juveniles are found beached at that time every year .\nthere appears to be a strong sexual segregation in this species with males dominating the western north pacific and females dominating the eastern north pacific . in fact , males and females probably do not form mixed groups , as catches of salmon sharks are almost always dominated by one sex or the other . although trans - pacific movements have not been documented , they are suspected to occur , particularly during the mating period , which is probably in summer or autumn .\nsalmon shark populations also appear to be segregated by size , with large sharks generally inhabiting the more northern reaches of the species ' range , and smaller sharks staying in the southern parts . the larger , more mature sharks are more active in migrations , like the ones described above , while juveniles tend to remain in nursery areas until they reach about 3 . 6 to 3 . 9 ft ( 110 to 120 cm ) in length . the waters off the coast of california appear to be a major nursery ground for the northeast populations , with juveniles remaining there for one to two years after birth . the northwest salmon shark populations have nursery grounds in the open - water pacific , japanese waters , and the southern kuril region .\nthe salmon shark has a heavy spindle - shaped body with a short blunt conical snout . the gill slits are large . the caudal peduncle is strongly keeled , with short secondary keels on the caudal base . the caudal fin is crescent - shaped . the large first dorsal fin has a free rear tip . the small second dorsal and anal fins can pivot .\nthe salmon shark is sometimes mistaken for the white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) , but it can be distinguished by its shorter snout and the presence of secondary keels on the caudal base ( the white shark has none ) .\ncoloration the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the salmon shark are dark blue gray to black in color . its dorsal fin is all dark , including the rear tip . the ventral surface of the snout anterior to the mouth is also dark , but the rest of the ventral surface of the body is white , often with dusky blotches ( in adults only ) and white patches over the pectoral bases . the dark blotches can also be used to distinguish the salmon shark from the white shark .\nclose - up of the jaw of a salmon shark . photo courtesy national marine fisheries service\nthe salmon shark has moderately large blade - like teeth with lateral cusplets , small bumps or\nmini - teeth\non either side of each tooth . the first upper lateral teeth have oblique ( diagonally - oriented ) cusps .\nsize , age , and growth the salmon shark has a maximum total length of about 10 ft ( 305 cm ) and maximum weight of over 992 lbs ( 450 kg ) . there are unconfirmed accounts of salmon sharks 12 . 1 to 14 . 1 ft ( 370 to 430 cm ) , but these may have resulted from confusion with the larger white shark . in the eastern north pacific , female salmon sharks can live to at least 20 years , males to at least 27 years .\nin the western north pacific , males mature at about 5 . 8 to 6 . 1 ft ( 177 - 186 cm ) in total length and 5 years , and females mature at about 6 . 6 to 7 . 3 ft ( 200 - 223 cm ) and 8 - 10 years . salmon sharks in the eastern north pacific appear to have a faster growth rate than those in the western north pacific and mature at an earlier age . in the eastern north pacific , males mature at about 5 . 2 ft ( 158 cm ) and 3 - 5 years , and females at 6 . 7 ft ( 205 cm ) and 6 - 9 years . also , females in the eastern north pacific are in general larger and heavier bodied than those in the western north pacific .\nas with all other members of the family lamnidae ( the mackerel sharks ) , the salmon shark is endothermic , meaning it is able to maintain a body temperature above the temperature of the surrounding water . this is unusual because most fish are ectotherms , having internal temperature that is nearly identical to the ambient water temperature .\nall lamnids have vascular counter - current heat exchangers ( retia mirabilia ) that allow them to retain the heat produced by the metabolism of these fast - swimming sharks . salmon sharks have retes in the cranium near the eyes , in the locomotor muscles , and in the viscera . they also have vascular shunts that allow them to alter the route of blood flow , further regulating rates of heat gain and heat loss . a few other fast - swimming fish , like tunas , also have this homeothermic ability , so this is an instance of convergent evolution between lamnid sharks and tunas .\nrecent studies have shown that the salmon shark does indeed maintain an internal temperature well above ambient water temperature . in fact , the salmon shark probably has the greatest thermoregulatory ability of any shark , and internal body temperatures up to 60 . 1\u00b0f ( 15 . 6\u00b0c ) greater than sea surface temperature have been recorded .\nthis thermoregulatory ability allows salmon sharks to range vertically through the water column in search of prey and to extend their niche to boreal waters .\nfood habits salmon sharks are opportunistic feeders . their diet consists mainly of pelagic and demersal bony fishes , such as pacific salmon , steelhead trout , herring , sardines , pollock , alaska cod , tomcod , lancetfishes , daggerteeth , sauries , lanternfishes , pomfrets , mackerel , lumpfishes , sculpins , etc . non - bony fish prey include the spiny dogfish and pelagic squid . salmon sharks may feed singly or in feeding aggregations of several sharks .\nsalmon sharks are generally believed to be one of the principal predators of pacific salmon ( oncorhyncus spp . ) , but some studies suggest this may only be true for certain populations in certain areas of the salmon shark ' s range . in the aleutian islands and the gulf of alaska , for example , salmon shark abundance corresponds to catch rates of salmon , and the migration patterns of predator and prey appear to be linked . however , in the western north pacific , most salmon sharks appear to be concentrated south of the salmon ' s migration path . the migration patterns of these western north pacific populations appear to be linked instead with those of herring and sardines .\nreproduction salmon sharks mate summer - autumn and give birth in the spring . during mating , the male shark bites the female to hold onto her while they copulate . accordingly , biologists can tell if a female has recently mated by looking for fresh bite marks .\nthis shark ' s gestation period is probably about nine months , with litters containing 2 - 5 embryos . it is ovoviviparous , meaning that it gives birth to live young , but in the uterus ( womb ) , embryos have no placental or other direct connection to the mother . oophagy , or consumption of unfertilized eggs by embryos , has been documented in this species . during gestation , the mother continues to ovulate unfertilized eggs ( ova ) , which proceed from the ovary to the nidamental gland , where they are filled with yolk . these nutritive ova then pass to the uterus , where they are consumed by the growing embryos . this is how embryos are nourished during most of gestation . embryos are born at about 2 . 8 to 3 . 1 ft ( 84 - 96 cm ) in length .\nthe white shark may prey on juvenile salmon sharks where their ranges overlap . photo \u00a9 klaus jost\nit is unlikely that any creature would prey on adult salmon sharks because of their size . however , juvenile salmon sharks probably do face predators among the larger fish , including other sharks , that inhabit their range .\nparasites because this species is so little studied , reports of parasites found in it are few . there is a record of the cestode ( tapeworm ) nybelinia surmenicola found on a salmon shark in alaskan waters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nno detailed information exists on salmon shark abundance , and nothing is known about stock structure . no abundance estimates are available for salmon sharks in the northeast pacific . minimum stock size for the northwest and western central pacific has been estimated via catch data from several japanese drift / gillnet fisheries to range from 1 . 66 x 106 to 2 . 19 x 106 ( shimida and nakano unpublished data , cited in nagasawa 1998 ) , however no detailed information was given as to how these estimates were obtained . while sexual segregation is relatively common in sharks , a remarkable sex ratio difference occurs in salmon sharks across the north pacific basin . the western side is male dominated and the eastern side is female dominated , with dominance increasing with latitude ( sano 1962 , nagasawa 1998 , goldman 2002 , goldman and musick in press ) . larger sharks range farther north than smaller individuals , and southern catches generally occur in deeper waters ( nagasawa 1998 , goldman and musick unpublished data ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 2001 ) . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 269p . [ details ]\nditropopsis ( ditropiphorus ) fukuda , 2000 represented as ditropopsis e . a . smith , 1897\nbank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\none of a large number of brachypterous ( short - winged ) delphacids , although the only one to specialise on bracken . the vertex and face are uniformly yellow and the wings dark with smooth and inconspicuous veins . the wings are approximately half the length of the abdomen in males and a quarter the length in females . macropters are rare . common and widespread in britain , often on bracken in woods .\nsalmon sharks are widely distributed throughout coastal and pelagic environments within the subarctic and temperate north pacific ocean , between 10\u00b0n and 70\u00b0n latitude . their range includes the bering sea , the sea of okhotsk , and the sea of japan , and also extends from the gulf of alaska to southern baja california . salmon sharks generally range from 35\u00b0n to 65\u00b0n latitude in the western pacific ocean and from 30\u00b0n to 65\u00b0n in the eastern pacific , with highest densities found between 50\u00b0n and 60\u00b0n .\nsalmon sharks are primarily pelagic , but are also found in coastal waters of the north pacific . they generally swim in the surface layer of subarctic water , but also occur in deeper waters of warmer southern regions to at least 150m . this species appears to prefer water temperatures from 2\u00b0c to 24\u00b0c .\npopulations of salmon sharks show seasonal density fluctuations in the coastal alaska downwelling region , which is characterized by turbulent mixing and strong seasonality of light and temperature . the summer - autumn usage of this ecoregion by salmon sharks coincides with the return of\nadult salmon sharks can weigh at least 220 kg ( 485 lbs ) . there are unofficial reports of salmon sharks weighing 450 kg ( 992 lbs ) , but it is likely that this specimen was a misidentified white shark (\n) . sharks in the eastern north pacific have a greater weight to length ratio than their counterparts in the western north pacific .\nwhen reporting shark lengths , precaudal length ( pcl ) is often used , even though it excludes the tail fin . this allows discussion of a standardized length measure , as different possible orientations of the tail can give different measurements of total length . the pcl is determined by calculating the straight - line - distance between two vertical lines , one projected from the tip of the snout , and the other from the precaudal point . adult salmon sharks typically range in size from 180 to 210 cm pcl .\nmost fishes are ectotherms , meaning their body temperature remains identical to the surrounding water . salmon sharks , however , are endothermic , meaning they maintain a core body temperature higher than the surrounding water ( up to 16\u00b0c ) . this is accomplished through retention of heat produced by cell metabolism . however , no information on the basal metabolic rate of\nsalmon sharks have a heavy , spindle - shaped body with a short , conical snout . these sharks have relatively long gill slits . the mouth is broadly rounded , with the upper jaw containing 28 to 30 teeth and the lower jaw containing 26 to 27 moderately large , blade - like teeth with cusplets ( small bumps or \u201cmini - teeth\u201d ) on either side of each tooth . unpaired fins consist of a large first and much smaller second dorsal fin , a small anal fins and a crescent - shaped caudal fin . the caudal fin is homocercal , meaning the dorsal and ventral lobes are nearly equal in size . paired fins include large pectoral fins and much smaller pelvic fins , which are modified to form reproductive structures in males . a distinctive keel is present on the caudal peduncle and a short secondary keel is present on the caudal base . dorsal and lateral areas are dark bluish - gray to black . the belly is white , and often includes various dark paatches in adults . the ventral surface of the snout is also dark - colored .\n) by the presence of a secondary keel on the caudal base , dark coloration on the ventral surface of the snout , and dusky patches on the belly , all of which are lacking in great whites . salmon sharks are also similar in appearance to porbeagle sharks (\n) , but can easily be distinguished by their distributions ( porbeagles are absent from the north pacific range of salmon sharks ) .\n, only the right ovary of salmon sharks is functional . fertilization is internal , and development proceeds within the uterus . salmon sharks are ovoviviparous , but developing embryos maintain no direct connection to the mother to obtain nutrition . oophagy has been observed in this species , and likely represents the primary source of nutrition for developing embryos . the pregnant female ovulates and the unfertilized eggs are sent to the nidamental gland , where they are filled with yolk . the eggs are then moved to the uterus , where the embryos can feed on them . litters tend to contain 4 to 5 young , which are approximately 60 to 65 cm pcl at birth .\nlittle is known about how salmon sharks find and select mates , although seasonal migrations and aggregations of individuals likely facilitates this process . males hold on to females by biting their pectoral fin during copulation , which consists of the insertion of one of the male ' s claspers ( modified pelvic fins ) into the female ' s cloaca . couples have no further contact following copulation .\nsalmon sharks mate in northern waters during autumn and give birth after a 9 month gestation period , during their southern migration in late spring through early summer . individuals that populate the central and western north pacific are thought to breed off the coast of honshu , japan . those that populate the eastern north pacific breed off the coasts of oregon and california . pups are born in nursery grounds in the central north pacific transition zone or along the coast of united states and canada . female salmon sharks in the western north pacific reproduce annually , and are estimated to bear 70 offspring in their lifetime , while evidence suggests that females in the eastern north pacific reproduce every two years .\nsexual maturity of males in the western north pacific is estimated to occur at approximately 140 cm pcl ( corresponding to an age of 5 years ) , and between 170 and 180 cm ( ages 8 to 10 years ) for females . for salmon sharks in the eastern north pacific , sexual maturity is reached between 125 and 145 cm pcl ( ages 3 to 5 years ) for males and 160 to 180 cm ( ages 6 to 9 ) for females . salmon sharks in both regions reach maximum lengths of approximately 215 cm pcl for females and about 190cm pcl for males .\nbreeding interval females in the eastern north pacific breed every two years , while those in the western north pacific breed annually .\nfemales provide nutrition to their embryos through unfertilized eggs , which are consumed by the developing young . protection is provided to embryos through residence within the mother ' s uterus until they have fully developed and are able to fend for themselves .\nthe maximum age of salmon sharks has been estimated through vertebral analysis . in both western and eastern north pacific populations longevity estimates are similar , between 20 and 30 years . salmon sharks are not currently held in captivity in large oceanaria and there is no published information regarding their lifespan under captive conditions .\nlike many shark species , salmon sharks segregate by size and sex . in this species , an interesting sex ratio difference has been observed across the north pacific basin . the western population is dominated by males whereas the eastern population is dominated by females . a north / south segregation has also been noted , with larger sharks ranging farther north than smaller ones . salmon sharks are known to hunt both alone and in feeding aggregations of several individuals ( up to 30 to 40 sharks have been observed in these schools ) . they are seasonal migrants , and are strongly suspected to follow the movements of preferred prey items . in the case of eastern north pacific populations , the prey item followed appears to be\n. the distributional and migratory patterns of both subpopulations also appears to be influenced by the sex , size , and age of individuals .\nwhile information on intraspecific communication in salmon sharks is lacking , this species , like other cartilaginous fishes , perceives its environment using visual , olfactory , chemo - and electroreceptive , mechanical , and auditory sensory systems .\n) , mackerel ( scombridae ) , lumpfishes ( cyclopteridae ) , sculpins ( cottidae ) , and other fish that they can capture .\n( goldman and musick , 2008 ; nagasawa , 1998 ; roman , 2010 ;\ntagging of pacific predators , salmon shark .\n, 2010 )\n) . once maturity is reached , salmon sharks occupy the highest trophic level in the food web of subarctic waters , alongside marine mammals and seabirds . the only known predators of mature salmon sharks are humans .\nsmall salmon sharks are found in abundance in waters north of the subarctic boundary , which are thought to be their nursery ground . there they can avoid predation by larger sharks , which inhabit areas that are further north or south . juveniles also display obliterate countershading , and lack the dark blotches found on the ventral areas of adults .\nsalmon sharks are apex predators in subarctic waters , helping to regulate populations of their prey species within the ecosystem .\nshark meat and shark fins have high economic value and salmon sharks are often caught by commercial fisheries , although this is often as bycatch in pursuit of other species . in japan , their hearts are used for sashimi . they are also caught by sports fishermen for recreation .\n( roman , 2010 ;\ntagging of pacific predators , salmon shark .\n, 2010 )\nsalmon sharks , when caught unintentionally as bycatch , cause problems for commercial salmon fishermen . the sharks cause damage to seines and gillnets , loss of hooked or netted salmon , and damage to trolling gear .\nsalmon sharks are potentially dangerous to humans , although there are no positively documented attacks . unsubstantiated reports of attacks by this species are likely due to misidentification of more aggressive species , such as great whites .\nsalmon sharks are currently listed as\ndata deficient\nby the iucn red list . its low number of young and slow maturity may make it vulnerable to overfishing , but few fishery statistics exist for the species , and its fishery is unregulated in international waters . however , due to this lack of knowledge and the potential impact of fishing on this species ' populations , heavy regulations were imposed on alaskan sport fishing for this species in 1997 .\nemily lupton ( author ) , san diego mesa college , anthony mendoza ( author ) , san diego mesa college , brian razavinematollahi ( author ) , san diego mesa college , paul detwiler ( editor ) , san diego mesa college , jeremy wright ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .\nan aquatic biome consisting of the open ocean , far from land , does not include sea bottom ( benthic zone ) .\nthe regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles , from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\ntagging of pacific predators . 2010 .\ntagging of pacific predators , salmon shark .\n( on - line ) . tagging of pacific predators . accessed november 02 , 2011 at urltoken .\nfrancis , m . , l . natanson , s . campana . 2008 . the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark , lamna nasus . pp . 105 - 113 in m camhi , e pikitch , e babcock , eds .\nroman , b . 2010 .\nichthyology at the florida museum of natural history / education biological profiles : salmon shark\n( on - line ) . florida museum of natural history . accessed october 10 , 2011 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 1\nsharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date , vol . 2 : bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes )\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - salmon shark , fr - requin - taupe saumon , sp - marrajo salm\u00f3n .\nfieldmarks : heavy spindle - shaped body , short conical snout , moderately large blade - like teeth with lateral cusplets , long gill slits , large first dorsal fin with dark free rear tip , minute , pivoting second dorsal and anal fins , strong keels on caudal peduncle , short secondary keels on caudal base , crescentic caudal fin , underside of preoral snout dark , often dusky blotches on ventral surface of body and white patches over pectoral bases .\nsnout short and bluntly pointed , with preoral length 4 . 5 to 7 . 6 % of total length ( adults 4 . 5 to 5 . 0 % ) , space from eye to first gill slit 1 . 3 to 1 . 9 times preorbital length . first upper lateral teeth with oblique cusps .\ntotal vertebral count 170 , precaudal vertebral count 103 . cranial rostrum expanded as a huge hypercalcified knob which engulfs most of the rostral cartilages except bases in adults .\ncolour : dark grey or blackish on dorsolateral surface of body , white below , with white abdominal colour extending anteriorly over pectoral bases as a broad wedge - shaped band ; first dorsal fin without a white free rear tip ; ventral surface of head dusky and abdomen with dusky blotches in adults but not in young .\ncoastal and oceanic . north pacific : japan ( including sea of japan ) , north korea , south korea , and the pacific coast of russia ( including sea of okhotsk ) to bering sea and the eastern pacific coast of the usaand canada ( alaska south to british columbia , washington , oregon , and southern california ) and probably mexico ( northern baja california ) .\nmaximum total length about 305 cm ; anecdotal accounts mention sizes of 3 . 7 to 4 . 3 m tl but cannot be confirmed , and confusion with the larger white shark is possible and has happened . size at birth between 40 and 50 cm and 85 cm tl , with the largest foetuses at least 70 cm long and the smallest free - ranging young between 40 and 50 cm . males maturing at about 182 cm tl ( 5 years ) and females at about 221 cm tl ( 8 to 10 years ) ; both sexes adult over about 210 to 220 cm tl .\nsharks of the world an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . leonard j . v . compagno 2001 . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 2001 . p . 269 .\nnamed comes from the greek ' di ' meaning two and ' tropis ' meaning keel ( ref . 6885 )\nmarine ; pelagic - oceanic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 650 m ( ref . 50550 ) , usually 0 - 152 m ( ref . 55221 ) . temperate ; 66\u00b0n - 22\u00b0n , 120\u00b0e - 115\u00b0w\nnorth pacific : japan , korea , and the sea of okhotsk to the bering sea and southward to southern california , usa ( ref . 247 ) and baja california , mexico ( ref . 9253 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 180 - 240 cm max length : 305 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 247 ) ; common length : 180 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9988 ) ; max . published weight : 175 . 0 kg ( ref . 9988 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . first dorsal fin uniformly dark , no light rear tip ; ventral surface of body white with dusky blotches ( ref . 247 ) .\na coastal - littoral and epipelagic shark that prefers boreal to cool temperate waters , from the surface to at least 152 m ( ref . 247 ) . common in continental offshore waters but range inshore to just off beaches ( ref . 247 ) . occurs singly or in schools or feeding aggregations of several individuals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on fishes ( ref . 247 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . with up to 4 young in a litter ( ref . 247 ) . fast swimmer ( ref . 9988 ) . potentially dangerous but has never or seldom been implicated in human attacks ( ref . 247 ) . causes considerable damage to commercial catches and gear ( ref . 6885 ) . utilized fresh , dried or salted , and frozen ; fins , hides and livers are also used , with fins having particular value ; can be broiled and baked ( ref . 9988 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother ( oophagy ) after the yolk sac is absorbed ( ref . 50449 ) . litter size is up to 4 young ( ref . 247 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\n) : 1 . 7 - 8 . 7 , mean 4 . 7 ( based on 832 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7813 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00405 - 0 . 02151 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 59 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbright , donald b . 1960 . a record of the porbeagle , lamna nasus , from cook inlet , alaska . copeia , 1960 ( 2 ) : 145 - 146 .\ndalby , ron . 1985 . $ almon $ harks : if you can\u2019t beat \u2018em , eat \u2018em . alaska , february 1985 : 20 - 21 ; 63 .\ngilhousen , philip . 1989 . wounds , scars and marks on fraser river sockeye salmon with some relationships to predation losses . progr . rep . intl . pac . salmon fish . comm . , 42 : 1 - 64 .\nnakano , hideki , and kazuya nagasawa . 1996 . distribution of pelagic elasmobranchs caught by salmon research gillnets in the north pacific . fish . sci . , 62 ( 5 ) : 860 - 865 .\nneave , ferris , and m . g . hanavan . 1960 . seasonal distribution of some epipelagic fishes in the gulf of alaska region . j . fish . res . bd . can . , 17 ( 2 ) : 221 - 233 .\nstrasburg , donald w . 1958 . distribution , abundance , and habits of pelagic sharks in the central pacific ocean . u . s . fish wildl . serv . fish . bull . , 58 : 335 - 361 .\ntubbesing , victor a . , and barbara a , block . 2000 . orbital rete and red muscle vein anatomy indicate a high degree of endothermy in the brain and eye of the salmon shark . acta zool . , 81 : 49 - 56 .\nurquhart , david l . 1981 . north pacific salmon shark . sea front . , 27 ( 6 ) [ november - december 1981 ) : 361 - 363 .\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations \u00a9 r . aidan martin copyright | privacy\nbernal , d . , k . a . dickson , r . e . shadwick & j . b . graham . 2001a . review : analysis of the evolutionary convergence for high performance swimming in lamnid sharks and tunas . comparat . biochem . physiol . a 129 : 695 - 726 .\nbernal , d . , c . sepulveda & j . b . graham . 2001b . water tunnel studies of heat balance in swimming mako sharks . j . exp . biol . 204 : 4043 - 4054 .\n) in the north - western pacific ocean . j . ichthyol . 34 : 115 - 121 . ( originally published in , and translated from ,\nblock , b . a . , h . dewar , s . b . blackwell , t . d . williams , e . d . prince , c . j . farwell , a . boustany , s . l . h . teo , a . seitz , a . walli & d . fudge 2001 . migratory movements , depth pref - erences , and thermal biology of atlantic bluefin tuna . science 293 : 1310 - 1314 .\nbrill , r . w . , h . dewar & j . b . graham . 1994 . basic concepts relevant to heat transfer in fishes , and their use in measuring the physiological thermoregulatory abilities of tunas . env . bio . fish . 40 : 109 - 124 .\ncarey , f . g . , j . g . casey , h . l . pratt , d . urquhart & j . e . mccosker . 1985 . temperature , heat production , and heat exchange in lamnid sharks . southern california academy of sciences , memoirs 9 : 92 - 108 .\ncarey , f . g . & k . d . lawson . 1973 . temperature regulation in free - swimming bluefin tuna . comparat . biochem . physiol . 44 : 375 - 392 .\ncarey , f . g . , j . m . teal & j . w . kanwisher . 1981 . the visceral temperatures of mackerel sharks ( lamnidae ) . physiol . zool . 54 : 334 - 344 .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 2001 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamnifor - mes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes , no . 1 , vol . 2 rome , fao . 269 pp .\ndewar , h . , j . b . graham & r . w . brill . 1994 . studies of tropical tuna swimming performance in a large water tunnel , ii . thermoregulation . j . exp . bio . 192 : 33 - 44 ."]}
{"id": 956, "summary": [{"text": "synchirus gilli , the manacled sculpin , is a species of sculpin native to the eastern pacific ocean where it occurs along the coast from alaska to southern california .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "synchirus gilli", "paragraphs": ["greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , cheir = hand ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed after theodore gill , u . s . ichthyologist ( ref . 6885 )\neastern pacific : sitka , alaska to san miguel island , southern california , usa .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 5 - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 21 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . caudal fin rounded . pelvic fins small .\nfound in bays , tide pools and among kelp ( ref . 2850 ) . previously thought as rare species , but relatively common in some areas , especially kelp beds ( ref . 2850 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . can cling to bottoms or pilings with its pectoral and pelvic fins ( ref . 2850 ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )\n) : 6 . 4 - 12 . 8 , mean 9 . 3 ( based on 242 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00295 - 0 . 01699 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfound in bays , tide pools and among kelp ( ref . 2850 ) . previously thought as rare species , but relatively common in some areas , especially kelp beds ( ref . 2850 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . can cling to bottoms or pilings with its pectoral and pelvic fins ( ref . 2850 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\neastern north pacific : unalaska island and gulf of alaska to southern california , u . s . a .\n7 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) )\nenvironmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 8 - 8 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nutilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results . ex . a common name search of northwestern sedge matches ' northwestern sedge ' and ' northwestern showy sedge ' . typing\nnorthwestern sedge\nreturn only ' northwestern sedge ' .\n\u00a9 2012 - 2018 . encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 21 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . caudal fin rounded . pelvic fins small .\nsource : fishbase . eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h hammann . 1983 . ( ref . 2850 )\nfound in bays , tide pools and among kelp ( ref . 2850 ) . previously thought as rare species , but relatively common in some areas , especially kelp beds ( ref . 2850 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . can cling to bottoms or pilings with its pectoral and pelvic fins ( ref . 2850 ) . environment : demersal ; marine . climate : temperate ; 59\u00b0n - 32\u00b0n\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 960, "summary": [{"text": "a leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family cicadellidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "these minute insects , colloquially known as hoppers , are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass , shrubs , or trees .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "their hind legs are modified for jumping , and are covered with hairs that facilitate the spreading of a secretion over their bodies that acts as a water repellent and carrier of pheromones .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they undergo a partial metamorphosis , and have various host associations , varying from very generalized to very specific .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "some species have a cosmopolitan distribution , or occur throughout the temperate and tropical regions .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some are pests or vectors of plant viruses and phytoplasmas .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the family is distributed all over the world , and constitutes the second-largest hemipteran family , with at least 20,000 described species .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "they belong to a lineage traditionally treated as infraorder cicadomorpha in the suborder auchenorrhyncha , but as the latter taxon is probably not monophyletic , many modern authors prefer to abolish the auchenorrhyncha and elevate the cicadomorphs to a suborder clypeorrhyncha .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "members of the tribe proconiini of the subfamily cicadellinae are commonly known as sharpshooters . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "leafhopper", "paragraphs": ["the following leafhopper is a very common type of leafhopper known officially as graphocephala coccinea but common names include : \u201ccandy - striped\u201d leafhopper , \u201cred - banded\u201d leafhopper , \u201cscarlet and green\u201d leafhopper and \u201cred and blue\u201d leafhopper . this is a very common type of leafhopper in north and central america .\nadult female wasp , anagrus spp . , is a parasite of leafhopper eggs .\nrelationship of the white apple leafhopper typhlocyba pomaria mcatee and the rose leafhopper edwardsiana rosae ( l . ) , on apple in the hudson valley region of new york\n. general information on leafhopper biology with links to other sites containing more detailed information .\ncontrol of the potato leafhopper ( empoasca mali le b . ) and prevention of \u201chopperburn\u201d\nsystematics of the leafhopper genus draeculacephala ball ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) - bugguide . net\nchecklist of leafhopper species : 1758 - 1955 [ s . h . mckamey ] .\nearly - instar potato leafhopper with piercing - sucking mouthpart , or stylet ( st ) .\nwhen it comes to getting rid of them , it doesn\u2019t matter what type of leafhopper you have , because the remedies will work on all species . if you have leafhopper damage , it means you have some type of leafhopper and the remedies below will get rid of them !\nadult potato leafhopper ; note the six white spots located on top of the head behind the eyes .\nthe leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) . taxonomy , biology , and virus transmission\nthis page contains general information on leafhopper biology with photos and links to keys and a list of specialists .\nthe white apple leafhopper attacks apple , cherry and prune but has also been found on peach and hawthorn . it does not usually damage pear , although the rose leafhopper has been noted in sizable numbers on this crop .\nnote : there are more leafhopper species worldwide than all species of birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians combined .\nlate - instar potato leafhopper with wing pads ( wp ) and specialized legs ( sl ) used for jumping .\nthis web site provides general information on leafhopper classification , evolution , behavior , ecology , conservation , and pest status .\nleafhopper offers web based solutions for your business or organisation , including solar , web design and support and it training .\npotato leafhopper resistance in alfalfa : recent improvements , p . 101 . in proceedings , 36th north american alfalfa improvement conference\nleafhoppers are one of the most abundant groups of plant feeding insects in the world with leafhopper and planthopper species outnumbering that of all species of birds , mammals , reptiles , and amphibians combined ! many species are host specific with their names indicating their preferred host ; e . g . rose leafhopper , grape leafhopper , potato leafhopper , etc . leafhoppers are wedge shaped and vary in color depending on species . their name references leafhoppers ' affinity for hopping off of leaf surfaces when disturbed .\nglasshouse leafhopper is a small 3mm long , pale green sap - feeding insect which can jump of leaves and fly short distances .\nsafer\u00ae brand offers a variety of leafhopper control products to help control and eliminate this garden pest and revive your plants . please check out our leafhopper control products for more details about how they work and how , when , and where they should be applied .\nross , h . h . , and cooley , t . a . , 1969 , a new nearctic leafhopper of the genus\nglasshouse leafhopper can cause a pale mottling on the foliage on a wide range of glasshouse and garden plants , including tomato and fuchsia .\nross , h . h . , and hamilton , k . g . a . , 1970 , phylogeny and dispersal of the grassland leafhopper genus\nyoung , d . a . , jr . , and beirne , b . p . , 1958 , a taxonomic revision of the leafhopper genus\nraatikainen , m . , and vasarainen , a . , 1976 , composition , zonation and origin of the leafhopper fauna of oat fields in finland ,\nin kent leafhopper works closely with the kent and medway social enterprise network , kentcan , case kent and the kent equality cohesion council council and many others .\nafter several weeks or months of feeding and several moltings , they will develop into adults . the length of time for development depends upon the species of leafhopper .\nas with other cold - blooded organisms , potato leafhopper development is dependent on environmental temperatures . potato leafhopper development ceases when temperatures drop below a lower developmental threshold of 45\u00b0f ( 7 . 6\u00b0c ) , and the rate begins to decline when temperatures consistently exceed an upper developmental threshold of 86\u00b0f ( 30\u00b0c ; hogg 1985 ) .\ncalled f . whitcombi , the leafhopper was named after the author ' s\nextraordinary\nmentor , colleague and friend , dr . robert whitcomb .\namong many other accomplishments ,\nin the fields of microbiology and ornithology , mr . hicks points to whitcombs '\nmajor contributions\nto leafhopper taxonomy and ecology .\nparasitic wasps lay their eggs inside the leafhopper ' s body eventually killing the host insect . lure parasitic wasps to your garden by planting nectar or pollen producing plants .\nthis is a different type of leafhopper that attacks cannabis plants . although it looks very different , it acts exactly the same and makes the same type of damage .\nwhite apple leafhopper is native to north america and occurs throughout the fruit growing areas of the united states and canada , but its pest status varies from region to region .\nleafhopper directors have a wealth of knowledge and expertise with many years practical experience in setting up and running business and social economy organisations with links to national and regional organisations .\ndietrich , c . h . 1994 . systematics of the leafhopper genus draeculacephala ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) . transactions of the american entomological society 120 : 87 - 112 .\nblocker , h . d . , and reed , r . , 1976 , leafhopper populations of a tallgrass prairie ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) : collecting procedures and population estimates ,\ngenung , w . g . , and mead , f . w . , 1969 , leafhopper populations ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) on five pasture grasses in the florida everglades ,\nglandular - haired alfalfa varieties with > 50 % resistance offer a valuable trait to potato leafhopper ipm programs . it is important to note that although alfalfa varieties bred for resistance to the potato leafhopper no longer demonstrate visual hopperburn , this does not necessarily indicate that there is no yield or quality damage to the alfalfa ( kindler et al . 1973 , shockley et al . 2002 ) . under moderate to heavy potato leafhopper infestations , glandular - haired varieties still benefit from timely scouting and insecticide treatment when leafhopper populations have exceeded thresholds established for susceptible alfalfa varieties . the first crop of seeding - year stands of glandular - haired varieties should be treated for potato leafhopper using the same economic thresholds established for susceptible alfalfa ( lefko et al . 2000b ; tables 1 and 2 ) , although rice et al . ( 1999 ) recommend increased economic thresholds for resistant alfalfa stands in subsequent crops and years .\ninsecticidal soaps ( potassium salts of fatty acids ) penetrate the soft outer shell of the leafhopper , causing its cells to\nleak\nand resulting in the death of the insect .\nleafhoppers are one of the largest families of plant - feeding insects . there are more leafhopper species worldwide than all species of birds , mammals , reptiles , and amphibians combined . leafhoppers feed by sucking the sap of vascular plants , and are found almost anywhere such plants occur , from tropical rainforests , to arctic tundra . several leafhopper species are important agricultural pests .\nleafhopper can customise its support and solution to meet your enterprise ' s needs . whether you are an individual , a small business or a large enterprise we are here to help .\nthe current pest management strategy in alfalfa for the potato leafhopper is to monitor the pest throughout the season with a sweep net and treat with foliar insecticide when economic threshold populations are reached ( degooyer et al . 1998 , cullen et al . 2012 ) . a fully developed integrated pest management ( ipm ) program is composed of multiple strategies for a given pest or pest complex in a cropping system incorporating host plant resistance , biological , cultural , and physical controls when available and chemical control when necessary ( pedigo 1999 ) . several integrated management strategies have been developed for the potato leafhopper in alfalfa . for example , alfalfa cultivars bred for resistance to the potato leafhopper were first available to farmers in 1997 ( miller 1998 ) . despite advances in pest management for potato leafhopper in alfalfa , it continues to be considered the most important economic pest of alfalfa through much of its range . as the market value of alfalfa hay has nearly doubled over the past decade ( gould 2012 ) , the potential for economic loss from potato leafhopper has also increased . thus , a more thorough understanding of potato leafhopper biology and ipm is a timely subject . in this pest profile , we summarize knowledge of potato leafhopper life history , ecology , scouting procedures , and management options in alfalfa .\nnakamura , k . , ito , y . , miyashita , k . , and takai , a . , 1967 , the estimation of population density of the green rice leafhopper ,\nlacewings , lady beetles and parasitic wasps will appear shortly after the leafhoppers invade your garden . they can be purchased at any time during the growing season when a leafhopper infestation is present .\nparasitic wasps and predatory flies can help control leafhoppers . other predators include birds , lizards , spiders and lacewings . these insects are great partners to help control leafhopper infestations in your organic garden .\nmaramorosch , k . ; harris , k . f . ( eds . ) . 1979a . leafhopper vectors and plant disease agents . academic press , new york . xvi + 654 pp .\nyoung , d . a . , jr . 1957c . the leafhopper tribe alebrini ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 107 : 127 277 .\nas well as early identification errors , the relationship between the potato leafhopper and crop damage was originally not well understood . although the effect of potato leafhopper on alfalfa was noted as early as 1907 , plant damage symptoms known as alfalfa \u201cyellows\u201d were initially attributed to abiotic factors such as weather and soil nutrient deficiency . greenhouse experiments at the university of wisconsin agricultural research station confirmed that alfalfa \u201cyellows\u201d was caused by the potato leafhopper ( granovsky 1928 ) . in potatoes , farmers and researchers originally believed that potato leafhoppers were the vector for a pathogen leading to the characteristic yellowing of leaves ( dudley 1920 ) . although closely related to some known insect vectors of phytoplasma infecting agriculturally important plants ( galetto et al . 2011 ) , there are no known records of disease transmission to plants by potato leafhopper .\nthroughout the summer , insect population growth and plant vigor are regulated by abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature . on moisture - stressed alfalfa , development time of potato leafhopper eggs , nymphs , and adults slows , mortality increases , and fecundity decreases ( hoffman et al . 1990 , 1991 ) . however , hopperburn seems to appear more frequently during summer droughts ( hoffman et al . 1991 ) . this may be due to an additive effect of leafhopper feeding and drought stress on alfalfa ' s physiological response ( schroeder et al . 1988 ) . moreover , drought stress interspersed with bouts of rain throughout the summer may increase potato leafhopper performance , which has been proposed as a theory that could explain discrepancies in leafhopper population growth in field observations versus laboratory studies ( huberty and denno 2004 ) .\nthe potato leafhopper is a polyphagous insect herbivore that can achieve pest status in many agricultural crops throughout the united states . however , it is most frequently a pest of economic concern in alfalfa fields in the midwest and northeast united states . owing to the migratory nature of the potato leafhopper , intensity of infestation cannot be predicted from year to year throughout its geographic range . although models have been developed to aid in predicting development of migrant source populations from southern states ( taylor and shields 1995b ) , these have not been incorporated into management . this lack of incorporation is likely owing to the fact that timing of initial migrant arrivals is not a reliable predictor of infestation or damage severity ( maredia et al . 1998 ) . the most valuable management recommendation is to establish a regular scouting program for the potato leafhopper and to apply foliar insecticides if and when economic threshold populations are found . in addition , in geographic regions that experience economically damaging potato leafhopper populations more consistently , farmers should consider planting leafhopper - resistant alfalfa cultivars .\ngrass intercrop . lamp ( 1991 ) showed that alfalfa\u2013oat mixtures have fewer potato leafhopper adults , both per area as well as per alfalfa stem . several forage grass\u2013alfalfa mixtures have had similar effects on potato leafhopper density . alfalfa stands containing 9 % forage grass , either smooth bromegrass ( bromus inermis leyss ) or orchardgrass ( dactylis glomerata l . ) , had 4\u201337 % reduction in potato leafhopper densities compared with alfalfa monocultures ( roda et al . 1997 ) . degooyer et al . ( 1999 ) similarly observed significantly fewer leafhoppers in alfalfa stands intercropped with smooth bromegrass or orchardgrass compared with alfalfa monocultures . these patterns may be due to higher leafhopper emigration out of plots containing grass ( roda et al . 1997 ) , as well as inability of potato leafhoppers to reproduce on monocots such as grass ( lamp et al . 1994 ) .\nthe white apple leafhopper is the most common leafhopper found on apple in the pacific northwest . until it became a pest of significance in washington in the mid - 1970s , specific control measures were rarely needed . resistance to organophosphates is the most likely cause of increased populations . since about 2000 , it has again become an uncommon pest in most orchards , likely because of the shift away from pesticides toxic to its primary parasite .\ndietrich , c . h . 2004 . phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily evacanthinae with a review of neotropical species and notes on related groups ( hemiptera : membracoidea : cicadellidae ) . systematic entomology 29 : 455 - 487 .\nif immediate control is necessary , use fast - acting insecticides like pyrethrins or azadirachtin to suppress leafhopper populations . insecticides can offer you immediate control and enough of a knockdown that beneficials may be introduced later for more lasting control .\nthe potato leafhopper is a tiny insect\u2014barely half the size of a grain of rice\u2014with a bright lime green color that helps it blend in against plant leaves . despite its unassuming appearance , this little pest causes big . . .\nheavy potato leafhopper infestations on soybean can lead to plant stunting , smaller seed size , and decreased yield ( yeargan et al . 1994 ) . these negative impacts are more severe on seedling soybeans , whereas larger plants can better tolerate potato leafhopper feeding ( hunt et al . 2000 ) . yield loss from potato leafhopper damage is more severe when the plant is under moisture stress ( yeargan et al . 1994 ) . however , heavy infestations are not common on soybeans ( ogunlana and pedigo 1974 ) , except when nearby alfalfa fields are harvested ( poston and pedigo 1975 ) . economic thresholds for soybeans vary by plant age : early vegetative stages can be treated when there are two leafhoppers per plant , flowering fields can be treated when there is one leafhopper per trifoliate leaf , and while pods are developing , fields should be treated when there are two leafhoppers per trifoliate leaf ( krupke et al . 2013 ) .\nhopperburn is the term used to describe symptoms associated with potato leafhopper feeding injury to host plants . hopperburn symptoms ( fig . 4 ) always include stunted plant growth . in addition , various leaf symptoms include tip - wilting and chlorosis in alfalfa , but leaf curling and marginal necrosis in other host plants , ultimately leading to premature leaf - drop ( backus et al . 2005 ) . theories regarding toxins in saliva have been proposed since the earliest years of potato leafhopper research . however , more recent research has shown that feeding injury is actually caused by varying plant responses to the complicated feeding behaviors of the potato leafhopper ( as well as its relatives in the e . fabae complex ) .\ndietrich , c . h . and d . a . dmitriev . 2007 . revision of the new world leafhopper genus neozygina dietrich & dmitriev ( hemiptera : cicadellidae : typhlocybinae : erythroneurini ) . zootaxa 1475 : 27 - 42 .\nzahniser , j . n . , and dietrich , c . h . 2008 . morphology - based phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily deltocephalinae and related groups ( hemiptera : cicadellidae ) . systematics and biodiversity 6 : 1 - 24 .\njones , j . r . , and l . l . deitz . 2009a . phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily ledrinae ( hemiptera : cicadellidae ) . zootaxa 2186 : [ 1 ] - 120 . [ available online ]\nfoliar insecticides registered for potato leafhopper control on alfalfa are effective against nymphs and adults . pyrethroids are the most commonly recommended and used insecticides for control of potato leafhopper . there are a limited number of insecticide active ingredients in the organophospate chemical class registered for potato leafhopper control in alfalfa . in addition , insecticide premix products are registered that combine two insecticide classes ( e . g . , organophosphate + pyrethroid ; chlorantraniliprole + pyrethroid ; neonicotinoid + pyrethroid ) . because potato leafhopper populations vary from year to year , and field to field , populations within a given year cannot be predicted , and fields must be monitored weekly to accurately determine damage potential before insecticides are applied . other pests and beneficial insects in the alfalfa field should also be considered before application of these broad - spectrum insecticides . for example , insecticides that control potato leafhopper at economic thresholds can also kill beneficial insects such as honey bees . to reduce hazards to honey bees in alfalfa , applicators can notify beekeepers before using insecticides , apply between 4 p . m . and nightfall , when bees are least likely to be foraging , and refrain from spraying alfalfa when in bloom ( cullen et al . 2012 ) .\nnault , l . r . , and bradfute , o . e . , 1979 , com stunt : involvement of a complex of leafhopper - borne pathogens , in : k . maramorosch and k . harris ( eds . ) ,\nobservations regarding alfalfa host plant resistance to potato leafhopper date back to 1928 , when granovsky ( 1928 ) noted that \u201chairier\u201d medicago spp . demonstrated greater tolerance to leafhoppers before exhibiting hopperburn . laboratory studies have shown greater potato leafhopper mortality and reduced reproduction on glandular - haired medicago spp . as well as leafhopper preference for smooth - stem alfalfa varieties in choice tests ( shade et al . 1979 , brewer et al . 1986 , ranger and hower 2002 ) . both physical and chemical traits associated with glandular - haired alfalfa have been reported as resistance mechanisms : entrapment of the first instars in trichome exudates ( ranger and hower 2001 ) and adult settling deterred by compounds in the exudate ( ranger et al . 2004 ) .\ndietrich , c . h . , and d . a . dmitriev . 2003 . reassessment of the leafhopper tribes koebeliini baker and grypotini haupt ( hemiptera : cicadellidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 96 : 766 - 775 .\ndietrich , c . h . 2004a . phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily evacanthinae with a review of neotropical species and notes on related groups ( hemiptera : membracoidea : cicadellidae ) . syst . entomol . 29 ( 4 ) : 455 - 487 .\noptimum timing for control of the first generation is when most of the overwintering eggs have hatched but before the majority of the nymphs are in the last two instars , when they are harder to kill . a somewhat arbitrary target timing for this point in the leafhopper ' s phenology is when about 10 % of the population is in the fourth and fifth instars , with 90 % still in the first , second , and third instars . this is usually at or slightly after petal fall . the first cover spray , applied at the standard codling moth timing , will also reduce leafhopper populations somewhat , as will carbaryl when used as a fruit thinning material . in general , however , first cover timing is too late for optimum leafhopper control .\nzahniser , j . n . & dietrich , c . h . ( 2010 ) phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily deltocephalinae ( hemiptera : cicadellidae ) based on molecular and morphological data with a revised family - group classification . systematic entomology , 35 , 489\u2013511 .\nzahniser , j . n . and dietrich . c . h . 2010 . phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily deltocephalinae ( hemiptera : cicadellidae ) based on molecular and morphological data with a revised family - group classification . systematic entomology 35 : 489 - 511 .\nviraktamath , c . a . 1998a . a revision of the leafhopper tribe paraboloponini ( hemiptera : cicadellidae : selenocephalinae ) in the indian subcontinent . bull . natur . hist . mus . , entomol . ser . 67 ( 2 ) : 153 - 207 .\nzahniser , j . n . ; dietrich , c . h . 2008a . phylogeny of the leafhopper subfamily deltocephalinae ( insecta : auchenorrhyncha : cicadellidae ) and related subfamilies based on morphology . syst . & biodiv . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 .\nthis article summarizes the knowledge to date on biology of the potato leafhopper , empoasca fabae ( harris ) , including its distribution , development , migration , agricultural host plants , and mechanics of injury to host plants . damage to alfalfa , potatoes , soybeans , and snap beans , and treatment guidelines , are summarized . particular attention is given to integrated pest management options in alfalfa , the host plant most frequently incurring economically damaging populations of potato leafhopper . alfalfa scouting and economic thresholds are discussed along with cultural controls and host plant resistance .\nalthough pinebarren smokegrass is still relatively well - distributed in the pine barrens , the pine barrens themselves have already been seen to suffer the effects of a warming climate . various human activities could also pose a further threat to the leafhopper ' s host and the its habitat .\ndietrich , c . h . , and d . a . dmitriev . 2006 . review of the new world genera of the leafhopper tribe erythroneurini ( hemiptera : cicadellidae : typhlocybinae ) . bulletin of the illinois natural history survey 37 ( 5 ) : 119 - 190 .\nbecause they drink the juices of fruits and vegetable plantings , they can cause a variety of symptoms and problems . leaves may appear yellowed and curled or have brown tips . using a product like safer\u00ae brand fruit and vegetable insect killer will help you keep your garden leafhopper free !\nthe best way to prevent a leafhopper infestation ( or any bug infestation really ) is to catch them as soon as possible . leafhoppers will suck sap moisture out of cannabis leaves most often when it\u2019s dry , because they get thirsty , so that\u2019s a good time to check .\nchen , f . y . & dai , w . ( 2015 ) bicoloratum dai and li , a new synonym of the leafhopper genus scaphoideus uhler ( hemiptera , cicadellidae , deltocephalinae ) , with description of two new species . zootaxa , 3985 ( 2 ) , 275\u2013283 .\ndietrich , c . h . , r . f . whitcomb , and w . c . black , iv . 1997 . phylogeny of the grassland leafhopper genus flexamia ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 8 : 139 - 149 .\nnielson , m . w . 1968b . the leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) : taxonomy biology , and virus transmission . . u . s . dep . agric . tech . bull . 1382 : [ i - ii ] , 1 - 368 .\nnault , l . r . , madden , l . v . , styer , w . e . , triplehorn , b . w . , and heady , s . e . , 1984 , pathogenicity of com stunt spiroplasma and maize bushy stunt mycoplasma to its leafhopper vector ,\nelissa m . chasen , christopher dietrich , elaine a . backus , eileen m . cullen ; potato leafhopper ( hemiptera : cicadellidae ) ecology and integrated pest management focused on alfalfa , journal of integrated pest management , volume 5 , issue 1 , 1 march 2014 , pages a1\u2013a8 , urltoken\nthis key will enable any leafhopper found in australia and neighbouring regions to be identified to subfamily or tribe . checklists of species in each country are provided for each group and identification keys are provided to enable identification to genus for those groups that are sufficiently well known for this to be possible .\nthe wild glandular - haired medicago spp . were integrated into breeding programs that eventually led to the first line of commercially available alfalfa cultivars with host plant resistance in 1997 ( miller 1998 ) . however , in the field , glandular - haired alfalfa cultivars have had varying levels of success . lefko et al . ( 2000b ) found that established stands of resistant alfalfa could tolerate greater than twice the potato leafhopper pressure as established susceptible stands , but this was not the case for the first cutting of seeding - year stands . established resistant stands also had greater yield ( sulc et al . 2001 ) as well as higher forage quality over susceptible cultivars when leafhopper pressure was high ( sulc et al . 2004 ) . however , under low potato leafhopper pressure , resistant alfalfa stands have no yield benefit and sometimes express a yield drag ( hogg et al . 1998 , hansen et al . 2002 ) .\nleafhopper damage is characterized by light - colored speckling on plant leaves caused by the leafhoppers sucking sap and plant juices from within the plant tissue . left unchecked , this gradual feeding reduces the plant ' s vigor over time , browning the leaves . damage caused by leafhoppers is usually not severe enough to seriously harm mature plants ; however , young plants or new growth can be stunted and / or deformed by leafhopper feeding . transmission of disease is a concern with select species of leafhoppers and the honeydew produced by some can aid in the propagation of fungal diseases ; e . g . beet leafhoppers vector curly top virus .\nmckamey , s . h . 2000a [ not dated , with periodic revisions ] . checklist of leafhopper species 1758 - 1955 ( hemiptera : membracoidae : cicadellidae and myserslopiidae ) with synonymy and distribution [ catalogue of the homoptera , fascicle 6 , abridged ] . online : urltoken [ pdf version ] ; urltoken [ html version ] .\nthe potato leafhopper feeds by inserting its piercing - sucking mouth parts ( stylets ; fig . 5 ) into host plant tissues , rupturing and ingesting nutrients from all types of mesophyll , parenchyma , and phloem cells , depending on the host plant ( backus et al . 2005 ) . unlike other leafhoppers , potato leafhoppers do not produce a true salivary sheath that encases the stylets during feeding . instead , the naked stylets repeatedly probe plant tissues , mechanically lacerating cells and simultaneously injecting watery saliva into the tissues . the watery saliva is composed of digestive , hydrolyzing , and cell wall - degrading enzymes , and to date , has not been found to contain any nonenzymatic \u201ctoxin . \u201d instead , hopperburn is caused by a combination of mechanical and salivary mechanisms ( ecale and backus 1995a ) , so it is termed a \u201csaliva - enhanced wound response . \u201d unique to this species of leafhopper , the symptoms of feeding injury on different host plants are related to three different tactics of potato leafhopper stylet probing ( backus et al . 2005 ) .\na survey was conducted in the 2001 growing season to examine the leafhopper diversity and abundance among trees of 17 red maple ( acer rubrum ) clones . yellow sticky traps were used to qualify and quantify the number of aerial leafhoppers from 1 may 2001 until 4 september 2001 . a total of 45 species from eight different leafhopper subfamilies , for a total of 6055 individuals , were considered in this study . the mean number of leafhoppers collected , mean species richness , diversity and evenness were significantly lower on traps of trees for \u2018october glory\u2019 than for the other clones . yet , none of the leafhopper species dominated the weekly samples . species similarity among clones ranged from 56 to 90 % . no two clones had complete similarity . \u2018franksred\u2019 and trees of a controlled cross between \u2018october glory\u2019 \u00d7 \u2018autumn flame\u2019 shared the highest degree of species similarity , while clones from pa , usa and ri , usa were the least similar . the development of new clones did not create new pest problems , but suppressed populations of damaging pests , and maintained the diversity of low abundance species .\nwhitcomb r . f . , kramer j . , coan m . e . , hicks a . l . ( 1987 ) ecology and evolution of leafhopper\u2014grass host relationships in north american grasslands . in : harris k . f . ( eds ) current topics in vector research . current topics in vector research , vol 4 . springer , new york , ny\nactually , it is exactly the ecology factor that could make it or break it for the\ncharismatic\nnew leafhopper . not only is pinebarren smokegrass , which the insect inhabits , a threatened species , but it is known that the rest of the leafhoppers from the genus flexamia , with a few exceptions , are each dependent on a very specific plant .\nscouting for potato leafhoppers in alfalfa is standardized through the use of a 15 - inch - diameter sweep net . university extension recommendations are to monitor alfalfa fields weekly beginning mid - june or when potato leafhopper migrants have arrived in the area by taking five sets of 20 sweeps at various locations in a w - shaped pattern throughout the alfalfa field ( university of wisconsin - extension 2010 ) . adult potato leafhoppers may be found at the bottom of the sweep net , while nymphs can be found along the rim of the sweep net as well as throughout the net ( university of wisconsin - extension 2013 ) . insecticide recommendations are based on the average potato leafhopper number per sweep calculated from total samples taken across the field , including nymphs and adults ( cullen et al . 2012 ) . because taller alfalfa can tolerate more potato leafhopper feeding , established economic thresholds depend on the average height of the alfalfa stand . when scouting for potato leafhoppers , it is important to avoid taking sweep net samples at field edges , as potato leafhopper populations are typically higher along field margins and this is not representative of population density throughout the field ( emmen et al . 2004 ) . it is also important to avoid taking sweep samples while it is raining or when dew is present on the plants , and if possible , avoid sweeping when winds are > 10 miles per hour , as this reduces the sweep net sample efficiency ( cherry et al . 1977 ) .\nleafhopper adults ( 1 / 4 inch long ) are slender , wedge - shaped insects that fly or disperse rapidly when disturbed . depending on species they may be green , brown or yellow in color and often have colorful markings . nymphs do not have wings and are generally lighter in color than adults . both adults and nymphs run sideways and are good jumpers .\nleafhoppers are common and abundant insects worldwide . they are currently placed among two families : myerslopiidae , with only two genera , and the enormous family cicadellidae , which , with more than 22 , 000 described species and 2600 genera , ranks among the 10 largest insect families . phylogenetic analyses suggest that leafhoppers may have given rise to treehoppers , and it seems likely that additional families of leafhoppers will be recognized once the evolutionary relationships are better understood . indeed , a number of previously recognized leafhopper\nfamilies\n( including eurymelidae , hylicidae , ledridae , and ulopidae ) are currently placed within cicadellidae . as noted below , numerous leafhopper species are considered serious plant pests , and those that vector plant diseases inflict untold economic loses in agricultural crops .\nbecause leafhoppers are indirect pests , they should only be controlled when necessary . it is difficult to set treatment thresholds for white apple leafhopper since no fruit size , fruit quality , or return bloom reduction due to leafhopper damage has been observed . other factors must be taken into account when deciding whether control is needed . since the major form of biological control occurs during the egg stage , this mortality is already accounted for when nymphal populations are assessed . if the trees are very young , excessive damage to the relatively small leaf canopy could retard growth . in vigorous , mature trees with a high leaf - to - fruit ratio , moderate to heavy leafhopper damage will probably have little effect . similarly , if the crop is very light , more foliar damage can probably be tolerated than if the crop load is heavy . the potential for drought because of light soils , inadequate irrigation schedules , or extremely hot , dry weather could also serve as a reason to consider controlling leafhoppers or other indirect pests . if substantial foliar damage by mites or leafminers has already been incurred , further damage by leafhoppers should probably be avoided .\ncommon name glasshouse leafhopper scientific name hauptidia maroccana plants affected many glasshouse vegetables and ornamental plants including tomato , peppers , aubergine , cucumber , fuchsia , pelargonium and streptocarpus . outdoor plants , such as polyanthus , foxglove and nicotiana are also attacked main symptoms coarse pale spotting on upper leaf surface . leafhoppers may be seen on the underside of leaves most active april to september but all year round in glasshouses\nandrew hicks from the museum of natural history at the university of colorado and his team discovered a previously unknown leafhopper species in the new jersey pine barrens , located just east of the megalopolis that extends from new york city to washington , dc . this was the first time an insect has been reported from the state - listed threatened pinebarren smokegrass , muhlenbergia torreyana . the study can be found in the open - access journal zookeys .\ndr . jaco le roux hopes to establish the number and identity of the leafhopper species introduced to hawaii so he can assess the threat that it poses to our local flora and fauna . this research effort includes molecular systematics and phylogeography of invasive leafhoppers and those from putative source regions . these data could potentially also assist in identifying native range regions where productive biological control agents are likely to be found , should this prove a viable control option .\nlike other types of foliar damage , that caused by leafhoppers may reduce leaf photosynthesis , which in turn can affect the tree ' s ability to set , size or mature a crop of fruit . however , no effect on fruit size or fruit quality has been found under washington conditions , even when extremely high leafhopper populations were present . in addition , no reduction in return bloom or set was noted following a single season of heavy damage with a peak of 3 nymphs per leaf , although only one cultivar , oregon spur red delicious , has been studied . it is assumed that multiple seasons ' damage could eventually deplete the tree ' s reserves , making effects of feeding damage more apparent , but this has not been studied . as with other indirect pest damage , factors such as tree vigor , tree age , drought stress , and damage by multiple pests could exacerbate the effect of leafhopper damage .\nharvest timing . if economic thresholds are reached within 7 d of a planned harvest , early harvest is advised , rather than an insecticide spray ( undersander et al . 2004 ) . early harvest helps alfalfa stands to avoid further potato leafhopper feeding damage . in addition , potato leafhopper population dynamics can be influenced by harvest operations ( pienkowski and medler 1962 , simonet and pienkowski 1979 , cuperus et al . 1986 ) . cuperus et al . ( 1986 ) showed that greater populations of nymphs and adults were correlated with taller stubble or lodged growth left behind after harvest . cuttings at stubble height of 2\u20135 cm ( 1\u20132 inches ) with no remaining leaves or succulent stems can reduce populations up to 95 % in the next growth cycle ( simonet and pienkowski 1979 ) . these effects are due to high nymph and egg mortality from their lack of mobility and exposure to hot , drying conditions ( simonet and pienkowski 1979 ) and adult dispersal post harvest to neighboring fields ( poston and pedigo 1975 ) .\nthe potato leafhopper ' s diverse host plant list of more than 200 plant species includes alfalfa ( medicago sativa l . ) , soybean ( glycine max l . ) potato ( solanum tuberosum l . ) , and peanut ( arachis hypogaea l . ) , as well as roadside , weedy , and forest plants ( lamp et al . 1994 ) . as the key economic pest of alfalfa in the north central and northeast united states , yield losses have been documented up to $ 66 / ha ( $ 27 / acre ; lamp et al . 1991 ) .\na second parasitoid is a wasp in the family dryinidae ( probably aphelopus sp . ) , which is a parasitoid of both nymphs and adults . it develops internally in leafhopper nymphs , then appears on the adults as a pouch on the abdomen . this parasitoid has been collected from cherry and apple orchards in the mid - columbia area of oregon , although it may be much more widely distributed . while substantial rates of parasitism have been reported , the potential of this parasitoid species as a biological control agent is unknown . despite extensive examination of leafhoppers in washington , this parasitoid species has not been found .\nsnap beans ( phaseolus vulgaris l . ) are regularly infested by potato leafhoppers , and under intense feeding , this can result in complete leaf drop , whereas at moderate pressure , plant stunting and yield loss may occur ( gonzalez and wyman 1991 ) . duration and timing of infestation are important when making management decisions ; infestation on younger plants causes more significant yield loss than the equivalent pressure on older plants ( gonzalez and wyman 1991 ) . economic thresholds for green beans vary by plant age : for seedlings , the threshold is set at 0 . 5 potato leafhoppers per sweep , and for the third trifoliate to bud stage , the threshold is set at one per sweep . for dry beans , the thresholds are 0 . 5 potato leafhoppers per plant at the unifoliate stage and one potato leafhopper per trifoliate leaf once the plants have reached the trifoliate stage ( flood and wyman 2005 ) . neonicitinoid seed treatments are also commercially available and have been largely successful at controlling a suite of snap bean pests , including potato leafhoppers , especially for roughly the first 30 d of plant growth ( nault et al . 2004 ) . however , when potato leafhopper populations are exceptionally high , growers should still be mindful of scouting for economic threshold populations later in the summer .\ninterestingly , the three feeding tactics of e . fabae - complex species are mixed - and - matched on different host plants in relation to the degree of susceptibility or resistance of the plant . some genotypes of resistant snap bean cause less of the most - damaging tactics of feeding ( lacerate - and - flush and lacerate - and - flush ) to be performed , while more of the less - damaging tactic , lance - and - ingest ( serrano et al . 2000 , backus et al . 2005 ) . in addition to genetic mechanisms of resistance or susceptibility , drought or desiccation can enhance hopperburn symptoms because water and carbon transport are impaired after potato leafhopper feeding .\nthe results of studies performed by roda et al . ( 1997 ) and degooyer et al . ( 1999 ) show that potato leafhoppers are typically reduced in alfalfa\u2013grass stands but that is not the case for every harvest . moreover , even when the population is reduced , it is not always reduced below economic threshold , so it is still important to monitor the population and use other management strategies when necessary . there is a great deal of variability in the response of potato leafhopper to the presence of grass in alfalfa stands , in part owing to the relative proportion of grass to alfalfa as well as the spatial arrangement of the grass in the alfalfa stand ( roda et al . 1997 ) .\nmembers of the cicadellidae range in length from 2 to 32 mm and characteristically have four rows of enlarged , spine - like setae on the hind tibia . in this regard , they resemble treehoppers , which have up to three such rows of setae on the hind tibia , but most treehoppers have a posterior pronotal process that is absent in leafhoppers . among all insects , only cicadellids produce minute granules called brochosomes . these intricately shaped structures form in a specialized region of the malpighian tubules . the brochosomes are secreted and applied ( using the legs ) to the body as a hydrophobic coating . this curious anointing behavior is usually observed after each molt . members of the small leafhopper family myerslopiidae are peculiar flightless insects that have leathery forewings and vestigial ocelli .\nwhite apple leafhoppers have piercing - sucking mouthparts and cause damage to leaves by piercing mesophyll cells and removing their contents . the resulting damage appears as a white or yellowish - white stippling of the leaves . leafhopper damage may superficially resemble mite feeding , but the individual spots are usually larger and there is no bronzing . damage can be so extensive that injured leaves appear nearly white . spur leaves in particular can be heavily damaged . initially , feeding tends to be concentrated near the midrib , then eventually covers most of the interveinal spaces of the leaf blade . leafhoppers generally prefer more mature leaves and will not infest shoots tips until the leaves have hardened off . both nymphs and adults feed on leaves , but most damage is probably done by the nymphs .\nestablished economic thresholds are based on research done by cuperus et al . ( 1983 ) . they concluded that treatment was economic when 0 . 15 potato leafhoppers per sweep were present on 2 - inch alfalfa and when 0 . 42 potato leafhoppers per sweep were present on 7 - inch alfalfa . these conclusions have been adapted to current university recommendations of roughly one - tenth of a leafhopper per sweep per inch height of alfalfa growth ( table 1 ; fick et al . 2003 , townsend 2002 , university of wisconsin - extension 2013 ) . some university extension recommendations suggest a dynamic economic threshold based on varying costs of insecticide treatment ( rice et al . 1999 ; table 2 ) or fluctuating alfalfa hay market prices ( danielson and jarvi 2006 ) . under these threshold guidelines , as the treatment cost increases or the alfalfa hay market price decreases , a greater density of potato leafhoppers is required to cause economic yield loss equivalent to the treatment cost , and therefore the threshold is increased . hutchins and pedigo ( 1998 ) calculated economic injury levels for potato leafhopper on alfalfa , with an emphasis on management for nutritional value based on type of animal for which the feed is intended . incorporating variables of insect injury on forage quality characteristics ( hutchins and pedigo 1990 ) and different animal nutrition needs , they determined that the economic injury level is lowest for alfalfa hay intended for sheep or horses , medium for a beef or dairy cows , and highest for beef steer . however , economic thresholds were not calculated based on these economic injury levels , and thresholds based on livestock nutrient needs have not been adopted in practice .\nsecond generation white apple leafhopper populations can greatly exceed the first , often surprising producers and consultants by the size of a late season infestation . adults are quite mobile , and during the first generation flight they can move into and rapidly reinfest a block that was treated for first generation nymphs . if a clean orchard is surrounded by infested ones , then second generation nymphs should be sampled . because of a prolonged egg hatch in the second generation , multiple stages occur at any one time , making control of this generation less likely to be satisfactory than that of the first generation . however , if picker annoyance reduction is the primary concern , then it may be more appropriate to control this generation . insecticide applications should be made before adult populations begin to rise sharply , which usually occurs in mid - to late august .\neach year , the first potato leafhopper populations arriving in the north are largely female - biased ( medler and pienkowski 1966 ) and occur sometime in may ( maredia et al . 1998 ) . arriving females are typically mated ( medler and pienkowski 1966 ) and will oviposit for the duration of their lives ( delong 1938 , decker et al . 1971 ) . field studies indicate a female - biased sex ratio near 4 : 1 through most of the season , until it approaches 1 : 1 toward the end of the growing season ( medler and pienkowski 1966 , decker et al . 1971 , flinn et al . 1990 , emmen et al . 2004 ) . development from egg to adult can occur in as little as just over 2 wk or can take > 4 wk , depending on temperatures , which gives rise to three to five overlapping generations during summer months in the northern united states ( delong 1938 , hogg and hoffman 1989 ) .\nthe primary biological control agent of leafhoppers in the pacific northwest is an egg parasitoid , anagrus sp . ( probably a . epos ) , a mymarid wasp ( see section on anagrus ) . it attacks both overwintering and summer eggs of white apple leafhopper . in overwintering eggs , parasitism levels of up to 25 % have been found in the wenatchee area . the level of parasitism appears to be generally related to the intensity of pesticide use ( primarily that for codling moth ) the previous season , but no single application timing or material has been identified . research in michigan indicates that more than 90 % of the overwintering generation of eggs can be parasitized in unsprayed orchards so broad - spectrum pesticides undoubtedly suppress parasitoid populations . levels of parasitism found in conventionally managed orchards are generally too low to prevent substantial populations from developing . anagrus could potentially play a role in biological control of leafhoppers if broad - spectrum chemicals are reduced or removed from the spray program .\npotato leafhoppers have five nymphal instars ( fig . 1 ) . instars can be distinguished by color , size , and presence of external wing pads . the first instar is pale white with red eyes , and extremely small . subsequent instars gain more of the vibrant yellow - green color typical of adults . wing pads ( fig . 2 ) begin developing in the third instar . sizes of the instars range from 1 mm for first instars to 3 mm ( in length ) for fifth instars ( hutchins 1987 ) . developmental time is more rapid in warmer temperatures and ranges from 9 to 18 d to complete all five instars ( hogg 1985 ) . all nymphal stages resemble the adult body shape in that the head segment is wider than the abdomen , which gives the body a wedge - shaped appearance . potato leafhopper nymphal movement is distinct from adults in that nymphs scuttle sideways . however , both nymphs and adults are able to use specialized legs ( fig . 2 ) for jumping .\non alfalfa , adult potato leafhoppers use the lacerate - and - sip tactic , which is also thought to be the most injurious , mostly on stems and petioles . adults insert their stylets perpendicular to the stem and proceed to arc the stylets back and forth , essentially cutting multiple channels through the vascular bundle ( all types of phloem cells ) for 1\u20132 min before removing the stylets , taking a couple of steps forward and repeating the action . the wounded but still living vascular cells then undergo saliva - enhanced wound responses over the next several days that result in temporary blockage of nutrient movement up the phloem ( nielsen et al . 1990 ) that is ultimately healed , but permanent blockage of xylem cells ( ecale and backus 1995b ) . both types of blockage cause systemic decreases in photosynthesis and decreased transport of sugars to growing areas of the plant , leading to both leaf chlorosis and plant stunting in all host plants ( backus et al . 2005 ) . potato leafhopper nymphs on alfalfa feed on both stems and leaves ; on leaves , their feeding is similar to adult feeding on nonalfalfa host plants ( see later text ) ."]}
{"id": 981, "summary": [{"text": "thambotricha is a monotypic genus of moths in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its sole known species , thambotricha vates , which is also known by the vernacular name wonder-haired prophet , was described by meyrick in 1922 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-15 mm for males and 12.5-13 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brassy purplish with a short diagonal white or yellowish fleck at the dorsal angle of the discal cell and an irregular yellow-brown triangular patch on the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pallid . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thambotricha", "paragraphs": ["below is the elusive thambotricha vates . . . - manaaki whenua - landcare research | facebook\nlindeman road\u2019s wonder - haired prophet \u2013 or the thambotricha vates . photos : bryce mcquillan .\nthe thambotricha vates moth , or wonder - haired prophet , found in katikati . photo / bryce mcquillan\nthe thambotricha vates hoare found was a female . the male is distinctive as it has very long hairs on its antenna .\nthe thambotricha vates hoare found is a female . the male is distinctive as it has very long hairs on its antenna .\na wonder - haired prophet , or thambotricha vates , was recently found in native bush in the bay of plenty town near lindeman road .\nlandcare research scientist robert hoare often uses a light trap to catch moths at night . however , the elusive thambotricha vates was caught during the day with a net .\ndaylight catch : robert hoare often uses a light trap to catch moths at night . however , the elusive thambotricha vates was caught during the day by using a net . photo / bryce mcquillan\nthere is no common name for the thambotricha vates moth yet , but mr hoare has named the rare species wonder - haired prophet , which is a translation from the moth ' s latin name .\nlandcare research scientist robert hoare was\nsweeping\na butterfly net through bush when he discovered the elusive thambotricha vates moth , which was last caught by his predecessor , john dugdale , in taranaki in 1996 .\nlandcare research scientist robert hoare recently discovered the thambotricha vates , which translates to wonder - haired prophet , in katikati , bay of plenty , while taking a day walk through a native forest track off lindemann road .\nalthough the native moth had not been spotted for 20 years , it did not mean the species was close to extinction .\nwe never thought it was extinct , it ' s just one of those things that ' s just really , really elusive and hard to come across .\nhe said . only about 15 thambotricha vates moths have been caught since it was discovered in 1922 in wellington .\nlandcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nan elusive species of moth that has not been seen in new zealand for almost 20 years has been found .\nup until then the moth , a native species , hadn ' t been seen since 1996 when hoare ' s predecessor john dugdale caught one in taranaki . only about 15 have ever been caught since it was first discovered in wellington in 1922 .\nit took me about half a second to realise what it was . i was delighted . it was a rather long time since i ' d found anything particularly wonderful ,\nhe said .\ni ' ve been in new zealand 17 years and that was the first time i ' ve ever found that moth . having light trapped for years and years and years , i never found it by the normal technique .\nhoare believes the moth was not drawn to strong lights as other species were .\ndespite the lack of sightings , hoare believed there was no reason to think the moth was rare or endangered .\nhoare hoped the dna from the moth may reveal some clues about its host plant . little is known about the\nmysterious\nmoth aside from the fact that it lives in native forest , hoare said .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntegumen large , fused with small vinculum . gnathos elaborate , tongue - like , a pair of curved prongs directed caudally and the body\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view .\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , genitalia , lateral view , eighth segment removed .\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , tegumen , ventral view . d , aedeagus .\nphilp , a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view . d , aedeagus . e , juxta .\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view . d , aedeagus .\nof the organ sweeping in the opposite direction to end in a broad recurved plate between the harpes . aedeagus short , sinuate , bent . juxta a plain cap - like structure embracing the aedeagus . harpes long , narrow , entire , with long finger - like lobe arising from upper basal angle within .\ntegumen narrow with moderately long angled spatulate uncus . vinculum imperfectly fused with tegumen , with thin arms and moderate saccus . gnathos without armature , forming a plain ring upturned at apex . aedeagus short and thick . harpes large , weak , entire , with a broad flap on lower margin within at about half and a fold on upper basal angle . between the bases is a pair of short horn - like lobes ; these are fused with the harpes but appear to be the modified juxta .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\non the go and no time to finish that story right now ? your news is the place for you to save content to read later from any device . register with us and content you save will appear here so you can access them to read later .\nwhether you\u2019re looking to buy or rent , urltoken has everything you need to find your dream home .\na rare species of native moth not seen in new zealand for almost 20 years has been found in katikati .\ni was quite excited ,\nsaid mr hoare , an auckland - based arthropod scientist .\ni looked in the net to see what was there and i saw this sort of , bright , bright brownish moth at the bottom of the net , and because of it ' s unusual shape i was able to recognise it pretty much immediately .\nthe\nwonder - haired\nname stems from the unusually long hairs at the end of the moth ' s feelers .\nthe moth was small , measuring about 1 . 5cm across the wings , he said .\nthere ' s a lot of things we haven ' t seen for many , many years , but because there ' s so few people out there looking , especially the smaller insects in new zealand , there are lots of those things that remain very mysterious .\nsaid mr hoare .\nthis specific moth would only be found in\nfairly good\nnative bush .\nunlike the traditional method of attracting moths by light , the sweeping method mr hoare employed had enabled him to scoop the insect in daylight .\nthis specific moth is at least somewhat active in the day , mainly nocturnal but it would be perhaps sitting amongst vegetation by day but we don ' t really know just yet and that ' s the thing .\nthe moth has now been collected as a voucher specimen and is stored under the new zealand arthropod collection .\nmr hoare said studies about the moth can now be done which will hopefully give more insight into other related moth species , it ' s life history and habits .\nafter finding that one species in a katikati forest , it showed the bay of plenty was a\nfantastic\narea for small native insects , he said .\ni think the bay of plenty should be proud that they ' ve managed to preserve these things . this is a good moment of saying , ' well , this little thing has survived ' , and probably goes to show that that forest , from an insect ' s point of view , is in pretty good condition .\ni felt my arm being pulled into the machine and my immediate reaction was to pull back .\nitalian movie - lovers are in for a treat with the arrival of the cinema italiano festival .\nhtml public\n- / / wapforum / / dtd xhtml mobile 1 . 2 / / en\nurltoken\nan elusive species of native moth unseen in new zealand for almost 20 years has surfaced in katikati .\nand according to landcare research scientist robert hoare , the insect\u2019s disappearing act may simply be down to the fact that unlike other moths , they are not attracted to bright lights .\nthe rarely seen moth was caught in a net in broad daylight , while robert does most of his trapping at night using a bright light .\n\u201ci\u2019ve been in new zealand for 17 years and that was the first time i\u2019ve ever found that moth , \u201d says robert .\n\u201chaving light - trapped for years and years and years , i never found it by the normal technique . \u201d\nhe believes this indicates the moth is not drawn to strong lights as opposed to other species .\nthe discovery came as an \u201camazing surprise\u201d says robert , and he admits he hardly expected to find anything as he made his way through native forest along a track off lindemann road .\ndespite the lack of sightings , he believes there\u2019s no reason to think the moth is rare or endangered . \u201cit is a positive sign that the sightings are so widespread from northland to nelson , \u201d says robert .\nanother one was found a couple of weeks later by photographer bryce mcquillan , who photographed robert\u2019s discovery .\nthe moth hasn\u2019t been seen since robert\u2019s predecessor john dugdale caught one in taranaki in 1996 . only 15 or so have ever been caught since it was first discovered in wellington in 1922 .\n\u201cit took me about half a second to realise what it was , \u201d he says . \u201ci was delighted . it was a rather long time since i\u2019d found anything particularly wonderful . \u201d\nit\u2019s hoped the moth\u2019s dna may reveal clues about its host plant . little is known about the mysterious moth aside from the fact that it lives in native forest .\n\u201cthe caterpillar has a specific host plant it feeds on , \u201d ads robert . \u201cdiscovering that host will give us the most important piece of information needed to preserve the species . \u201d"]}
{"id": 991, "summary": [{"text": "bettonolithus is a genus of trilobites of the order asaphida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is in the family trinucleidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "fossil specimens have been found in the lower ordovician rocks of gilwern hill in powys , wales .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "anatomical evidence suggests this trilobite sifted organic matter on the seabed . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "bettonolithus", "paragraphs": ["bettonolithus chamberlaini - british ordovician trilobi . . . bettonolithus chamberlaini - british ordovician trilobi . . .\na relatively common species at gilwern , the trinucleid bettonolithus chamberlaini . pete lawrance collection .\nfamily : trilobite species : bettonolithus chamberlaini geological age : lower ordovician , llanvirnian stage , approx 480 to 470 million years ago . location : gilwern hill , powys , wales , uk .\nogyginus corndensis with bettonolithus chamberlaini lower ordovician , llanvirn series upper gilwern hill , builth wells , powys , wales this is a very strange find , the trinuclid must have washed within the shell of the ogyginus during deposition and no sediment or matrix was between the two shells . when i split the matrix the bettonolithus split around from the axis of the ogyginus . a very interesting specimen . the matrix measures 6 . 0cm x 5 . 7cm ' s .\nthis is a . 32\nlong example of the welsh trilobite bettonolithus chamberlaini . it ' s lower ordovician in age or approximately 480 million years old . it ' s missing it ' s tail but otherwise has very nice preservation for the location .\nthis is a fantastic trinucleid trilobite . it is a bettonolithus chamberlaini from the ordovician of wales . this wonderfully articulated specimen is quite 3 - dimensional and exhibits great detail . the large , inflated glabella is easily seen and the pitted cephalic rim is beautifully preserved . the individual thoracic segments are clearly defined and the broad , triangular pygidium is intact . the trilobite has great color and contrast and is almost perfectly centered on the plate of shale . this is a top - quality specimen of bettonolithus that will never have to be upgraded .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndescription : well - preserved example of a trinucleid trilobite known as bettonolthus . the trilobite presumably hovered at the seafloor , using its legs to kick up particulates which then passed through the cephalic ring . overall , a fine example of the taxon .\nwhere to find fossils and what to find . uk fossils features hundreds of fossil collecting locations in the uk , with geological guides , and advice .\non the edge of the brecon beacons , upper gilwern hill is a site long known for its well - preserved and complete trilobites . the hill is made up of rocks from the lower and middle ordovician , and the privately owned quarry is accessible to parties staying at the onsite shepherd\u2019s hut self catering accommodation . the trilobite fossils here are plentiful and the chances of \ufb01nding a good number is very high .\nbegin typing your search above and press return to search . press esc to cancel .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nuse spaces to separate tags . use single quotes ( ' ) for phrases .\n\u00a9 2016 geology superstore . all rights reserved . geology superstore and urltoken are trading names of northern geological supplies ltd . registered office : 66 gas street , bolton , united kingdom , bl1 4tg | company registration no : 4969405 vat registration no : 572 - 3610 - 51 | tel : 0800 112 3115\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntrilobite taken in optimal conservation of \u00b1 1cms , unretouched ; complete with their mark .\nfossils ( from classical latin fossilis , literally\nobtained by di . . .\namphibians , the familiar frogs , toads , and salamanders have been p . . .\ncrustaceans ( crustacea ) form a very large group of arthropods , us . . .\ndinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade dinosauria . . . .\nthe first fishes appeared in the cambrian . these were also the fi . . .\nen un mineral es un s\u00f3lido inorg\u00e1nico natural que posee una est . . .\nminerales de espa\u00f1a ; fluoritas de berbes , calcitas de asturias , c . . .\ntektites ( from greek tektos , molten ) are natural glass objects , a . . .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* you\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nsculpted stone - the best of the best | extinctions . com | fossil . net museum"]}
{"id": 992, "summary": [{"text": "squalius is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae found in europe and asia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "hybridization is not rare in the cyprinidae , including this genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "s. alburnoides is known to be of ancient hybrid origin , with the paternal lineage deriving from a prehistoric species related to anaecypris ; the latter mated with ancestral s. pyrenaicus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "present-day s. alburnoides mates with sympatric congeners of other species . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "squalius", "paragraphs": ["evolutionary and biogeographical patterns within iberian populations of the genus squalius inferred from molecular data .\nthe group is thought to have arisen from hybridisation between females of one species , squalius pyrenaicus , and males of another species , now extinct , that belonged to a group of fish called anaecypris . to sustain its population , squalius alburnoides mates with several other closely related species belonging to the squalius lineage .\nevolutionary and biogeographical patterns within iberian populations of the genus squalius inferred from molecular data . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecent change of genus from leuciscus to squalius ( zardoya and doadrio 1999 , sanjur et al . 2003 ) .\nsqualius alburnoides males circumvent this problem by producing sperm cells that do not divide and therefore contain more than one chromosome set . this is important because most animals , squalius alburnoides included , need at least two chromosome sets to survive .\nmr . morgado - santos\u2019 group found this instance of androgenesis by accident , while studying the mating patterns of squalius alburnoides . the researchers put male and female squalius alburnoides with males and females of another squalius species in an artificial pond , let the fish reproduce and then genetically analysed 100 randomly selected offspring . one of these offspring had only paternal chromosomes .\nmulti - locus species tree of the chub genus squalius ( leuciscinae : cyprinidae ) from western iberia : new insights into its evolutionary history .\nmulti - locus species tree of the chub genus squalius ( leuciscinae : cyprinidae ) from western iberia : new insights into its evolutionary history . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe possibility of androgenesis is just one of many mysteries about squalius alburnoides . it\u2019s not a species in the usual sense but rather something called a hybrid complex , a group of organisms with multiple parental combinations that can mate with one another .\neurope : ebro to port bou drainages in spain ; tech and agly drainages in france ( ref . 75108 ) , possibly also aude ( languedoc - roussillon ) ; possible introgression with squalius cephalus in southern garonne tributaries and adour drainage ( ref . 59043 ) .\nmostly , animals have sex cells containing only one chromosome set , which means the egg and sperm are both required for reproduction . but in squalius alburnoides , sperm with multiple chromosome sets can provide all the nuclear genetic material needed for a viable offspring \u2014 paving the way for androgenesis .\nalthough he acknowledges 1 in 100 fish is a rare occurrence , mr . morgado - santos thinks this instance of androgenesis could represent a \u201csnapshot\u201d of a population moving toward becoming its own species . put another way , androgenesis may help this fish become independent from the other squalius species it relies on to reproduce .\ndoadrio , i . , m . kottelat and a . de sostoa , 2007 . squalius laietanus , a new species of cyprinid fish from north - eastern spain and southern france ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 18 ( 3 ) : 247 - 256 . ( ref . 75108 )\nthe details in squalius alburnoides are still unknown but in general androgenesis is thought to occur in a couple of ways , said miguel morgado - santos , a graduate student at the university of lisbon and an author of the study : sperm could fertilize an egg that contains no chromosomes , or it could destroy the genetic content from the nucleus of the egg after fertilisation .\nscientists have discovered a fish carrying genes only from its father in the nucleus of its cells . found in a type of fish called squalius alburnoides , which normally inhabits rivers in portugal or spain , this is the first documented instance in vertebrates of a father producing a near clone of itself through sexual reproduction \u2014 a rare phenomenon called androgenesis , the researchers reported in the journal royal society open science .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by bogutskaya , n . g . / zupan ? i ? , p .\nphoto by vardakas l . , tachos v . , zogaris s . and economou a .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnorth , baltic , northern black , white , barents and caspian sea basins , atlantic basin southward to adour drainage ( france ) , great britain north to 56\u00b0n , scandinavia : southern finland , sweden north to about stockholm . mediterranean basin from var to h\u00e9rault ( possibly aude ) ( france ) drainages . introduced elsewhere . naturally absent from italy and adriatic basin .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : only known from the maritza drainage ( extent of occurrence estimated at around 53 , 000 km\u00b2 ) where the population is reasonably safe as there is a number of populations , however some of these are threatened by water abstraction in dry season .\nhabitat : streams to rivers , stretches with moderate current . biology : omnivorous ; feeds mainly on insects and aquatic invertebrates . spawns in april - june in shallow areas with gravel bottom .\nthat it can reproduce at all is unusual enough . most hybrids , like mules , are sterile because the chromosomes from their parents of different species have trouble combining , swapping dna and dividing \u2014 steps required for egg or sperm production .\n\u201cwe weren\u2019t expecting to find that , \u201d mr . morgado - santos said , adding that at first he and his collaborators thought they had made a mistake .\nif androgenesis turns out to be a regular feature in this population , mr . morgado - santos\u2019 group might be catching the \u201cvery early stages\u201d of a new reproductive mode for the fish , which would be exciting , said tanja schwander , a professor of ecology and evolution at the university of lausanne in switzerland who did not participate in this research .\nbut for now , she added , the researchers cannot rule out the possibility that this one instance is a random exception ( perhaps the fish\u2019s mother accidentally produced an egg that contained no chromosomes , for instance ) .\naccident or not , it happened and shows that reproduction can vary in all sorts of \u201cweird and wonderful\u201d ways across the natural world , said benjamin oldroyd , a professor of genetics at the university of sydney who was not involved in this study .\n\u201cit may not add up to a hill of beans other than realising that the world is much more complicated than we assume , \u201d he said . \u201cbut it\u2019s part of what life is , as a curious human , to understand these things . \u201d\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nnamed after the laietani , a bronze - age tribe inhabiting an area partly corresponding to present catalonia , and later lalatania , a roman province .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 75108 ) ; 20 . 1 cm sl ( female )\noccurs in streams with clear water , gravel bottom and prefers moderate flowing stretches ( ref . 75108 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00415 - 0 . 01744 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmrakovcic , m . & freyhof , j . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : l . microlepis is restricted to three locations in the neretva river basin . one small population is in a karstic stream in livanjsko polje and the main population is in two lakes , buska and mandecko lakes near livno . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be around 10 km\u00b2 , and there is continuing decline in aoo and quality of habitat due to habitat destruction , pollution and water extraction .\nit is restricted to the neretva river basin in croatia and bosnia - hercegovina . karstic streams in livanjsko polje , buska and mandecko lakes near livno . introduced ( possibly ) to the blidinje lake more than 100 years ago , and prolosko & ricice lakes near imotski , matica drainage near vrgorac ( croatia ) , tihaljina and possibly trebizat ( a neretva tributary ) drainages ( bosnia - hertzagovina ) .\ndeclining . the subpopulation in the small stream is very restricted ; the main population is in three lakes ( two native and one introduced ) ( mrakovcic , m . and freyhof , j . pers . comm ) .\nformerly known as leuciscus prepensis , it is also considered by some authors as a subspecies leuciscus cepahlus prespensis fowler , 1977 .\nbarbieri , r . , kottelat , m . & bianco , g . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : although the range of this species is relatively restricted , it is abundant , and the population is thought to have increased over the past ten years . the prespa lakes are not treated as a single location in this case as there is no major threats thought likely to impact on the entire population . this species is not thought to be at significant risk from the introduction of invasive species .\nrestricted to the prespa lakes in northern greece , albania and the former yugoslav republic of macedonia ( fyrom ) .\nit is a large lacustrine species that completes its full life cycle within the lakes .\noverfishing , water extraction and pollution . water levels are vulnerable to decline due to the karstic nature of these lakes .\njustification : l . svallize is only found at one location in the neretva and trebisnjica drainage . the main threats of introduced species and water pollution can impact across its whole range .\nit is found in the neretva and trebisnjica drainage in bosnia herzegovina and croatia ( mrakovcic , m . pers comm ) .\ncentro de biologia ambiental , faculdade de ci\u00eancias , universidade de lisboa , campo grande , 1749 - 016 lisbon , portugal . silkewaap @ urltoken\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 998, "summary": [{"text": "ethmiopsis tegulifera is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1932 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east ( ussuri ) , korea and japan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-14.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , with scattered dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the posterior two-thirds of the costa is dark brown with a white stigma .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus mongolica and quercus serrata . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "ethmiopsis tegulifera", "paragraphs": ["ethmiopsis tegulifera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\ndactylethra tegulifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : s . ussuri\nethmiopsis aganactes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis catarina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis epichthonia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis heppneri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis prosectrix ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis scriniata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nethmiopsis subtegulifera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nfigures 3 \u2212 5 . adult morphology of encolapta spp . 3 , adult of e . tegulifera , \u2640 ; 4 \u2212 5 , labial palpus : 4 , e . tegulifera , \u2642 ; 5 , e . epichthonia , \u2640 . ( scale bars 3 = 2 . 0 mm ; 4 , 5 = 1 . 0 mm ) .\nethmiopsis prosectrix meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 69 ; tl : tien - mu - shan\nfigures 18 \u2212 19 . genital structure of encolapta spp . 18 , male genitalia of e . tegulifera , slide no . ymq 15463 ; 18 a , eighth abdominal segment of male e . aciprojecta sp . nov . , arrow indicates eighth tergite , slide no . ymq 15479 ; 19 , female genitalia of e . tegulifera , slide no . ymq 15455 . ( scale bars 18 a = 0 . 2 mm ; 18 \u2212 19 = 0 . 5 mm ) .\n= ; [ sangmi lee ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42 ; [ sangmi lee ]\nchelophoba aganactes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : tien - mu - shan\ndactylethrella catarina ponomarenko , 1994 ; japan heteroc . j . 176 : 8 ; tl : rjasanovka , primorskii krai\nhomoshelas epichthonia meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 71 ; tl : lungtan\nhomochela heppneri park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 79 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\nchelophoba melaina clarke , 1986 ; smithshon . contr . zool . 416 : 173 ; tl : marquesas archipelago , fatu hiva , omoa\nchelaria scriniata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : pundalalouya , ceylon\ndactylethrella subtegulifera ponomarenko , 1994 ; japan heteroc . j . 176 : 7 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nlarva on quercus mongolica , quercus serrata ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nyang , meiqing & li , houhun , 2016 , review of the genus encolapta meyrick , 1913 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae : chelariini ) from china , with descriptions of six new species , zootaxa 4193 ( 2 ) , pp . 201 - 227 : 221 - 222\nmaterial examined . china : shanxi province : 1 \u018c , xiyaocun , ningwu county , 1475 m , 21 . vii . 2011 , leg . shulian hao and jiayu liu\n4 \u018c\u018c , 1 \u2640 , administration , luyashan nature reserves , ningwu county , 1450 m , 23\u221224 . vii . 2011 , leg . shulian hao and jiayu liu , genitalia slide nos . ymq15455 f\nymq 15456 m ; 1 \u018c , dahe forest , 1340 m , 13 . vii . 2012 , leg . qiang gao and na chen , genitalia slide no\nymq15457 ; 2 \u018c\u018c , dahe forest , yicheng , linfen , 1202 m , 23 , 25 . vii . 2013 , leg . shulian hao and mingjing li , genitalia slide no\nymq15458 ; 1 \u018c , manghe national nature reserves , yangcheng county , 594 m , 17 . vii . 2012 , leg . wei guan and xiuchun wang , genitalia slide no\nymq15459 ; 1 \u2640 , xixiakou , lishan nature reserves , qinshui , jincheng , 1515 m , 17 . viii . 2012 , leg . zhiwei zhang and shulian hao , genitalia slide no\nymq15460 ; 29 \u018c\u018c , 22 \u2640\u2640 , mt . mian , jiexiu , 1370 m , 14\u221222 . vii . 2014 , leg . tengteng liu , meiqing yang and sihan lu , genitalia slide nos\nymq 15466 m . liaoning province : 3 \u018c\u018c , mt . tiecha , benxi county , 28\u221229 . vi . 2010 , leg . jiayu liu and yanpeng cai\n3 \u018c\u018c , 1 \u2640 , mt . qian , anshan , 6\u22127 . vii . 2010 , leg . jiayu liu and yanpeng cai , genitalia slide nos . ymq15471 f\nymq 15472 m ; 7 \u018c\u018c , 2 \u2640\u2640 , mt . baiyun , haicheng , 11\u221214 . vii . 2010 , leg . jiayu liu and yanpeng cai , genitalia slide nos\nymq15474 f . zhejiang province : 2 \u018c\u018c , shunxiwu , qingliangfeng national nature reserves , 390 m , 19\u221220 . v . 2012 , leg . linlin yang and zhenguo zhang , genitalia slide no\nymq15477 ; 13 \u018c\u018c , mt . longtang , qingliangfeng national nature reserves , 500 m , 21\u221222 . v . 2012 , leg . linlin yang and zhenguo zhang\nhenan province : 7 \u018c\u018c , baotianman , neixiang , 1350 m , 13\u221215 . vii . 1998 , leg . houhun li\n7 \u018c\u018c , 3 \u2640\u2640 , huangshian , xixia , 890 m , 17\u221218 . vii . 1998 , leg\nhouhun li . guizhou province : 2 \u018c\u018c , shaluo , chishui , 390 m , 27\u221228 . v . 2000 , leg\nyanli du . shaanxi province : 1 \u018c , yangling , 450 m , 1 . vii . 1986 , leg . houhun li\n2 \u018c\u018c , xinjiashan , fengxian , 1600 m , 9 , 13 . vii . 1988 , leg\nhouhun li . gansu province : 1 \u018c , douba , kangxian , 1100 m , 8 . vi . 1995 , leg . aisihaer maimaiti\nin appearance , and the differences between them are stated under the latter species .\n) , and the lateral band joined at middle of anterior margin and the ostium bursae with lateral carinae in the female genitalia ( fig . 19\ndistribution . china ( gansu , guizhou , henan , liaoning , shaanxi , shanxi , zhejiang ) , japan , korea , russian far east .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate\u2013ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing\u2013coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) ."]}
{"id": 1005, "summary": [{"text": "ogdoconta moreno is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is only known from southern arizona , although its distribution likely extends into mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 10 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults vary from brown to gray .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "both the reniform and orbicular spots of the forewing are represented by contrasting light patches devoid of any defining lines or spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the orbicular spot touches the antemedial line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the antemedial line is angled with the outward apex occurring just below the orbicular spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the inner side of the antemedial line is a light band followed by a darker brown line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the postmedial line is an almost straight , light line , followed by a light tan or gray region of the subterminal area , which gradually becomes darker in the subterminal area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of both the male and female are whitish , suffused with dull gray brown , more heavily in the female than the male .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in july , august and september . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "ogdoconta moreno", "paragraphs": ["ogdoconta butler , 1891 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 462 ; ts : placodes cinereola guen\u00e9e\nmetzler , e . h . , e . c . knudson , r . w . poole , j . d . lafontaine , m . g . pogue , 2013 . a review of the genus ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera noctuidae , condicinae , condicini from north america north of mexico with description of three new species . . zookeys , 264 : 165\u2013191 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nforewing light grayish - brown with paler shading in subterminal and antemedial areas , which makes the median area appear darker by comparison ; reniform and orbicular spots diffuse , indistinct , barely paler than ground color ; am line curved in a shallow arc ; pm line has slight bend but is almost straight ; hindwing brownish - gray with pale fringe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndistribution : this species is known only from southern arizona . there does not appear to be any significant variation in the species . adults have been collected in july , august , and september .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n\u00a9 eric h . metzler , edward c . knudson , robert w . poole , j . donald lafontaine , michael g . pogue\nthis species is known only from southern arizona , although its distribution likely extends into mexico . the larva and its food plants are unknown . adults were collected in july , august , and september .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\n[ mna26 . 1 ] ; poole , 1995 the moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidae , noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , striinae , psaphidinae moths am . n of mexico 26 . 1 : 1 - 249\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1011, "summary": [{"text": "intha umbilicalis is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails , or planorbids . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "intha umbilicalis", "paragraphs": ["budha p . b . ( 2010 ) .\nintha umbilicalis\n. the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 27 august 2014 .\nrelated genera are hippeutis agassiz , 1837 and intha annandale , 1922 and the relationships of these genera and helicorbis require re - examination . some species in these genera are hosts of signifant animal and human parasites . hippeutis ( or intha ) umbilicalis ( benson , 1836 ) , an asian species that is also known from new guinea , has been intercepted by australian biosecurity .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . intha umbilicalis ( benson , 1836 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrandt , r . a . m . 1974 . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 105 ( 1 - 4 ) : 1 - 423 .\nis a widespread species occurring in the indomalayan and australasian realms with no known threats , and is therefore assessed as least concern .\nit is distributed in south and southeast asia ; widespread in india , nepal , bangladesh , sri lanka , myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia , vietnam , southern china , malaysia , indonesia , and eastwards to new guinea and japan .\nalthough there is no information on population status and trends , however , this is a very common species .\nit is found in swamps , lakes , ponds along with rich macrophytes . this species acts as intermediate hosts of many trematode parasites such as\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nbenson w . b . ( 1836 ) .\ndescriptive catagogue of a collection of land and fresh - water shells , chiefly contained in the museum of the asiatic society\n. journal of asiatic society of bengal : 741 - 750 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\niucn 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 .\ncopyright ( c ) 2018 invasive species specialist group . all rights reserved . web site by acronym ltd .\nthis publication has been produced with support from the 10th european development fund . the contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the issg ( invasive species specialist group ) and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the european union nor of the acp secretariat\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis species differs from members of the genus gyraulus by its strongly overlapping whorls and peripheral keel that is not centrally placed . the shell is smooth , shiny , and dark red - brown to pale amber when alive . it is small and flat , with a small to medium sunken spire and narrow to medium umbilicus . some individuals have small internal lamellae .\noriginal name : segmentina australiensis smith , 1882 . smith , e . a . ( 1882 ) . on the freshwater shells of australia . journal of the linnean society of london , zoology 16 : 255 - 316 .\nsynonyms : planorbis meniscoides tate , 1882 ; segmentina victoriae smith , 1882 ; segnitila alphena iredale , 1943 ; segnitila idonea iredale , 1944 ; segnitila redita iredale , 1944 ; segnitila brisbanensis iredale , 1944 .\nwe follow brown ( 1981 ) while noting that the taxonomy of this group requires revision ( see notes ) .\nthis species lives on aquatic vegetation in ponds , billabongs , swamps and sluggish streams and rivers . feeds on detritus . egg mass presumably a jelly strip containing small eggs . development direct . brown ( 1981 ) described the anatomy of this species .\nadditional information on the biology and ecology of members of this family can be found in fauna of australia , vol . 5b , p . 1072 - 1074 .\nthis species differs from species of gyraulus in having the whorls strongly overlapping and the peripheral keel is not centrally placed . the shell is smooth , shining and dark red - brown when alive .\nthis genus occurs in china , india , philippines , islands of the western pacific , as well as in eastern and northern australia .\nbeesley , p . l . , ross , g . j . b . & wells , a . , eds . ( 1998 ) . mollusca : the southern synthesis . parts a & b . melbourne , csiro publishing .\nbrown , d . s . ( 1981 ) . observations on the planorbidae from australia and new guinea . journal of the malacological society of australia 5 : 67 - 80 .\nbrown , d . s . ( 1998 ) . freshwater snails of the genus gyraulus ( gastropoda : planorbidae ) in australia : the taxa of tasmania . molluscan research 19 : 105 - 154 .\nbrown , d . s . ( 2001 ) . freshwater snails of the genus gyraulus ( planorbidae ) in australia : taxa of the mainland . molluscan research 21 : 17 - 107 .\nhubendick , b . ( 1955 ) . phylogeny of the planorbidae . transactions of the zoological society of london 28 : 453 - 542 .\nponder , w . f . , clark , s . a . & dallwitz , m . j . ( 2000 ) . freshwater and estuarine molluscs : an interactive , illustrated key for new south wales . melbourne , csiro publishing .\nsmith , b . j . ( 1992 ) . non - marine mollusca . pp . i - xii , 1 - 408 in w . w . k . houston . zoological catalogue of australia , 8 . canberra , australian government publishing service .\nsmith , b . j . and kershaw , r . c . ( 1979 ) . field guide to the non - marine molluscs of south eastern australia . australian national university press , canberra , australia .\nsmith , b . j . & kershaw , r . c . ( 1981 ) . tasmanian land and freshwater molluscs . hobart , university of tasmania .\nsmith , e . a . ( 1887 ) . notes on australian species of bithinia , segmentina , and fusus and description of a new melania . journal of conchology 5 : 235 - 238 .\nto cite this resource : ponder , w . f . , hallan , a . , shea , m . and clark , s . a . 2016 . australian freshwater molluscs . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1012, "summary": [{"text": "sigilliclystis kendricki is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in hong kong and probably inland china .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 9 mm for males and 10 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have a grey-brown ground colour with a light suffusion of red scales at the base of the forewing and costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "both the fore - and hindwings are lightly dusted with brown scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "sigilliclystis kendricki", "paragraphs": ["sigilliclystis kendricki - urdu meaning and translation of sigilliclystis kendricki , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of sigilliclystis kendricki and more .\nsigilliclystis kendricki is a moth in the geometridae family . it is found in hong kong and probably inland china .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n( c ) roger c . kendrick , some rights reserved ( cc by - nc - nd ) , uploaded by roger kendrick , urltoken\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nroger kendrick stated : the raised scales are groups of androconial scales - scent patches to you and me ! they only occur on the male in this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nguest passes let you share your photos that aren ' t public . anyone can see your public photos anytime , whether they ' re a flickr member or not . but ! if you want to share photos marked as friends , family or private , use a guest pass . if you ' re sharing photos from a set , you can create a guest pass that includes any of your photos marked as friends , family , or private . if you ' re sharing your entire photostream , you can create a guest pass that includes photos marked as friends or family ( but not your private photos ) . learn more about guest passes !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfor a list of species first described from hong kong with many endemic species indicated see ( wikipedia ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1013, "summary": [{"text": "limbatochlamys parvisis is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( yunnan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 25 mm for males and 29 mm for females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "limbatochlamys parvisis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for parvisis definition . you find here parvisis meaning , synonyms of parvisis and images for parvisis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parvisis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parvisis and , of course , parvisis synonyms and on the right images related to the word parvisis .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ncrypsiphona occultaria , the red - lined looper moth or red - lined geometer , is a moth of the geometridae family .\naplasta ononaria , the rest harrow , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .\npingasa chlora , the white looper moth or flower - eating caterpillar , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1015, "summary": [{"text": "arctozenus risso , the spotted barracudina or ribbon barracudina , is a species of barracudina found in oceans worldwide in the meso - and bathypelagic zone down to abound 2,200 metres ( 7,200 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is an important forage species for many pelagic predators , such as cephalopods , common dolphins , and albacore . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "spotted barracudina", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npublished in meps vol . 250 . online publication date : march 26 , 2003 print issn : 0171 - 8630 ; online issn : 1616 - 1599 copyright \u00a9 2003 inter - research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmoore , j . , polanco fernandez , a . , russell , b . , mceachran , j . d . , poss , s . , nunoo , f . & bannermann , p .\nis a wide - ranging species , is not utilized and has no known major threats . therefore ,\nthis species occurs from the arctic to antarctic . in the northeastern pacific , it is found from british columbia , canada south to guadalupe island , mexico . in the southeastern pacific , it occurs in chile . in the western atlantic , it occurs from newfoundland and labrador , canada south to georgia , florida , the bahamas , and the lesser antilles ( richards 2006 ) . specifically in the greater caribbean , it occurs from southeastern florida , northwest providence channel ( the bahamas ) and the lesser antilles . in the eastern atlantic , it is known from norway to portugal . in the northwestern pacific , it occurs in iwate , japan south to the philippines . in the southwestern pacific , it is known from new south wales , australia to tasmania ( distribution inferred from records of a . risso on fishnet2 . net , 2012 ) . it is found at depths between zero to 2 , 000 m ( richards 2006 ) .\narctozenus risso is oceanic , epipelagic to bathypelagic , and feeds on fishes and shrimps . it occurs singly or in small schools ( post 1984 ) . it is hermaphroditic and oviparous with planktonic larvae ( richards 2006 ) . it spawns at continental slopes and oceanic banks ( cherel and duhamel 2003 ) . the maximum total length ( tl ) is 31 cm ( thompson 2002 ) .\nthere are no known major threats to arctozenus risso . however , it is caught as bycatch in deep - water fisheries in some areas .\nmoore , j . , polanco fernandez , a . , russell , b . , mceachran , j . d . , poss , s . , nunoo , f . & bannermann , p . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2200 m ( ref . 50610 ) . deep - water ; 71\u00b0n - 55\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nworldwide distribution from the arctic to antarctic . eastern pacific : british columbia ( 55\u00b0n ) to at least north central baja california ( 28\u00b0n ) ( ref . 35950 ) . northwest pacific : bering sea , kamchatka , kuril islands ( ref . 41668 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4473 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 13 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 28 - 34 ; vertebrae : 72 - 86 . bright silvery in color ( ref . 6885 ) . branchiostegal rays : 8 ( ref . 35950 ) .\npseudoceanic and mesopelagic , occurring singly or in small schools ( ref . 5759 ) , primarily at 200 - 1000 ( ref . 58302 ) . feed mainly on fishes and shrimps ( ref . 5759 ) . spawn in continental slopes and in oceanic banks from northern through tropical to southern temperate waters . oviparous , with planktonic larvae ( ref . 35950 ) .\npost , a . , 1990 . paralepididae . p . 373 - 384 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4473 )\n) : 0 . 8 - 10 . 8 , mean 4 . 1 ( based on 2120 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00324 ( 0 . 00121 - 0 . 00866 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nit\u2019s halloween . that time of year when the pumpkin rears its orange head and the streets are filled with zombies , witches and donald trump costumes . if like me , you always struggle for costume inspiration , i\u2019ve put together some of the scariest faces you\u2019ll find in the deep - sea sea . you\u2019re welcome\nturns out the underside of many deep - sea shark heads look like demonic monsters . hella scary for any shrimp or squid that were to bump into the business end of these guys . not to worry though guys , all of these sharks ( and fish ) are under a metre in length and found well below 500m . no threat to you next time you paddle in the shallows .\nstill very much an understudied group of sharks . i think it\u2019s quite clear why the demon catsharks get their name but we still know nothing about this group . ( \u2026well not nothing , but it\u2019s not much )\neasily identified by the jet black coloration in its mouth . this species can be found through europe from 55m to 1200m .\nthe birdbeak dogfish has a remarkably longnose that is covered in electro - sensory organs called ampullae of lorenzini , which it uses to detect fish and squid in the dark depths of the ocean .\nthe jaws of the portuguese dogfish are perfectly designed for grasping and then tearing through chunks of dead whales .\nanother member of the demon catshark family . this species is typically found between 1000 - 1500m and is believed to specialise on deep - sea shrimp .\ni mean , just look at it ! terrifying ! although it only reaches a max size of about 30cm , so kind of cute really .\nso when you\u2019re thinking of what to go as to this years halloween party , consider going as a \u201cdemon catshark\u201d or a \u201ccan - opener smoothdream\u201d .\nphd candidate researching the tropho - spatial ecology of deep sea sharks . interested in stable isotopes , behavioural ecology , satellite telemetry , paleobiology , fisheries & conservation\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nprepelvic distance 66 - 70 % sl . pelvic fin origin behind dorsal fin origin . two rows of teeth with ~ 25 canines . palatine with 3 - 6 depressible , elongate canines and many tiny fixed teeth .\nbody silvery with a darker dorsum . many spots on the rear of the body . base of anal fin with dark pigment .\nthe subtropical and boreal north atlantic , from greenland to off the carolinas . also in the southern hemisphere in the subtropical convergence with strays to the falklands .\npost , a . 1985 . paralepididae . in : fischer , w . and hureau , j - c . ( eds . )\nspecies identification sheets for fishery purposes . southern ocean ( fishing areas 48 , 58 and 88 ) . food and agriculture organisation of the united nations , rome .\nrofen , r . r . in : anderson , w . w . , r . h . gibbs , f . h . berry , w . a . gosline , j . e . bohlke , n . b . marshall , r . l . bolin , g . w . mead , j . w . gehringer , r . r . rofen , and n . j . wilimovsky . 1966 . fishes of the western north atlantic . part 5 . iniomi and lyomeri . memoir no . 1 . sears foundation for marine research ; yale university , new haven , ct . 647 pp . , 220 plates .\nthere are approximately 450 species of vertebrate wildlife which can be found within the garden state , along with 85 freshwater fish . our bays , estuaries and marine waters can be home to 28 marine mammals and 336 marine finfish at some point during the year . this is an exceptional number of species for a state as small as new jersey .\ncitation : able , k . w . 1992 . checklist of new jersey saltwater fishes . bull . n . j . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11\nsome files on this site require adobe acrobat pdf reader to view . download the free pdf reader\ncopyright \u00a9 state of new jersey , 1996 - 2006 department of environmental protection p . o . box 402 trenton , nj 08625 - 0402 last updated : february 14 , 2006"]}
{"id": 1017, "summary": [{"text": "elachista lenape is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from new jersey . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista lenape", "paragraphs": ["phrases that include lenape : canna lenape , elachista lenape , lenape high school , lenape regional high school district , lenape valley regional high school , more . . .\nelachista lenape kaila , 1996 , n . sp . , ent . scand . , v . 27 , p . 217 - 238 .\nrevision of the nearctic species of elachista i . the tetragonella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae )\na revision of the nearctic elachista s . l . i . the tetragonella group ( lepidoptera , elachistidae )\nrevision of the nearctic species of elachista i . the tetragonella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) \u00bb brill online\nholotype for elachista lenape kaila , 1996 catalog number : usnm collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of entomology sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : pinned ; slide collector ( s ) : r . hodges year collected : 1962 locality : lakehurst , ocean , new jersey , united states\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > fc5g _ setljhmtc1v35ttpk3d . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 194 . 61 . 33 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531169275376 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n1 : l . kaila , finnish museum of natural history , zoological museum , p . o . box 17 , fin - 00014 university of helsinki , finland\nr . de jong ; r . i . vane - wright and p . r . ackery\ntema fant\u00e1stico , s . a . . im\u00e1genes del tema : molotovcoketail . con la tecnolog\u00eda de blogger .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1018, "summary": [{"text": "minipera is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family molgulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "species within the genus minipera include : minipera macquariensis sanamyan & sanamyan , 1999 minipera papillosa monniot c. & monniot f. , 1974 minipera pedunculata monniot c. & monniot f. , 1974 minipera tacita monniot & monniot , 1985", "topic": 26}], "title": "minipera", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - minipera monniot c . & monniot f . , 1974\nworms - world register of marine species - minipera papillosa monniot c . & monniot f . , 1974\nworms - world register of marine species - minipera pedunculata monniot c . & monniot f . , 1974\nshenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .\nsanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmonniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmonniot , c . ; monniot , f . ( 1974 ) . ascidies abyssales de l ' atlantique r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par le ' jean charcot ' ( campagnes noratlante , walda , polygas a ) . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris , 3 ser . ( 226 ) , zool , 154 : 721 - 786 . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209\u20131216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nsanamyan , k . e . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . ascidiacea . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 13\u201324 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsanamyan , k . e . ; sanamyan , n . p . ( 1999 ) . some benthic tunicata from the southern indo - pacific ocean . journal of natural history . 33 : 1835 - 1876 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nblizzard entertainment uses cookies and similar technologies on its websites . by continuing your browsing after being presented with the cookie information you consent to such use .\nthis account has been inactive for an extended period of time , and cannot be displayed . to be displayed again , the inactive account must first log in to diablo iii .\na profile for this account does not exist in this region . if this account has characters in a different server region , a profile may be available at one of the links below :\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1030, "summary": [{"text": "hexabothriidae is a family of monogenean parasites .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the family name was proposed by emmett w. price in 1942 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the family includes 14-16 genera according to authors and about 60 species ; all are parasitic on the gills of chondrichthyan fishes ( rays , sharks and chimaeras ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hexabothriidae", "paragraphs": ["hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) du requin marteau ( sphyrna mokarran ) de la mer rouge . description d ' une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce ,\neuzet , l . , & maillard , c . ( 1974 ) . les monog\u00e8nes hexabothriidae price , 1942 . historique , syst\u00e9matique , phylogen\u00e8se .\neuzet , l . , & maillard , c . ( 1976 ) . the mechanism of attachment of some hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) to a host .\nsuriano & incorvaia , 1982 ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) re - visited , with the preliminary evaluation of novel parameters for measuring haptoral armature of hexabothriids\n.\n[ hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) from selachii ( sphyrna mokarran ) in the red sea . description of a new species erpocotyle septistoma ( author ' s transl ) ] .\nbranchotenthes octohamatus sp . n . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray , trygonorrhina fasciata ( rhinobatidae ) in . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nstudies on phylogeny of monogeneans based on morphology , [ 5 ] molecules [ 6 ] or spermatozoa [ 7 ] suggest that the hexabothriidae are a basal group within the polyopisthocotylea .\nboeger , w . a . , & kritsky , d . c . ( 1989 ) . phylogeny , coevolution , and revision of the hexabothriidae price , 1942 ( monogenea ) .\nbranchotenthes octohamatus sp . n . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray , trygonorrhina fasciata ( rhinobatidae ) in south australia : description of adult and larva .\n[ hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) from selachii ( sphyrna mokarran ) in the red sea . description of a new species erpocotyle septistoma ( author ' s transl ) ] . - pubmed - ncbi\nprice , e . w . 1942 : north american monogenetic trematodes . v . the family hexabothriidae n . n . ( polystomatoidea ) . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington , 9 , 39 - 56 .\neuzet , louis & maillard , claude , 1974 : les monog\u00e8nes hexabothriidae price , 1942 . historique , syst\u00e9matique , phylogen\u00e8se . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 3\u00b0 s\u00e9rie , 206 , zoologie 136 , 113 - 141 .\nthe study of the hexabothriidae , from selachii in the red sea reveals two different species in the hammerhead shark sphyrna mokarran ( r\u00fcppel , 1835 ) : erpocotyle sphyrna ( maccallum , 1931 ) et erpocotyle septistoma n . sp . the host specificity and the geographical distribution of e . shyrna are discussed .\nktari , mohammed hedi & maillard , claude , 1972 . neonchocotyle pastinacae n . g . n . sp . ( monogenea hexabothriidae ) parasite de dasyatis pastinaca dans le golfe de tunis : description de l ' adulte et de la larve . annales de parasitologie humaine et compar\u00e9e , 47 ( 2 ) : 181 - 191 .\nchero , j . d . ; cruces , c . l . ; s\u00e1ez , g . ; camargo , a . c . a . ; santos , c . p . ; luque , j . l . ( 2018 ) . hypanocotyle bullardi n . gen . n . sp . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from gill of the diamond stingray hypanus dipterurus ( jordan et gilbert ) ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) in the southeastern pacific ocean off peru . parasitology international . 67 ( 4 ) : 425 - 430 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nparasitology . supplement . ( journal , magazine , 1962 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : parasitology . supplement . publisher : cambridge ; new york : cambridge university press , 1962 - oclc : 15290306\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\neach issue has also distinctive title . issued as pt . 4 of every other volume of parasitology .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nparasitology . supplement . / british society for parasitology . ; ; cambridge ; new york : cambridge university press , 1962 -\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nbray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhelminths from elasmobranchs in central american fresh waters\nby donald e . watson and thomas b . thorson\ndonald e . watson , university of lagos thomas b . thorson , university of nebraska - lincoln\npublished in investigations of the ichthyofauna of nicaraguan lakes , ed . thomas b . thorson ( university of nebraska - lincoln , 1976 ) . copyright \u00a9 1976 school of life sciences , university of nebraska - lincoln .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfolia parasitol ( praha ) . 2005 sep ; 52 ( 3 ) : 223 - 30 .\nmarine parasitology laboratory , school of earth and environmental sciences , the university of adelaide , north terrace , south australia , australia . vanessa . glennon @ urltoken\nann parasitol hum comp . 1978 sep - oct ; 53 ( 5 ) : 487 - 94 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ncallorhynchocotyle hydrolagi n . sp . is proposed for hexabothriids found on the gills of the ghost shark , hydrolagus ogilbyi , taken off the coast of southeastern australia . the species is distinguished from the three previously described species of the genus in that the sclerites and the points of the sclerites of the three sucker pairs are all of similar size . the greater thickness of the sucker sclerites , the hamuli with inflated , almost spherical terminations of the roots , and the robust male copulatory complex also serve to differentiate c . hydrolagi .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nroff , j . c . & hopcroft , r . r . ( 1986 ) high precision microcomputer based measuring system for ecological research .\n( linne , 1758 ) garman , 1904 ( pisces : holocephali ) de la region costera de mar del plata .\nbeverley - burton , m . & chisholm , l . a . syst parasitol ( 1990 ) 16 : 241 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\npatella , raquel ; bullard , stephen a . ( 2013 ) .\nhexabothriids of devil rays ( mobulidae ) : new genus and species from gill of\nboeger , w . a . , & kritsky , d . c . ( 2001 ) . phylogenetic relationships of the monogenoidea . in d . t . j . littlewood & r . a . bray ( eds . ) , interrelationships of the platyhelminthes ( pp . 92 - 102 ) . london & new york : taylor and francis\njovelin , richard ; justine , jean - lou ( 2001 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships within the polyopisthocotylean monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) inferred from partial 28s rdna sequences\n.\njustine , jean - lou ; poddubnaya , larisa g . ( 2018 ) .\nbullard , stephen a . ; dippenaar , susan m . ( 2003 ) .\nsuriano , d . m . & incorvaia , i . s . 1982 : sistematica y biologia de callorhynchocotyle marplatensis gen . et sp . nov ( monogenea : polyopisthocotylea ) parasita de las branquias de callorhynchus callorhynchus ( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) garman , 1904 ( pisces : holocephali ) de la region costera de mar del plata . comunicaciones del museo argentino de ciencias naturales\nbernardino rivadavia\ne instituto nacional de investigacion de las ciencias naturales - parasitologia ( buenos aires ) , 2 , 19 - 32 .\nhargis , w . j . jr , 1955 : monogenetic trematodes of gulf of mexico fishes , part vi . the superfamilies polystomatoidea price , 1936 , and diclidophoroidea price , 1936 . transactions of the american microscopical society , 74 , 361 - 377 .\nvan beneden , pierre - joseph & hesse , c . e . 1863 : recherches sur les bdellodes ou hirudin\u00e9es et les tr\u00e9matodes marins . m\u00e9moires de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale de belgique , t . 34 . bruxelles : m . hayez . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 11767 bhl pdf ( erpocotyle laevis : pages 87 - 89 )\nbrooks , g . l . ( 1934 ) .\nsome new ectoparasitic trematodes ( onchocotylinae ) from the gills of american sharks\n.\nvon nordmann , alexander 1840 les vers ( vermes ) . in : j . - b . de lamarck , histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . . . paris , 2 ed . , iii : 542 - 686 .\nmayes , monte a ; brooks , daniel r ; thorson , thomas b ( 1981 ) .\nwatson , d . e . & thorson , thomas b . 1976 : helminths from elasmobranchs in central american fresh waters . investigations of the ichthyofauna of nicaraguan lakes , paper 52 , 629 - 640 .\nbrinkmann , a . jr . 1952 . fish trematodes from norwegian waters . i . the history of fish trematode investigations in norway and the norwegian species of the order monogenea . universitetet i bergen , \u00e5rbok . naturvitenskapelig rekke ( 1 ) , 1 - 134 .\ncerfontaine , paul . 1899 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des octocotylid\u00e9s . v . les onchocotylinae . archives de biologie , 16 , 345 - 478 + plates 18 - 21 .\ndoran , david j . ( 1953 ) .\nnew monogenetic trematodes from the shovelnose guitarfish ,\nkheddam , houda ; justine , jean - lou ; tazerouti , fadila ( 2016 ) .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018 , at 16 : 07 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nacta parasitologica , vol . 43 , no . 1 , 1998 , 4 - 10\npage compiled by aleksander h . kedra . last modification : 15 - 07 - 1998\nprotocotyle euzetmaillardi n . sp . , des branchies du requin hexanchidae hexanchus nakamurai teng p\u00each\u00e9 en mer profonde au large de la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie , pacifique sud , est d\u00e9crit . la nouvelle esp\u00e8ce est compar\u00e9e aux deux autres esp\u00e8ces du genre ( toutes deux de la seule autre esp\u00e8ce de ce genre de requin , h . griseu s ( bonn . ) ) , p . grisea ( cerfontaine , 1899 ) euzet & maillard , 1974 , red\u00e9crit \u00e0 partir de vouchers , and p . taschenbergi ( maillard & oliver , 1966 ) euzet & maillard , 1974 , red\u00e9crit \u00e0 partir des sp\u00e9cimens types . l\u2019anatomie de l\u2019appareil reproducteur est d\u00e9taill\u00e9e ; les trois esp\u00e8ces ont un ootype caract\u00e9ristique avec des cellules longitudinales ( \u00ab ootype c\u00f4tel\u00e9 \u00bb de euzet & maillard ) . la combinaison suivante de caract\u00e8res , unique , diff\u00e9rencie la nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de ses cong\u00e9n\u00e8res : lobe post\u00e9rieur de la v\u00e9sicule s\u00e9minale absent , diverticule de l\u2019oviducte pr\u00e9sent , petit taille corporelle . son ovaire tubulaire ne comprend pas de partie avec sperme , qui est pr\u00e9sente chez les deux autres esp\u00e8ces . ses \u0153ufs ont un seul filament , alors que les \u0153ufs dans l\u2019ut\u00e9rus en ont un ou deux chez p . grisea , et un seul chez p . taschenbergi . ceci diff\u00e8re des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents diagnostics g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de protocotyle , dans lesquels les \u0153ufs avec deux filaments et la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un ovaire tubulaire dilat\u00e9 avec sperme \u00e9taient des caract\u00e9ristiques cl\u00e9s .\ncyndie dupoux and sophie olivier participated in the fishing expedition and parasitological survey . the two uninfected sharks were collected during the 2002 chondrical cruise ( head : bernard s\u00e9ret ) and by the aquarium des lagons , noum\u00e9a . bernard s\u00e9ret ( mnhn , ird , paris ) identified the sharks from photographs .\n( campbell & beveridge , 1993 ) n . comb . ( cestoda , trypanorhyncha ) from hexanchid and carcharhinid sharks off new caledonia .\n, 115\u2013122 [ published in russian with english abstract ; original french text communicated by the authors ] .\njustine , j . - l . ( 2010 ) . parasites of coral reef fish : how much do we know ? with a bibliography of fish parasites in new caledonia .\ntaschenberg , o . ( 1879 ) . weitere beitr\u00e4zur kenntniss ectoparasitischer mariner trematoden .\nfestschrift zur feier des hundertj\u00e4rigen bestehens der naturforschenden gesellschaft in halle a / s .\ntrilles , j . p . , & justine , j . - l . ( 2004 ) . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de cymothoidae et trois aegidae ( crustacea , isopoda ) r\u00e9colt\u00e9s sur des poissons de mer profonde au large de la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ."]}
{"id": 1042, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia peregovitsi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to vietnam .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 \u2013 26 millimetres ( 0.98 \u2013 1.02 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale brown and the hindwings are white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia peregovitsi", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nmontgomery , sl 1983 . carnivorous caterpillars : the behavior , biogeography and conservation of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in the hawaiian islands . geojournal 7 ( 6 ) : 549 - 556 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00218529\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawai ' ian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawai ' i ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawai ' i ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbiston mediolata ( n . jiang , d . y . xue & h . x . han , 2011 )\nnote : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles ."]}
{"id": 1049, "summary": [{"text": "the scarlet finch ( carpodacus sipahi ) is a small passerine bird in the finch family fringillidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in the himalayas from central nepal eastwards to vietnam and is found spottily in the adjacent hills of northeast india and southeast asia as far south as thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is resident in the himalayas , but many birds winter to the immediate south .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "its natural habitat is temperate forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it was described by the british naturalist brian houghton hodgson in 1836 under the binomial name corythus sipahi .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species name sipahi comes from the hindi word sip\u0101hi for a soldier .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the scarlet finch was formerly placed in the monotypic genus haematospiza but was moved to the rosefinch genus carpodacus based on the results of molecular phylogenetic studies . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "scarlet finch", "paragraphs": ["split gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . scarlet finch ( carpodacus sipahi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n18\u201319 cm ; 38\u201342\u00b75 g . medium - sized to large , large - billed and thickset finch with short wings and tail . male has entire head , upperparts and underparts bright . . .\nprzevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , p\u00e4ckert et al . 2016 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nclassification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012\neurope ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )\n( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch\nhas priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )\n( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )\nhawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .\nisland populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .\nbased on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .\n, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )\n( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )\nrecognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )\npending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )\nse siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan\n( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )\npreliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences\ntaczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )\nsa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .\nfrom thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '\npreviously separated in monospecific haematospiza , but moved here based on genetic data # r . monotypic .\nuttarakhand , and c nepal e to bhutan and ne india ( e arunachal pradesh , and assam s to meghalaya and lushai hills ) , s & se china ( se xizang and w & s yunnan ) and w & ne myanmar ; in winter also nw thailand , n laos and nw vietnam ( w tonkin ) .\nsong a clear and liquid , upslurred\npar - ree - reeeeeee\n. call a loud\ntoo - eee\n,\npleeau\nor\nkwee - i - . . .\nvariety of seeds , buds , berries , and occasionally small insects . plants exploited include raspberry (\nseason may\u2013jul . nest a large or bulky cup of twigs , plant fibres , roots and grasses , placed 7\u201312 m above ground in fork of tree . . .\nnot well known . partial or altitudinal migrant . moves between nov and mid - may to lower levels in . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally uncommon to scarce ; fairly common in w & c parts of range . precise extent of breeding range in himalayas poorly known ; may reach w in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nforms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .\npreviously considered to include species now in agraphospiza , procarduelis and haemorhous ( see all three , below ) ; now in different tribes . as traditionally constituted , was extensively polyphyletic , and in response now restricted to old world species . in order to resolve paraphyly , present genus expanded to incorporate : two monospecific genera considered basal within this lineage , chaunoproctus ( \u2020 carpodacus ferreorostris ) and haematospiza # r ; three other monospecific genera , kozlowia , uragus and pyrrhospiza # r # r ; one species from leucosticte # r ; and one hitherto placed in pinicola or propyrrhula ( as in hbw ) # r # r . some authors have isolated c . erythrinus in erythrina # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , christian boix hinzen , pieter de groot boersma , sonam dorji .\njosep del hoyo , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , tanakorn , markus lilje , morten venas , regis nossent , yu ching tam , paul van giersbergen , lei zhu , urltoken , arthur grosset .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 790 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as scarce or uncommon ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1054, "summary": [{"text": "arends 's golden mole ( carpitalpa arendsi ) is a species of mammal in the family chrysochloridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in mozambique and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate forests , subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , arable land , pastureland , plantations , rural gardens , urban areas , and introduced vegetation .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus carpitalpa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was elevated from the genus chlorotalpa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first described by lundholm , who named it for nicolas arends , taxidermist at the kaffrarian museum ( now the amathole museum , in king william 's town , south africa ) who captured the specimen . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "arends ' s golden mole", "paragraphs": ["juliana\u2019s golden mole ( neamblysomus julianae ) is a golden mole endemic to south africa . it is listed as an endangered species due to habitat loss and a restricted range . golden moles are an ancient group of mammals that live mostly below ground .\nthe species occurs in the inyanga highlands of eastern zimbabwe between latitudes 18\u00b0 s and 20\u00b0 s , and altitudes of 850\u20132 , 000 m , with a marginal intrusion into the vila perey district of western mozambique .\nthey have shiny coats of dense fur and a streamlined , formless appearance . they have no visible eyes or ears ; in fact , they are blind - the small eyes are covered with hairy skin . the ears are small and are hidden in the animal ' s fur . juliana ' s golden mole weighs 21\u201375 g ( 0 . 75\u20132 . 7\nvan zyl ' s golden mole ( cryptochloris zyli ) is a golden mole endemic to the western cape province , south africa . it is listed as an endangered species due to habitat loss . golden moles are an ancient group of mammals who live mostly below ground . they have shiny coats of dense fur and a streamlined , formless appearance . they have no visible eyes or ears ; in fact , they are blind \u2013 the small eyes are covered with hairy skin . the ears are small and are hidden in the animal ' s fur . [ 2 ]\nvan zyl ' s golden mole was initially known only from compagnies drift , 16 km ( 9 . 9 mi ) inland from lambert ' s bay , northwestern cape province , south africa . another specimen was collected at groenriviermond , approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) farther north along the namaqualand coast , in 2003 . van zyl ' s golden mole is threatened by continued loss of habitat . for example , mining of coastal dunes for alluvial diamonds could lead to habitat degradation . habitat alteration associated with tourism developments along the west coast could also pose a problem for this species . the international union for conservation of nature now rates this species as\nendangered\n. [ 1 ]\nchrysochloris asiatica cape golden mole adult , showing the digging claw , absence of external eye and a hint of the iridescence of the fur . the rhinarium is not obvious in this photograph\nit lives in the coastal dune belt and adjacent sandy areas . usually two young are born , sometimes one . van zyl ' s golden mole eats various invertebrates , as well as legless lizards , which grow to a length of about 20 cm ( 8\n) . the young of golden moles are born in a grass - lined cavity in the ground . they usually dig their tunnels just below the ground . [ 2 ]\nof the 21 species of golden mole , no fewer than 11 are threatened with extinction . the primary causes are sand mining , poor agricultural practices , increasing urbanisation , and predation by domestic cats and dogs .\n. where it occurs , juliana\u2019s golden mole can be locally common . however , its occurrence is extremely patchy within its limited geographic range . there are no data on population size . the population on bronberg ridge , pretoria east , is severely affected by ongoing intensive urbanization and a mining operation , and it is considered to be critically endangered . the nylsvley population in limpopo occurs in farmlands ( adjoining the nylsvley nature reserve ) that are subject to habitat alteration and potential degradation . another threat is habitat fragmentation which causes obstruction to animal movement ; this results in in - breeding which increases the possible risk of extinction . the\nvan zyl ' s golden mole is about 80\u201390 mm ( 3\u20133 . 5\n) long and weighs about 20\u201330 g ( 0 . 71\u20131 . 06 oz ) . the face has white markings . the dorsal fur is short and dense and is a dark lead - grey colour , the under - layer of fur being pale grey . the underparts are a uniform drab colour . the claw on the third digit on the forefoot is about 10 mm ( 0 . 4 in ) long and 4 mm ( 0 . 2 in ) wide at the base . claw one and two are slightly shorter making a pointed digging tool . [ 2 ]\ngolden moles are small , insectivorous burrowing mammals endemic to southern africa , where their afrikaans names are gouemolle or kruipmolle ( singular gouemol or kruipmol ) . they comprise the family chrysochloridae and as such they are taxonomically distinct from the true moles , family talpidae , and other mole - like families , all of which , to various degrees , they resemble as a result of evolutionary convergence .\nit is confined to sandy soils , often pockets along weathered rocky ridges of quartzite or granite . it is also common in well - irrigated gardens . usually two young are born , sometimes one . golden moles eat\nmost other species construct both foraging superficial burrows and deeper permanent burrows for residence . residential burrows are relatively complex in form , and may penetrate as far as a metre below ground and include deep chambers for use as bolt - holes , and other chambers as latrines . they push excavated soil up to the surface as mole - hills , or compact it into the tunnel walls . they feed on small insects and earthworms or small vertebrates such as lizards or burrowing snakes . they depend on their sense of hearing to locate much of their prey , and the cochleas of a number of golden mole species have been found to be long and highly coiled , which may indicate a greater ecological dependence on low frequency auditory cues than we see in talpid moles . [ 5 ]\nsuch as insects , earthworms and snails . their young are born in a grass - lined cavity in the ground . golden moles usually dig their tunnels just below the surface of the ground . the main feeding activity is in the late afternoon and at night . they exhibit\nmost species of chrysochloridae live almost exclusively underground in their respectively preferred environments , beneath either grassveld , forest , swamps , deserts , or mountainous terrain . however , chrysospalax species tend to forage above ground in leaf litter in forests or in meadows . eremitalpa species such as grant ' s golden mole live in the sandy namib desert , where they cannot form tunnels because the sand collapses . instead during the day , when they must seek shelter , they literally swim through the loose sand , using their broad claws to paddle , and dive down some 50 cm to where it is bearably cool . there they enter a state of torpor , thus conserving energy . [ 4 ] at night they emerge to forage on the surface rather than wasting energy shifting sand . their main prey are termites that live under isolated grass clumps , and they might travel for 6 kilometres a night in search of food . they seek promising clumps by listening for wind - rustled grass - root stresses and termites ' head - banging alarm signals , neither of which can be heard easily above ground , so they stop periodically and dip their heads under the sand to listen . [ 4 ]\nlike most burrowing mammals with similar habits , the chrysochloridae have short legs with powerful digging claws , very dense fur that repels dirt and moisture , and toughened skin , particularly on the head . their eyes are non - functional and covered with furred skin . the external ears are just tiny openings . in particular , golden moles bear a remarkable resemblance to the marsupial moles of australia , family notoryctidae , which they resemble so suggestively that at one time , the marsupial / placental divide not withstanding , some workers argued that they were related . considerations that influenced the debate might have included the view that the chrysochloridae are very primitive placentals and the fact that they have many mole - like specializations similar to specializations in marsupial moles . the rhinarium is a greatly enlarged , dry leathery pad that protects their nostrils while the animal digs . in this respect too , they resemble the marsupial moles . some authors claim that their primary sense is that of touch , and they are particularly sensitive to vibrations that may indicate approaching danger . [ 3 ] note below however , the observations on the malleus in the middle ear .\nthe taxonomy of the chrysochloridae is undergoing a review in the light of new genetic information . they have traditionally been listed with the shrews , hedgehogs and a grab - bag of small , difficult - to - place creatures as part of the order insectivora . some authorities retain this classification , at least for the time being . others group the golden moles with the tenrecs in a new order , which is sometimes known as tenrecomorpha , while others call it afrosoricida and reserve tenrecomorpha for the family tenrecidae .\nat one time the chrysochloridae were regarded as primitive . supporting arguments included : that they were thought to have originated in gondwana , that they had a low resting metabolic rate , and that they could switch off thermoregulation when inactive . furthermore , like the tenrecs , they possess a cloaca , and males lack a scrotum . however , such points are no longer regarded as strongly suggestive that golden moles are undeveloped\nreptilian mammals\n; some are seen rather as adaptations to regional climatic conditions . going into a torpor when resting or during cold weather , enables them to conserve energy and reduce urgent requirements for food . similarly , they have developed particularly efficient kidneys and most species do not need to drink water at all ; in fact they tend to drown easily if they fall into water .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmonotypic . lundholm ( 1955 ) described this taxon as a subgenus of chlorotalpa , as well as the subgenus kilimatalpa for c . stuhlmanni from east africa . simonetta ( 1968 ) elevated carpitalpa to generic rank to include kilimatalpa . meester ( 1974 ) instead assigned c . arendsi to chlorotalpa and c . stuhlmanni to chrysochloris , commenting that differences between the chlorotalpa species did not warrant subgeneric separation . phylogenetic analyses of morphometric data ( bronner 1995 ) , and recent phylogenetic analyses based on both morphological and genetic data ( asher et al . 2010 ) confirm that c . arendsi has diverged considerably from the chlorotalpa species and chrysochloris ( kilimatalpa ) stuhlmanni , necessitating its allocation to a distinct genus ,\n. habitat alteration / degradation as a result of political instability and poorly - managed land transformation initiatives in eastern zimbabwe , together with limited policing and management of conservation areas ( particularly nyanga national park , which includes much of this species range ) , have resulted in rapid and extensive environmental damage from annual wildfires that destroy its preferred forest habitats and local biodiversity ; uncontrolled timber harvesting ; overgrazing by cattle and poaching . habitat modifications are thus inferred to be major potential threats to the survival of this species , given its restricted range , and are reasons to confirm its vulnerable status .\nfavours loamy soils in montane grasslands and the fringes of rainforests , but is dependent on areas with less cover ( lundholm 1955 ) , and does not penetrate deep into forests ( smithers and lobao - tello 1976 , smithers and wilson 1979 ) . also common in cultivated lands and gardens .\nhabitat modifications associated with political instability and poorly - managed land transformation initiatives in zimbabwe , together with limited conservation management in protected areas , an increase in the frequency and intensity of wildfires , uncontrolled timber harvesting and overgrazing by livestock are likely to be major threats . the extent and intensity thereof , and impacts on this species , are not well documented . predation by domestic cats and dogs probably represents a more localized threat .\noccurs in the following conservation areas : nyanga national park ; mtarazi falls national park ; chimanimani national park ; vumba botanical reserve ; and bunga forest reserve . however , recent reports suggest that baseline management and policing of these conservation areas has collapsed owing to political and economic instability , leading to habitat alteration associated with uncontrolled wildfires , overgrazing by cattle and poaching , so the extent of protection these areas afford is uncertain .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njonathan kingdon ; david happold ; thomas butynski ; michael hoffmann ; meredith happold ; jan kalina ( 2013 ) .\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\n( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 79 .\nthis page was last edited on 22 march 2018 , at 10 : 01 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthe species range in size from about 8 to about 20 cm . they have muscular shoulders and the forelimbs are radically adapted for digging ; all the toes on the forefeet have been reduced , except for a large , pick - like third claw on the third toe . the fifth digit is absent and the first and fourth digits are vestigial . the adaptations of the hind feet are less dramatic , they retain all five toes and are webbed as an adaptation to efficient backward shovelling of soil loosened by the front claws .\nsome species also have hypertrophied middle ear ossicles , in particular the malleus , which apparently is adapted towards the detection of seismic vibrations . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] in this respect there is some apparent convergent evolution to burrowing reptiles in the family amphisbaenidae .\nfemales give birth to one to three hairless young in a grass - lined nest within the burrow system . breeding occurs throughout the year . the adults are solitary , and their burrowing territory may be aggressively defended from intruders , especially where resources are relatively scarce . [ 3 ]\n( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 77\u201381 .\ncrumpton , nick ; kardjilov , nikolay ; asher , robert j . ( 2015 - 08 - 01 ) .\nmason , matthew j . ; narins , peter m . ( 2001 - 01 - 01 ) .\nseismic signal use by fossorial mammals\n."]}
{"id": 1064, "summary": [{"text": "litoprosopus is a genus of moths formerly of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the noctuidae family of moths are mostly classified in the family erebidae now , along with all of the former members of the families arctiidae and lymantriidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this re-classification has not yet met with general consensus , and many resources and publications still follow the older classification scheme ( e.g. ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "litoprosopus", "paragraphs": ["species litoprosopus futilis - palmetto borer moth - hodges # 8556 - bugguide . net\nspecies litoprosopus coachella - palm flower moth - hodges # 8558 - bugguide . net\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from litoprosopus to their own page .\nlitoprosopus grote , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 309 ; ts : noctua hatuey poey\nlitoprosopus puncticosta ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 30 , f . 69\nlitoprosopus futilis ( grote & robinson , 1868 ) ; new comb . in grote trans . am . ent . soc . 2 ( 1 ) : 308\npalmetto borer moth ( litoprosopus futilis ) forewing is dark brown , hindwing has single large black spot near anal angle , and the species doesn ' t occur west of texas .\ndekle , g . w . 1999 ( rev . 2005 ) cabbage palm caterpillar , litoprosopus futilis ( g . & r . ) ( insecta : lepidoptera : noctuidae : ophiderinae ) . eeny - 095 pp . 1 - 4\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13240 genus : litoprosopus species : coachella sex : location : hanford county : kings collector : buckett & amp ; bauer coll . coll _ date : aug 14 6 . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nkitching , i . j . and j . e . rawlins . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pages 355 - 401 in : lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology vol . iv , part 35 . n . p . kristensen , ed . de gruyter , berlin and new york .\nmiller , j . s . 1991 . cladistics and classification of the notodontidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) based on larval and adult morphology . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 204 : 1 - 230 .\nmitchell , a . , c . mitter , and j . c . regier . 2000 . more taxa or more characters revisited : combining data from nuclear protein - encoding genes for phylogenetic analyses of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematic biology 49 ( 2 ) : 202 - 224 .\nspeidel , w . , h . fanger , and c . m . naumann . 1996 . the phylogeny of the noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology 21 ( 3 ) : 219 - 251 .\nspeidel , w . and c . m . naumann . 2004 . a survey of family - group names in noctuoid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 2 ) : 191 - 221 .\nweller , s . j . , d . p . pashley , j . a . martin , and j . l . constable . 1994 . phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes . systematic biology 43 ( 2 ) : 194 - 211 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\ntree of life web project . 2009 . noctuoidea . version 10 august 2009 ( temporary ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nxin , zhao - zhe liu , yu zhang , dai - zhen wang , zheng - fei tang , bo - ping zhang , hua - bin zhou , chun - lin chai , xin - yue and liu , qiu - ning 2018 . comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of spilarctia subcarnea and other noctuid insects . international journal of biological macromolecules , vol . 107 , issue . , p . 121 .\nsivasankaran , kuppusamy mathew , pratheesh anand , sekar ceasar , stanislaus antony mariapackiam , soosaimanikam and ignacimuthu , savarimuthu 2017 . complete mitochondrial genome sequence of fruit - piercing moth eudocima phalonia ( linnaeus , 1763 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) . genomics data , vol . 14 , issue . , p . 66 .\ntodd , jacqui h . barratt , barbara i . p . withers , toni m . berndt , lisa a . gresham , belinda avila , gonzalo a . and malone , louise a . 2017 . a comparison of methods for selecting non - target species for risk assessment of the biological control agent cotesia urabae . biocontrol , vol . 62 , issue . 1 , p . 39 .\nhern\u00e1ndez - baz , fernando quiroz gamboa , john alveiro tabares duque , mar\u00eda eugenia guzm\u00e1n cabrera , sebasti\u00e1n alfonso reyna , marytania monta\u00f1ez and gonz\u00e1lez , jorge m . 2017 . wasp moths ( lepidoptera : erebidae : ctenuchina - euchromiina ) of the entomological museum \u201cfrancisco luis gallego\u201d ( meflg ) , medellin , antioquia , colombia . journal of the lepidopterists\u2019 society , vol . 71 , issue . 2 , p . 69 .\nregier , jerome c . mitter , charles mitter , kim cummings , michael p . bazinet , adam l . hallwachs , winifred janzen , daniel h . and zwick , andreas 2017 . further progress on the phylogeny of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) using an expanded gene sample . systematic entomology , vol . 42 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .\nrota , jadranka zacharczenko , brigette v . wahlberg , niklas zahiri , reza schmidt , b . c . and wagner , david l . 2016 . phylogenetic relationships of acronictinae with discussion of the abdominal courtship brush in noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology , vol . 41 , issue . 2 , p . 416 .\nzanuncio , jos\u00e9 cola tavares , wagner de souza ramalho , francisco de sousa leite , germano le\u00e3o demolin and serr\u00e3o , jos\u00e9 eduardo 2016 . sarsina violascens spatial and temporal distributions affected by native vegetation strips in eucalyptus plantations . pesquisa agropecu\u00e1ria brasileira , vol . 51 , issue . 6 , p . 703 .\nsun , yu tian , sen qian , cen sun , yu - xuan abbas , muhammad n . kausar , saima wang , lei wei , guoqing zhu , bao - jian and liu , chao - liang 2016 . characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of spilarctia robusta ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea : erebidae ) and its phylogenetic implications . european journal of entomology , vol . 113 , issue . , p . 558 .\nxue , shuang hu , yan - qing and hua , bao - zhen 2016 . morphological comparison of proboscis sensilla between plusiinae and noctuinae ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . zoologischer anzeiger - a journal of comparative zoology , vol . 263 , issue . , p . 75 .\navila , g . a . withers , t . m . and holwell , g . i . 2016 . retrospective risk assessment reveals likelihood of potential non - target attack and parasitism by cotesia urabae ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) : a comparison between laboratory and field - cage testing results . biological control , vol . 103 , issue . , p . 108 .\nlee , ga - eun han , taeman park , haechul and kim , joon - bum 2015 . morphological and molecular identification ofconilepia nigricosta , new to korea , andlithosia quadrawith their phylogenetic placements within tribe lithosiina ( lepidoptera : erebidae : arctiinae ) . entomological research , vol . 45 , issue . 1 , p . 16 .\nwang , houshuai wahlberg , niklas holloway , jeremy d . bergsten , johannes fan , xiaoling janzen , daniel h . hallwachs , winnie wen , lijun wang , min and nylin , s\u04e7ren 2015 . molecular phylogeny of lymantriinae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea , erebidae ) inferred from eight gene regions . cladistics , vol . 31 , issue . 6 , p . 579 .\nwu , zhi - guang and han , hui - lin 2015 . two new records of genus nudaria haworth , 1809 ( lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae , lithosiini ) from china . journal of asia - pacific biodiversity , vol . 8 , issue . 3 , p . 230 .\nyang , xiushuai cameron , stephen l . lees , david c . xue , dayong and han , hongxiang 2015 . a mitochondrial genome phylogeny of owlet moths ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) , and examination of the utility of mitochondrial genomes for lepidopteran phylogenetics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 85 , issue . , p . 230 .\nlee , kwang - su kang , tae hwa jeong , ji woong ryu , dong pyo and lee , heung - sik 2015 . taxonomic review of the genus l ymantria ( lepidoptera : erebidae : lymantriinae ) in korea . entomological research , vol . 45 , issue . 5 , p . 225 .\nsan blas , germ\u00e1n 2015 . a morphological phylogeny ofagrotisochsenheimer ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) , with emphasis on the south american species . zoologica scripta , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 153 .\nvincent , beno\u00eet and laguerre , michel 2014 . catalogue of the neotropical arctiini leach , [ 1815 ] ( except ctenuchina kirby , 1837 and euchromiina butler , 1876 ) ( insecta , lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae ) . zoosystema , vol . 36 , issue . 2 , p . 137 .\nsohn , jae - cheon and cho , soowon 2014 . two newly recorded and two little known species of erebidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) in korea . animal systematics , evolution and diversity , vol . 30 , issue . 3 , p . 176 .\nkim , min jee wang , ah rha park , jeong sun and kim , iksoo 2014 . complete mitochondrial genomes of five skippers ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) and phylogenetic reconstruction of lepidoptera . gene , vol . 549 , issue . 1 , p . 97 .\ncanadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , agriculture and agri - food canada , k . w . neatby building , central experimental farm , ottawa , ontario , canada k1a 0c6\nnous r\u00e9visons la classification sup\u00e9rieure des familles de noctuoidea poss\u00e9dant une aile ant\u00e9rieure quadrifide ( nolidae , strepsimanidae , arctiidae , lymantriidae , erebidae et noctuidae ) \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re de classifications r\u00e9centes et des r\u00e9partitions actuelles des \u00e9tats d\u00e9riv\u00e9s des caract\u00e8res . d ' apr\u00e8s des \u00e9tudes morphologiques et mol\u00e9culaires r\u00e9centes , nous proposons une d\u00e9finition plus compr\u00e9hensive de la famille des noctuidae qui ajoute les sous - familles nolinae , strepsimaninae , arctiinae , lymantriinae et erebinae \u00e0 celles qui sont plus traditionnellement incluses dans les noctuidae . la superfamille des noctuoidea comprend donc les familles oenosandridae , doidae , notodontidae , micronoctuidae et noctuidae . la tribu des cosmiini , pr\u00e9sentement dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est r\u00e9duite au niveau de sous - tribu des cosmiina et plac\u00e9e dans la tribu des xylenini . la tribu des balsini , couramment plac\u00e9e dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est \u00e9lev\u00e9e au rang de sous - famille des balsinae . la tribu phosphilini est transf\u00e9r\u00e9e de la sous - famille des psaphidinae \u00e0 xyleninae .\ndie larven der europ\u00e4ischen noctuidae . vol . 1\u20134 . text ( 1 ) ; illustrations ( 2\u20134 ) . herbipolitana\nlepidoptera : moths and butterflies . vol . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie\n. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae , ( part \u2014 agrotini ) .\n. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , stiriinae , psaphidinae ( part ) .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthe agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more\nthe tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design , images , and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project . all rights reserved . image of rose \u00a9 1999 nick kurzenko . image of annelid worm \u00a9 2001 greg w . rouse .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\noriginal combination dyops futilis grote & robinson , 1868 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 2 ( 1 ) : 202\nillustrated overview including common name reference [ cabbage palm caterpillar ; larva ] , description , foodplants , damage , control methods , references ( g . w . dekle , u . of florida\nfeatured creatures\n)\ncannibalism in large larvae article abstract ( raymond semlitsch and carolyn west , oecologia , 1998 , springerlink . com )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nadult : forewing tan or pale gray with two dark diagonal marks along costa ; hindwing has two black - rimmed white spots near anal angle .\nadults have two flights from may to june and again from august to september in southern california .\nlarvae feed on flowers of washington fan palm ( washingtonia robusta ) and other palm species .\nlarvae may sometimes enter homes and use bits of carpet or rug to build a cocoon . the larvae normally pupate at the base of fronds in palm trees . larvae are eaten by gila woodpeckers and northern mockingbirds .\nhill , c . a . 1921 . a new noctuid from california ( lep . , noctuidae ) . entomological news , and proceedings of the entomological section of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia 32 ( 4 ) : 105 .\n. university of california press . pl . 43 , fig . 24 ; p . 257 .\npresence in california ; list of 14 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )\ncommon name reference [ palm budworm ; larva ] ( palm - tree . net )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nforewing tan or pale gray with two dark diagonal marks along costa ; hindwing has two black - rimmed white spots near anal angle .\nnoctua hatuey poey , 1832 ; centurie l\u00e8pid . cuba : pl . [ 6 ]\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nbrown , j . w . ( usda , systematic entomology laboratory , washington , dc . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\na location where the species occurs , or has occurred , where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence . for almost all species the minimum criteria would be an actual specimen associated with suitable habitat , which includes a substantial amount of one or more larval foodplants . for almost all species an occurrence ranked higher than d should contain a persistent viable population or metapopulation .\nif the habitat corresponds to a mappable natural community or other feature consider the boundaries of this feature the eo boundaries . in general eos need not include more than the breeding habitat and a minimum amount of buffer . in general the larval foodplant should be present on most hectares of the habitat treated as suitable . if this is not approximately true then greater care may need to be taken in defining suitable habitat and actual foodplant stands may need to be considered .\nin practice for species in this group the inferred extent is usually all contiguous or nearly contiguous habitat which will usually be a few tens to hundreds of hectares . occurrences are always based on populations which will at least over time occupy available habitat and generally will in any given year . however some arbitrary upper limit is needed with species that typically occupy large habitats . therefore it is suggested that with really large habitats ( usually forests , woodland , brushland ) ie be capped at 1 km radius . the resulting 400 hectare area would be a fairly small occurrence for most forest or woodland species . presence should be inferred only in suitable habitat within this radius .\nthese specs should generally be applied to non - forest trifid subfamilies , non - migratory plusiinae , and many catocalinae whose larvae are either generalists or feed on one or several widely distributed plants . a few other apparently wide ranging species are included .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13241 genus : catocala species : jessica sex : location : le moura ( lemoore ) county : kings collector : coll _ date : in sep specimen _ loc : cdfa ur . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13239 genus : hyphantria species : cunea sex : location : kirkland county : kings collector : r . f . wilkey coll _ date : jun 15 62 specimen _ loc : ucd . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 364 genus : notarctia species : proxima sex : f location : bull slough , 4 mi n kern co line county : kings collector : k . richers coll _ date : jun . . . more\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 18 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of kings\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced"]}
{"id": 1066, "summary": [{"text": "catocala violenta is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from colorado to arizona , east to texas and into mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 70-80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from july to august depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus gambeli . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala violenta", "paragraphs": ["i ' m thinking this is catocala violenta , but would appreciate a confirmation . thanks\nbarnes , wm . & j . h . mcdunnough , 1918 . illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala .\nnotes on some species of catocala . william beutenm\u00fcller . 1903 . bulletin of the amnh , 19 ( 19 ) : 505 - 510 .\nillustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala . william barnes , james halliday mcdunnough . 1918 . memoirs of the amnh 2 ( 1 ) .\nnotes upon the genus catocala , with descriptions of new varieties and species . henry edwards . 1880 . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 7 ) : 53 - 62 .\nsystematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the . . . . lawrence gall , david hawks . 2010 . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\neastward probably none unless maybe extensive brightly lit urban areas . however this is not certain and some catocala do very well in cities . westward open arid habitats where daytime temperatures exceed 40 degrees c might be barriers if they are too wide to be crossed in one night , and high altitudes where evening temperatures fall rapidly below about 15 degrees c almost certainly are impassable .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 45 . 14m ; p . 262 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nspecific epithet for violeta , a ghost character from shakespeare ' s all ' s well that ends well . actor and entomologist henry edwards often named moths from shakespeare works .\ncontributed by jason d . roberts on 27 september , 2009 - 8 : 24pm additional contributions by marcie oconnor , randy hardy last updated 15 march , 2018 - 8 : 25am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nida canyon , huachuca mts . , cochise county , arizona , usa september 5 , 2010\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ncramer . the next tooth is very short . there is considerable brown shading in the forewing between the postmedial and subterminal lines . the subreniform spot is light with a light bar extending obliquely to the costa .\nin the hindwing , the inner black band is almost complete and there are considerable dark hairs along the inner margin , well onto the claret scales of the basal area . the almost straight - lined , slightly obtuse angle formed by the inner edge of the black marginal band is a consistent character . the hindwing fringe is white and heavily barred .\nflies as a single generation with moths on the wing from july into august . the\n, long park , chiricahua mountains , cochise county , arizona , july 2 , 2010 , courtesy of evan rand .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\nsanta cruz co , az . aug 4 1999 , kelly richers , collector , at uv trap .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient suitab le foodplant oaks and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence . occasionally small occurrences can actually form on large urban or suburban live oaks .\ngenerally boundaries will either be well defined limits of wooded habitats or will be totally arbitrary in extensive forest . in general even for species restricted to certain oak species , these are either dominant , co - dominant tree , or at least frequent species and so do not affect mapping . see food comments fields for more information .\nin generally wooded terrain unsuitable habitat distance applies mainly to cleared lands . in wooded or partially wooded landscapes use the suitable habitat distance unless the foodplant oaks are completely absent or there is some other factor rendering the habitat unsuitable for adults over a gap of at least half the suitable habitat distance .\nfor most species larger values would be appropriate , but for some such as connubialis and in some regions sp . 1 populations can be more localized than is easily explainable based on habitat . still most occurrences are clearly several kilometers in at least one dimension . inferred extent to be conservative is all apparent habitat within 2 kilometer radius . almost always additional sampling should extend such boundaries . with forest remnants less than 100 hectares assume full occupancy .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 1068, "summary": [{"text": "sepia mestus , also known as the reaper cuttlefish or simply red cuttlefish , is a species of cuttlefish native to the southwestern pacific ocean , specifically escape reef off queensland ( 15 \u00b0 47 \u2032 s 145 \u00b0 47 \u2032 e ) to murrays beach off jervis bay ( 35 \u00b0 08 \u2032 s 150 \u00b0 46 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "reports of this species from china and vietnam are now known to be misidentifications .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "s. mestus lives at a depth of between 0 and 22 m. s. mestus exhibits sexual dimorphism .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "females grow to a mantle length ( ml ) of 124 mm , while males do not exceed 77 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected off the australian coast and is deposited at the natural history museum in london . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sepia mestus", "paragraphs": ["while sepia mestus is capable of showing diverse colour patterns , it is often seen to turn a deep rich red colour .\nen - reaper cuttlefish , fr - seiche moisson , sp - sepia segadora .\nreid , a . l . , & lu , c . c ( 2005 ) a new cuttlefish , sepia filibrachia n . sp . , from the south china sea with a redescription of sepia mestus gray , 1849 ( cephalopoda : sepiidae ) from eastern australia , zootaxa , 911 : 1 - 22 .\nsepia mestus has a distinctive pair of oval pads of spongy tissue on the mantle . this is suspected to act as adhesion pads , assisting the animal to hold their position in turbulent water characteristic of its shallow water habitat .\ns . mestus can be identified by its typically red colour , a pair of black spots on the upper body , a yellow - orange eye socket and short arms .\nalso known as red cuttlefish . found on most coral reef habitats . they feed on small fish and crustaceans . colour / pattern can changes for camouflage . length - 7 . 5cm depth 0 - 20m widespread indo - west pacific this is the second largest cuttlefish and has one eye flap where as the larger similar species sepia apama has three eye flaps . cuttlefish possess the ability to swim in different manners , usually gently rippling their side fins . however when in danger , the cuttlefish sucks water into their body cavity and expels it through a funnel like extension on the underside of the body , causing a backward propulsion enabling the cuttlefish to escape from predators . they are also able to shoot a cloud of black ink at predators when threatened . they feed by catching their prey by two powerful tentacles which shoot out from beneath the creatures eyes . the prey is then pulled toward the animal ' s strong beak and crushed before consuming . cuttlefish gather in their hundreds of thousands to spawn . males can only produce once and the females die shortly after laying their eggs .\ncaption : a pair of juvenile cuttlefish , photographed at a depth of about 50feet .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nbody papillae present , head papillae absent , arm papillae absent . whitish mottle .\nthe cuttlebone is oval and broad , with anterior end slightly acuminate . the dorsal surface is bluish to white and convex . the ventral surface is flat with a narrow , median groove .\nthe reaper cuttlefish is found in waters off eastern australia , with a range from southern queensland to southern nsw .\nthe reaper cuttlefish is often found on shallow rocky reefs , or over kelp or sand . it is believed its depth range is between 1 and 300 m , although it is most often observed on sandy and rocky drop - offs at around 10 - 18m . in sydney harbour it can often be found under rotting wharf pilings and rock ledges during the day .\nlu , c . c ( 1998 ) a synopsis of sepiidae in australian waters ( cephalopoda : sepiodiea ) . in : voss , n . a . , vecchione , m . , toll , r . b . & sweeney , m . j ( eds ) systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian institution press , washington dc , vol . 586 , 159 - 190 .\nwatson - russell , c . ( 1983 ) cuttlefish of sydney harbour , australian natural history , 20 ( 5 ) : 159 - 164 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nn the scientific literature , it is well known to divers in australia where it is endemic . whilst occurring in shallow waters , it is not subject to artisanal fisheries and is therefore unlikely to be threatened .\nthis species is endemic to australia ( reid et al . 2005 ) . its geographic distribution ranges along the east coast from northern queensland to jervis bay in new south wales ( reid et al . 2005 ) .\nfemales ( up to 124 mm ) attain a larger body size compared to males ( up to 77 mm ) ( reid et al . 2005 ) . it occurs on rocky reefs and is typically seen under ledges ( norman 2003 ) .\nocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is potentially a threat to all cuttlefish . studies have shown that under high pco\nno conservation measures are currently needed for this species and none are in place . further research is recommended regarding the population trends , distribution , life history traits and threats impacting this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngray , j . e . ( 1849 ) . catalogue of the mollusca in the collection of the british museum i : cephalopoda antepedia . london : british museum . 164 pages . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 108 [ details ]\n( of solitosepia liliana iredale , 1926 ) iredale , t . ( 1926 ) . the cuttlefish\nbones\nof the sydney beaches ( phylum mollusca - class cephalopoda ) . australian zoolo\u00adgist . 4 ( 3 ) : 186 - 196 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ascarosepion verreauxi rochebrune , 1884 ) rochebrune , a . t . ( 1884 ) . \u00e9tude monographique de la famille des sepiadae . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomathique de paris . series 7 , 8 ( 2 ) : 74 - 122 pls 3 - 6 . page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]\nreid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 144 [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nadam , w . ; ree , j . ( 1966 ) . a review of the cephalopod family sepiidae . the john murray expedition 1933 - 34 . scientific reports . 11 ( 1 ) : 1 - 165 . [ details ]\nlu , c . c . ( 2001 ) . cephalopoda . pp . 129 - 308 in wells , a . & houston , w . w . k . eds . zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 17 . 2 . mollusca : aplacophora , polyplacophora , scaphopoda , cephalopoda . melbourne : csiro publishing , australia xii 353 pp . [ details ]\n( of solitosepia liliana iredale , 1926 ) lu , c . c . ( 2001 ) . cephalopoda . pp . 129 - 308 in wells , a . & houston , w . w . k . eds . zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 17 . 2 . mollusca : aplacophora , polyplacophora , scaphopoda , cephalopoda . melbourne : csiro publishing , australia xii 353 pp . [ details ]\n( of ascarosepion verreauxi rochebrune , 1884 ) adam , w . ; ree , j . ( 1966 ) . a review of the cephalopod family sepiidae . the john murray expedition 1933 - 34 . scientific reports . 11 ( 1 ) : 1 - 165 . [ details ]\nlength males up to 77 mm mantle length ; females up to 124 mm mantle length . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to tonmo , the premier cephalopod enthusiast community . we have tons of searchable content and host a biennial conference . to join in on the fun , become a member for free , and become a supporter for just $ 50 / year to see less ads and enjoy other perks . follow us on facebook and twitter for more cephy goodness .\njavascript is disabled . for a better experience , please enable javascript in your browser before proceeding .\nanyone know about this species ? any chance of attaining them ? from the little i ' ve found aobut them they seem like a perfect and relatively colorful species for aquariums . just curious , not thinking about getting any more cephs right now .\nyou might pm jean to see if they keep them at the nz aquarium ( assuming they get that far south ) . she might be able to say something about how well they do but not likely any help for sourcing .\nthe cephalopod page urltoken hanlon lab at mbl , woods hole , ma california academy of sciences monterey bay aquarium mote marine labratory pharyngula octonation danna staaf , author ( web , twitter , facebook ) dr . rotman ( drpussea ) ( web , twitter ) te papa museum reef central northwestern pacific tree octopus ( heh ) follow us on facebook follow us on twitter\nthis site uses cookies to help personalise content , tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register . by continuing to use this site , you are consenting to our use of cookies ."]}
{"id": 1069, "summary": [{"text": "halysites ( meaning chain coral ) is an extinct genus of tabulate coral .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "colonies range from less than one to tens of centimeters in diameter , and they fed upon plankton .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these tabulate corals lived from ordovician to silurian ( from 449.5 to 412.3 ma ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "fossils of halysites species have been found in the sediments of canada , united states , poland and australia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "halysites", "paragraphs": ["halysites , commonly called\nchain coral ,\nis a coral that lived from the ordovician to the silurian period . it looked like a bunch of straws or tubes linked together . from above , halysites looks like a mass of chains or a brain .\nwhat made you want to look up halysites ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nobservations on a remarkable specimen of halysites and description of a new species of the genus . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 19 , article 16 .\ncorals today prefer warm , shallow , clear seas , so tabulate corals like halysites and their relatives probably did too . so when sea levels rose in the devonian , they became rare and then died out two periods later , in the permian mass extinction .\ncorals are one of the best fossil groups for telling us about the ancient world . corals today mainly live in warm , shallow , clean seawaters where there is plenty of sunlight . this tells us that millions of years ago dudley was covered by a warm shallow tropical sea . corals like halysites have a ring of stinging tentacles around their edge that capture food swimming or floating in the seawater that washes over them . as they grow and multiply they build large limestone reef structures on the seabed .\nchain coral ( scientific name halysites ) is one of the many types of fossil coral skeleton that can be found in the limestones of dudley . it is like a series of limestone tubes or straws that are joined side - by - side . end - on these tubes look like links of chain . inside each tube lived a jelly - like coral animal ( polyp ) very much like coral animals today . the chain coral belongs to a group of animals called coelenterates . as they grew they built up the walls of the tubes ( theca ) and multiplied so adding more links to the chain .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit lived in a time that scientists call the silurian period ( which is named after a tribes of ancient britons called the siluries who lived across shropshire and into wales ) . in dudley , it is found in beds of rock called the much wenlock limestone formation . these are between 416 and 423 million years old .\nthese fossils can now sometimes be found in the limestones of dudley , west midlands where the old mines and quarries have left behind rock exposures at the surface . please note ; collecting from fallen blocks is permitted on most of these sites but hammering the rock faces is forbidden .\nthis page was last modified on 7 january 2009 , at 22 : 07 .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nfrom the manner of growth observed in fossilized specimens ; the genus is colonial , and individual members of the colony construct an elliptical tube next to each other in the manner of chain links .\nsilurian period , in geologic time , the third period of the paleozoic era . it began 443 . 8 million years ago and ended 419 . 2 million years ago , extending from the close of the ordovician period to the beginning of the devonian period . during the silurian , continental elevations were generally much\u2026\ngibraltar remains , neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at gibraltar , on the southern tip of spain . the gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves , many of which were at times occupied by neanderthals during the late pleistocene epoch ( approximately 126 , 000 to 11 , 700 years\u2026\nfossil , remnant , impression , or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in earth\u2019s crust . the complex of data recorded in fossils worldwide\u2014known as the fossil record\u2014is the primary source of information about the history of life on earth . only a small fraction of\u2026\nkabwe cranium , fossilized skull of an extinct human species ( genus homo ) found near the town of kabwe , zambia ( formerly broken hill , northern rhodesia ) , in 1921 . it was the first discovered remains of premodern homo in africa and until the early 1970s was considered to be 30 , 000 to 40 , 000 years\u2026\ncoral , any of a variety of invertebrate marine organisms of the class anthozoa ( phylum cnidaria ) that are characterized by skeletons\u2014external or internal\u2014of a stonelike , horny , or leathery consistency . the term coral is also applied to the skeletons of those animals , particularly to those of the\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\n( paleon . ) a genus of silurian fossil corals ; the chain corals . see chain coral , under chain .\nacross the ordovician - silurian transition at species level is summarized and briefly discussed here .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\neach individual corallite , or cell , is 2 to 6 mm in diameter . in each individual tube there was a tiny sea anemone - like animal called a polyp , similar to what you find in modern corals .\nart , just found , and bookmarked your blog . i enjoy it because it reminds me of my own little boy . when he was your age , he loved to talk to me about dinosaurs , and the planets , and all things related to science . he isn ' t so little anymore , he ' s studying at the university of missouri to become a doctor . thanks for reminding me of my son , and thanks for the great blog ! jason\ngreat blog ! i ' ll be checking your blog out frequently . it ' s interesting with this chain coral how deep the folds are . certainly seems to have more surface area than alot of living corals . in some ways the deeper folds make it look more like a sponge . do you have any specimens of the organisms you post on here ?\n@ gober i think that ' s cool that i remind you of your son . i think i ' m going to be a paleobiologist when i grow up and study unclassified animals and other cool extinct life forms .\n@ mike c i have one specimen of elrathia kingii , two specimens of orthoceras , and one fossil of greenops . and some fossils of animals i did not post because they are mesozoic or cenozoic . i can also earn 19 other elrathia kingii specimens for doing chores and being good behaved .\ni started this blog when i was seven years old and now i ' m thirteen . i retired this blog a few years ago , but i still check on it and you can still contact me . i might even post again !\nart started writing this blog at age seven and completed the majority of the work before he turned nine . he did his own research and for a long time dictated the blog entries to me , his mother . i typed exactly what he said and did my best to spell everything correctly .\nfor a glimpse into the early blogging process , check out the video below .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\na taxonomic genus within the family halysitidae \u2013 extinct tabulate corals , chain corals .\nthis page was last edited on 8 june 2017 , at 20 : 17 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011"]}
{"id": 1070, "summary": [{"text": "eulepidotis micca is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the neotropics , including panama , costa rica and ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was recorded from texas by knudson and bordelon in 2004 . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eulepidotis micca", "paragraphs": ["eulepidotis micca ( druce , 1889 ) has been reported from texas by knudson and bordelon ( 2004 ) .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from eulepidotis to their own page .\neulepidotis juliata ( stoll , 1790 ) = phalaena juliata stoll , 1790 = palindia egala walker , 1865 .\neulepidotis juncida ( guen\u00e9e , 1852 ) = palindia juncida guen\u00e9e , 1852 = palindia mabis guen\u00e9e , 1852 = palindia thecloides walker , [ 1858 ] = palindia aglaura bar , 1876 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp \u0087 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0018ftypjpx \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jpx jp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012rreq\u0001\u0080\u0080\u0000\u0001\u0000 - \u0080\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 - jp2h\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0016ihdr\u0000\u0000\u0004l\u0000\u0000\u0002\u00b9\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0007\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000fcolr\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2c\u00ffo\u00ffq\u0000 / \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002\u00b9\u0000\u0000\u0004l\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002\u00b9\u0000\u0000\u0004l\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u00ff \\ \u0000 # bp\u00b7 @ w @ w @ ] 8\u00848\u00848s0\u00af0\u00af0\u00bd ) \u0019 ) \u0019 ) d \u00fb \u00fb \u00bb\u00ff ] \u0000 $ \u0001bp \\ @ @ @ \u00078 , 8 , 8\u001b0u0u0b ( \u00bb ( \u00bb ) \u0003 \u009e \u009e ` \u00ff ] \u0000 $ \u0002bq\u0098arara59 _ 9 _ 9m1\u008f1\u008f1\u009e * \u0004 * \u0004 * v ! 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\u00fb\u00e9v\u00e7 # \u0089 ` \u00ac ) \u00df\u0001q\u0095f\u00ac\u008bd ; \u00f8l\u00f4\u00e9\u00fc\u00e4t c\u00e1\u00ach\b\u0010\u00bb\u0098\u008e\u00ba ~ > = r\u00fd\u00f6sn\u00e7 & \u0087 \u008eb\u00ec4\u00d7\u00fc\u0019zm\u0017\u00b7qu\u00e8\u00e2\u0012h\u00f9\u00a5\u00165 \u00e6\u00e6 \u00f8\u00e8 _ \u00fbz\u00bdf\u00af\u0080\u00e5\u008d\u0094l ( ' \u00e4zs ( \u0001\u00eb\u00e0 \u0090 ) \u008e ^ \u008c\u00ee a\u00e6\u00efz\u00f9\u00bczx\u00bfm\u0014 # ? \u00aa\u00e93\u00e9 $ y ( x\u0011\u0099\u0081\u00d7\u0015 \u008a\u00fd\u00f5\u00af\u001ax\u00a8\u0091\u00f3d\u00b18\u00fa ud\u00e1 ] \u008f\u008bw\u00b9\u00ebp\u00042 65\u0005\u00f1\u00ed\u00ec\u0012nj \u00ffx \\ * k4 @ / . + r\n\u00b1k\u00e7\u00fb\u00fei\u0013sc\u00f6\u00ef\u00ed\u00f1\u00a1\u00a1\u0010\u00f2\u00e9k\u0004\u00b9g\u00ab\u00f8\u00e1e9p\u00e1yw xa\u0007\u007fk\u008d\u0087\u00e4 : \u00046\u00f1\u00e1l\u00e5y\u00e3t\u00e1 wj\u0087 % \u00b8\u0082 ) 5 \\ & \u0088n\u00b7\u00a69\u0003ed\u00abqbe2\u00a6x\u0019 \u00b1\u00ec4\u00bb\u00a7\u0082\u00d7p\u00ef\u0081\u00e2 | 0\u00b1\u0014r\u00b8\b ) \u00fb\u00e5\u00e5 + \u00b7 ~ \u00f1f > \u0002\u00f4\u0084dkq\u0003\u0011\u009f\u0001\u00fen\u00a9x\u00e3\u0016\u0092\u0012\u00fe\u00ef = \u00b5r5\u0011\u00f2\u00e8\u00df < \u00ea\u0006\u00ad ' \u0013w\u00fc\u00af\u00f1\u00bfs\u00be\u001a\u00fd4\b\u00f4u\u00adb\u00a7\u00f7\u0012\u00fc\u00fa\u00a8w\u009e\u00e0d\u0013\u00b5 ( : p\u0001\u00e2 : \u00adu\u00b4 [ 3 \u00eb - \u0003a\u00fef ' \u00aa\u00f2\u00e6wt *\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1071, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia julia is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish grey and the hindwings are also whitish grey , but paler . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia julia", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nafter a light frost the previous night , the morning was pleasantly cool and sunny as eight people contributed to this week ' s survey . ground beetles belong to the large family carabidae . they are predators , actively hunting down their prey , which they dispatch with strong jaws . the beetle shown below had little trouble catching a grasshopper too cold to jump away .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1075, "summary": [{"text": "pittieria aurantiaca is a species of predatory air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family spiraxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was described based on only one specimen .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this specimen was collected by william more gabb ( 1839-1878 ) in costa rica , and the species was described under the name euglandina aurantiaca by george french angas in 1879 , after gabb 's death .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species was subsequently moved to the genus pittieria , which was created by eduard von martens in 1901 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this snail is carnivorous but it also eats honeydew while that substance is being produced by a species of lantern bug .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "a species of carpenter ant has been observed climbing onto the head of the snail in order to steal some of the honeydew while the snail is feeding in this way . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pittieria aurantiaca", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about pittieria aurantiaca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for pittieria aurantiaca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define pittieria aurantiaca in a sentence and how is the word pittieria aurantiaca used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528pittieria aurantiaca\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pittieria aurantiaca\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pittieria aurantiaca\u9020\u53e5 , pittieria aurantiaca meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nthe land snail\npittieria aurantiaca\n( previously known as\neuglandina aurantiaca\n) is a common visitor to\ne . sanguinea\n; it positions its foot above the bug ' s abdomen so that it can intercept honeydew .\n\n' pittieria aurantiaca\n' is a species of predatory air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family spiraxidae .\nan air - breathing land snail ,\npittieria aurantiaca\nfeeds on the honeydew , and this relationship is the first observed biotrophic interaction between an insects and a gastropod .\npittieria aurantiaca\nhas been observed to feed on jtl - 005 , jtl - 005 on antweb , on ants of costa rica ) positioned themselves on the head of the snail in order to\nsteal\n( kleptotrophobiosis ) honeydew from the head of the snail .\nclade euthyneura clade panpulmonata clade eupulmonata clade stylommatophora pittieria is a genus of predatory air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family spiraxidae . = = distribution = = the distribution of the genus pittieria extends from central mexico to northern panama . = = species = = species in the genus pit . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthere are no larval prey or adult - visited flower reported for . . .\ncomo otros miembros de la familia fulgoridae , colocan los huevos en . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1839 - essai sur les fulgorelles , sous - tribu de la tribu des cicadaires , ordre des rhyngotes .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves ."]}
{"id": 1083, "summary": [{"text": "ptychites is an extinct genus of cephalopods belonging to the family ptychitidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic period , from anisian to ladinian age . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "ptychites", "paragraphs": ["there are no comments for prosobranchia ptychites opulentus vintage nature illustration 1904 . click here to post the first comment .\nantique illustration not created by me . a beautifully illustrated fossilized prosobranchia ptychites opulentus , which was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails , land snails and freshwater snails . this taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s . it has however been proven to be polyphyletic . - - wikipedia\nthe middle triassic occurs chiefly in nevada and southeastern california . in the inyo range , southeastern california , about 200 feet of shaly limestones contain the following genera characteristic of the lower horizon of the middle triassic : arochordiceras , xenodiscus , hungarites , ptychites , tirolites , ceratites , and parapopanoceras .\nqueen duvet cover ( 88\nx 88\n) featuring the image\nprosobranchia ptychites opulentus vintage nature illustration 1904\nby tina lavoie . our soft microfiber duvet covers are hand sewn and include a hidden zipper for easy washing and assembly . your selected image is printed on the top surface with a soft white surface underneath . all duvet covers are machine washable with cold water and a mild detergent .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 60 . 9 , shell diameter 132 . 5\nfull reference : e . t . tozer . 1994 . canadian triassic ammonoid faunas . geological survey of canada bulletin 467 : 1 - 663\ntype specimen : gsc 28401 . its type locality is gsc 83875 , northwest of hook lake , which is in an illyrian marine horizon in the sulphur mountain formation of canada .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 20 . 0 , shell diameter 28 . 9\nhaeckel _ ammonitida . jpg : creator : ernst haeckel . derivative work : kevmin \u00a7\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nsepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .\nthe marine triassic section of . america is unusually complete , and its thickness compares favorably with that of any other region . all three subdivisions - lower , middle , and upper triassic - - are represented by calcareous deposits , aggregating approximately 4 , 000 feet in thickness . of this amount , about 800 feet belong to the lower triassic , about 1 , 000 feet to the middle triassic , and about 2 , 000 feet to the upper triassic .\nthe entire section is not represented at any one locality , nor is the thickness of each division constant . furthermore , the marine triassic is not everywhere developed as a calcareous formation . in the united states the triassic system is represented by marine deposits only in the western states , in idaho , nevada , oregon , and california .\nabove the hosselkus limestone lie the pseudomonotis slates , of unknown thickness , characterized by halorites , rhabdoceras , arcestes , and pseudomonotis .\nin the west humboldt range in nevada the star peak limestone , about 1 , 200 feet thick , appears to represent the hosselkus limestone , although very few fossils have ever been found in it . above the limestones lie the pseudomonotis beds , about 800 feet of shales and shaly limestones , in which are found pseudomonotis subcircularis , rhabdoceras , halorites , placites , and arcestes , an association characteristic of the noric horizon .\npart or all of this report is presented in portable document format ( pdf ) . for best results viewing and printing pdf documents , it is recommended that you download the documents to your computer and open them with adobe reader . pdf documents opened from your browser may not display or print as intended . download the latest version of adobe reader , free of charge . more information about viewing , downloading , and printing report files can be found here .\nu . s . department of the interior | u . s . geological survey url : urltoken page contact information : pubs warehouse contact page page last modified : november 12 , 2015 14 : 21 : 18\nevery purchase includes a 30 - day money - back guarantee . we sell thousands of products each week to buyers from all over the world . take a look at these unfiltered reviews !\nwe have the largest print - on - demand fulfillment network in the world with 15 manufacturing centers in five different countries .\nplace your order today , and it will be on its way to you within 2 - 3 business days .\nyou ' ve got questions . we ' ve got answers . visit our frequently asked questions page to view them all .\nif you can ' t find the answers to your question on our faq page , please submit a support ticket , and our staff will respond to your question ( s ) right away .\nthe watermark at the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final product .\nthe image is near the edges of the product but doesn ' t cover the entire product . some of the background color may appear around the outside edges of the image .\ni still haven ' t received my package and can not find fineartamerica ' s helpdesk . . . is there anyone that can assist in this matter ? many thanks in advance , blenda\nsorry . i ' ve made a mistake . it ' s possible to change for the king size paying the difference ?\nthis order comment will be in all caps . excellent ! much better than ever expected .\nif you ' re not happy with a purchase that you made on fineartamerica . com , for any reason , you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date . as soon as it arrives , we ' ll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price . please note - fine art america does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality .\nfine art america sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100 % money - back guarantee . we take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen fine art america to fulfill their orders , and we look forward to helping you select your next piece !\nall duvet covers ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 yu . d . zakharov , m . s . arkhangelsky , n . g . zverkov , i . v . borisov , a . m . popov , 2015 , published in tikhookeanskaya geologiya , 2015 , vol . 34 , no . 5 , pp . 73\u201380 .\na . s . dagys and s . p . ermakova , \u201ctriassic ammonoidea of northern siberia ( family parapopanoceratidae ) , \u201d tr . igig so an sssr , no . 495 , 1\u2013108 ( 1981 ) .\nk . diner , \u201ctriassic cephalopods of primorye in east siberia , \u201d tr . geol . kom .\nv . m . efimov , m . a . rogov , a . k . khudolei , et al . , \u201cfirst reliable find of ichthyosaurus remains in the middle triassic of north siberia , \u201d in\n( tml - press , tomsk , 2010 ) , pp . 343\u2013345 [ in russian ] .\nn . k . zharnikova , \u201cnew anisian ceratites of the family acrochordiceratidae , southern primorye , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 1 , 29\u201337 ( 1981 ) .\nyu . d . zakharov , a . m . popov , and i . v . konovalova , \u201cayaks bay\u2013akhlestyshev cape , \u201d in\n, ed . by p . v . markevich and yu . d . zakharov ( dal\u2019nauka , vladivostok , 2004 ) [ in russian ] .\npaleontological substantiation of the triassic stratigraphy of the primorye region . vol . 1 . cephalopods\n. vol . 2 . late triassic mollusks , tr . vsegei . nov . ser .\na . n . oleinikov and e . b . paevskaya , \u201cstratigraphy of the upper triassic deposits of the primorye region , \u201d ofioliti , no . 2 , 31\u201347 ( 1978 ) .\nv . g . ochev and i . v . polubotko , \u201cnew finds of ichthyosaurus at the northeastern ussr , \u201d izv . vyssh . uchebn . razved . , geol . razved . , no . 7 , 50\u201355 ( 1964 ) .\ni . v . polubotko and v . g . ochev , \u201cnew finds of ichthyosaurus novye in the triassic of the northeastern ussr and some notes on conditions of their deposition\u201d izv . vyssh . uchebn . razved . , geol . razved . , no . 3 , 36\u201342 ( 1972 ) .\nyu . n . popov , \u201cearly triassic ammonoids of the prohungarites similis zone in northern yakutia , \u201d paleontol . zh . , no . 2 , 134\u2013137 ( 1968 ) .\na . n . ryabinin , \u201cichthyosaurus from the upper triassic of the kolyma region , \u201d priroda ( moscow , russ . fed . ) , no . 9 , 57\u201358 ( 1946 ) .\nm . a . shishkin and v . r . lozovskii , \u201clabirintodont from triassic of the southern primorye , \u201d dokl . akad . nauk sssr\nr . assereto , \u201caegean and bithynian : proposal for two new anisian substages , \u201d oster . akad . wiss . , schrift . erdwiss . komm\nh . bucher , \u201cammonoids of the hyatti zone and the anisian transgression in the triassic star group , northwestern nevada , usa , \u201d palaeontographica . abt . a\nf . m . dalla vecchia , \u201cfirst record of the rare marine reptile tholodus schmidi from the middle triassic of the southern alps , \u201d riv . it . paleontol . strat\nj . fortuny , a . bolet , a . g . selles , et al . , \u201cnew insights on the permian and triassic vertebrates from the iberian peninsula with emphasis on the pyrenean and catalonian basins , \u201d j . iber . geol\nk . fritsch , \u201cbeitrage zur kenntnis der tierwelt der deutschen trias . \u201d abb . nat . ges . halle\no . jaekel , \u201cplacochelys placodonta aus der obertrias des bakony . resultate der wissenschaftlichen erforschung des balatonsees , \u201d palaontol . anhang . victor hornyanzky , dudapest\ne . mojsisovics , \u201cdie cephalopoden der mediaterranen triasprovince , \u201d abhandl . kaiser - konigl . geol . reich\nc . monnet , h . bucher , m . wasmer , and j . geux , \u201crevision of the genus acrochordiceras hyatt , 1877 ( ammonoidea , middle triassic ) : morphology , biometry , biostratigraphy and intra - specific variability , \u201d palaeontol .\nc . monnet , h . bucher , j . guex , and m . wasmer , \u201clarge - scale evolutionary trends of acrochordiceratidae arthaber , 1911 ( ammonoidea , middle triassic ) and cope\u2019s rule , \u201d palaeontol .\nb . uber peyer , \u201ctholodus schmidi h . v . meyer , \u201d palaeontographica . abt . a\np . m . sander and j . - m . mazin , \u201cthe paleobiogeography of middle triassic ichthyosaurs : the five major faunas , \u201d paleontol . lomb . , n . ser ,\nn . j . silberling and k . m . michols , \u201cmiddle triassic molluscan fossils of biostratigraphic significance from the humboldt range , north - western nevada , \u201d u . s . geol . surv . , prof . paper\ne . t . tozer , \u201ccanadian triassic ammonoid faunas , \u201d bull . geol . surv . canada , no . 467 , 1\u2013663 ( 1994 ) .\ny . d . zakharov , a . m . popov , and g . i . buryi , \u201ctriassic ammonoid succession in south primorye : 3 . late olenekian\u2013early anisian zones , \u201d albertiana , no . 31 , 54\u201364 ( 2004 ) .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 china university of petroleum ( beijing ) . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nby kenneth de baets 1 , ren\u00e9 hoffmann 2 , jocelyn a . sessa 3 and christian klug 4 .\nother parts of the digestive tract have been found , including the oesophagus , which is sometimes preserved because it was covered by a thin layer of chitin . further examples of fossilized soft tissue are the gills , cartilage of the head ( possibly with eye capsules ) , attachment scars from the retractor muscle system responsible for pulling the head into the conch , and two questionable cases of arm relics .\nfigure 1 \u2014 morphology and terminology of the ammonoid conch ( modified after arkell 1957 ; korn and klug 2002 ) . far left showing section across midline .\nfigure 2 \u2014 internal morphology of the ammonoid conch and specimens showing rare or unusual preservations . a ) juvenile morphology of\nsp . including the initial chamber and the rest of the embryonic shell , reconstructed by robert lemanis . b ) jurassic\nsp . with aptychus at the bottom ( blue arrow ) , parts of the siphuncle ( red arrow ) preserved and within the body chamber , stomach contents consisting mainly of crinoid remains ( black arrow ; modified from keupp 2000 ) . c ) ct scan of the carboniferous ammonoid\nwith injuries attributed to stomatopod crustaceans ( red arrows ; modified after keupp 2012 ) . e ) early cretaceous specimen of the heteromorph ammonoid\nin the 1970s , shell and septal strength were used to calculate how deep in the water column ammonoids could have descended to without imploding from the pressure of the water around them \u2013 at great depth , the surrounding water is much more dense than the gas inside the chambers of the phragmocone ( analogous to air inside a submarine ) . however , these implosion - depth values provide only the depth where implosion would occur ; they do not reveal the depths at which ammonites preferentially lived . the deepest record of a living nautilus comes from more than 700 metres depth , yet a nautilus implosion depth of about 800 metres is inferred from mathematical models . similar mathematical models for ammonoids mostly suggest much shallower implosion depths .\n1 ) often , ammonoid species have a great variability in conch shape . these different conch shapes , however , are not necessarily linked to a distinct type of environment , based on the rock types in which they are found , and a large range of shapes can occur within a single species found in the same place . nevertheless , rare studies in which variation has been examined across different environments within the same species indicate that there could be some link ; the most frequently occurring variants change with distance from the coast , and with wave agitation . one has to be very careful not to oversimplify things by assuming anything about palaeoenvironment from conch shape alone . there might be a link , but this link needs to be determined from independent evidence .\nfigure 3 \u2014 evolution of coiled ammonoid shells from straight shells and the consequences for body - chamber length , aperture orientation , thrust angle of the jet they use to move , hydrodynamic stability and interpretations for swimming capabilities throughout evolution ; rightmost column shows the evolution of aperture orientation . ( modified after klug and korn 2004 ) . bcl , body chamber length ; oa , orientation of the aperture ; dcl , decoupled chamber liquid .\nfurthermore , other types of bite traces on different taxa were probably caused by cephalopods , fish and marine reptiles living between the bottom and the upper part of the water column . this corroborates the hypothesis that different ammonoids lived in different environments , and indicates that although shell geometry sets limits to ammonoid swimming capabilities , it does not necessarily correlate closely with mode of life or habitat .\nfigure 4 \u2014 habitats and sea water temperature estimated from oxygen isotope data in extant cephalopods ( left ) and ammonoids ( right ; modified from ritterbush et al . 2014 and lukeneder et al . 2010 ) .\nfigure 5 \u2014 ammonoid morphospace after tendler et al . ( 2015 ) using the raupian parameters w , s and d ( raup 1966 ) . w , rate of size increase of the generating curve per whorl ; d , distance between the generating curve and the coiling axis ; s , shape of the generating curve , equivalent to the cross - sectional shape of the tube ( modified after klug et al . 2016 ) .\nthe ammonite shell grows by continually adding layers of calcium carbonate to the leading edge or aperture of the conch , so that their entire life history is recorded in their shells , from embryo to adult ( fig . 6 ) .\nfigure 6 \u2014 life cycle of an ammonoid , exemplified with the late devonian genus manticoceras . modified after korn and klug ( 2007 ) .\nfigure 7 \u2014 origin and diversity of ammonoids and the effects of mass extinctions ( modified after ernst and klug 2011 ) .\nfigure 8 \u2014 sutures and septa of some ammonoids ( modified after klug & hoffmann 2015 : fig . 3 . 1 ) . a ,\n( hall , 1879 ) , latest eifelian , jebel amessoui , tafilalt , morocco ; institut f\u00fcr geowissenschaften ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) ; diameter 15 centimetres . b ,\ngordon , 1862 , middle mississippian , jackfork creek , s of ada , oklahoma ( usa ) ; pimuz 31257 ( pal\u00e4ontologisches institut und museum , universit\u00e4t z\u00fcrich , switzerland ) ; diameter 43 millimetres . c ,\n( mclearn 1948 ) , sgpimh no . 3181 ( universit\u00e4t hamburg , germany ) , triassic , spitsbergen , norway ; diameter 25 millimetres ; acid - prepared specimen with phosphatized septa and siphuncle ; from weitschat ( 1986 ) . d ,\nsp . , aalenian ( jurassic ) , heiningen near g\u00f6ppingen , germany , whorl height 84 millimetres , staatliches museum f\u00fcr naturkunde stuttgart , germany , smns 23156 ( after ernst and klug 2011 ) .\ndespite being one of the most - studied fossil groups , the evolutionary relationships ( phylogeny ) of ammonoids are still not fully resolved ( so actually , fig . 7 should contain many question marks ) . this is largely because their phylogeny is based on their conchs , which have a limited amount of strongly varying characters ( conch morphology , septa , ornamentation ) .\nnevertheless , a better understanding of conch - shape changes through ontogeny might aid in resolving the group\u2019s phylogeny , and at least help to distinguish between superficially similar adult forms . studying variation within species by using many ammonoid conchs will contribute to understanding the value of characters in assessing evolutionary relationships .\nbrayard , a . , escarguel , g . , bucher , h . , monnet , c . , br\u00fchwiler , t . , goudemand , n . , galfetti , t . & guex , j . good genes and good luck : ammonoid diversity and the end - permian mass extinction . science 325 , 1118\u20131121 ( 2009 ) . urltoken\nernst , h . u . & klug , c . perlboote und ammonsh\u00f6rner weltweit . nautilids and ammonites worldwide . ( pfeil , 2011 ) . urltoken\ngrulke , w . heteromorph : the rarest fossil ammonites : nature at its most bizarre ( at one communications , 2014 ) . urltoken\nhouse , m . r . the ammonoid time - scale and ammonoid evolution . geological society , london , memoirs 10 , 273\u2013283 ( 1985 ) . doi : urltoken\nkennedy , w . j . & cobban , w . a . aspects of ammonite biology , biogeography , and biostratigraphy . special papers in palaeontology 17 , 1\u201394 ( 1976 ) . pdf .\nklug , c . , de baets , k . & korn , d . exploring the limits of morphospace : ontogeny and ecology of late vis\u00e9an ammonoids from the tafilalt ( morocco ) . acta palaeontologica polonica in the press ( 2016 ) . doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 00220 . 2015\nklug , c . & korn , d . the origin of ammonoid locomotion . acta palaeontologica polonica 49 , 235\u2013242 ( 2004 ) . pdf .\nklug , c . , riegraf , w . & lehmann , j . soft - part preservation in heteromorph ammonites from the cenomanian\u2013turonian boundary event ( oae 2 ) in north - west germany . palaeontology 55 , 1307\u20131331 ( 2012 ) . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1475 - 4983 . 2012 . 01196 . x\nklug , c . , korn , d . , de baets , k . , kruta , i . & mapes , r . h . ammonoid paleobiology : from anatomy to ecology ( springer , 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9630 - 9\nklug , c . , korn , d . , de baets , k . , kruta , i . & mapes , r . h . ammonoid paleobiology : from macroevolution to paleogeography ( springer , 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 9633 - 0\nkorn , d . & klug , c . palaeozoic ammonoids \u2014 diversity and development of conch morphology . in earth and life ( ed talent , j . ) 491\u2013534 ( springer , 2012 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 3428 - 1 _ 15\nkruta , i . , landman , n . , rouget , i . , cecca , f . & tafforeau , p . the role of ammonites in the mesozoic marine food web revealed by jaw preservation . science 331 , 70\u201372 ( 2011 ) . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1198793\nlandman , n . h . , tanabe , k . & davis , r . a . ammonoid paleobiology ( plenum , 1996 ) . doi : 10 . 1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 9153 - 2\nlemanis , r . , zachow , s . , fusseis , f . & hoffmann , r . a new approach using high - resolution computed tomography to test the buoyant properties of chambered cephalopod shells . paleobiology 41 , 313\u2013329 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1017 / pab . 2014 . 17\nlukeneder , a . , harzhauser , m . , m\u00fcllegger , s . & piller , w . e . ontogeny and habitat change in mesozoic cephalopods revealed by stable isotopes ( \u03b418o , \u03b413c ) . earth and planetary science letters 296 , 103\u2013114 ( 2010 ) . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . epsl . 2010 . 04 . 053\nritterbush , k . a . , hoffmann , r . , lukeneder , a . & de baets , k . pelagic palaeoecology : the importance of recent constraints on ammonoid palaeobiology and life history . journal of zoology 292 , 229\u2013241 ( 2014 ) . doi : 10 . 1111 / jzo . 12118\nsessa , j . a . , larina , e . , knoll , k . , garb , m . , cochran , j . k . , huber , b . t . , macleod , k . g . & landman , n . h . ammonite habitat revealed via isotopic composition and comparisons with co - occurring benthic and planktonic organisms . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 112 , 15562\u201315567 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1507554112\ntendler , a . , mayo , a . & alon , u . evolutionary tradeoffs , pareto optimality and the morphology of ammonite shells . bmc systems biology 9 , 12 ( 2015 ) . doi : 10 . 1186 / s12918 - 015 - 0149 - z\n1 geozentrum nordbayern , friedrich - alexander universit\u00e4t erlangen - n\u00fcrnberg , germany . 2 ruhr - universit\u00e4t bochum , institut f\u00fcr geologie , mineralogie und geophysik , germany . 3 american museum of natural history , new york , usa . 4 pal\u00e4ontologisches institut und museum , z\u00fcrich , switzerland .\ntagged christian klug , jocelyn a . sessa , kenneth de baets , ren\u00e9 hoffmann\nde baets , k . , hoffmann , r . , sessa , j . a . and klug , c . 2016 . fossil focus : ammonoids . palaeontology online , volume 6 , article 2 . 1 - 15 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1089, "summary": [{"text": "lepidochrysops skotios is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba , lualaba and possibly kwango ) and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in october and november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lepidochrysops skotios", "paragraphs": ["the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nvan son\u2019s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nloewenstein\u2019s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nwykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\npennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\npringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nswanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nquickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nbadham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .\nlepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlibert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 73\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1092, "summary": [{"text": "cephalotes rohweri is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head , and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "giving their name also as gliding ants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "cephalotes rohweri", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes rohweri for further details\nde andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttg . beitr . naturk . ser . b ( geol . pal\u00e4ontol . ) 271 : 1 - 889 ( page 568 , combination in cephalotes )\ncreighton , w . s . ; nutting , w . l . 1965 . the habits and distribution of cryptocerus rohweri wheeler ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche ( camb . ) 72 : 59 - 64 pdf ( page 59 , see also )\ncombination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c pdf : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 .\ncombination in cryptocerus ( cryptocerus ) : smith , 1947a pdf : 34 ; in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) : smith , 1951c : 825 ; in zacryptocerus : smith , 1979 : 1403 ; in cephalotes : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 pdf : 568 .\nturtle / shield ants of genus cephalotes are canopy forest ants , which are nesting in tree branches and wood . in their mother countries , - brazil and guyana , in south america , they love suny habits between the field and the forest . they are polymorph , minors on the video are about 4 . 4mm , majors are between 5 . 4 - 6 . 9mm and there are also media casts , forms before major and minor workers . . . . queen is black , about 10 / 11mm , very beautiful with long gaster , but quite shy and cryptic . i feed them by honeywatter for ants but also by special nectar for bumble beeses and wasps . they also like eating insects . . . they are licking their food very quickly and they aren\u00b4t eating so much food , they don\u00b4t spend many time with eating . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nthese ants nest in branches and limbs of oaks ( quercus spp . ) . food consists of honeydew and small arthropods .\na member of the wheeleri clade differing from all the other species of the clade in the worker by the head and mesosoma irregularly foveolate - rugulose and by the infuscate frontal carinae , in the soldier and in the gyne by the dense foveae on the head and by the presence of hairs around the disc . ( de andrade and baroni urbani 1999 )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\n: de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 568 . see also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 : 59 .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( only one specimen measured ) 5 . 2 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 28 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 43 mm . black ; the following ferruginous : mandibles , part of frontal carinae , apex of femora and tibiae , tarsites ii - v .\nhead opaque , trapezoidal . occipital corners not lobate , nor obliquely truncate , forming merely an obtuse angle . occipital border straight and transverse . dorsal face , excepting the rather flat , posteriorly very thick and scarcely translucid frontal carinae , and the declivous clearly limited clypeus , convex , finely and sharply punctate , coarsely foveolate , the pits wanting on the frontal carinae and on the clypeus . lower face coarsely reticulate - rugose and foveolate .\nthorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . scapular angle incorporated in the lateral pronotal crest , the latter tridentate , the anterior two teeth close together , triangular , the third tooth , forming the posterior corner of the crest , subrectangular . promesonotal suture absent . sides of mesonotum unarmed , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture absent . each side of epinotum with a slender spine , pointing laterad and slightly upward and caudad . in profile the dorsum of the thorax noticeably sloping behind pronotum , the latter convex and ascending . the entire thorax sharply punctate . dorsum reticulate - rugose , the meshes elongate on mesonotum . declivous face with longitudinal striae . laterotergite of pronotum reticulate - rugose and foveolate . pleura longitudinally rugose .\npeduncular segments opaque , their dorsal face mostly longitudinally rugose . body of petiole subglobose , its anterior face vertically truncate ; from each side of the petiole at some distance from the anterior border , arises a slender , log , slightly curved and pointed spine , pointing obliquely caudad and upward . postpetiole with anteriorly broad , posteriorly more constricted body . a slender , longer , more recurved and pointed spine arising from each side , next to the anterior border . dorsum of postpetiole , as seen in profile , nearly flat .\ngaster oval , opaque , finely and sharply punctured throughout . postpetiole insertion not emarginate , anterolateral borders immarginate . first tergite finely and densely longitudinally rugose on the sides .\nstanding hairs pointed , short , sparingly scattered over dorsum of head , thorax , peduncle and gaster , also on sternites , more oblique , but not decumbent , on legs . silvery scalelike hair minute on posterior portions of head disc , larger and more conspicuous on cheeks , dorsum of thorax , laterotergite of pronotum , dorsum of peduncular segments , lacking on gaster , but present on apical half of extensor face of femora . all foveolae on dorsum of head bear a small decumbent hair , visible only under high magnification .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 4 . 04 - 5 . 54 ; hl 0 . 96 - 1 . 28 ; hw 1 . 04 - 1 . 36 ; el 0 . 26 - 0 . 35 ; pw 0 . 92 - 1 . 22 ; pew 0 . 46 - 0 . 60 ; ppw 0 . 55 - 0 . 65 ; hbal 0 . 44 - 0 . 56 ; hbaw 0 . 09 - 0 . 12 ; ci 106 . 2 - 111 . 6 ; pi 111 . 5 - 115 . 5 ; ppei 192 . 8 - 214 . 0 ; pppi 167 . 3 - 192 . 8 ; hbai 19 . 2 - 21 . 4 .\nkempf ( 1958 ) - total length ( one specimen only measured ) 6 . 9 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 85 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 82 mm . black ; the following fuscous - ferruginous : anterolateral portions of head ( variable in extent , always much infuscated ) , extreme tip of last funicular segment , knees and tarsites ii - v\nhead supopaque , surmounted by a slightly elongate disc ( 52 : 47 ) , the borders of which are evenly rounded anteriorly , except for the supramandibular excision , subparallel and rather straight on the sides , then abruptly , yet not forming a sharp angle , curved mesad , to join the scarcely convex , subtruncate occipital border . floor of disc moderately excavated anteriorly , shallowly excavated laterally , scarcely behind , having in the center a little prominent convexity . occipital lobes subrectangular . clypeal sutures obsolete . lateral border of lower face of head not distinctly marginate . integument of head finely reticulate - punctate , more superficially and densely on dorsum , more coarsely on lower face . likewise densely covered with large , rounded foveolae , the intervals between the foveolae not as broad as the diameter of the pits .\nthorax opaque . anterior border convex in the middle , slightly concave toward the sides . anterior corner sharply dentate , the lateral border of the pronotum subparallel and crenulate in front of the carina , converging , rather straight behind the carina , not forming a prominent corner when joining the mesonotum . transverse carina sharply marginate and somewhat crenulate , broadly yet shallowly excised in the middle . promesonotal suture vestigial . lateral lobes of mesonotum scarcely projecting , broad , rounded , immarginate . mesoepinotal suture distinct . anterior and posterior corner of basal face of epinotum rounded , not angulate . on each side , somewhat in front of the posterior corner , a strong , prominent spine , pointing mainly laterad . sculpture of thorax as that of head , the foveolae sparser , except on basal face of epinotum . bottom of foveolae rather shiny . foveolae very sparse and irregularly dispersed on sides of the thorax , which also present reticulate rugosities . declivous face without macrosculpture .\npeduncular segments opaque , dorsally reticulate - rugose and foveolate , their shape and lateral processes as in worker , but their bodies are more transverse , broader , and the spines are shorter . postpetiole much broader than petiole .\ngaster dorsally opaque , ventrally more shining . postpetiolar insertion very little emarginate . anterolateral borders of gaster immarginate , never crested . first tergite heavily and densely punctate , with fine , longitudinal , dense rugosities , fading out caudad , before reaching the half . sculpture of sternite identical but more superficial .\nstanding hairs long and pointed at tip around the rim of cephalic disc anterolaterally , shorter and sparingly on dorsum of thorax , peduncle , and gaster , and on the sternites . oblique on legs . decumbent hair in foveolae of head and thorax usually very fine and scarcely visible , scalelike , silvery and glittering only on posterior border of basal face of epinotum , on peduncular segments , none on legs and gaster .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 6 . 82 - 7 . 44 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 72 ; hw 1 . 72 - 1 . 84 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 68 - 1 . 88 ; pew 0 . 62 - 0 . 72 ; ppw 0 . 76 - 0 . 88 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 57 ; hbaw 0 . 12 - 0 . 16 ; ci 106 . 9 - 109 . 5 ; pi 97 . 8 - 102 . 4 ; ppei 255 . 5 - 272 . 5 ; pppi 209 . 1 - 223 . 8 ; hbai 24 . 5 - 28 . 6 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head disc present . posterior two thirds of the head dorsum almost flat , with a broad , little protruding central tumulus . anterior third of the head moderately concave . frontal carinae broadly expanded anteriorly , converging posteriorly and connected by a convex carina on the vertex . vertexal angles round and crenulate . eyes convex and not hidden by the disc in dorsal view . anterior clypeal border concave . mandibles with a lateral carina and partially hidden by the frontal carinae .\nmesosoma flat in side view . humeral angles with an obtuse tooth anteriorly , straight posteriorly . pronotal carina marked and superficially interrupted in the middle . promesonotal suture impressed . propodeum differentiated in basal and declivous face ; basal face weakly convex dorsally , with convex sides ; declivous face little concave on the middle .\npetiole distinctly differentiated in anterior and posterior faces ; anterior face vertical , posterior face slightly convex and with unarmed sides . postpetiole broadly convex , with a small lateral denticle on one side only of the sole available specimen .\nlegs . fore coxae with anterior tumulus . mid and hind femora without angle or denticles . mid and hind basitarsi without broad base and not compressed laterally .\nsculpture . head , mesosoma and pedicel deeply punctate and covered by deep foveae broader than their interspaces , suboval and denser on the pedicel . frontal carinae punctate and with foveae sparser , smaller and shallower than in the other parts of the head . sides of the fore femora , ventral part of the mesopleurae and dorsal part of the metapleurae punctate , with superficial and sparse foveae . posterior half of the declivous face of the propodeum , legs and gaster reticulate - punctate , the same structure is present but very superficial on the ventral part of the first gastral sternite which is shining . outer face of the tibiae with oval and superficial foveae . anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite and sides of the anterior half of the first gastral sternite with anastomosing rugosities and rare foveae . few irregular rugosities on the meso - and metapleurae .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 7 . 92 - 8 . 24 ; hl 1 . 60 - 1 . 64 ; hw 1 . 64 - 1 . 72 ; el 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 60 - 1 . 68 ; pew 0 . 55 - 0 . 56 ; ppw 0 . 66 - 0 . 78 ; hbal 0 . 64 ; hbaw 0 . 14 ; ci 102 . 5 - 104 . 9 ; pi 102 . 4 - 102 . 5 ; ppei 285 . 7 - 305 . 4 ; pppi 205 . 1 - 254 . 5 ; hbai 21 . 9 .\nworker , soldier . type locality : buehman canyon , santa catalina mountains ( arizona ) . type material : lectotype soldier in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , syntypes workers and soldiers in the u . s . national museum , washington , d . c . , museum of comparative zoology , museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo ( kempf , 1958 a : 129 ) , examined in part .\nkempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 129 , see also )\nmackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .\nsmith , d . r . 1979 . superfamily formicoidea . pp . 1323 - 1467 in : krombein , k . v . , hurd , p . d . , smith , d . r . , burks , b . d . ( eds . ) catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 2 . apocrita ( aculeata ) . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution pr ( page 1403 , combination in zacryptocerus )\nsmith , m . r . 1947a . ants of the genus cryptocerus f . , in the united states . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 49 : 29 - 40 ( page 35 , queen described )\nsmith , m . r . 1951c . family formicidae . pp . 778 - 875 in : muesebeck , c . f . , krombein , k . v . , townes , h . k . ( eds . ) hymenoptera of america north of mexico . synoptic catalogue . u . s . dep . agric . agric . monogr . 2 : 1 - 1420 . ( page 825 , combination in paracryptocerus ( harnedia ) )\nwheeler , w . m . 1916i . two new ants from texas and arizona . proc . n . engl . zool . club 6 : 29 - 35 ( page 32 , fig . 2 soldier , worker described )\nthis page was last modified on 24 march 2015 , at 06 : 33 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nwheeler , 1916i pdf : 32 , fig . 2 ( s . w . )\nsee also : kempf , 1958a : 129 ; creighton & nutting , 1965 pdf : 59 .\n1 times found in sonoran desert , 1 times found in burrow of aemaeodera .\n1 times byrant lot 25 , 0 times desert hackberry , 1 times direct collection , 1 times general collecting , 0 times in cercidium microphyllum .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nresearch in our lab focuses on three main areas , all using social insects as model systems . first , the emergence of complexity and increased efficiency through collective behavior ; second , effects of scaling in complex systems ; and third , the role of learning and individual variability for collective success . we use a combination of empirical lab studies and theoretical approaches , such as individual - based simulations , as well as fieldwork . our main model systems are the bumble bee\nevolution of collective behavior why division of labor in groups ? what is the adaptive benefit of worker polymorphism in bumble bees ? optimal allocation of defense specialists task allocation mechanisms and collective performance mechanisms of collective behavior polydomy in ants and coordination between nests spatial order in bumble bee nests learning and task performance scaling in insect colonies colony size , density , and energy use other topics individual vs . social optimal search patterns\neven within the same colony , bumble bees produce workers of strongly varying sizes concurrently ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . what is the adaptive function of this size variation ? we are testing the hypotheses that ( 1 ) different - sized workers are adaptive as specialists for different tasks ( perhaps not , in prep , even though body size is clearly predictive of what tasks workers perform : jandt et al . 2009 , jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) ; ( 2 ) that they are the result of a trade - off between cheap , low - quality and expensive , high - quality workers ( perhaps , in prep ) ; that ( 3 ) small workers have other benefits besides being cheaper to produce , even if they do not perform any task well ( they may live longer under conditions of dearth , couvillon & dornhaus 2010 ) ; or ( 4 ) that they are the non - adaptive result of a biased larval care system . we have also found that small workers do not seem to be adapted to flying at hotter temperatures ( couvillon et al . 2010 ) . there is however some evidence that colonies which do have workers of varying body size perform better at some tasks ( in prep ) .\nwe are studying the interactions and the exchange of workers , brood , and food between the nests of polydomous colonies .\nwe show that in colonies of bumble bees , bombus impatiens ( 1 ) workers tend to remain at a specific distance from the colony center independent of their age , and thus the spatial pattern of workers on the nest is not random ; ( 2 ) smaller individuals maintain smaller spatial zones and tend to be closer to the center ; and ( 3 ) individuals who are more likely to perform brood care tend to remain in the center of the nest , whereas foragers are more often found on the periphery of the nest when not foraging ( jandt & dornhaus 2009 ) . as brood is present in all areas of the nest , this leads to larvae in the center of the nest being fed more frequently than those in the periphery . as a consequence of this , ( 4 ) larvae in the periphery of the nest remain smaller and form smaller workers . this is a mechanism creating worker polymorphism ( couvillon & dornhaus 2009 ) . what is the mechanism creating spatial preferences in workers ? ongoing studies will address this .\nthe problem of how to compromise between speed and accuracy in decision - making faces organisms at many levels of biological complexity . striking parallels are evident between decision making in primate brains an collective decision - making in social insect colonies : in both systems separate populations accumulate evidence for alternative choices , when one population reaches a threshold a decision is made , and this threshold may be varied to compromise between the speed and accuracy of decision - making . we analyze the properties of both of these systems , and show in which ways the ant collective decision making system may be statistically optimal ( marshall et al . 2009 ) .\nwe used data from published literature to characterize commonalities and differences in host choice between the four major types of ant social parasitism : xenobiosis , temporary parasitism , dulosis , and inquilinism . our analysis shows that xenobiotic parasites tend to have single or multiple host species that are very distantly related and have medium to large host colonies . temporary parasites tend to have multiple host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . dulotic parasites tend to have multiple host species that are slightly less related and have host colonies of any size . lastly , inquiline parasites tend to have single host species that are very closely related and have medium host colonies . in addition , a parasite tends to be very closely related to its host when the parasite has a single host species or large host colony sizes ( huang & dornhaus 2008 ) .\nclick on the following parts to open different image pages from this road trip . from any image page , click the red home tab to get back to this home page\nseinet plants of the superstitions by k . c . rice wayne ' s word trivia note about the turtle ant\na lthough i did not find the turtle ant on this road trip , i did make another interesting ant discovery in the superstitions . i found a minute army ant of the genus neivamyrmex under a rock . based on its minute size and several other distinguishing characteristics , i think it may be the seldom observed species n . nyensis . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi ! a nearby rock had an equally small species of forelius , but army ants are easy to distinguish because they do not have eyes . since they are blind , they must trail closely behind each other , like following the car in front of you in dense fresno ground fog .\narmy ant worker ( neivamyrmex ) from under a rock on superstition mountain . based on the description and key to neivamyrmex in urltoken ( and small size ) , it appears to be n . nyensis , a seldom observed species . according to neivamyrmex authority gordon snelling ( personal communication , 26 jan . 2017 ) , it is n . leonardi !"]}
{"id": 1094, "summary": [{"text": "faristenia geminisignella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east , korea and japan ( honshu ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on acer mono . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "faristenia geminisignella", "paragraphs": ["faristenia geminisignella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 614 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia geminisignella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )\nfaristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 601 ; ts : faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko\nfaristenia furtumella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia jumbongae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia maritimella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia omelkoi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia praemaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nfaristenia quercivora ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nfaristenia ussuriella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nfaristenia angustivalvata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia circulicaudata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia cornutivalvaris li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia impenicilla li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia kangxianensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia medimaculata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia pallida li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia triangula li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia wuyiensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia furtumella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nfaristenia maritimella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 613 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai\nfaristenia ussuriella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nfaristenia acerella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 606 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia cornutivalvaris ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )\nfaristenia medimaculata ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125 ( note )\nfaristenia omelkoi ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia quercivora ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia triangula ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )\nfaristenia mukurossivora ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : honshu , nara\nfaristenia polemica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336\nfaristenia nemoriella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 14 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , khasanskii distr . , 14km sw slavyanka , ryazanovka\nfaristenia hirowatarii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : [ honshu ] , mt . wasamata , nara pref .\nfaristenia kanazawai ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : daisenji , mt daisen , tottori pref , japan\nfaristenia acerella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nfaristenia atrimaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nfaristenia nakatanii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 68 ; tl : japan , ryukyus , okinawa pref . , kunigami vill . , yona\nueda & ponomarenko , 2000 two new species of the genus faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 119 - 126\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nlarva on acer ginnala ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nlarva on acer mono ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nlarva on sapindus mukurossi ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125\nchelaria polemica meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : kalimpong , bengal\nlarva on michelia campaca ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nchelaria praemaculata meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1096, "summary": [{"text": "alticus sertatus is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western central pacific ocean around the nations of fiji and tonga . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "alticus sertatus", "paragraphs": ["which taxonomic groups does the genus alticus belong to and what are the different alticus species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus alticus belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .\nalticus saliens ( j . r . forster , 1788 ) ( leaping blenny )\nalticus simplicirrus smith - vaniz & v . g . springer , 1971 ( marquesan rockstripper )\nalticus sertatus ( garman , 1903 ) : fricke et al . ( 2011 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ] fricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) . stuttgarter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde a , neue serie , 4 : 341 - 463 .\nwhich are the most common photographed alticus species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\nalticus is a genus of combtooth blennies found in the pacific and indian oceans . it is one of 57 genera in the family blenniidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nmarine species occasionally found in the mouths of rivers . the actual occurrence of this euryhaline species in freshwater is uncertain ( ref . 4342 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 1106, "summary": [{"text": "pheidole purpurea is a dimorphic species of ant found in mexico and central america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species shows considerable variance in physical characteristics based on location , though some variance exists even within small populations .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some populations display a metallic , purple sheen . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pheidole purpurea", "paragraphs": ["a member of the diligens group , similar in various characters to pheidole coffeicola , pheidole davidsonae , pheidole gagates , pheidole hoelldobleri , pheidole peregrina , pheidole spilota , pheidole venatrix and pheidole zelata , distinguished as follows .\npheidole : a major worker ant of the species pheidole purpurea ( photo : wiki commons / john t . longino )\none minor worker from a 500m site in northern chiapas ( metzabok ) and one minor worker from a lowland site in the lacandon rainforest of northern chiapas ( play\u00f3n de la gloria ) have a faint purple sheen , like pheidole purpurea . unlike p . purpurea , the pronotum is smooth and shining . these collections do not have associated majors , and given the similarity of minor workers of p . mooreorum and p . purpurea , these may be variants of p . purpurea instead of p . mooreorum .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see pheidole mooreorum for further details\nlongino , j . t . 2009 . additions to the taxonomy of new world pheidole . zootaxa 2181 : 1 - 90 . pdf\nabouheif got the idea of trying to generate these supersoldier traits in otherwise ordinary ants after an unusual encounter collecting pheidole ants for his research .\nin chiapas , mexico , p . mooreorum is broadly sympatric with p . purpurea , with the former being more abundant in middle to high elevations and the latter relatively more abundant in the lowlands . the minor workers are indistinguishable in the sierra madre de chiapas , where both have an intermediate sculptural condition on the minor worker pronotum and neither have the purple sheen . in the chiapas lowlands they are more differentiated , with p . mooreorum having a smooth pronotum and no purple sheen , and p . purpurea having a sculptured pronotum and often a purple sheen .\nfariasana . pheidole fariasana wilson , 2003 : 155 , figs . ( s . w . ) mexico . junior synonym of mooreorum : longino , 2009 : 56 .\nlongino , j . t . , 2009 , additions to the taxonomy of new world pheidole ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 2181 , pp . 1 - 90\nthe distinctive major workers have earned the genus pheidole the nickname of\nbig - headed ants .\nthe major workers of a pheidole colony , while they may look fierce , are often quite shy and are often the first to flee on any hint of danger . many pheidole species are the prey of parasitoid phorid flies that lay their eggs on the major workers ; the fly larvae grow mainly in the head capsules of the victims , eventually decapitating them , and probably would starve in the bodies of minor workers .\nnamed in honor of gordon and betty moore , in recognition of their outstanding contribution in service and support to tropical conservation , hence the habitats in which the pheidole ants will continue to exist .\nwilson , e . o . 2003 . pheidole in the new world : a dominant , hyperdiverse ant genus . harvard university press , cambridge , ma . ( page 209 , fig . major , minor described )\nin most cases , the major workers are employed within the nest to break up large food items , or outside to carry large items , such as seeds ; many pheidole species are ecologically important seed consumers (\nharvesters\n) .\nmost species of pheidole are dimorphic , which means that colonies contain two castes of workers : the\nminor\nworkers , and the\nmajor\nworkers , or\nsoldiers\n. the latter generally have enormous heads and mandibles in comparison to their usually fairly modest body size .\npheidole fariasana holotype major worker and associated paratype minor worker : mexico , tamaulipas , 1 mi e gomez farias , 1400 ' , 23 dec 1972 , deciduous tropical forest , nesting in ground under stone ( r . j . hamton , a . b . hamton , b . s . ikeda ) mcz ( examined ) .\nall ant species are made up of castes , or groups of ants exclusively designed for specific tasks . typically an ant colony is made up of the queen , worker ants and drones , but a few ant species have evolved additional , specialized castes that help to meet the peculiar needs of that species . for example , among the more than 1 , 000 ant species known to encompass the genus pheidole , only eight contain castes of giant - headed\nsupersoldiers\nthat use their oversized noggins to protect the colony from invaders .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nlongino , 2009 pdf : 67 , fig . 19 ( s . w . )\noccurs in wet to moist forest , from sea level to nearly 1700m . it can be a common epigaeic forager , recruiting rapidly to baits on the ground and often recruiting major workers to baits . a nest was observed beneath a stone .\nat the same site ) . two minor workers from the northern end of the sierra madre de chiapas ( sierra morena ) , tentatively identified as\nholotype major worker . mexico , chiapas : 21km sw salto de agua , 17 . 38542\u00b0n 92 . 42802\u00b0w , \u00b1200m , 180m , 15 jun 2008 ( llama # ba - a - 08 - 3 - 01 - 10 ) [ unam , unique specimen identifier casent0609143 ] .\nparatypes : major and minor workers . same data as holotype ; same data but llama # ba - a - 08 - 3 - 03 - 18 and ba - a - 08 - 3 - 04 - 18 [ bmnh , cas , fmnh , inbc , jtlc , lacm , mcz , mhng , miza , mzsp , ucd , unam , usnm ] .\nmeasurements ( paratype ) : hl 0 . 66 , hw 0 . 55 , hla 0 . 24 , sl 0 . 85 , el 0 . 15 , ml 0 . 86 , psl 0 . 04 , pmg 0 . 03 , spl 0 . 03 , ptw 0 . 11 , ppw 0 . 16 , ci 83 , si 156 , psli 6 , pmgi 4 , spli 4 , ppi 146 .\nmeasurements ( holotype ) : hl 1 . 18 , hw 1 . 12 , hla 0 . 37 , sl 0 . 89 , el 0 . 20 , ml 1 . 10 , psl 0 . 07 , pmg 0 . 03 , spl 0 . 05 , ptw 0 . 19 , ppw 0 . 28 , iht 0 . 40 , oht 0 . 50 , ci 96 , si 79 , psli 6 , pmgi 3 , spli 4 , ppi 148 , hti 80 .\noccurs in mesophyl forest throughout the state of chiapas , mexico , from sea level to nearly 1700m . it can be a common epigaeic forager , recruiting rapidly to baits on the ground and often recruiting major workers to baits . a nest was observed beneath a stone .\n. major worker : a , face view ; b , lateral view ; c , dorsal view ; d , hypostomal margin . minor worker : e , face view ; f , lateral view ; g , dorsal view ; h , hind tibia . a - c , holotype major worker ; d , non - type major worker ; e - h , paratype minor worker . scale bar 0 . 5mm for e , 1mm for others .\nmexico : chiapas , sierra morena , 16\u00b009 ' 15\nn , 93\u00b035 ' 23\nw , 1150m ( j . longino ) ; custepec , 15\u00b042 ' 46\nn , 92\u00b056 ' 25\nw , 1660m ( llama ) ; 13 . 7km nw metzabok , 17\u00b011 ' 26\nn , 91\u00b044 ' 15\nw , 540m ( r . s . anderson ) ; 2km s playon de la gloria , 16\u00b008 ' 19\nn , 90\u00b054 ' 05\nw , 170m ( llama ) ; 12km nw flor de cafe , 16\u00b008 ' 25\nn , 91\u00b016 ' 17\nw , 520m ( r . s . anderson ) ; 8km se salto de agua , 17\u00b030 ' 57\nn , 92\u00b018 ' 10\nw , 100m ( llama ) ; lago metzabok , 17\u00b007 ' 32\nn , 91\u00b037 ' 51\nw , 570m ( llama ) ; 8km se salto de agua , 17\u00b030 ' 51\nn , 92\u00b017 ' 41\nw , 70m ( llama ) ; naha , 16\u00b058 ' 47\nn , 91\u00b035 ' 08\nw , 860m ( llama ) ; 15km ene huixtla , 15\u00b011 ' n , 92\u00b020 ' w , 1200m ( i . perfecto ) .\n26 times found in 2\u00ba wet forest , 37 times found in 2\u00ba lowland rainforest , 26 times found in tropical rainforest , 20 times found in lowland wet forest , 8 times found in mesophil forest , 8 times found in 2\u00ba lowland tropical rainforest , 7 times found in mature wet forest , 6 times found in tropical moist forest , 3 times found in bosque tropical h\u00famedo , 1 times found in coffee farm , . . .\n85 times at bait , 67 times ex sifted leaf litter , 1 times under stone , 1 times beating vegetation , 1 times at tuna bait .\n82 times baiting , 40 times miniwinkler , 23 times maxiwinkler , 3 times bait , 3 times berlese , 2 times search , 1 times at bait , 1 times beating , 1 times winkler .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nthis species occurs in a wide variety of habitats : dry forest , rainforest , and cloud forest , from sea level to 1800m elevation , in disturbed synanthropic habitats or less disturbed forest with intact canopy . it can be locally common . collections are most often from baits on forest floor , or scattered workers in winkler samples . major workers are often recruited to baits along with minor workers . the types of p . fariasana were from a nest found beneath a stone . ( longino 2009 )\nmexico ( tamaulipas ) to costa rica ( northern pacific lowlands and northern cordilleras ) .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nsparse minor worker collections from montane sites in guatemala , and multiple collections with major workers from lowland dry forest habitat in northwestern costa rica are , on average , like the type series of p . fariasana . occasionally the sculpture is more extensive . in some lighting conditions the costa rican material may have a very faint purple sheen .\nin the cordillera de tilar\u00e1n in costa rica , in moist forest around 1400m elevation , a relatively uniform population occurs in which the minor workers have a strongly sculptured pronotum , and the minor workers are somewhat bicolored , with mesosoma light brown and head and gaster darker brown .\ngiven the high degree of morphological variability , it is likely that p . mooreorum will resolve into multiple cryptic species .\nmajor : head and body overall richly pilose ; sides of head in full - face view relatively straight and parallel ; mesonotal convexity prominent , its apex seen from the side tilted forward ; humerus in dorsal - oblique view lobose , and pronotum weakly bilobose ; postpetiole elliptical from above ; rugoreticulum absent from head , and carinulae absent from frontal lobes .\nminor : occiput narrowed , with nuchal collar ; dorsal promesonotal profile in dorsal - oblique view smoothly rounded ; head and body abundantly pilose .\nmeasurements ( mm ) holotype major : hw 1 . 12 , hl 1 . 24 , sl 0 . 86 , el 0 . 20 , pw 0 . 62 . paratype minor : hw 0 . 66 , hl 0 . 78 , sl 0 . 94 , el 0 . 14 , pw 0 . 44 .\ncolor major : head and body rich medium reddish brown , appendages light reddish brown .\nminor : head and body plain dark brown ; appendages light to yellowish brown except for tarsi , which are yellow .\nfigure . upper : holotype , major . lower : paratype , minor . scale bars = 1 mm .\nholotype major worker and associated paratype minor worker : mexico , veracruz , los tuxtlas , 10km nnw sontecomapan , 18\u00b035 ' n 95\u00b005 ' w , 200m , 20 mar 1985 , ground foragers , rainforest ( p . s . ward 7339 ) museum of comparative zoology ( examined ) .\nthis page was last modified on 8 december 2015 , at 13 : 50 .\n. the genus is widespread and ecologically dominant . it probably includes more than a thousand species\nin addition , as in other ant species , a colony may contains one or several queens and also , in mature colonies , alates , virgin winged females and males .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ntreating ant larvae with a hormone at a particular point in their development transforms them into gigantic soldiers with mega - oversized heads .\nin the comic book\ncaptain america ,\nthe captain is created after being injected with a top secret\nsuper - soldier serum\ncapable of transforming even scrawny men into formidable supersoldiers .\nnow an international team of scientists led by dr . ehab abouheif of mcgill university in montreal has discovered a simple hormone treatment that could turn this fiction into a reality . that is , if you happen to be an ant .\nabouheif ' s team has learned how to mutate any ordinary worker ant into a giant - headed , armor - clad\nsupersoldier\nmerely by adding a hormone during a particular point in the ant larvae ' s development , according to the bbc . the breakthrough technique could possibly be used to unlock hidden traits in other species too , say researchers .\nwe were collecting [ the ants ] on long island , new york , and we noticed some monstrous - looking soldiers ,\nhe said .\nsince the species he was observing at the time wasn ' t known to include a supersoldier caste , abouheif became curious about where the mega - domed specimens had come from . closer study revealed that they were actually mutants \u2014 ants that had had their development altered after hormonal abnormalities occurred during their larval stage .\nabouheif realized this likely meant that supersoldier traits were inherent \u2014 just unexpressed \u2014 in the ant species . he went on to use the hormonal treatment to successfully generate a supersoldier caste in at least two\nordinary\nant species that do not naturally express it .\nif you treat any species at the right time in development , just with a hormone , you can induce the development of the supersoldier ,\nhe suggested .\nthe fact that you can induce it in all these different species [ that don ' t naturally have that caste ] , means that one common ancestor of all these species had [ supersoldiers ] .\nabouheif also believes that a similar technique could be used to unlock hidden ancestral traits in a variety of organisms besides just ants . for instance , he thinks some crop plants could potentially be altered to produce a higher nutritional value . he even thinks a cure for cancer might be found using the technique .\nwho ' s to say that all of that crazy growth that occurs in cancer isn ' t the unleashing of some kind of ancestral potential ?\nhe said .\nmaybe a real life captain america isn ' t that far off after all .\nhumans carry their babies for 9 months , but that\u2019s nothing compared to these amazing creatures .\nthe black - footed cat may be tiny , but it will walk 20 miles in pursuit of prey .\nhumpback whales have been witnessed foiling killer whale hunts from antarctica to the north pacific .\ntry our newsletter for optimistic innovations , seasonal recipes , strong communities and the smartest ways to lead a sustainable lifestyle .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreport by john t . ( jack ) longino , the evergreen state college .\nthis is a working list of the ants of monta\u00f1a chiclera , guatemala , based on project llama sampling . specimen records have been uploaded to the antweb database and are periodically updated .\nthis is a static webpage with links to the antweb species pages , where you can see distribution maps on google earth . if links are dead , that means the database has changed as hypotheses of species boundaries evolve and names change ."]}
{"id": 1119, "summary": [{"text": "procalyptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are small brown moths with fringed wings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "procalyptis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for procalyptis definition . you find here procalyptis meaning , synonyms of procalyptis and images for procalyptis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word procalyptis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word procalyptis and , of course , procalyptis synonyms and on the right images related to the word procalyptis .\nliberatrix diakonoff , 1947 ( procalyptis ) , tijdschr . ent . 88 : 341 . tl : christmas island , christmas island [ australia ] . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nturner , a . j . 1925 ,\nnew australian lepidoptera\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 49 , pp . 37 - 60\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c4138273 - 4a23 - 48df - 9baa - e707a1ac0ab2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 416765\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ngross , g . f . 1970 ,\na revision of the australian pentatomid bugs of the genus cephaloplatus white ( hemiptera : pentatomidae : pentatominae )\n, records of the south australian museum ( adelaide ) , vol . 16 , pp . 1 - 58\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 09342aee - f50c - 48f9 - ada5 - a7cac68bdadc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 270041\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nacrocindina diakonoff , 1983 ( adoxophyes ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 120 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara . holotype : ncb . male .\nafonini razowski , 2009 ( adoxophyes ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 50 . tl : vietnam , mt . ngoclinh . holotype : mnhu . male .\naniara diakonoff , 1941 ( adoxophyes ) , treubia 18 : 36 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( etappen mt . ) . lectotype : ncb . male .\naurantia clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 127 . tl : micronesia , ponape , colonia . holotype : usnm . female .\naurantiana bradley , 1961 ( adoxophyes ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 10 : 118 . tl : solomon islands , holotype : bmnh . male .\naurata diakonoff , 1968 ( adoxophyes ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 257 ( 1967 ) : 11 . tl : philippine islands , luzon , mt . makiling . holotype : usnm . male .\nbalioleuca clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 136 . tl : micronesia , ponape , n slope tamatamansakir . holotype : usnm . male .\nbeijingensis zhou , qui & fu , 1997 ( adoxophyes ) , entomotaxonomia 19 : 130 . tl : china , beijing . holotype : izas . male .\nbematica meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 206 . tl : solomon islands , treasury island . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nchloromydra meyrick , 1926 ( adoxophyes ) , sarawak mus . j . 3 : 147 . tl : borneo , sarawak , mt . dulit . holotype : unknown . female . [ lost ]\ncongruana walker , 1863 ( dichelia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 320 . tl : china , shanghai . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nshanghaiana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 327 . tl : china . shanghai . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncontroversa diakonoff , 1952 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 1 ) : 156 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( rattan camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\ncroesus diakonoff , 1975 ( adoxophyes ) , zool . meded 48 ( 26 ) : 297 . tl : indonesia , sw celebes , lindoe paloe . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncyrtosema meyrick , 1886 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1886 : 276 . tl : tonga , lectotype : bmnh . male .\nnovohebridensis diakonoff , 1961 ( adoxophyes ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 130 : 53 . tl : new hebrides . holotype : mnhn . male .\ndubia yasuda , 1998 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 : 167 . tl : japan , honshu , osaka prefecture , mt . inunakisan . holotype : opu . male .\nergatica meyrick , 1911 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . linn . soc . lond . 14 : 267 . tl : seychelles , seychelles ( silhouette , mare - aux - cochons ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nfasciata walsingham , 1900 ( adoxophyes ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 482 tl : japan , honshu . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nminor shiraki , 1913 ( archips ) , spec . rep . formosa agric . exp . stn . 8 ( 1913 ) : 356 . tl : taiwan . formosa [ taiwan ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nreticulana hubner , [ 1818 - 1819 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 43 , fig . 271 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsutschana caradja , 1926 ( capua ) , dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 41 . tl : china . sutschan , ussuri . lectotype : mgab . male .\nfasciculana walker , 1866 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 : 1785 . tl : indonesia , molucca islands , ceram . holotype : bmnh . male .\nasciculata meyrick , in wagner , 1912 ( adoxophyes ) , lepid . cat . 10 : 14 . no type\nepipepla lower , 1908 ( capua ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 32 : 318 . tl : australia . queensland , cooktown . holotype : sama . male . [ lost ]\nluzonica sauber , in semper , 1902 ( tortrix ) , schmett . philipp . 2 : 703 . tl : philippine islands . luzon . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nflagrans meyrick , 1912 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 3 . tl : myanmar , upper burma [ myanmar ] ( maymyo ) . holotype : bmnh . female .\nfurcatana walker , 1863 ( dichelia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 319 . tl : usa , north america . holotype : bmnh . male .\nheteroidana meyrick , 1881 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 429 . tl : australia , queensland , rosewood . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nablepta turner , 1945 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 69 : 61 . tl : australia . queensland , toowoomba . holotype : qmb . female .\namblychroa turner , 1945 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 69 : 61 . tl : australia . queensland , toowoomba . lectotype : qmb . male .\nhonmai yasuda , 1998 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 : 164 . tl : japan , honshu , osaka prececture , sakai . holotype : opu . male .\nhorographa meyrick , 1928 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 454 . tl : bismarck archipelago , new britain . holotype : bmnh . female .\ninstillata meyrick , 1922 ( adoxophyes ) , ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 2 . tl : australia , queensland , herberton . holotype : nhrs . male .\nlibralis meyrick , 1927 ( adoxophyes ) , insects samoa 3 ( 2 ) : 69 . tl : samoan islands , upolu , apia . holotype : bmnh . female .\nmarmarygodes diakonoff , 1952 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 1 ) : 160 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( top camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\nmelia clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 133 . tl : micronesia , guam , fabian . holotype : usnm . male .\nmelichroa lower , 1899 ( capua ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 24 : 92 . tl : australia , queensland , mackay . syntype ( s ) : sama . 1 female .\nrufostriatana pagenstecher , 1900 ( tortrix ) , zoologica 12 ( 29 ) : 226 tl : new guinea . new guinea . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmicroptycha diakonoff , 1957 ( adoxophyes ) , mem . inst . scient . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 237 . tl : reunion island , saint - philippe , fort du brl de mare - longue . holotype : mnhn . male .\nmoderatana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 328 . tl : borneo , sarawak . holotype : bmnh . male .\nepizeucta meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 207 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( woodlark island ; solomon islands ( isabel island ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\ninsignifica rothschild , 1915 ( parascaptia ) , lepid . br . ornith . union wollaston exped . 2 ( 15 ) : 46 . tl : new guinea . new guinea . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nprosiliens meyrick , 1928 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 454 . tl : india . andaman islands , port blair . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmolybdaina clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 138 . tl : micronesia , ponape , colonia . holotype : usnm . male .\nnebrodes meyrick , 1920 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 339 . tl : new guinea , new guinea . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nnegundana mcdunnough , 1923 ( homona ) , can . ent . 55 : 166 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . holotype : cnc . male .\nnemorum diakonoff , 1941 ( adoxophyes ) , treubia 18 : 405 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . gede , tjibodas . lectotype : zmbj . male .\norana fischer von roslerstamm , 1834 ( tortrix ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 13 tl : germany , bohemian germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npanxantha lower , 1901 ( capua ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 25 : 75 . tl : australia , queensland , cooktown . lectotype : sama . female .\nparaorana byun , in byun et al . , 2012 ( adoxophyes ) , animal cells and systems 16 : 156 . tl : korea , namyangju . holotype : kna . male .\nparastropha meyrick , 1912 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 3 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncentroluta diakonoff , 1951 ( adoxophyes ) , ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 : 63 . tl : india . burma [ myanmar ] . holotype : nhrs . male .\nperangusta diakonoff , 1960 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 53 ( 2 ) : 12 . tl : madagascar , east madagascar . holotype : mnhn . male .\nperitoma meyrick , 1918 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 167 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( antananarivo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nperstricta meyrick , 1928 ( adoxophyes ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 453 . tl : indonesia , java . lectotype : bmnh . female .\npoecilogramma clarke , 1976 ( adoxophyes ) , insects micronesia 9 ( 1 ) : 125 . tl : micronesia , kusaie , hill 1010 . holotype : usnm . male .\nprivatana walker , 1863 ( dichelia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 320 . tl : india , hindostan . holotype : bmnh . male .\neuryomis meyrick in gardiner , 1902 ( adoxophyes ) , fauna geogr . maldive laccadive arch 1 : 126 . tl : india . lectotype : umce . unknown .\nprivata caradja , 1938 ( adoxophyes ) , dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 111 . no type\npsammocyma meyrick , 1908 ( epagoge ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 617 . tl : india , palni hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nrevoluta meyrick , 1908 ( epagoge ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 618 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrhopalodesma diakonoff , 1961 ( adoxophyes ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 130 : 56 . tl : indonesia , waigeu island ( camp nok ) [ indonesia ] . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntelesticta meyrick , 1930 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 78 : 310 . tl : mauritius , ile maurice , curepipe . lectotype : mnhn . male .\ntemplana pagenstecher , 1900 ( tortrix ) , zoologica 12 ( 29 ) : 225 tl : bismarck archipelago , new pommern ( bismarck archipelago ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nioterma meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 205 . tl : australia . queensland , cairns . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nthelcteropa turner , 1945 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 69 : 60 . tl : australia . north queensland , cape york . holotype : qmb . male .\ntetraphracta meyrick , 1938 ( adoxophyes ) , trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 505 . tl : papua new guinea , mt . tafa . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nacropeta diakonoff , 1952 ( adoxophyes ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 1 ) : 159 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( nassau range , top camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\nthoracica diakonoff , 1941 ( adoxophyes ) , treubia 18 : 33 . tl : new guinea , north new guinea ( head camp , near malu ) . lectotype : ncb . male .\ntripselia lower , 1908 ( capua ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 32 : 318 . tl : australia , queensland , mackay . syntypes : bmnh . 3 males . [ lost ]\ntrirhabda diakonoff , 1969 ( adoxophyes ) , zool . meded 43 : 1 . tl : papua new guinea , central district , konedabu . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvindicata meyrick , 1910 ( adoxophyes ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 207 . tl : solomon islands , choiseul . holotype : bmnh . female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrhizophora mucronata ( loop - root mangrove , red mangrove or asiatic mangrove afrikaans : rooiwortelboom , xhosa : isikhangathi , zulu : umhlume ) is a species of mangrove found on coasts and river banks in the indo - pacific region .\nusda zone : 10 low temperature : 30 f\u00b0 ( - 1 . 1 c\u00b0 ) \u2192 40 f\u00b0 ( 4 . 4 c\u00b0 )\nusda zone : 11 low temperature : 40 f\u00b0 ( 4 . 4 c\u00b0 ) \u2192 50 f\u00b0 ( 10 c\u00b0 )\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 i - tree species v . 4 . 0 , developed by the usda forest service ' s northern research station and suny - esf using the horticopia , inc . plant database . \u2666 2 kattge , j . et al . ( 2011b ) try - a global database of plant traits global change biology 17 : 2905 - 2935 \u2666 3 chave j , coomes d , jansen s , lewis sl , swenson ng , zanne ae ( 2009 ) towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum . ecology letters 12 : 351 - 366 . zanne ae , lopez - gonzalez g , coomes da , ilic j , jansen s , lewis sl , miller rb , swenson ng , wiemann mc , chave j ( 2009 ) data from : towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum . dryad digital repository . \u2666 4 ben - dov , y . , miller , d . r . & gibson , g . a . p . scalenet 4 november 2009 \u2666 5 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1121, "summary": [{"text": "cosipara delphusa is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by herbert druce in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico and guatemala .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are pale greyish brown , crossed by two waved white lines edged with black on the inner side .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a dark brown spot partly crossing the wing from the costal margin towards the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are semihyaline greyish white , slightly shaded with brown near the apex . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cosipara delphusa", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for delphusa definition . you find here delphusa meaning , synonyms of delphusa and images for delphusa copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\ncosipara delphusa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by druce in 1896 . it is found in mexico and guatemala .\nspecies : zipcodezoo has pages for 8 species and subspecies in the genus cosipara : c . chiricahuae \u00b7 c . chirricahunae \u00b7 c . delphusa \u00b7 c . flexuosa \u00b7 c . modulalis \u00b7 c . sabura \u00b7 c . smithi \u00b7 c . tricoloralis ( tricolored cosipara )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word delphusa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word delphusa and , of course , delphusa synonyms and on the right images related to the word delphusa .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe distribution map on the distribution tab comes from the global biodiversity information facility and is used with permission .\nphotographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers , and individual copyrights apply .\nthe technology underlying this page , including the controls behind keep exploring , is owned by the bayscience foundation . all rights are reserved .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1123, "summary": [{"text": "malacognostis termatias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus malacognostis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1926 and is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are glossy white with a terminal series of slight elongate dark grey marks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "malacognostis termatias", "paragraphs": ["malacognostis termatias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus malacognostis .\nthis is the place for malacognostis definition . you find here malacognostis meaning , synonyms of malacognostis and images for malacognostis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word malacognostis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word malacognostis and , of course , malacognostis synonyms and on the right images related to the word malacognostis .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nopisina arenosella , the coconut black - headed caterpillar , is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus opisina .\nhermogenes aliferella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hermogenes .\nhyperoptica ptilocentra is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hyperoptica .\nanoecea trigonophora is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus anoecea .\naraeostoma aenicta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus araeostoma .\narsirrhyncha fibriculata is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus arsirrhyncha .\ncallicopris cerograpta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus callicopris .\ncapnolocha praenivalis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus capnolocha .\nchironeura chrysocyma is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus chironeura .\nbida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .\nclepsigenes dissota is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus clepsigenes .\ncopidoris dimorpha is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus copidoris .\ndonacostola notabilis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus donacostola .\nepidiopteryx bipunctella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus epidiopteryx .\nexacristis euryopa is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus exacristis .\nxylodryadella cryeranthes is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xylodryadella .\nxerocrates proleuca is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xerocrates .\ngomphoscopa catoryctopsis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus gomphoscopa .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis contents list is organised alphabetically . to navigate through the index please click on the first letters :\nexcept where otherwise indicated , everything . explained . today is \u00a9 copyright 2009 - 2018 , a b cryer , all rights reserved . cookie policy ."]}
{"id": 1127, "summary": [{"text": "coleotechnites starki , the northern lodgepole needle miner , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , arizona , british columbia , montana and florida .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are similar to coleotechnites milleri .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they are on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on pinus contorta . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "coleotechnites starki", "paragraphs": ["coleotechnites starki is considered a western species but there are records from eastern states on moth photographers group .\ncame to black light trap . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) . 100 % dna match at bold to coleotechnites starki .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthere are many publications available online that discuss the status as a forest pest .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 29 march , 2012 - 5 : 16pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 11 : 44pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naromas , san benito county , california , usa april 21 , 2011 size : 15mm wingspan spread .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nsmall grey moths . when at rest the wings are folded back giving the moth a very narrow appearance .\nvary in colour from lemon yellow to reddish orange - black heads . small .\neggs are deposited in previously mined needles and near the base of new needles . larvae migrate on hatching and quickly bore into individual needles that are usually two or more years old . usually only one larva enters each needle , remains over winter . feeding is resumed in the spring and migration to new foliage begins . during a year each larva may mine at least five needles . pupae remain in last mined needles .\nlong - sustained and destructive outbreaks of this insect occur sporadically , usually in extensive stands of mature lodgepole pine . although defoliation may be severe , growth reduction is the principal effect .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1129, "summary": [{"text": "the erasa chocolate moth ( argyrostrotis erasa ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from north carolina south to florida and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 30 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "argyrostrotis erasa", "paragraphs": ["argyrostrotis adults 1\u20134 argyrostrotis flavistriaria 5 argyrostrotis sylvarum 6 argyrostrotis erasa 7 argyrostrotis deleta 8 , 9 argyrostrotis quadrifilaris 10 argyrostrotis anilis .\nmale genitalia of argyrostrotis 20 argyrostrotis flavistriaria 21 argyrostrotis sylvarum 22 argyrostrotis erasa 23 argyrostrotis deleta 24 argyrostrotis quadrifilaris 25 argyrostrotis anilis .\nfemale genitalia of argyrostrotis . 26 argyrostrotis flavistriaria 27 argyrostrotis sylvarum 28 argyrostrotis erasa 29 argyrostrotis deleta 30 argyrostrotis quadrifilaris 31 argyrostrotis anilis .\nlabelled \u201cjavana [ savannah ] georgia / poaphila erasa gn . / type / poaphila erasa gn . vol . 7 , 1852 p . 301 , n = 1751\u201d in the mnhn is shown in\nthree species included in argyrostrotis by poole ( 1989 ) are hereby excluded from the genus .\ntype material of argyrostrotis 11 poaphila perplexa lectotype , mnhn 12 poaphila perspicua holotype , bmnh 13 mocis ? diffundens holotype , bmnh 14 phurys glans syntype , bmnh 15 phurys carolina lectotype , amnh 16 poaphila erasa lectotype , mnhn 17 poaphila deleta lectotype , mnhn 18 poaphila placata syntype , bmnh 19 poaphila obsoleta syntype , bmnh .\nargyrostrotis quadrata dognin , 1910 is hereby transferred to the genus heterochroma guen\u00e9e as heterochroma quadrata ( dognin , 1910 ) , comb . n . [ noctuidae : amphipyrinae ] .\nargyrostrotis eurysaces schaus , 1914 is hereby transferred to the genus argyrosticta h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] as argyrosticta eurysaces ( schaus , 1914 ) , comb . n . [ noctuidae : bagisarinae ] . the two genera are not closely related and the association was more likely an error in confusing the two similar generic names by schaus than an intended placement in argyrostrotis .\nceliptera surrufula dyar , 1913 , included in argyrostrotis by hampson ( 1913 ) and maintained there by poole ( 1989 ) , is hereby transferred to the genus ptichodis h\u00fcbner , 1818 as ptichodis surrufula ( dyar , 1913 ) , comb . n . [ erebidae : erebinae : euclidiini ] .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n2 canadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , biodiversity program , agriculture and agri - food canada , k . w . neatby bldg . , 960 carling ave . , ottawa , ontario , canada k1a 0c6\ncorresponding author : j . bolling sullivan ( ten . knilhtrae @ 41navillus ) , j . donald lafontaine ( ac . cg . rga @ eniatnofal . nod )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\njbs personal collection of j . bolling sullivan , beaufort , north carolina , usa\ndissection of genitalia and terms for genital structures and wing markings follow lafontaine ( 2004 ) .\ncrochiphora flavistriaria h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] : 35 , pl . [ 96 ] , figs 555 , 556 .\nis lost , but the illustrations ( h\u00fcbner , 1831 , pl . [ 96 ] , figs 555 , 556 ) are diagnostic and represent the form shown in\nin the bmnh labelled \u201ctype / grote coll . 82 - 54 . / 3129 /\nsmith % type / nth car . , august\u201d / coll . j . b . smith / lectotype by e . l . todd\u201d is shown in\nthe type material of poaphila sylvarum is lost but the original description and associated illustration are diagnostic .\nagronomia quadrifilaris h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] : 37 , pl . [ 98 ] , figs 569 , 570 .\nis lost , but the illustrations ( h\u00fcbner , 1831 , pl . [ 98 ] , figs 569 , 570 ) are diagnostic and represent the form shown in\nin the bmnh labelled \u201centerprise , florida , 12 . v . grote coll . 82 - 54 . /\nphalaena anilis drury , 1773 : 21 , pl . 12 , fig . 21 .\nagronomia sequistriaris h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] : 10 , pl . [ 73 ] , figs 419 , 420 .\nthe type specimen of phalaena anilis is lost , but the illustration in drury ( 1773 ) is diagnostic , as are those of agronomia sequistriaris in h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] .\nwe thank j\u00e9r\u00f4me barbut ( mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris ) , terhune dickel ( anthony , florida ) , martin honey ( natural history museum , london , uk ) , jim miller ( formerly amnh , new york ) , michael pogue ( systematic entomology laboratory , national museum of natural history , washington , dc ) for access to specimens and data . we thank jocelyn gill ( cnc , ottawa , canada ) for assistance with the preparation of the genitalia , photographs , and plates .\nillustrations of natural history \u2026 vol . 2 . b . white , london , 90 pp , 50 pl .\nvol . 7 , noctu\u00e9lites . tome 3 . in : boisduval jbad de , guen\u00e9e a ( eds ) histoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . roret , paris , 441 pp .\nbombyciae and noctuelitae ( nonfasciatae ) . reinecke and zesch , buffalo , 28 pp .\ncatalogue of the noctuidae in the collection of the british museum 13 : 1\u2013609 .\nnoctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae ( part \u2013 agrotini ) . in : hodges rw ( ed ) the moths of america north of mexico fasc . 27 . 1 .\nannotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\nlepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) . fascicle 118 noctuidae . e . j . brill , new york , 3 pts . , 1314 pp .\nthe noctuid type material of john b . smith ( lepidoptera ) . united states department of agriculture , technical bulletin 1645 . 228 pp .\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 15 . edward newman , london , 1237\u20131519 .\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1141, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter cerasicolella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from all of europe , except northern scandinavia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7 \u2013 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "there are two to three generations per year in western europe .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on prunus cerasifera , prunus mahaleb and sometimes prunus spinosa , as well as various cultivated prunus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "mines may also occur on malus species when grown in proximity of cultived prunus .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they create a lower-surface tentiform mine , usually between two side veins , without clear folds . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter cerasicolella", "paragraphs": ["phyllonorycter cerasicolella ( cherry midget ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nlithocolletis cerasicolella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1855 . schmett . europ . 5 : 326 . figs 784 - 5 . phyllonorycter cerasicolella ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1855 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 19 ( 28 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1999 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nleaf - miner : the mine is underside , between veins , often causing leaf to arch . several mines may be found in one leaf ( british leafminers ) .\nlower - surface tentiform mine , usually between two side veins , without clear folds ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nmargins of frontal appendage straight . rear margin of cremaster straigt to convex ( triberti , 2007a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .\ncomments : treated as a junior synonym of p . spinicolella in fauna europaea . where malus species grow in proximity of cultived prunus , mines may occur also on apple ( tribert , 2007a ) . ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\ntime of year - larvae : july , september - april ( british leafminers ) .\ntime of year - adults : two generations , adults flying in may and again in august ( ukmoths ) .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : mainly in the southern half on england ( ukmoths ) ; including bedfordshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , cheshire , denbighshire , east norfolk , east suffolk , glamorgan , herefordshire , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , isle of wight , leicestershire , middlesex , north somerset , northamptonshire , shropshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , west norfolk and west suffolk ( nbn atlas ) .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including albania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , corsica , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , greek mainland , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , republic of moldova , poland , portuguese mainland , romania , russia - central , east , northwest and south , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands , ukraine and yugoslavia . also recorded in near east ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nholbrook , ipswich and hasketon , bred in 1930 - 34 ( whit . ) .\nleaf - mine on cherry - brandon , suffolk ( 19 . x . 2002 ) \u00a9 a prichard\nleaf - mine on cherry - shrubland park , suffolk ( 3 . x . 2004 ) \u00a9 a prichard"]}
{"id": 1151, "summary": [{"text": "athanas is a genus of shrimp of the family alpheidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are small shrimp measuring 2 cm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "females have smaller chelae than males .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "some species , including athanas djiboutensis , are called \" bulldozer shrimps \" because of the way that they push sand and small stones about . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "athanas", "paragraphs": ["forma athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 accepted as athanas nitescens ( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] )\nforma athanas nitescens f . nitescens ( leach , 1814 ) accepted as athanas nitescens ( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] )\nab mackenzie , jh reed , p athanas , cw bostian , rm buehrer , . . .\nk puttegowda , w worek , n pappas , a dandapani , p athanas , . . .\nbetween 1951 and 2003 , athanas life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1951 , and highest in 1987 . the average life expectancy for athanas in 1951 was 50 , and 79 in 2003 .\n2014 ) . mr . athanas is also a frequent speaker and writer on restructuring , bankruptcy , and insolvency topics .\njoe athanas is office managing partner in the hong kong office of latham & watkins and a member of the finance department .\nm wazlowski , l agarwal , t lee , a smith , e lam , p athanas , h silverman , . . .\nmr . athanas also has experience representing lenders in secured and unsecured lending transactions . he was chairman of the commercial finance and transactions committee of the chicago bar association between 1999\nanker , a . & m . - s . jeng , 2007 . establishment of a new genus for arete borradailei couti\u00e8re , 1903 and athanas verrucosus banner and banner , 1960 , with redefinitions of arete stimpson , 1860 and athanas leach , 1814 ( crustacea : decapoda : alpheidae ) . \u2014 zoological studies 46 : 454 - 472 . [ details ]\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your athanas ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your athanas ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\ncouti\u00e8re , h . , 1911b . sur les alpheid\u00e6 du genre athanas leach , provenant des collections de s . a . s . le prince de monaco . \u2014 bulletin de l\u2019institut oc\u00e9anographique 197 : 1 - 7 . [ details ]\n( of athanas dispar couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) couti\u00e8re , h . , 1897c . note sur quelques alph\u00e9ides nouveaux ou peu connus rapport\u00e9s de djibouti ( afrique orientale ) . \u2014 bulletin du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle 3 : 233 - 236 . [ details ]\n( of athanas dimorphus seedang banner & banner , 1966 ) banner , a . h . & d . m . banner , 1966a . the alpheid shrimp of thailand . \u2014 the siam society monograph series 3 : 1 - 168 . [ details ]\n( of athanas setoensis kubo , 1951 ) kubo , i . , 1951 . some macrurous decapod crustacea found in japanese waters , with descriptions of four new species . \u2014 journal of the tokyo university of fisheries 38 : 259 - 289 . [ details ]\n( of athanas alpheoides czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\n( of athanas solenomerus couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) couti\u00e8re , h . , 1897b . note sur quelques genres nouveaux ou peu connus d\u2019alph\u00e9id\u00e9s , formant la sous\u00adfamille des alph\u00e9opsid\u00e9s . \u2014 bulletin du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle 2 : 380 - 386 [ imprint 1896 ] . [ details ]\n( of athanas leptocheles couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) couti\u00e8re , h . , 1897b . note sur quelques genres nouveaux ou peu connus d\u2019alph\u00e9id\u00e9s , formant la sous\u00adfamille des alph\u00e9opsid\u00e9s . \u2014 bulletin du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle 2 : 380 - 386 [ imprint 1896 ] . [ details ]\n( of athanas transitans var . pontica czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\n( of athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\n( of athanas transitans var . longispina czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\nmr . athanas is a member of the state bar of illinois , the district court for the northern district of illinois bar , the district court for the eastern district of wisconsin bar , the district court for the eastern district of michigan bar , and the chicago bar association .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your athanas ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\nrowley , s . j . 2008 . athanas nitescens hooded shrimp . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nmr . athanas has more than 27 years of experience representing debtors , secured creditors , and other parties in interest in international restructurings . he has deep expertise in a wide range of distressed situations , including cross - border restructurings , multinational insolvencies and workouts , and strategies for distressed investors to obtain control of troubled companies , as well as chapter 11 proceedings .\n( of athanas veloculus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201dchallenger\u201d during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of athanas alpheoides czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas solenomerus couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas setoensis kubo , 1951 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas dispar couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas leptocheles couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas veloculus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas transitans var . pontica czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas transitans var . longispina czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas dimorphus seedang banner & banner , 1966 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nencyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( 13 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 187 publications ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 5 nucleotides ; 5 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym athanas nitescens f . nitescens ( leach , 1814 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 23 records ) to itis\nleach , w . e . ( 1813 , 1814 ) . crustaceology . brewster ' s edinburgh encyclopedia , e . routledge , london . 7 : 383 - 384 ( 1813 ) ; 385 - 437 , pl . 14 ( 1814 ) . [ details ]\nleach , 1814 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] . accessed at : urltoken ; = 106979 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1950 ) . descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea ( crabs and shrimps ) . annals of the south african museum . 38 : 1 - 837 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 1999 ) . inventory and distribution of the decapod crustaceans from the northeastern atlantic , the mediterranean and the adjacent continental waters north of 25\u00b0n . collection patrimoines naturels , 40 . mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . paris . isbn 2 - 86515 - 114 - 10 . x , 383 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwidely recorded around the south and west coasts of britain , and the east and west coasts of ireland . recorded once in the north east .\nfound on the lower shore to depths 60 m , primarily beneath stones where the substratum is gravelly . also found under algae .\nthis species is often found in groups of adults and juveniles . ovigerous females occur from may through to september .\ncrothers , j . h . ( ed . ) , 1966 . dale fort marine fauna . london : field studies council .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nmba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .\nsmaldon , g . , holthuis , l . b . & fransen , c . h . j . m . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns ( revised edn ) . shrewsbury : field studies council .\nstachowitsch , m . , 1992 . the invertebrates : an illustrated glossary . usa : wiley - liss .\nthurston , m . w . , 1970 . the marine flora and fauna of the isles of scilly . crustacea , eucarida . journal of natural history , 4 , 239 - 248 .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nthis page needs javascript enabled in order to work properly . click here for instructions on how to enable it in your browse\ngreek and albanian : from the greek personal name athanasios \u2018immortal\u2019 . st . athanasius ( c . 297\u2013373 ) , bishop of alexandria , was one of the most influential of the fathers of the christian church . he is venerated especially in the eastern church .\n( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 107486 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of palaemon nitescens leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) leach , w . e . ( 1813 , 1814 ) . crustaceology . brewster ' s edinburgh encyclopedia , e . routledge , london . 7 : 383 - 384 ( 1813 ) ; 385 - 437 , pl . 14 ( 1814 ) . [ details ]\n( of palemon laevirhincus risso , 1816 ) risso , a . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s des environs de nice . librairie grecque\u00ad - latine - allemande , paris . 175 pp . , 3 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alpheus vittatus nardo , 1847 ) nardo , giovanni domenico . ( 1847 ) . sinonimia moderna delle specie regisrate nell ' opera intitolati : descrizione d ' crostacei , de testacei e de pesci che abitano le lagune e golfo veneto rappres - sentanti in figure , a chiaroscuro ed a colori dall ' abata stefano chiereghini : venezia , ven . clodiense applicata per commissione governativa dal dr . gio . domenico nardo . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of arete diolectiana heller , 1862 ) heller , c . ( 1862 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur n\u00e4heren kenntnis der macrouren . sitzungsberichte der mathematisch\u00adnaturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien . 389 - \u00ad426 , plates 1 - 2 . [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nholthuis , l . b . ; fransen , c . h . j . m . ( 1993 ) . coastal shrimps and prawns . coastal shrimps and prawns . 15 . second edition . [ details ]\n( of palaemon nitescens leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of alpheus vittatus nardo , 1847 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of arete diolectiana heller , 1862 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palemon laevirhincus risso , 1816 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cancer listellus nardo , 1847 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nortmann , a . , 1894 . zoologische forshungreisen in australien und dem malayischen archipel mit unterst\u00fctzung des herrn dr . paul von ritter ausgef\u00fchrt in den jahren 1891 - 1893 . crustaceen . \u2014 denkschriften der medizinisch - naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena 8 : 3 - 80 , plates 1 - 3 . [ details ]\n( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) heller , c . , 1862c . beitr\u00e4ge zur crustaceen - fauna des rothen meeres . zweiter theil . \u2014 sitzungsberichte der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien 44 : 241 - 295 , plates 1 - 3 . [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmorton b . , dudgeon d . , lee sy . , bacon - shone j . & leung tc . ( 1991 ) . hong kong ' s scleractinian coral - gallery communities . in : morton b , editor . asian marine biology 8 . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 103 - 115 . [ details ]\nlatham & watkins meets clients\u2019 needs by understanding the industries in which they operate .\nlatham & watkins provides first - class thought leadership across practices and industries , locally and globally .\nthe 1l fellowship program offers a unique summer employment opportunity for students who have just finished their first year of law school .\nlocated in business centers across the globe , the lawyers of latham & watkins come from all regions of the world to practice within its fully integrated , one - firm structure .\nclients claim that he has\nbeen great , especially in the trenches : there was a lot of grabbing of collateral and he did a good job of settling everyone down and getting them towards the end goal .\nhe is described as\nvery tough , tenacious and thorough , with a great business sense of the practical implications of various decisions and courses of action .\nhe is also lauded as\nextremely smart , efficient and very skilled at guiding competing groups to the best outcome for all constituents .\n(\nad - hoc committee of perpetual capital security holders of noble group ltd . in connection with its proposed us $ 3 . 5 billion restructuring plan\ngreen field energy services , inc . , a hydraulic fracturing company , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\namerican classic voyages co . , a riverboat and inland waterway vessel operator , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\njpmorgan chase bank and bank one on the us $ 1 . 5 billion debtor - in - possession loans to united airlines , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\ncitibank on the us $ 1 . 225 billion debtor - in - possession and exit financing loans to northwest airlines , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\nwe appreciate your interest in latham & watkins . if your inquiry relates to a legal matter and you are not already a current client of the firm , please do not transmit any confidential information to us . before taking on a representation , we must determine whether we are in a position to assist you and agree on the terms and conditions of engagement with you . until we have completed such steps , we will not be deemed to have a lawyer - client relationship with you , and will have no duty to keep confidential the information we receive from you . thank you for your understanding .\nthis site uses cookies . some provide anonymous analysis of how our website is used and some are essential to make the website work . other cookies enable personalized services or social media features to be used . by using our website , you agree to the use of cookies . to find out more please see our cookies policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .\nthis\ncited by\ncount includes citations to the following articles in scholar . the ones marked\nfpgas for custom computing machines , 1993 . proceedings . ieee workshop on , 9 - 16\nsign up to receive by the numb3rs , the department of mathematics e - newsletter .\nnarrow , acutely pointed , 0 . 66 - 0 . 75 x length of\nwhite dorso - median stripe extending the full length of the animal . may also be almost transparent , speckled with red\noccasionally in rock - pools . may occur under large stones especially where the substrate is gravelly . often occur in groups of\nranges from s and w norway and w coast of sweden southwards to the cape verde islands and into the mediterranean and black sea .\nhamond , r . , 1971 . the leptocostracan , euphausiid , stomatopod , and decapod crustacea of norfolk . transactions of the norfolk and norwich naturalists ' society , 22 ( 2 ) : 90 - 112 .\nhayward , p . j . and j . s . ryland , 1990 . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford university press , oxford .\nsmaldon , g . , 1979 . british coastal shrimps and prawns . keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna , 15 .\nsmaldon , g . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns . synopses of the british fauna , 15 . ( second edition revised and enlarged by l . b . holthuis and c . h . j . m . fransen ) .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\nat the very northern point of punta engano , mactan island . in front of coral point condiminium where philippe and guido poppe live today ( 2006 ) .\na small shallow with green algae , sand bottom with coral and rock boulders . the drop - off starts at about 10 m and is vertical .\ngood for nightdives , not much to see during the day . very spectacular gorgonians and soft corals and sponges with a wide variety in nudibranches , shells and crustacea .\nsometimes very violent , because of the extreme point of punta engano where currents are always heavy .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 1156, "summary": [{"text": "montrose ( 1884 \u2013 1898 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that is best remembered for winning the 1887 kentucky derby .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was foaled in kentucky and owned by the labold brothers from cincinnati , ohio .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he was ridden by isaac e. lewis in the derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the brothers made $ 20,000 on montrose 's win in the derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "montrose also won the morrissey stakes and great western handicap when he was a four-year-old and won the kearney stakes run in saratoga , new york as a five-year-old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "montrose died on july 30 , 1898 at the age of 14 years at the farm of allen w. thurman in columbus , ohio . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "montrose ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["king montrose ( nz ) ( nz ) - race horse profile racing . com\nmontrose horse breeder , linda wood , at menoken farms knows a thing or two about kicking up dirt at churchill downs .\n\u201cthe horse loves racing on the pace , he is an easy horse to ride and he loves riccarton so it\u2019s a great result . \u201d\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for king montrose ( nzl ) . king montrose ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2006 september 5 by king ' s chapel out of dorrington\nthe current race record for king montrose ( nzl ) is 14 wins from 59 starts .\nmontrose brothers , 24 - year - old juan ramirez and 21 - year - old oscar ramirez , represent the their family ' s third generation of horse racing in montrose . racing started in their family back in the 1880s and each agrees the degree of competitiveness between grows with each passing year .\nking montrose has managed to win 15 races in his career so far . on 14th nov 2012 at riccarton park , king montrose scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the\nmontrose \u2014 miguel suarez was just 14 when the gates swung open to his career in horse racing . five years later the small , wirily thin jockey has earned the respect from his fellow montrose riders , all of whom were racing last weekend in front of hundreds of spectators on one of the oldest tracks in the state .\nupcoming race dates at the montrose county fairgrounds are scheduled for saturday july 20 and september 7 and 8 .\nit\u2019s less than a week away from the super bowl . . . that is the super bowl of horse racing : the kentucky derby .\nsuarez said his first win was at the montrose track with a two - year - old quarter horse owned by john hawks , who also is an organizer with the black canyon horse racing association . hawks , who was present during the races last weekend , said besides the racing he had hoped the grandstands would reflect the level of local support for the organization and its efforts to keep racing at the fairgrounds .\ni would say it ' s a lot of pedigree . if the mother was a good race horse and you breed it to a good race horse , likely you are going to have the foul be a good race horse , \u201d said wood .\nwe\u2019re also looking for soundness , we would like the legs to be real straight . we would like good confirmation , balance confirmation , and so we look a lot at that .\nwe choose our picks for the derby by the breeding of the horse , but also the way they have performed prior to the derby ,\nsaid wood .\nracing fans of all ages watched the action at the montrose county fairgrounds this past weekend , at the first meet of the black canyon horse racing association 2013 season . about a dozen races were held on the same track that first hosted racing back in 1881 , seven years before the town was officially formed in 1888 .\nshe has one horse that won the title of colorado stallion of the year two years in a row , and another that ran second in the preakness stakes by about half a head .\nmontrose ( swe ) ch . m , 1954 { 20 - c } dp = 0 - 0 - 10 - 0 - 0 ( 10 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 00\nbred by rodney schick , steve till & windsor park stud , king montrose was purchased by we jeffries ltd from windsor park stud at new zealand bloodstock\u2019s 2007 national weanling sale for $ 26 , 000 .\nraced by neill ridley with bill rutherford , king montrose has taken his record to nine wins from 27 starts , six of which have come at riccarton , for just shy of $ 150 , 000 in stakes .\ntrained and part - owned by neill ridley , king montrose ( king\u2019s chapel x dorrington ) ran a tough race for third in saturday\u2019s listed pegasus stakes behind princess katie , racing just off the pace and staying on well in the final stages .\nbacking up on his favourite track karaka select sale graduate king montrose ( nz ) has claimed his ninth race victory , his first at stakes level , in the $ 100 , 000 group 3 lindauer stewards stakes ( 1200m ) at riccarton this afternoon .\nhe remembers watching and learning to ride from his older friend , 23 - year - old juan estrada of montrose . suarez , who used to live with estrada , would tag along to races until he was old enough to ride competitively at 14 .\nalthough horseriding can be arranged at montrose there is a fully equipped venue just a few kilometres away which has an equestrian ring and wide open paddocks looking down over the stunning river . it ' s an absolute\nmust do\nin the area !\nestrada said he learned to race from his older brother francisco , and his father , javier , both of whom raced in montrose years ago . the bloodline of family racers began with estrada ' s grandfather antonio , who raced quarter horses and thoroughbreds in mexico .\nthe montrose track is part of the \u201cbush track circuit , \u201d a partnership joining ridgway , gunnison and norwood to promote western - themed entertainment and created over a hundred years ago . one of the state\u2019s oldest racing circuits , the bush track circuit has drawn riders and horses from across the western united states .\ntoday\u2019s group 3 saw king montrose dictate terms out in front under jockey hayden tinsley and he proved too tough for a good field of horses , beating the late - finishing vincent mangano ( no excuse need ) and group 2 winning sprinter durham town ( falkirk ) by one - and - a - quarter lengths .\nthere is nothing quite like riding under wide - open skies amongst the dramatic mountain ranges and beautiful alpine lakes of the canterbury highlands . high country horse adventures will take you over some of new zealand\u2019s most spectacular terrain . surrounded by the southern alps , you will be amazed by the stunning views , wide - open spaces , broad skies and pristine lakes . this experience is an absolute must with high country hospitality , experienced local guides and well - mannered horses .\nisaac lewis was born in hutchinson station , ky , the son of henry and mary j . lewis . isaac won the 1887 kentucky derby aboard montrose . his exact birth year is given as 1867 in the 1870 u . s . federal census [ others have given his year of birth as 1870 ] . he rode as a 17 year old jockey in the 1887 derby . he had been around horses all of his life ; both issac and his older brother garrett davis lewis were listed in the 1880 census as being employed working with horses . in 1900 , isaac lewis was a groom at the harlem jockey club in proviso township in cook county , ill . he is listed in the u . s . federal census as living in the harlem village where several other african americans from kentucky also lived , they were employed at the harlem jockey club as cooks , jockeys , grooms , trainers , and stable boys . in 1910 , lewis was living in chicago , and was manager of a turkish bath . for more see black winning jockeys in the kentucky derby by j . r . saunders and m . r . saunders .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nit ' s known as the two fastest minutes in sports and it\u2019s happening may 6 .\nbut this year , she won ' t have a pony at the gates .\nwe race thoroughbreds because we love them ,\nsaid wood .\nthe vet comes in and he examines the mares so we know when it ' s ready to breed .\nshe focuses on racers now and knows what it takes to win : great genes from both a mare and a champion stud .\nwith linda\u2019s expertise , you can probably trust her picks for the kentucky derby . these are her three favorites :\ncomments are posted from viewers like you and do not always reflect the views of this station .\ntrainer neill ridley was thrilled with the result , rating the win as one of his best as a trainer .\n\u201cthis result is right up there for me , \u201d commented ridley . \u201cwe weren\u2019t overly confident coming into today\u2019s race but the rain has certainly helped , we had a good barrier and a good jockey . \u201d\nhe was later offered in timberlee thoroughbreds\u2019 draft at the 2008 karaka select sale where he was purchased by his trainer neill ridley for $ 25 , 000 .\n\u00a9 2018 new zealand bloodstock . all rights reserved . terms & conditions \u2022 repository access\na few thunderstorms this evening . mostly clear skies late . low 46f . winds sse at 5 to 10 mph . chance of rain 40 % . .\na few thunderstorms this evening . mostly clear skies late . low 46f . winds sse at 5 to 10 mph . chance of rain 40 % .\nsprint races of 220 - yards made up a majority of the schedule , 5 / 8 - of - a - mile and 660 - yard races were also held over each afternoon . the scene at times resembled a family reunion for riders , trainers and owners hanging around the stable area .\nsuarez said his lifelong passion for working with and riding horses everyday has become his way of life . he said the adrenaline is what most attracts him to the sport where split seconds separate victory from possible serious injury .\ni don ' t even think about it , i just whistle and push them and try to get them to the end and win , \u201d he said . \u201cthe faster you go the better . we try to watch out for ourselves as well as other jockeys .\nsuarez has raced professionally at larger tracks in wyoming , utah , idaho and the front range of colorado .\nestrada said suarez was quickly successful , which made a lot of older jockeys angry , forcing estrada to become a protective figure over suarez .\nwhen ( suarez ) started riding there were some other jockeys that starting grinding on him because he started winning and they would talk trash . and i don ' t like that , \u201d estrada said . \u201ci ' m not going to risk my life for $ 50 . every time i would ride against him i would try and stay with him so no one would do anything stupid against him , because he was barely learning . now he knows what he ' s doing . \u201d\nit ' s fun ,\njuan said smiling .\nit can get pretty competitive , we usually will wager a 12 pack of soda on a race .\njust the adrenaline of trying to beat ( juan ) is funnest part ,\noscar said .\nthe future of racing in ridgway remains uncertain , according to ridgway fair and rodeo official lori howard . racing was planned for july 6 . but since the grandstands at the ridgway track were recently condemned racing has been been put on hold . howard said she hopes enough community support will be demonstrated at a meeting of the ouray board of county commissioners on july 2 to find a way to rebuild the grandstands and schedule racing in the near future .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nwell appointed and comfortable chalet in very secluded location with nice views . great place to chil . . .\n, who is based at . he is sired by the stallion king ' s chapel out of the dam dorrington .\nr4 open $ 400 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 640 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr3 open $ 5 , 600 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 240 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr4 open $ 17 , 500 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 07 . 790 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr4 open $ 2 , 800 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 0 : 55 . 680 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 6th\nr4 open $ 4 , 200 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 07 . 580 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr4 open $ 5 , 600 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 0 : 55 . 830 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr7 open ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 160 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr6 open ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 890 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr5 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 450 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 5th\nr9 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 080 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr4 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 180 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr4 open $ 1 , 150 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 0 : 58 . 100 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 5th\nr5 open $ 575 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 660 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr7 open $ 4 , 600 ( of $ 24 , 600 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 710 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr8 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 830 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr7 open $ 15 , 625 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 780 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr9 open $ 625 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 12 . 390 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr7 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 680 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr5 open $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 860 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr8 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 32 . 800 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr5 open $ 2 , 300 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 970 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr4 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 710 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr6 open ( of $ 40 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 870 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 7th\nr9 open ( of $ 250 , 000 ) barrier 11 , winning time : 1 : 07 . 480 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr7 open $ 5 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 770 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 7th\nr7 open $ 2 , 375 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 490 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr5 open $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 460 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr8 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 400 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr7 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 00 . 650 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr8 open ( of $ 75 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 380 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 5th\nr8 open $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 21 . 230 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr9 open $ 3 , 000 ( of $ 250 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 530 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 5th\nr6 open ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 420 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr7 open $ 59 , 375 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 230 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr5 open $ 4 , 500 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 730 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr6 open $ 400 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 370 , sp : 0\nr8 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 590 , sp : 0\nr11 open $ 2 , 000 ( of $ 230 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 600 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr8 open $ 3 , 400 ( of $ 18 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 220 , sp : 0\nr6 open $ 3 , 400 ( of $ 18 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 26 . 840 , sp : 0\nr8 open $ 10 , 625 ( of $ 18 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 470 , sp : 0\nr7 open ( of $ 45 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 2 : 32 . 850 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr6 open $ 10 , 625 ( of $ 18 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 01 . 390 , sp : 0\nr5 mdn $ 2 , 400 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 55 . 060 , sp : 0\nr5 rst80 $ 4 , 400 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 610 , sp : 0\nr7 rst75 $ 14 , 063 ( of $ 22 , 500 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 2 : 02 . 330 , sp : 0\nr10 rst75 $ 6 , 250 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 290 , sp : 0\nr5 rst75 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 38 . 840 , sp : 0\nr12 rst75 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 740 , sp : 0\nr5 rst75 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 890 , sp : 0\nr9 rst75 $ 562 ( of $ 22 , 500 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 40 . 230 , sp : 0\nr5 rst75 $ 700 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 27 . 640 , sp : 0\nr8 rst70 $ 4 , 375 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 12 . 980 , sp : 0\nr10 open ( of $ 45 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 380 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 9th\nr1 rst90 $ 1 , 600 ( of $ 8 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 38 . 060 , sp : 0\nr3 rst65 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 850 , sp : 0\nr9 rst65 $ 400 ( of $ 8 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 190 , sp : 0\nr8 open ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 480 , sp : 0\nr8 open ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 270 , sp : 0\nr3 mdn $ 3 , 750 ( of $ 6 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 12 . 590 , sp : 0\n18 + know when to stop . don\u2019t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nwe value the quality of content provided to our customers , and to maintain this , we would like to ensure real humans are accessing our information .\nthis page appears when online data protection services detect requests coming from your computer network which appear to be in violation of our website ' s terms of use ."]}
{"id": 1159, "summary": [{"text": "the acrothoracica are a superorder of barnacles .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "acrothoracicans bore into calcareous material such as mollusc shells , coral , crinoids or hardgrounds , producing a slit-like hole in the surface known by the trace fossil name rogerella .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "acrothoracicans are typically smaller than other types of barnacle , being only a few millimetres in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "being protected by the hard surfaces into which they have bored , they have no solid carapace of plates like other barnacles but have a soft , sac-like body fixed to the surface by a chitinous disc at the front of the head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have from four to six pairs of feathery limbs , or \" cirri \" , which they project out of their borings to catch drifting detritus for food .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the mouthparts consist of mandibles , maxillules and maxillae .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "one pair of cirri is close to these while the others are at the other end of the body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "each individual acrothoracican is either male or female .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a dwarf male is sometimes found attached to the mantle or wall of a female 's burrow .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the developing larva may omit the nauplius stage but always has a cyprid stage .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this has chitinous teeth which are used after the larva has settled to abrade the surface and commence a burrow .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "two orders , three families , 11 genera and 63 species are recognized , and many more species probably remain to be identified . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "acrothoracica", "paragraphs": ["phylogenetic relationships of darwin\u2019s \u201cmr . arthrobalanus\u201d : the burrowing barnacles ( cirripedia : acrothoracica )\nphylogenetic relationships of darwin\u2019s \u201cmr . arthrobalanus\u201d : the burrowing barnacles ( cirripedia : acrothoracica ) - sciencedirect\nwhat made you want to look up acrothoracica ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nnewman , w . a . , 1971 . a deep - sea burrowing barnacle ( cirripedia : acrothoracica ) from bermuda . j . zool . lond . 165 : 423\u2013429 .\ntomlinson , j . t . , 1969 . the burrowing barnacles ( cirripedia : order acrothoracica ) . bull . u . s . natn . mus . 296 : 1\u2013162 .\n, new species ( cirripedia : acrothoracica ) , a boring barnacle from guam , mariana islands , with new insights into cryptophialid ultrastructure . j . crust . biol . 6 : 143\u2013157 .\nnewman , w . a . , 1974 . two new deep - sea cirripedia ( ascothoracica and acrothoracica ) from the atlantic . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 54 : 437\u2013456 .\nkolbasov , g . a . , 1999 , the external mantle morphology of burrowing barnacles of the families lithoglyptidae and cryptophialidae ( cirripedia , acrothoracica ) . crustaceans and the biodiversity crisis . proceedings of the fourth international crustacean congress , 1998 1 : 139\u2013149 .\nburrowing barnacle s ( order acrothoracica , about 30 species ) are small , unisexual forms that lack shells and have fewer than six pairs of cirri . they burrow into hard limy material , such as clam shells and coral . trypetesa is found only inside snail shells occupied by hermit crabs .\nsuperorder acrothoracica ( burrowing barnacle s ) devonian to present ; globular in shape ; generally without conspicuous calcareous exoskeleton ; posterior cirri concentrated at end of trunk ; widely distributed in coralline seas , most primitive members in deep sea ; approximately 1 mm in length . all 30 species parasitize cnidarians or echinoderms . superorder thoracica\u2026\n\u2026the acrothoracica are known as burrowing barnacle s because they burrow into calcareous substrates ( e . g . , limestone , corals , and mollusk shells ) . the acrothoracicans are recognized as fossils primarily by their burrows , and , while their record extends back into the devonian period , they are particularly well represented in the cretaceous period , when they\u2026\nthe barnacles of the superorder acrothoracica are small , burrowing , epibiotic , and dioecious ( large female with dwarf male ) crustaceans largely found in the carbonate sediments and skeletons of marine invertebrates . the acrothoracicans represent the cirripedia with the most plesiomorphic characters and have prominently featured in phylogenetic speculations concerning these crustaceans . traditionally , acrothoracica was divided into two main orders , pygophora and apygophora . the apygophora had uniramus cirri and no anus . the pygophora had biramus terminal cirri and an anus and was further divided into two families , lithoglyptidae and cryptophialidae . kolbasov ( 2009 ) revised the superorder acrothoracica on the basis of morphological examinations of females , dwarf males , and cyprids and rearranged the acrothoracican species into two new orders , lithoglyptida and cryptophialida . the present study is the first attempt to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of acrothoracican barnacles by sequencing two mitochondrial ( cytochrome c oxidase i and 16s ribosomal dna ) and two nuclear ( 18s ribosomal dna and histone h3 ) markers of 8 of the 11 genera comprising 23 acrothoracican species . all monophylies of the eight acrothoracican genera sampled in this study were strongly supported . the deep interfamilial relationship constructed is consistent with the recent morphological phylogenetic relationship proposed by kolbasov , newman , and h\u00f8eg ( kolbasov , 2009 ) that cryptophialidae ( order cryptophialida ) is the sister group to all other acrothoracicans ( order lithoglyptida ) . according to an ancestral character state reconstruction analysis , the posterior lobes of females ; armament of opercular bars , attachment stalk , lateral projections of the body , and aperture slits in dwarf males ; and habitat use appear to have phylogenetic importance .\nbrusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\np\u00e9rez - losada , m . ; crandall , k . a . ; kolbasov , g . a . ; h\u00f8eg , j . t . ( 2002 ) . reanalysis of the relationships among the cirripedia and the ascothoracida and the phylogenetic position of the facetotecta ( maxillopoda : thecostraca ) using 18s rdna sequences . journal of crustacean biology . 22 ( 3 ) : 661 - 669 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nruggiero ma , gordon dp , orrell tm , bailly n , bourgoin t , brusca rc , et al . ( 2015 ) a higher level classification of all living organisms . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248 . pmid : 25923521\nthis page was last edited on 5 december 2017 , at 01 : 57 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\na new species of the lithoglyptes from the seychelles is described . the external morphology of the mantle sac and the body were examined under sem . the position of a new species within lithoglyptes and the ultrastructural characters of different species of this genus are discussed .\n. trans . san diego soc . nat . hist . 21 : 1\u201322 .\nturquier , y . , 1978 . le t\u00e9gument des cirrip\u00e8des acrothoraciques . arch . zool . exp . g\u00e9n . 119 : 107\u2013125 .\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience , or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution , fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge , accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students . its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie . contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright \u00a9 mcgraw - hill global education holdings , llc . all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice . any use is subject to the terms of use . additional credits and copyright information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nparasitic , barnacle - like cirripedia . these tiny animals burrow into coral or mollusk shells . ( tudge , 2000 )\nthey have from four to six pairs of feathery limbs , or\ncirri\n, which they project out of their burrows to catch drifting detritus for food . ( barnes , 1982 )\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u6709\u809b\u76ee\nto\npygophora\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u7121\u809b\u76ee\nto\napygophora\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from lithoglyptes to their own page .\njennifer hammock marked\niz crt 125218 cryptophialus tomlinsoni fragment b at 6x\nas hidden on the\ncryptophialus tomlinsoni newman and ross , 1971\npage .\njennifer hammock marked\niz crt 125218 cryptophialus tomlinsoni fragment b at 6x\nas untrusted on the\ncryptophialus tomlinsoni newman and ross , 1971\npage . reasons to untrust : misidentified\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1166, "summary": [{"text": "the pearly-breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) is a species of cuckoo in the family cuculidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , peru and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.it does not occur above an elevation of 2000 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it can easily be confused with the yellow-billed cuckoo .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the status and even the general distribution of this scarce cuckoo remain very poorly understood .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this cuckoo is hunted . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pearly - breasted cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["pearly - breasted cuckoo is a widespread species of the lowlands of eastern tropical south america . pearly - breasted cuckoo is a slim , long - tailed bird , largely brown above and pearly white below with a black and yellow bill . it is found in a variety of forest habitats from sea level up to 2000 meters in elevation . unlike some other cuckoo species , pearly - breasted cuckoo is not reported to be a nest parasite .\ncoccyzus euleri pearly - breasted cuckoo 1 ( fpave760re ) song , recorded santa ines , departamento itap\u00faa ( myriam vel\u00e1zquez november 2001 ) . 2 ( fpave761re ) variant song , recorded kaaguy rorry , departamento caaguaz\u00fa ( myriam vel\u00e1zquez november 2002 ) .\nclaessens , o . , brammer , f . p . , deville , t . & renaudier , a . ( 2011 ) . first documented records of pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri for french guiana , and an overlooked specimen from ecuador . bull . brit . ornith . club 131 : 128 - 133 .\npearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri lacking the rufous patch in the wings which separate it from the superficially similar yellow - billed cuckoo , this species is a denizen of the high canopy of lush humid forest where it can be easy enough to hear , but extremely difficult to see . a migrant , they visit paraguay to breed , singing on arrival and giving birders a short window of opportunity to catch a glimpse . click on the images to enlarge them .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . pearly - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n28 cm ; 61 g . adult uniform earth - brown above , light pearly - grey below , centre of belly whitish , long tail blackish with white tips , no rufous on wing , inner webs of primaries . . .\nedge of mangrove . it came in to playback of xc72107 but i only got a brief glimpse of it when it was less than 50 m away and flew away in response to playback of its own call . may seem way out - of - range but there are actually a few other records in western ecuador . one was seen in late march a few years ago a bit north of this site and a juvenile male has been collected a bit south of this site . so a singing bird that responds to playback in june seems to fit in quite well . are they maybe breeding in northwest ecuador ? ? ? it is very similar to yellow - billed cuckoo but a singing bird , heard for over an hour , in early june would seem very unlikely .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus euleri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nalarm call ? male of a nesting couple . forest on white sand near the coast .\nnatural vocalizations ; song from one of a pair of birds in dense primary forest at the edge of a more exposed rocky hill .\nnatural vocalizations ; one song type from one of a pair , and then another from the other of the pair . neither of these are the same bird as in xc115393 .\nnatural vocalization ; song from a single bird perched on top of a tall tree in fairly open and dry forest on an exposed rocky hilltop above more humid primary forest . this recording represents the first documentation of this species at cristalino .\nresponse to playback from a bird perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :\nresponse to playback from a bird ( same as last cut ) perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nspecies formerly referred to as c . julieni , but that name was officially suppressed # r . has been considered conspecific with c . americanus # r . monotypic .\npanama , n & e colombia , venezuela and the guianas through amazonia to se brazil ( mato grosso , paran\u00e1 , s\u00e3o paulo , rio de janeiro ) and s to ne bolivia , e paraguay and ne argentina ( misiones ) . distribution patterns and movements unclear , but may be only winter visitor to e colombia , venezuela ( r orinoco ) , the guianas and most of brazil # r # r .\nslow series of \u201ckuoup\u201d notes , 1 / sec ; also short rattle followed by 4\u20139 accented . . .\ntropical lowland evergreen forest , gallery forest , secondary forest ; sandy woodland , scrub . sea - . . .\nvery little known . breeding record in oct in roraima ( n brazil ) . a nest in panama was a loose platform of dry sticks c . 3 m above the . . .\nan austral migrant . known to be present on breeding grounds during the austral summer , and in the . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally rare ; only 3 records in surinam , where it is thought to be a migrant , and uncommon in brazil , where it breeds s of the . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfigure 1 - ( fpave4079ph ) adult , mbaracay\u00fa biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u00fa ( paul smith september 2014 ) . figure 2 - ( fpave4080ph ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) ( paul smith september 2014 ) . video - ( fpave4081vi ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) singing ( paul smith september 2014 ) .\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and myriam vel\u00e1zquez and is used with permission .\ntwo birds nesting at the rio mono bridge in panama . slow motion added to aid in examining the lack of primary wing coloration .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 673 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 1189, "summary": [{"text": "the sweetlip emperor ( lethrinus miniatus ) , also referred to as the sweetlip swoose , is a fish of the lethrinidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it can be found on coral reefs and moderately warm waters in the western pacific ocean , although its primary habitat is the great barrier reef .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can also be found in the coastal regions in the centre of western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "growing up to 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) in length , its light grey colour has small black scale centres dotted around its body .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its first dorsal ( on the back or top of the fish ) fin is red , before changing towards the tail to a darker colour .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the area around the base of its pectoral fins ( on the chest behind the head ) is red or orange .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the area around its eyes , the corner of its mouth and on parts of the fins on the bottom can also be red or orange .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "sweetlip emperors are carnivorous predators in the reef ; however , their main prey are small crustaceans such as crabs , as well as sand dollars and small fish .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "they also eat most other organisms that live near the bottom of the reef .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "even though sweetlip emperors live at the bottom of the reef , they are found only on the continental shelf where the bottom is sandy and light .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "they also choose a home near a reef for protection from other predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "today , species of emperor in the reef ( including the sweetlip emperor ) are threatened because they are desired by both commercial fishing operations and pleasure fishers , due to their lovely colour and nice taste .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "sweetlip emperors have a strange breeding and development pattern .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "off the coast of cairns , they spawn almost all the time .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "off the coast of townsville , they mate in june and august , and off the coast in october and november in more southern waters .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "these different breeding times are due to different water temperatures .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "sweetlip emperors can spawn ( like eggs that hatch eventually ) only in warmer water .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the young live near the shore in seagrass beds and mangrove swamps , where the water is shallow .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "as they grow older , they begin to move out towards the ocean like the adults .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as they grow and get older , their sex changes from female to male . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "sweetlip emperor", "paragraphs": ["also known as trumpet emperor , red - throat emperor , red - lip emperor , redspot emperor , longnose emperor , long - nosed emperor .\nalso known as trumpet emperor , red - throat emperor , red - lip emperor , redspot emperor , longnose emperor , long - nosed emperor . found singly or in groups on sand and rubble areas of reefs . they feed on invertebrates and worms . length - 90cm depth - 5 - 35m widespread southwest pacific most members of lethrinidae are able to rapidly switch on and off dark mottled patterns , spots and bars to deter predators .\nthe grass emperor or grass sweetlip lethrinus laticaudis is not considered a coral reef fish under the fishery plan . the grass emperor is , however , a regulated tidal species under the fisheries regulation 1995 . please check current rules and regulations for specific size and in - possession limits\nsweetlip range from southern queensland right around to mid western australia . very commonly targeted and caught in central and southern barrier reef sections .\ndana bahar al arab fisheries llc oman - fishermen , producers , processors , exporters and wholesalers of fresh and frozen red sea bream , red grouper , greasy grouper amberjack , emperor fillets and tuna loins , sweetlip , croakers , small sharks , catfish , trevally , barracuda , parrot fish , job fish , cuttlefish . . .\nemperor fishes and large - eye breams of the world ( family lethrinidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date\npt . arta mina tama indonesia - we are seafood manufacture in jakarta - indonesia , have 20 boats . product : tuna , loligo squid , round scad bait , oilfish , mahi mahi , swordfish , marlin , albacore , spanish mackerel , wahoo , skipjack , snapper , grouper , barramundi , gold band snapper , emperor , sweetlip , sea bream , cobia , barracuda , pompano , trevally\naqua trade international india - seafood export trading company . we can also offer you the full range of fresh and frozen seafood products include king fish , ribbonfish , emperor fish , reefcod / grouper , mahi mahi , marlin , sail fish , sword fish , sea bream , red snapper , white / grey snapper , sweetlip , spinefoot , unicorn leather jacket etc etc subject to the availabilities .\na redthroat emperor , lethrinus miniatus , in a depth of 22 metres at north solitary island , new south wales . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nsweetlip will take most bottom bouncing baits , however fresh fish flesh baits are the most successful . they respond very well to burley and if a school responds to a burley trail they can be brazen in their feeding and easy to catch . will readily take a lure such as soft plastic when fished around shallow coral bommies .\nwalker , m . h . 1975 . aspects of the biology of emperor fishes , family lethrinidae , in north queensland barrier reef waters . ph . d . thesis , james cook university , townsville , australia . 241 p .\nsweetlips are a typical emperor shape . colour wise they can vary but are often olive green on top and a olive brown body with dark brown spots . sweetlips are easily identifiable by the beautiful bright red dorsal ( and other fins , but particularly the dorsal ) and the bright red colour inside its large mouth ( hence the reference to red throat emperor ) . usually caught under the 2 kg mark however have been known to grow to about 9 kgs on the barrier reef .\ncentra fish indonesia - suppliers and processors of various reef fish fillet products , such as red snapper , gold band snapper , emperor , sweet lips , parrot fish , job fish , shark , marlin , oilfish , mahi , fish for bait , sardines for canning , octopus , cuttlefish , squid .\ncarpenter , k . e . and g . r . allen , 1989 . fao species catalogue . vol . 9 . emperor fishes and large - eye breams of the world ( family lethrinidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 9 ) : 118 p . rome : fao . ( ref . 2295 )\nidentifying features : body silver to pale greyish - brown , with a reddish head and sometimes with 8 - 9 darker bars ; pectoral - fin base bright red ; fins pale to reddish , spinous dorsal - and anal - fin membranes often bright red ; red streak often present from snout to upper gill cover ; lips often reddish ; centre of each scale usually dark . video of redthroat emperor\nmk fisheries ( pvt ) ltd sri lanka - suppliers of live , fresh chilled & frozen seafood . live mud crab , oysters , clams , eels , prawns , king fish , yellow fin tuna , skip jack tuna , bullet tuna , bonito , grouper , snappers , emperor , rabbit fish , sweet lips , parrot fish , ribbon fish , mackerels , sole , leather jackets , squids , cuttlefish , blue swimming crab , red crab and sri lankan fresh water fish , scampi prawns , shrimp , slipper lobster , crab .\ndavies , c . r . , williams , a . j . , mapstone , b . d . , benzie , j . , van herwerden , l . , choat , j . h . , adams , s . , murchie , c . d . , bean , k . , carlos , g . , tobin a . , ackerman , j . 2005 . stock structure and regional variation in population dynamics of the red throat emperor and other target species of the queensland tropical reef line fishery . crc reef research centre technical report . crc reef research centre , townsville , australia . 181 pp .\n- leading manufacture and exporter of safe & high quality seafoods , supplying hygienic and uncontaminated seafood products to customers worldwide . atlantic salmon . vannamei white shrimp , black tiger shrimp farmed , wild black sea tiger shrimps , freshwater shrimps , seawater shrimps . we can supply about 600 different species marine fish ( saltwater fishes ) including : red mullet , red snapper , grouper , barramundi , seabass , mahi mahi , yellowfin tuna , seer fish , king fish , spanish mackerel , silver croaker , yellow croaker , ribbonfish , cobia , escolar , butterfish , oilfish , fusilier , ghoul , kooth , leather jacket , mackerel , parrot fish , black pomfret , chinese pomfret , silver pomfret , red spot emperor , silver sillago ,\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 5 - 30 m ( ref . 2295 ) . tropical ; 27\u00b0n - 34\u00b0s , 113\u00b0e - 168\u00b0e\nwestern pacific : the ryukyu islands , eastern philippines , northern australia , and new caledonia ( ref . 114226 ) . occurrence records outside distributional range probably refer to lethrinus olivaceus ( ref . 2295 ) .\nmaturity : l m 36 . 1 range ? - 42 . 2 cm max length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2295 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9987 ) ; max . published weight : 9 . 6 kg ( ref . 9987 ) ; max . reported age : 22 years ( ref . 2290 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 . snout moderately long . cheek without scales . body silvery , tan or yellowish in color , often with a series of 8 or 9 dark bars . vertical bars may be absent in some individuals . base of pectoral fin red . occasionally a red streak is present , originating on the upper operculum , passing beneath the eye and on to the snout . reddish lips . fins pale or reddish , sometimes brilliant red on membranes near base of pelvic fin and between spinous rays of dorsal and anal fin . the base of scales often black .\nadults inhabit coral reefs during daytime where they feed occasionally in sand and rubble areas between coral heads . at night , they move out over the sandy sea floor and forage actively . usually occur in small schools . juveniles live in shallow , inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas , moving into deeper water as they age ( ref . 27260 , 28202 ) . feed mainly on crustaceans , echinoderms , mollusks and fish , with crabs and sea urchins predominating . much of the information reported for this species was based on misidentifications and referred to l . olivaceous ( see ref . 2295 ) . marketed fresh or frozen ( ref . 9987 ) .\nl . miniatus are serial hermaphrodites with a protogynous strategy ( i . e , female first , male second ) . sexual bimodality was present in both age and length frequency distributions ( brown et al 1994 ) . juveniles live in shallow , inshore waters such as seagrass and mangrove areas , moving into deeper water as they age ( ref . 27260 , 28202 ) . also ref . 103751 .\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 1510 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01097 - 0 . 02882 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 1 - 0 . 4 ; tm = 2 - 3 ; tmax = 22 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 62 , 2 sd range = 0 . 36 - 1 . 09 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 48 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 28 , based on : 2 m , 6 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly . we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\n& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010\u20132018 . queensland government\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nrecorded from cape freycinet , southern western australia , to sydney , new south wales , and lord howe and norfolk islands , in the tasman sea . found elsewhere in the tropical western pacific . inhabits coral reefs , usually feeding in small schools over sandy and rubble areas between bommies and along reef edges during the day . at night , they move out onto open sandy areas to forage .\ncarnivore - feeds on crustaceans , echinoderms , molluscs and fishes - preferring crabs and sea urchins .\nsparus miniatus forster , 1801 , systema ichthyologiae : 281 . type locality : new caledonia .\nafma 2010 . norfolk island inshore fishery data summary 2006 - 2009 . australian fisheries management authority , canberra . 20 pp .\nallen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\ncarpenter , k . e . 2001 . sparidae , lethrinidae . pp . 2990 - 3050 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\ncarpenter , k . e . & allen , g . r . 1989 . fao species catalogue .\n. fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 , vol . 9 . rome : fao 118 pp .\ncurrey , l . m . , heupel , m . r . , simpfendorfer , c . a . & williams , a . j . 2014 . sedentary or mobile ? variability in space and depth use of an exploited coral reef fish .\ncurrey , l . m . , heupel , m . r . , simpfendorfer , c . a . & williams , a . j . 2014 . inferring movement patterns of a coral reef fish using oxygen and carbon isotopes in otolith carbonate .\nforster , j . r . in bloch , m . e . & schneider , j . g . 1801 .\nfrancis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .\ngloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .\n. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .\ngrant , c . , 1981 . high catch rates in norfolk island dropline fishery .\nhutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts \u2014 the leeuwin province .\nhutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. canberra : bureau of resource sciences and the fisheries research and development corporation 422 pp .\nkulbicki , m . , y . - m . bozec , p . labrosse , y . letourneur , g . mou - tham & l . wantiez . 2005 . diet composition of carnivorous fishes from coral reef lagoons of new caledonia .\nrussell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2\nsainsbury , k . j . , 1987 . assessment and management of the demersal fishery on the continental shelf of northwestern australia . p . 465 - 503 . in j . j . polovina & s . ralston ( eds )\nspeare , p . , cappo , m . , rees , m . , brownlie , j . & oxley , w . 2004 . deep water fish and benthic surveys in the lord howe island marine park ( commonwealth waters ) : february 2004 . townsville : australian institute of marine sciences 30 pp .\n\u00a9 my fishing place pty . ltd . | disclaimer | privacy | contact us\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .\nis known from widely - scattered localities primarily in the west pacific ocean , though it has also been recorded from the west coast of australia . it is a protogynous hermaphrodite . this species has undergone localized population declines in parts of its range due to overexploitation ( japan ) . however , it is managed in australia and global - level population declines are not suspected at this time . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .\nlethrinus miniatus is found in the ryukyu islands , the eastern philippines , northern australia and new caledonia ( carpenter 2001 ) . there is also an unverified record from west timor ( b . russell pers . comm . 2016 ) . it is found to depths of 5 to 30 m ( carpenter 2001 ) .\nlethrinus miniatus has a discontinuous distribution in australia . the degree of genetic subdivision between east and west coast population suggests that they should be managed as discrete stocks . genetic diversity of l . miniatus was relatively high on the great barrier reef compared with western australia , indicating that west coast populations may be more susceptible to environmental and anthropogenic perturbations ( van herwerden et al . 2009 ) . lethrinus miniatus is a key resource in the coral reef fin fish fishery , great barrier reef , australia . in 2011 / 2012 the resource was considered to be not fully utilized , with only 35 % of the quota ( 955 , 604 kg ) used . around 725 t were landed in the commercial fishery , 53 t in the charter fishery , and 200 t in the recreational fishery ( department of fisheries 2013 ) . density within closed areas of the great barrier reef were higher than that in fished areas ( aims unpublished data ) . rates of stock decline have been very large in the waters off okinawa island ( ebisawa and ozawa 2009 ) .\nlethrinus miniatus feeds in sand around coral reefs in daytime . at nighttime , this species feeds mostly over the sandy sea floor near reefs at depths between 5 and 30 m . it is usually found in small schools . it feeds mostly on crustaceans , echinoderms , molluscs , and fishes with crabs and sea urchins predominating . it reaches a maximum size of 90 cm tl ( carpenter 2001 ) . the length range of 350 female l . miniatus obtained off the coast of japan was 22 . 5 to 54 . 0 cm fl , with a mode at 34 cm fl ( ebisawa 2006 ) . lethrinus miniatus spawning has been recorded from july to october in australia ( tobin et al . 2013 ) . lethrinus miniatus is considered a protogynous hermaphrodite ( ebisawa 2006 ) . in the waters off okinawa island the age at which the sex ratio decreased to 50 % due to sexual transition from female in this protogynous hermaphrodite species was 7 - 8 years old ( ebisawa and ozawa 2009 ) . ovaries were immature in size classes smaller than 30 cm fl , and were fully mature in classes larger than 44 cm ( ebisawa 2006 ) . if spawning aggregations of l . miniatus occur they may form on deep reef edge sites which are too deep to be targeted by fishers in australia ( tobin et al . 2013 ) .\nthis species is caught primarily by handline . it is one of the favourite food and sport fishes around the great barrier reef , although it is considered to be understudied ( mclean et al . 2010 ) . it is a major food fish in new caledonia ( carpenter 2001 ) . lethrinids are dominant features of fish landings in many parts of the pacific . in oceania , lethrinids are components of reef and lagoon and deep - slope species stocks , and are sometimes taken with small pelagics . lethrinids are the main targeted reef fish species in fiji . commercial hand - line fishing primarily targets lethrinids in guam in waters less than 150 m . lethrinids are landed using hand - lines , spears , surrounding nets , and drive - in nets , and occasionally using spears and beach seines ( dalzell et al . 1996 ) .\nfisheries management agencies in queensland and western australia have implemented harvest and conservation strategies ( newman et al . 2008 , van herwerden et al . 2009 ) ,\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncompanies by fish | seafood species - companies listed by the fish or seafood product that they deal in . fish & seafood products listed by common name .\nseafood producers - seafood & fish producers , companies that produce and manufacture seafood products , fishing boat & fleet owners .\nbait suppliers - companies who supply fishing bait products to commercial fishermen and wholesale suppliers of bait product to tackle stores .\nwholesale seafood - wholesale fish suppliers and seafood distributors , local suppliers or in country suppliers .\nretail seafood suppliers - companies who supply fish and seafood products to retail seafood outlets .\nseafood restaurants - companies who specialise in supplying seafood and fish products to restaurants , hotels and catering establishments .\ncompanies who provide services to commercial fishing and seafood industries directory : aquaculture , business , training , marketing consultants , fish processing services , biosecurity , environment , marine engineers & repairs , customs services , legal , finance , crewing agencies , insurance , testing services , ship provisioning , news & publications . . .\nsuppliers of other products to the commercial fishing & seafood industry : ice machines , refrigeration , fish & seafood processing equipment , packaging supplies , cleaning , fish feed , fishing tackle , marine engines parts & spares , repairs , fuel , other food products . . .\n, swordfish , threadfin bream , tongue sole , skipjack tuna . freshwater fish : rohu , tilapia , mrigal , ayer , boal , catla , puti , koi , climbing perch , pangasius basa , live & frozen king crab , snow crab , mud crab , loligo squid , japanese flying squid todarodes pacificus , cuttlefish , giant octopus , baby octopus .\n- komira group aim at being an integrated fishery supplier , delivering value and quality products to meet the fishery market demand in indonesia and overseas . komira group also working with groups fishermen in areas there are about 400 - 500 fisherman who regularly work in production chain connections , continuously acquire raw material supply of fish . our products of frozen fish such as muroaji , tuna loin , spanish mackerel , baby tuna , flying fish roe , skipjack , milkfish , ribbon fish , squid , cuttlefish , octopus , black pomfret , red snapper , red goat fish , threadfin bream , conger eel , big eye snapper ,\nkomira group indonesia - komira group aim at being an integrated fishery supplier , delivering value and quality products to meet the fishery market demand in indonesia and overseas . komira group also working with groups fishermen in areas there are about 400 - 500 fisherman who regularly work in production chain connections , continuously acquire raw material supply of fish . our products of frozen fish such as muroaji , tuna loin , spanish mackerel , baby tuna , flying fish roe , skipjack , milkfish , ribbon fish , squid , cuttlefish , octopus , black pomfret , red snapper , red goat fish , threadfin bream , conger eel , big eye snapper , sweetlips , robinson , parrot fish , etc .\nndt company limited vietnam - seafood exporter in vietnam , especially , barramundi products , reef fishes , octopus , cuttlefish , squid to the countries such as australia , new zealand , usa , eu and in asia .\nbowpan pty ltd australia - importers and exporters of shrimp : freshwater , black tiger , vannamei , pink and white shrimps . these are processed as raw peeled deveined tail - on / tail - off , peeled undeveined ( pud ) , hoso raw or cooked both in iqf , block frozen & semi - iqf form , crimson snapper , red snapper , grouper , white & cream basa , barramundi , spanish mackeral , king snapper , sweetlips , mahi mahi , tilapia , rohu .\njd ' s seafood export contractors pty ltd australia - export approved fish processing establishment , supplying all fin fish as whole , g & g and filleted , crustaceans , molluscs , live lobsters , crabs , yabbies , marron approved for export to the eu & russia . fresh product flown in daily from all over australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njames jean \u2019s illustrations for the shape of water novel by guillermo del toro and daniel kraus .\n\u201camy poehler was new to snl and we were all crowded into the seventeenth - floor writers\u2019 room , waiting for the wednesday night read - through to start . [ \u2026 ] amy was in the middle of some such nonsense with seth meyers across the table , and she did something vulgar as a joke . i can\u2019t remember what it was exactly , except it was dirty and oud and \u201cunladylike\u201d , jimmy fallon [ \u2026 ] turned to her and in a faux - squeamish voice said , \u201cstop that ! it\u2019s not cute ! i don\u2019t like it . \u201d amy dropped what she was doing , went black in the eyes for a second , and wheeled around on him . \u201ci don\u2019t fucking care if you like it . \u201d jimmy was visibly startled . amy went right back to enjoying her ridiculous bit . with that exchange , a cosmic shift took place . amy made it clear that she wasn\u2019t there to be cute . she wasn\u2019t there to play wives and girlfriends in the boys\u2019 scenes . she was there to do what she wanted to do and she did not fucking care if you like it . \u201d\nthis sounds like a lot , but it\u2019s true . an estimated 100 , 000 , 000 sharks per year are killed , threatening many species with endangerment or extinction .\nscary predators are important to the ecosystem , too . conservation\u2019s not just about the panda bears .\nin 1994 when green day first became famous , they invited pansy division , an openly gay punk band , to open for them for the entire dookie tour knowing full well the responses would be mixed . in 2016 / 2017 , on their revolution radio tour , green day chose only female led punk bands to open for them to help create recognition for these artists in a male dominated scene . this band has always been using their voices for the right reasons and i love them so much for that .\nif i\u2019m not mistaken , there was a prom somewhere that was cancelled one time because a lesbian couple wanted to go , so green day rented a venue and had a prom for them . not sure about accuracy , my mom told me about that\nyes this is true as well ! ! green day helped to fund and organize this second prom when the first one was cancelled . the second prom was actually open not only to the students of the school , but also to any other lgbtq + students as well as supporters in the state of mississippi who wanted to attend as well ! !\nbilly joe armstrong once literally leapt into the crowd at green day show and drop - kicked a guy who wouldn\u2019t leave a girl alone .\nbrown or sand coloured body with red tint . red dorsal and anal fins with spines on the first half . sloped head with large eyes and red markings .\na fast strike followed by a series quick runs for shelter around submerged obstacles ."]}
{"id": 1194, "summary": [{"text": "hyopsodus is a genus of extinct odd-toed ungulate mammal of the family hyopsodontidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "fossils of this genus have been found in north america , especially the bighorn basin region of the united states .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is believed to have been swift and nimble , living in burrows , and perhaps able to use echolocation . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hyopsodus", "paragraphs": ["endocast measurements for hyopsodus ( given in mm , and mm 3 for endocast volume ) .\ndevelopment of the corpora quadrigemina in ( a ) hyopsodus , ( b ) rhinolophus hipposideros , ( c ) tenrec ecaudatus .\nhyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007\ndental measurements of amnh 143783 referred to hyopsodus lepidus ( given in mm ) . measurements are base don the 3d reconstruction of the dentition .\nfigure 1 . hyopsodus as originally reconstructed ( below ) and as reconstructed here above in two views . this former condylarth now nests with dogs .\nfigure 2 . miacis , an eocene ancestor to extant dogs , such as canis . note the transverse premaxilla and tiny premaxillary teeth as in hyopsodus .\ndetails - hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 - biodiversity heritage library\ncitation : orliac mj , argot c , gilissen e ( 2012 ) digital cranial endocast of hyopsodus ( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) : a case of paleogene terrestrial echolocation ? plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e30000 . urltoken\nfull reference : l . krishtalka . 1979 . paleontology and geology of the badwater creek area , central wyoming . part 18 . revision of late eocene hyopsodus . annals of carnegie museum 48 ( 20 ) : 377 - 389\nty - book ti - hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 ur - urltoken py - 1991 au - flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , er -\n\u201chyopsodus presents one of the highest encephalization quotients of archaic ungulates and shows an \u201cadvanced version\u201d of the basal ungulate brain pattern , with a mosaic of archaic characters such as large olfactory bulbs , weak ventral expansion of the neopallium , and absence of neopallium fissuration , as well as more specialized ones such as the relative reduction of the cerebellum compared to cerebrum or the enlargement of the inferior colliculus [ hearing ] . the detailed analysis of the overall morphology of the postcranial skeleton of hyopsodus indicates a nimble , fast moving animal that likely lived in burrows . \u201d\nalthough no strict relationship between echolocation and the development of inferior colliculus has been demonstrated in extant terrestrial mammals , the inferior colliculus size in hyopsodus could indicate that the latter used terrestrial echolocation to investigate subterranean environment and / or to minimize predation during nocturnal exploration of the environment as concluded for extant shrews [ 55 ] \u2013 [ 57 ] .\n@ book { bhl170947 , title = { hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\nreconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) hyopsodus lepidus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( b ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ; cast amnh 39266 ) ; ( c ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) ; ( d ) meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ; usnm 19509 ) ; ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as .\nreconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) hyopsodus lepidus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( b ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ; cast amnh 39266 ) ; ( c ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) ; ( d ) meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ; usnm 19509 ) ; ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as figure 2 .\nreconstructions made after the original cranial endocasts of : ( a ) phenacodus ( amnh 4369 ) , ( b ) , meniscotherium ( amnh 49082 ) , ( c ) hyopsodus ( amnh 143783 ) , ( d ) pleuraspidotherium ( mnhn cr 252 , 963 ) , ( e ) arctocyon ( mnhn cr 700 ) , ( f ) cebochoerus ( mnhn 34\u20131967 ) , ( g ) hyracotherium ( amnh 55267 ) . all specimens normalized on the neopallium length . proportions of the different parts indicated in percent of the total endocast length : black , rhinencephalon ; red , neopallium ; blue , mesencephalon ; green , cerebellum . not to scale .\nthe most significant feature observed in hyopsodus is the clear delineation of the corpora quadrigemina , and especially the large development of the inferior colliculus . the superior colliculus receives major inputs from the retina but is more than just a visual processing structure . one of its major functions is to localize a stimulus and to cause the animal to orient to the stimulus by moving its neck and / or its eyes [ 44 ] . in contrast to the role of the superior colliculus within the visual system , the inferior colliculus is the principal source of input to the auditory thalamus , which relays auditory information to the primary auditory cortex [ 45 ] . moreover , the inferior colliculus probably also represents a major output to premotor pathways that initiate or regulate sound evoked motor behavior [ 46 ] .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > hyopsodus ( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . american museum novitates ; no . 3007 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > flynn , john j . ( john joseph ) , < / namepart > < namepart type =\ndate\n> 1955 - < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1991 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nuniversit\u00e9 montpellier 2 , ise - m umr 5554 , montpellier , france . maeva . orliac @ urltoken\npmid : 22347998 pmcid : pmc3277592 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0030000\nspecimen illustrated in lateral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) , and ventral ( c ) views . scale bar = 1 cm .\nreconstruction illustrated in left lateral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) , right lateral ( c ) , ventral with basicranium ( d ) , ventral without basicranium ( e ) , and posterior views . abbreviations : cas , cavernous sinus ; cc , condyloid canal ; cdf , condyloid foramen ; ci , colliculi inferior ; cf , condylar foramen ; cs , colliculi superior ; fl , paraflocculus ; flm , foramen lacerum medium ; flp , foramen lacerum posterius ; fo , foramen ovale ; fp , fissure prima ; hy , hypophysis ; ips , inferior petrosal sinus ; lal , lateral lobe of cerebellum ; las , lateral sinus ( or transverse sinus ) ; los , longitudinal sinus ; mf , mastoid foramen ; mo , medulla oblongata ; ms , mesencephalon ; mv , mastoid vein ; np , neopallium ; ob , olfactory bulb ; oc , occipital condyle ; op , olfactory peduncle ; os , occipital sinus ; ot , olfactory tubercle ; pb , petrosal bone ; pgf , postglenoid foramen ; pil , piriform lobe ; rhp , rhinal fissure ; sc , sinusal canal ; tf , temporal foramen ; ts , temporal sinus ; vc , vermis cerebelli . scale bar = 1 cm .\nconceived and designed the experiments : mjo . analyzed the data : mjo ca eg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mjo ca eg . wrote the paper : mjo ca eg .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\na major function of the brain is the maintenance of physiological condition ( homeostasy ) . by collecting and processing sensory information , it insures optimal behavioral responses in a given environment . therefore , several brain structures are molded by the ecophysiological situation of the animal within its niche [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 4 ] . the increased use of computed tomography ( ctscan ) recently gave an unprecedented access to internal structures of fossils , and triggered new interest for vertebrate cranial endocast studies ( e . g . , [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 14 ] ) . these recent works are building upon fundamental studies performed during the second half of the 20 th century ( e . g . , [ 15 ] \u2013 [ 20 ] ) and cranial endocast anatomy is now documented for major mammalians clades .\nthe brain and associated soft tissues such as meninges , nerves , veins and arteries are sheltered in the neurocranium and leave imprints on its tabula interna . the study of the endocranial cast is the only means to reach an understanding about the nervous and sensory system of extinct species . edinger [ 21 ] and jerison [ 17 ] demonstrated that analysis of mammalian endocasts can provide a good approximation of the relative size of the major encephalic subdivisions and accordingly , comparative studies of fossil mammalian endocasts largely contributed to our knowledge of brain evolutionary history ( e . g . , [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 22 ] \u2013 [ 25 ] ) .\nin the history of mammals , \u2018condylarthra\u2019 consists of a para \u2013 or polyphyletic assemblage of paleocene - eocene early diverging ungulates that potentially played a crucial role in the onset of crown ungulate clades such as perissodactyla , artiodactyla , cetacea , proboscidea , sirenia , and hyracoidea ( e . g . ,\n) . the diversity of these groups is also reflected in the disparity of brain morphologies . the phylogenetic relationships of archaic ungulates remain a current topic of investigation . a recent hypothesis of relationships among basal ungulates mammals\nsimplified phylogenetic relationships among basal ungulates , modified after [ 36 , fig . 11b ] .\nthe braincase of amnh 143783 is broken in two parts at the base of the olfactory bulbs . the two fragments match perfectly and the neurocranium is complete (\n) . the skull has undergone a slight dorso - ventral compression and the braincase is slightly deformed by a lateral shift . measurements of the endocast are provided in\n) . the vermis of the cerebellum constitutes the highest point of the brain . the cerebrum is relatively flat compared with the cerebellum . the shape of the cerebrum is correlated to the almost complete absence of telencephalic flexure . the maximal width is at the level of the piriform lobes (\nthe specimen amnh 143783 gives access to the complete extension of the rhinencephalon . the latter is strongly developed , as it almost represents half of the forebrain . the bulging olfactory lobes are of large size . their combined diameters equal the width of the dorsal roof of the skull in the posterior half of the orbits (\n) . the two lobes are elongated and contiguous . they are prolonged by long olfactory fibers spreading into the anterior part of the orbits and beyond ( not reconstructed on the 3d model because of bad preservation of the specimen ) . the olfactory bulbs directly extend the olfactory peduncles . both structures are aligned with the rest of the telencephalon . the location of the olfactory tubercles is not clear on the right side of the skull because of postmortem deformation . it is observable on the left side , although weakly prominent (\n) . the piriform lobes represent most of the cerebral hemispheres ; they are visible in dorsal view in the posterolateral part of the cerebrum where they constitute the greatest width of the brain . they are dorsally delimited by the posterior rhinal fissure located in the dorsal third of the cerebrum height . a sinus might be present in the posterolateral part of the piriform lobe , but there is no trace of its anterior extension .\n, a considerable portion of the forebrain was missing and the telencephalon was only partially described . especially , the location of the rhinal fissure was unknown . in the specimen described here , the posterior rhinal fissure is shallow but clearly present on both sides of the telencephalon (\n) . it is located in the dorsal third of the hemisphere and delimits the posteroventral border of the neopallium . the anterior rhinal fissure is difficult to locate . when present , it is limited to the anteriormost part of the cerebrum and does not abut on the posterior rhinal fissure . the neopallium thus forms a reduced cap on the cerebral hemisphere . the neopallium is smooth or lissencephalic , suggesting that there were no gyri or sulci ( neither the lateral sulcus nor the suprasylvian sulcus ) . only a subtle convexity lays on the dorsoposterior part of the neopallium , slightly posterior to the location of the gyrus 3 described in earliest artiodactyls (\n; orliac pers . obs ) . this structure marks the highest point of the cerebrum , with its dorsal part being flat and anteriorly sloping . the neopallium is distinctly narrower in its anterior portion . between the medial margins of the neopallium , the longitudinal sinus in\nis deep and clearly sets apart the two cerebral hemispheres . the lateral or transverse sinuses separate just ahead of the superior colliculi .\nthe posterior limit of the neopallium is far apart from the lobes of the cerebellum , and the tectum of the midbrain is broadly exposed on the dorsal surface . the midbrain exposure is accentuated by the anterior divergence of the two cerebral hemispheres .\nthe corpora quadrigemina ( colliculi ) are clearly visible . the inferior colliculus is especially important , and its development occupies most of the exposed midbrain . this special feature is also observed in the specimen described by gazin [ 35 ] . on x - ray radiographies , quasi perpendicular to the tabula interna , the tentorium cerebelli is a thick crest of bone separating the cerebrum from the cerebellum .\nthe cerebellum is large and exhibits a well delimited vermis , cerebellar hemispheres ( lateral lobes ) and paraflocculus . the vermis of the cerebellum is wide and elevated ; its dorsal extension is pointed and reaches the same level as the dorsal face of the telencephalon . the fissura prima is located in the posterior third of the vermis . the cerebellar hemispheres are separated from the cerebrum by a broad and shallow paramedian fissure . the former are moderately developed and not inflated , sloping anteriorly . their dorsal surface is almost flat . in dorsal view , their posterior extension does not reach that of the vermis , with the posterior part of the latter forming a wide bulge . on both ventrolateral surfaces , the paraflocculi are observable . they consist of two rounded and large sized lobes that project outwards , downwards and somewhat backwards .\nthe superior petrosal sinus is located underneath the cerebellar hemispheres , a continuation of the transverse or lateral sinus system . the posterior part of the sinus system cannot be described because most of the occipital surface of the skull is eroded and the bone is not preserved . the anterior part of the lateral sinus system , or temporal sinus , is partially reconstructed in blue on\n. it extends ventrally and leads to the postglenoid foramen ( path for the external jugular vein ) . dorsally , it leads to several small foramina indicating vascular communication with the temporal surface . posteriorly , the occipital sinus runs external to the petrosal bone and opens on the occipital surface at the level of the mastoid foramen ( path for the mastoid vein ) . ventrally , the petrosal sinus curves slightly forward to the foramen lacerum posterius ( internal jugular vein ) . just ventral to this flexure , and before the sinus reaches the foramen lacerum posterius , a small posterior sinus corresponding to the condyloid canal opens in the internal aspect of the occipital condyle . posteroventral to it , on the side of the medulla oblongata , lies the condylar foramen ( or hypoglossal foramen ) which corresponds to the path of the nerve xii .\nventromedial to the paraflocullus there is the prominence representing the internal auditory meatus with the cast of the facial nerve ( vii ) , and of the auditory nerve ( viii ) located more posteroventrally . the elongated foramen lacerum medium , medial to the internal auditory meatus , connects posteriorly the foramen lacerum posterius by a discrete inferior petrosal sinus . the foramen ovale lies posterolateral to the cavernous sinus and contains the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( v\n. the corresponding encephalization quotient ( eq ) calculated with an estimated body mass ( em ) of 630 g ( based on head and body length ) , is of 0 . 36 using the equation proposed by jerison\ndiscussed the problem of estimating body weights of archaic ungulates which greatly differ from extant members of the group . indeed , the body shape and proportions of\nare markedly different from those of extant ungulates from which the correlations between dental measurements and body weight are estimated , making it difficult to propose plausible estimates . with its elongated body and relatively short limbs ,\nregressions for non - selenodont ungulates using m1 area and m1 length . depending of the formula used , the estimated body weight of amnh 143783 ranges between 412 and 854 g . indeed , differences in body weight estimations have important repercussions on eq estimates (\nconsiders that the use of m1 area overestimates the body mass of basal ungulates because they have larger teeth for their body size than do the average modern ones . this assumption gives more credit to the body weight estimate based on the m1 length ( 412 g ) . given the morphological divergence between\nand extant ungulates , we consider a body weight estimate comprised between 326 g and 412 g , which corresponds to an eq between 0 . 48 and 0 . 41 following the equation of\n; eq = 0 . 36 ) based on a heavier body weight estimate . according to the eq estimates calculated by jerison\nev , endocast volume ; ebm , estimated body mass ; eq1 , encephalization quotient using radinsky ' s [ 20 ] equation ; eq2 , encephalization quotient using eisenberg ' s [ 39 ] equation .\nis rather simple among archaic ungulates . there is no junction between the posterior and anterior rhinal fissures , the location of the latter being even difficult to determine with precision (\n, the ventral extension of the neopallium is weak and it does not reach the level of what is interpreted here as a vascular sinus . it is comparable to that of\nis devoid of fissures and has no trace of suprasylvia or a lateral sulcus , it only exhibits a slight inflation of the posterior part of the neopallium . the same morphology is observed in\n( amnh 48082 ; gazin , 1965 ) , which shows a more important posterior inflation of the neopallium . this is in contrast with the neopallium of\nbears a long lateral sulcus and another small more ventral depression possibly representing the suprasylvia . after verification on the original endocasts ( mnhn cr 956 , cr 700 )\nis rather advanced as its antero - posterior extension almost covers half of the total length of the brain .\n( mnhn cr 700 ) , modified after russell and sigogneau ( 1965 ) . not to scale . abbreviations : same as\nand represents more than 40 % of the total brain length . by the proportions of the different parts of its brain ,\nmidbrain exposure is as important as in other archaic ungulates , but its structure is more derived . the reduction of the cerebrum relative to the total length of the endocast in\nis most probably correlated with the development of the inferior colliculi . it is noticeable that the morphology of the vermis itself , with a posterior location of the fissure prima , is primitive\npresents one of the highest eqs among archaic ungulates , a statement congruent with the derived general proportions of its brain .\npresents an \u201cadvanced version\u201d of the basal ungulate brain pattern , with a mosaic of archaic ( large olfactory bulbs , weak ventral expansion of the neopallium , absence of neopallium fissuration ) and highly derived ( relative reduction of the cerebellum compared to cerebrum ; enlargement of the inferior colliculus ) characters .\nmammalian echolocation is mostly associated with cetaceans in aquatic environments and bats in aerial environments ( e . g . , microchiroptera and megachiroptera ;\n. although discussed , the ecological significance of echolocation in shrews was proposed to aid the search for protective cover or for detecting obstacles in subterranean tunnels . evidence for echolocation by means of tongue clicks has also been observed in three tenrecidae both under experimental and natural conditions , and correlated to nocturnal exploration of new environments\n. those two insectivorous mammals , although phylogenetically distant ( e . g . ,\n) present a rather simple brain structure . however , like in bats , both show a well developed inferior colliculus ; the latter being largely exposed in the tenrecidae\namong edentate placentals , the xenarthra chlamyphorus ( pink fairy armadillo , or \u201c pichiciego \u201d which means \u201cshort - sighted\u201d ) has a subterranean life . it shows a huge enlargement of the posterior ( inferior ) colliculus [ 43 ] compared to the optic midbrain colliculi . edinger [ 43 ] parallels the peculiar morphology of the brain of chlamyphorus and its highly derived forelimbs , specialized for digging . moreover , she relates the large size of the posterior ( inferior ) colliculus to the unique faculty of chlamyphorus among armadillos to have a \u201cvoice\u201d [ 63 ] , [ 64 ] . the fact that this mammal is fossorial suggests that the latter , as shrews and tenrecs , might be another example of underground echolocation in extant terrestrial mammals .\ndigital reconstruction of amnh 143783 left dentition . a , upper and lower cheek teeth in occlusion , lateral view ; b\u2013d , c - m3 in ( b ) occlusal , ( c ) lingual , ( d ) labial views ; e\u2013f , c - m3 in ( e ) occlusal , and ( f ) lingual views . scale bar = 5 mm .\nwe are particularly grateful to r . o ' leary for her help and access to the amnh collections . many thanks to j . thostenson and m . hill for access to ct scan facilities and acquisition of the ct scan raw data . this is ise - m publication 2011\u2013151 . this work has been possible thanks to the high resolution ct - scanner facility of the amnh funded by the nsf mr1\u2013r2 0959384 granted to n . landman , co - pis : d . ebel , d . frost .\nfunding : this work has been conducted with the support of the anr ( erc programme palasiafrica ( anr - 08 - jcjc - 0017 - 01 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncatania kc . cortical organization in insectivora : the parallel evolution of the sensory periphery and the brain .\naustin : univ . of texas press , cd - rom , ed . 2 ; 1995 .\nrowe tb , macrini te , luo zx . fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain .\nlarsson hce , sereno pc , wilson ja . forebrain enlargement among nonavian theropod dinosaurs .\nwitmer lm , chatterjee s , franzosa j , rowe t . neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight , posture and behavior .\n( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) , with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans .\nmarino l , uhen md , frohlich b , aldag jm , blane c , et al . endocranial volume of mid - late eocene archaeocetes ( order : cetacea ) revealed by computed tomography : implications for cetacean brain evolution .\nmarino l , uhen md , pyenson nd , frohlich b . reconstructing cetacean brain evolution using computed tomography .\nmacrini te , muizon c , cifelli rl , rowe t . digital cranial endocast of\ndechaseaux c . moulages endocr\u00e2niens d ' artiodactyles primitifs , essai sur l ' histoire du n\u00e9opallium .\njerison hj . how can fossils tell us about the evolution of the neocortex . in : kaas jh , editor .\nradinsky lb . a new approach to mammalian cranial analysis , illustrated by examples of prosimian primates .\nprothero dr , manning em , fischer m . the phylogeny of the ungulates . in : benton mj , editor .\narchibald jd . archaic ungulates ( \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors .\nevolution of tertiary mammals of north america . volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulatelike mammals .\nrose kd . the beginning of the age of mammals . in : rose kd , editor . baltimore : the john hopkins university press ; 2006 . 428\ncope ed . the vertebrata of the tertiary formation of the west . 1884 . rept us geol surv terr , iii .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the late paleocene of berru ( france ) and phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic european family pleuraspidotheriidae .\nrose kd . clarkforkian land - mammal age : revised definition , zonation , and tentative intercontinental correlations .\njanis cm , archibald dj , cifelli rl , lucas sg , schaff cr , et al . part iii : archaic ungulates and ungulatelike mammals . in : janis cm , editor .\ndamuth j . problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements in body size in mammalian paleobiology . in : damuth j , macfadden bj , editors .\nlegendre s . les communaut\u00e9s de mammif\u00e8res du pal\u00e9og\u00e8ne ( eoc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur et oligoc\u00e8ne ) d ' europe occidentale : structure , milieux et \u00e9volution .\nmalmierca ms , merch\u00e1n m , henkel ck , oliver dl . direct projections from cochlear nucleus complex to auditory thalamus in the rat .\ncasseday jh , fremouw t , covey e . the inferior colliculus : a hub for the central auditory system . in : oertel d , popper an , fay rr , editors .\n( mammalia , proprimates ) : surface morphology and encephalization compared to those of primates and dermoptera .\nmalmierca ms . the inferior colliculus : a center for convergence of ascending and descending auditory information .\nbarton ra , purvis a , harvey ph . evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates , bats and insectivores .\ngould e , negus n , krech d . evidence for echolocation in shrews .\ndouady cj , douzery ej . molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence timesand the evolution of \u201cinsectivora\u201d .\nsymonds mre . phylogeny and life histories of the \u2018insectivora\u2019 : controversies and consequences .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the paleocene - eocene of western north america .\nrose kd . postcranial skeleton of eocene leptictidae ( mammalia ) , and its implications for behavior and relationships .\n( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming .\n( merocoidodontidae , oreodontoidea ) and implications for apomorphy based diagnosis of isolated , natural endocasts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . g . eaton . 1982 . contributions to geology , university of wyoming 21 ( 2 )\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 3 . 80 x 2 . 82\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 4 . 90 x 5 . 70 , m2 4 . 80 x 6 . 40 , m3 3 . 60 x 5 . 20 , m1 4 . 90 x 3 . 60\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 5 . 07 x 6 . 47 , m2 5 . 07 x 7 . 33 , m3 4 . 03 x 6 . 32 , m2 5 . 50 x 4 . 30\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 orliac et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe superior petrosal sinus is located underneath the cerebellar hemispheres , a continuation of the transverse or lateral sinus system . the posterior part of the sinus system cannot be described because most of the occipital surface of the skull is eroded and the bone is not preserved . the anterior part of the lateral sinus system , or temporal sinus , is partially reconstructed in blue on figure 3 . it extends ventrally and leads to the postglenoid foramen ( path for the external jugular vein ) . dorsally , it leads to several small foramina indicating vascular communication with the temporal surface . posteriorly , the occipital sinus runs external to the petrosal bone and opens on the occipital surface at the level of the mastoid foramen ( path for the mastoid vein ) . ventrally , the petrosal sinus curves slightly forward to the foramen lacerum posterius ( internal jugular vein ) . just ventral to this flexure , and before the sinus reaches the foramen lacerum posterius , a small posterior sinus corresponding to the condyloid canal opens in the internal aspect of the occipital condyle . posteroventral to it , on the side of the medulla oblongata , lies the condylar foramen ( or hypoglossal foramen ) which corresponds to the path of the nerve xii .\nventromedial to the paraflocullus there is the prominence representing the internal auditory meatus with the cast of the facial nerve ( vii ) , and of the auditory nerve ( viii ) located more posteroventrally . the elongated foramen lacerum medium , medial to the internal auditory meatus , connects posteriorly the foramen lacerum posterius by a discrete inferior petrosal sinus . the foramen ovale lies posterolateral to the cavernous sinus and contains the third branch of the trigeminal nerve ( v 3 ) . the surface of the hypophysis or pituitary body cannot be delimited with precision due to deformation and partial preservation of the bone ; however , it might be present on the right side of the specimen , medial to the foramen ovale ( figure 3e ) . the two cavernous sinuses are prominent like in the specimen described by gazin [ 35 ] . they terminate at the position of the posterior aperture to the sphenoidale fissure , and , as suggested by gazin [ 35 ] , comprise a complex of vascular structures and cranial nerves ( iii to vi except v 3 ) .\nallman jm ( 1999 ) evolving brains . new york : w . h . freeman and company . 98 p .\ncatania kc ( 2000 ) cortical organization in insectivora : the parallel evolution of the sensory periphery and the brain . brain behav evol 55 ( 6 ) : 311\u2013321 .\ncatania kc ( 2005 ) evolution of sensory specializations in insectivores . the anat rec a 287a : 1038\u20131050 .\ncatania kc , henry ec ( 2006 ) touching on somatosensory specializations in mammals . curr opin neurobiol 16 : 467\u2013473 .\n: digital atlas of the skull . austin : univ . of texas press , cd - rom , ed . 2 .\nrowe tb , macrini te , luo zx ( 2011 ) fossil evidence on origin of the mammalian brain . science 332 : 955\u2013957 .\nlarsson hce , sereno pc , wilson ja ( 2000 ) forebrain enlargement among nonavian theropod dinosaurs . j vertebr paleontol 30 : 615\u2013618 .\nwitmer lm , chatterjee s , franzosa j , rowe t ( 2003 ) neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight , posture and behavior . nature 425 : 950\u2013953 .\n( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) , with observations on the braincase in early chondrichthyans . bull am mus nat hist 288 : 1\u2013103 .\nmarino l , uhen md , frohlich b , aldag jm , blane c , et al . ( 2000 ) endocranial volume of mid - late eocene archaeocetes ( order : cetacea ) revealed by computed tomography : implications for cetacean brain evolution . j mammal evol 7 ( 2 ) : 81\u201394 .\nmarino l , uhen md , pyenson nd , frohlich b ( 2003 ) reconstructing cetacean brain evolution using computed tomography . anat rec 272b : 107\u2013117 .\ndechaseaux c ( 1969 ) moulages endocr\u00e2niens d ' artiodactyles primitifs , essai sur l ' histoire du n\u00e9opallium . annls paleont ( vert ) 55 ( 2 ) : 195\u2013248 .\njerison hj ( 1973 ) evolution of brain and intelligence . new york : academic press . 482 p .\nedinger t ( 1975 ) paleoneurology 1804\u20131966 . an annotated bibliography . adv anat embryol cell biol 49 : 1\u2013258 .\nradinsky lb ( 1977 ) brains of early carnivores . paleobiology 3 : 333\u2013349 .\nradinsky lb ( 1978 ) evolution of brain size in carnivorous and ungulates . am nat 112 ( 987 ) : 815\u2013831 .\nedinger t ( 1948 ) evolution of the horse brain . geol soc am mem 25 : 1\u2013177 .\njerison hj ( 2009 ) how can fossils tell us about the evolution of the neocortex . in : kaas jh , editor . evolutionary neuroscience . amsterdam : elsevier . pp . 497\u2013508 .\nradinsky lb ( 1968 ) a new approach to mammalian cranial analysis , illustrated by examples of prosimian primates . j morphol 124 : 167\u2013180 .\nradinsky lb ( 1973 ) evolution of the canid brain . brain behav evol 7 ( 3 ) : 169\u2013202 .\n, a middle eocene mesonychid condylarth . fieldiana geol 33 ( 18 ) : 323\u2013337 .\nvan valen l ( 1978 ) the beginning of the age of mammals . evol theory 4 : 45\u201380 .\nprothero dr , manning em , fischer m ( 1988 ) the phylogeny of the ungulates . in : benton mj , editor . the phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods , volume 2 : mammals . oxford : clarendon press . pp . 201\u2013234 .\narchibald jd ( 1998 ) archaic ungulates ( \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) . in : janis cm , scott km , jacobs ll , editors . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulatelike mammals . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 292\u2013331 .\nrose kd ( 2006 ) the beginning of the age of mammals . in : rose kd , editor . baltimore : the john hopkins university press . 428 p .\nedinger t ( 1929 ) die fossilen gehirne . zeits gesam anat abtiii 28 : 1\u2013249 .\nrussell de , sigogneau d ( 1965 ) etude de moulages endocr\u00e2niens de mammif\u00e8res pal\u00e9oc\u00e8nes . mem mus natl hist nat c 16 ( 1 ) : 1\u201334 .\ncope ed ( 1884 ) the vertebrata of the tertiary formation of the west . rept us geol surv terr , iii .\ntilney f ( 1933 ) fossil brains of some early tertiary mammals of north america . bull neurol inst new york 1 : 430\u2013505 .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the late paleocene of berru ( france ) and phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic european family pleuraspidotheriidae . j vertebr paleontol 30 ( 5 ) : 1559\u20131578 .\nrose kd ( 1980 ) clarkforkian land - mammal age : revised definition , zonation , and tentative intercontinental correlations . science 208 : 744\u2013746 .\njanis cm , archibald dj , cifelli rl , lucas sg , schaff cr , et al . ( 1998 ) part iii : archaic ungulates and ungulatelike mammals . in : janis cm , editor . evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 247\u2013259 .\neisenberg jf ( 1981 ) the mammalian radiations . chicago : university of chicago press . 610 p .\ndamuth j ( 1990 ) problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements in body size in mammalian paleobiology . in : damuth j , macfadden bj , editors . estimation and biological implications . cambridge : cambridge university press . pp . 229\u2013253 .\nlegendre s ( 1989 ) les communaut\u00e9s de mammif\u00e8res du pal\u00e9og\u00e8ne ( eoc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur et oligoc\u00e8ne ) d ' europe occidentale : structure , milieux et \u00e9volution . m\u00fcncher geowiss abha 16 : 1\u2013110 .\nradinsky lb ( 1976b ) oldest horse brains : more advanced than previously realized . science 194 : 626\u2013627 .\nedinger t ( 1964 ) midbrain exposure and overlap in mammals . amer zool 4 : 5\u201319 . 43 .\nbutler ab , hodos w ( 1996 ) comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy . evolution and adaptation . new york : wiley - liss . 514 p .\nmalmierca ms , merch\u00e1n m , henkel ck , oliver dl ( 2002 ) direct projections from cochlear nucleus complex to auditory thalamus in the rat . j neurosci 22 : 10891\u201310897 .\ncasseday jh , fremouw t , covey e ( 2002 ) the inferior colliculus : a hub for the central auditory system . in : oertel d , popper an , fay rr , editors . springer handbook of auditory research . new york : springer . pp . 238\u2013318 .\nstarck d ( 1963 ) \u201cfreiliegendes tectum mesencephali\u201d ein kennzeichen des primitiven s\u00e4ugetiergehirns ? zool anz 171 : 350\u2013359 .\n( mammalia , proprimates ) : surface morphology and encephalization compared to those of primates and dermoptera . contrib mus paleontol univ mich 31 ( 8 ) : 185\u2013195 .\nmalmierca ms ( 2004 ) the inferior colliculus : a center for convergence of ascending and descending auditory information . neuroembryol aging 3 : 215\u2013229 .\nbarton ra , purvis a , harvey ph ( 1995 ) evolutionary radiation of visual and olfactory brain systems in primates , bats and insectivores . phil trans r soc lond b 348 : 381\u2013392 .\njones g , teeling ec ( 2006 ) the evolution of echolocation in bats . trends ecol evol 21 ( 3 ) : 149\u2013156 .\nteeling ec ( 2009 ) hear , hear : the convergent evolution of echolocation in bats ? trends ecol evol 24 ( 7 ) : 351\u2013354 .\ngould e ( 1965 ) evidence for echolocation in the tenrecidae of madagascar . proc amer phil soc 109 : 352\u2013360 .\ngould e , negus n , krech d ( 1964 ) evidence for echolocation in shrews . j exp zool 156 : 19\u201338 .\ndouady cj , douzery ej ( 2003 ) molecular estimation of eulipotyphlan divergence timesand the evolution of \u201cinsectivora\u201d . mol phyl evol 28 : 285\u2013296 .\nsymonds mre ( 2005 ) phylogeny and life histories of the \u2018insectivora\u2019 : controversies and consequences . biol rev 80 : 93\u2013128 .\nstephan h , baron g , frahm hd ( 1991 ) comparative brain research in mammals volume 1 . insectivora . new york : springer verlag . 573 p .\nmilne - edwards and grandidier 1872 ( tenrecidae , insectivora ) . j hirnforsch 27 ( 4 ) : 391\u2013399 .\njakobs c ( 1943 ) el pichiciego . un capitolo biogeogr\u00e1phico misterioso de la argentina . rev geogr am 19 : 307\u2013314 .\nmatthews ( 1928 ) the evolution of the mammals in the eocene . proc zool soc london 1927 : 947\u2013985 .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) from the paleocene - eocene of western north america . new mexico mus nat hist sci bull 1 : 1\u201387 .\nrose kd ( 1999 ) postcranial skeleton of eocene leptictidae ( mammalia ) , and its implications for behavior and relationships . j vertebr paleontol 19 : 355\u2013372 .\n( mammalia ) from the tepee trail formation ( eocene ) , northwestern wyoming . amer mus nov 3007 : 1\u201319 .\n( merocoidodontidae , oreodontoidea ) and implications for apomorphy based diagnosis of isolated , natural endocasts . j vert paleont 29 ( 4 ) : 1199\u20131211 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nan odd - toed ungulate , despite having a five - clawed manus and a four - clawed pes . wikipedia also promotes this nesting , but unlike most ungulates , they report ,\nover to the condylarthra adds nearly 30 steps . those tiny feet beneath that long and wide body do not look to me like they could be used to excavate burrows or climb trees . plus that short tail and long torso are not typical of climbing animals .\nfigure 3 . canis lupus , the wolf that gave rise to extant dogs through selective breeding . note the five phalanges on the manus and four on the pes .\n( mammalia , \u201ccondylarthra\u201d ) : a case of paleogene terrestrial echolocation ? plosone v . 7 ( 2 ) ; 2012pmc3277592\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1208, "summary": [{"text": "heliozela ahenea is a moth of the heliozelidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walsingham in 1897 , and is found in the west indies .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 4 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brassy metallic without markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings and cilia are purplish grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "heliozela ahenea", "paragraphs": ["heliozela is genus of moths of the heliozelidae family . it was described by herrich - sch\u00e4ffer in 1853 .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nof the 1 , 557 species shown on the checklist for cuba , 45 % are found on the checklist for north america . matthew j . c . barnes ' list for jamaica contains 660 species of which an almost identical 44 . 1 % are found in north america . pierre zagatti ' s list for the french west indies contains 360 species of which 51 . 6 % are also found in north america . this higher percentage is probably due to the fact that zagatti does not list the micromoths . for puerto rico the preliminary checklist indicates that 422 of 994 species ( 42 . 5 % ) occur in north america .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 12 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1214, "summary": [{"text": "diacme adipaloides , the darker diacme moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by grote and robinson in 1867 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , arkansas , florida , indiana , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , new brunswick , new hampshire , new jersey , new york , north carolina , nova scotia , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , quebec , south carolina , tennessee , texas , virginia , west virginia and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults resemble diacme elealis , but the forewings are darker and greyish brown with irregular pale orange bands .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are paler yellow with a wide brown border .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded year round . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "diacme adipaloides", "paragraphs": ["species diacme adipaloides - darker diacme moth - hodges # 5143 - bugguide . net\nthe presence of a basal line on the hindwing appears to be useful in for separating light examples of d . adipaloides from elealis .\ni do call some things d . elealis in sc , but these have a different wing shape , and never have any hint of a basal line on the hw . i call everything with a basal line d . adipaloides .\nbrian scholtens - reference here\naccording to brian scholtens and others , the presence of a basal line on the hindwing is diagnostic for the darker diacme . reference despite the common name , some forms of the\ndarker diacme\ncan be just as pale as the\npaler diacme\n, but the presence or absence of the basal line is distinctive .\nidentification based on this marking seems to be supported by dna evidence at bold . the bin group for elealis , aae7559 , shows no examples with the basal line / loop . all examples show a pale yellow basal area with no dark markings . the bin for adipaloides , aab2577 shows no examples with this mark absent .\nresembles paler diacme , but darker fw is grayish brown with irregular pale orange bands . hw is paler yellow with wide brown border .\na darker diacme moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 4 / 25 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 11 / 2013 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 4 / 18 / 2015 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in howard co . , maryland ( 4 / 20 / 2004 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in calvert co . , maryland ( 9 / 11 / 2006 ) . photo by arlene ripley . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in howard co . , maryland ( 2002 ) . determined by hugh mcguinness . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 21 / 2017 ) . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in st . mary ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 26 / 2017 ) . photo by tyler bell . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in cecil co . , maryland ( 7 / 31 / 2015 ) . determined by hugh mcguinness . photo by shannon schade . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 31 / 2017 ) . determined by hugh mcguinness . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in harford co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2017 ) . determined by hugh mcguinness . photo by dave webb . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 9 / 15 / 2017 ) . determined by hugh mcguinness . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in harford co . , maryland ( 4 / 14 / 2018 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by dave webb . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 5 / 1 / 2013 ) . determined by nancy dowd / bugguide . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 9 / 1 / 2016 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by tyler bell . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 6 / 2015 ) . determined by hugh mcguinness . photo by robert aguilar , serc . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 9 / 6 / 2016 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by tyler bell . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in st . mary ' s co . , maryland ( 3 / 27 / 2017 ) . verified by hugh mcguinness . photo by tyler bell . ( mbp list )\na darker diacme moth in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 25 / 2017 ) . determined by high mcguinness . verified by bob biagi / bugguide . photo by bill harms . ( mbp list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthe bold sample size for elealis is small and these two species may be part of a complex with undescribed species . brian scholtens expressed in an email from 12 / 5 / 2017 that the taxonomy in this group may not be settled .\ngrote , a . r . , c . t . robinson , 1867 . descriptions of american lepidoptera , no 1 . transactions of the american entomological society . 1 : 26 . plate 2 , fg . 19 .\npeterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie . 2012 . houghton mifflin .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nbesides being memorable , . com domains are unique : this is the one and only . com name of it ' s kind . other extensions usually just drive traffic to their . com counterparts . to learn more about premium . com domain valuations , watch the video below :\n73 % of all domains registered on the web are . coms . the reason is simple : . com is the where most of web traffic happens . owning a premium . com gives you great benefits including better seo , name recognition , and providing your site with a sense of authority .\nvery fast and eay service to understand . . . - ivan baca , 12 / 25 / 2017\nthe purchase of domain was easy and fast . - ivan gusinskiy , 12 / 25 / 2017"]}
{"id": 1219, "summary": [{"text": "\u2020 partula cuneata was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to ra'i\u0101tea , french polynesia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is now extinct . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "partula cuneata", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : partula cuneata d . m . crampton , 1956 - id : 5622000024\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the late 1980s species began disappearing rapidly . by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species is known from a single animal found on raiatea island by henry crampton in 1909 . it was one of the few raiatean species to have a banding pattern . it probably became extinct shortly after\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000 , started in 1972 . it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted , as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation , values and development strategies . problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60 , 000 international non - profit organizations , profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon , whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise . indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate . in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector , emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions , conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations ( uia ) is a research institute and documentation centre , based in brussels . it was established in 1907 , by henri la fontaine ( nobel peace prize laureate of 1913 ) , and paul otlet , a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit , apolitical , independent , and non - governmental in nature , the uia has been a pioneer in the research , monitoring and provision of information on international organizations , international associations and their global challenges since 1907 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 1220, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha attenuata is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by omelko in 1993 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in japan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "thiotricha attenuata", "paragraphs": ["thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about thiotepa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotepa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about thiotiscum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotiscum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotrichaceae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotrichaceae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiothixene ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiothixene ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotimoline ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotimoline ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 1222, "summary": [{"text": "the giant pouched rats ( genus cricetomys ) of sub-saharan africa are large muroid rodents .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "their head and body lengths range from 25 \u2013 45 cm ( 10 \u2013 17.5 in ) with scaly tails ranging from 36 \u2013 46 cm ( 14 \u2013 18 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they weigh between 1.0 and 1.5 kg ( 2.2 and 3.3 lb ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "giant pouched rat", "paragraphs": ["] which has been separated as a species from the southern giant pouched rat .\nall phylogenetic analyses confirm that the african giant pouched rat genus cricetomys is a monophyletic species assemblage .\ndr harpreet s . kochhar : legalization of the gambian pouched rat in canada .\nedit : giant pouched rat , doesn ' t have to be gambian as long as it gets close to the same size .\nwe will use african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) to answer some of these questions . the common name , the african giant pouched rat , is a misnomer , given that it is only a distant relative of the conventional rat ( rattus rattus ) .\nat least the giant rat of sumatra would be a little difficult to hide . maybe\u2026\nan african giant pouched rat ( also dubbed hero rats for their ability to sniff out mines and tb ) receives a treat during training .\nthe rat and possum , giant and tiny , were stars on 60 minutes last night .\nthe giant pouched rats are trained to sniff out land mines in a number of countries in africa .\ni was curious about giant pouched / gambian rats and how much they generally cost . anyone know ?\nhas never been truer . in fact , isaac , an african giant pouched rat , looks like a run - of - the - mill rodent .\nan african giant pouched rat ( also dubbed hero rats for their ability to sniff out mines and tb ) receives a treat during training . : aww\ndumbo / fancy rats don ' t live up to 8 years like the gambian pouched rat .\na belgian nonprofit has found african giant pouched rats are much better at detecting tnt than people or dogs .\najayi , s . 1977 . field observations on the african giant rat cricetomys gambianus in southern nigeria .\nknight , m . 1988 . thermoregulation in the largest african cricetid , the giant rat cricetomys gambianus .\npetition \u00b7 dr harpreet s . kochhar : legalization of the gambian pouched rat in canada . \u00b7 urltoken\nafrican giant pouched rats\u2014huge , cat - size rodents native to central africa\u2014have bad vision but an extraordinary sense of smell .\nmanagement assistance federal agencies ' responsibilities to control gambian giant pouched rats are established in executive order 13112 . > > more\nthe african giant rat is an omnivorous rodent which feeds on a wide range of food items . its diet includes\najayi , s . 1977 . live and carcass weights of giant rat cricetomys gambianus and domestic rabbit oryctalagus cuniculus .\nwhere rubbish is strewn and left and there are reported incidents of these giant pouched rats eating human babies and sleeping adults .\ni ' m convinced i study the most adorable rat species in the world , cricetomys gambianus , the african giant pouched rat or the gambian rat . they are perhaps more famously known as hero rats because of their humanitarian work in detecting explosive devices and tuberculosis in biological samples .\ndipeolu , o . , s . ajayi . 1976 . parasites of theafrican giant rat cricetomys gambianus in ibadan nigeria .\nconflicts a range expansion of gambian giant pouched rats onto the us mainland could harm other wildlife species and agricultural production > > more .\nafter a gestation period of 27 days , females give birth to litters of two to four altricial pups . the african giant rat\nsophia mao with fred , an african giant pouched rat trained to detect unexploded ordnance . \u201cmy favourite herorat is fred because he just gets on with the job like me , \u201d photograph : lauren crothers\nthe giant pouched rats are strictly nocturnal and mostly solitary , except when breeding . the home range of adult males and female rats overlaps . the\nwhile gambian pouched rats have been confined to grassy key , the concern is that they may make it to the mainland and pose a threat to florida\u2019s agricultural industry in south miami - dade county . these rats are larger than native florida rat species , including the key largo wood rat , cotton rat and silver rice rat , as well as the nonnative common black rat .\ngambian pouched rats are very large rats native to central africa , also known as the african giant pouched rat . they would naturally be found in regions south of the sahara desert and can adapt to a variety of habitats . they do require shelter such as hollow trees , rock outcroppings or burrows . where their range overlaps human habitation they can be regarding as pests . gambian pouched rats are famously used to sniff out unexploded landmines and tuberculosis in mozambique , tanzania and thailand . a separate species of pouched rat called the emins pouched rat is also available , although very rare , and is more slendar in appearance than the gambian .\nthis is a gambian pouched rat , a breed almost 3 feet from nose to tail , the kind of rat that gives cats nightmares . yet this rat is a genius as well as a giant , for it has learned how to detect land mines by scent \u2014 and it\u2019s doing its best to save humans like me from blowing up .\npoling a , weetjens b , cox c , beyene n , sully a . using giant african pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) to detect land mines .\napopo uses african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) for a number of reasons . rats generally have an excellent sense of smell , are intelligent and trainable , cheap to keep , abundant , and are too light to set off the mines . the african giant pouched rat , in particular , is local to sub - saharan africa and adapted to that environment and resistant to its diseases .\nget to know what it ' s like to keep pouched rats as pets .\ngiant gambian pouched rats have been found on grassy key in florida , two years after they were thought to have been eradicated . this is our future , people .\nmachang\u2019u r , mgode g , asenga j , mhamphi g , hartskeerl r , goris m , et al . characterization of leptospira isolates from captive giant pouched rats ,\najayi , s . , o . tewe , e . faturoti . 1978 . behavioral changes in african giant rat ( cricetomys gambianus waterhouse ) under domestication .\nresearch wildlife services ' national wildlife research center conducts research and investigational activities on a wide variety of wildlife damage issues including those related to gambian giant pouched rats . > > more\nthe giant pouched rat of tropical africa is naturally shy and docile . adults can grow up to three feet long . they have cheek pouches which they use to carry food . if socialised at an early age these wild animals can make wonderful pets .\nsounds interesting . when i kept mice they only recognised me as a giant maintenance hand .\nthe rats will be tested and trained by apopo , a tanzanian - based group that pioneered using the african giant pouched rat to find landmines . harnessed to wires , the rats scamper along and are rewarded by a handler if they find a buried device .\nthe gambian giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) , which are native to a large area of central and southern africa , accidentally became established in the florida keys in 1999 following an escape or release by a pet breeder . if this invasive species reaches the us mainland , there could be extensive damage to the florida fruit industry . this species also poses a risk of monkeypox and other diseases . the gambian giant pouched rat is the subject of a cooperative partnership among ws , the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , us fish and wildlife service , south florida water management district , and the florida park service , to eradicate the invasive species from the florida keys . overview the gambian giant pouched rat is an invasive species that occurs in the florida keys . > > more\nso yesterday , i adopted an unborn land - mine - detecting african giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) from tanzania . did i spend 20 minutes figuring out what i was going to call it , as one of my many privileges as an adoptive parent ?\nunlike bomb - sniffing dogs , herorats are not handler - loyal , which means a rat will work with anyone . the rat is harnessed and a lead attached that guides where the rat is needed to search . image source :\nhere we attempt to address several questions surrounding the natural history and behavioral ecology of the african pouched rat . in doing so , we aim to provide a better description of the animal\u2019s natural behavior which will enable systematic study of giant pouched rats , facilitate the identification of other behaviors that could be exploited for training purposes , and help refine explosives - detection methods .\nin fact , the pouched rat is more closely related to gerbils than rats ( jansa & weksler , 2004 ) . the term \u2018african giant pouched rat\u2019 may refer to one of the two species from the genus cricetomys , however some claim that there are many more species in this genus ( corti et al . , 2005 , olayemi et al 2012 ) . a uniting feature of the cricetomyinae sub - family is the pouched cheek in which these animals store food while foraging . it is for this reason that they are called \u2018pouched\u2019 , however their physical resemblance to rattus is most likely a result of convergent evolution from distinct ancestors .\napopo trains african giant pouched rats to sniff out explosives in land mines by conditioning them to associate the scent with rewards of food . the scientists in tanzania exposed the ( not giant ) rats to the smell of the saliva of tb patients and associated the smell with reward of food .\najayi , s . 1977 . field observations on the african giant rat cricetomys gambianus in southern nigeria . east african wildlife journal , 15 ( 3 ) : 191 - 198 .\nmachang\u2019u rs , mgode gf , asenga j , mhamphi g , weetjens b , cox c , et al . serological and molecular characterization of leptospira serovar kenya from captive african giant pouched rats (\npoling a , weetjens b . j , cox c , beyene n , bach h , sully a . teaching giant african pouched rats to find land mines : operant conditioning with real consequences .\nit\u2019s days like this i\u2019m glad i live in a rat - free province .\nplantations . the long - tailed pouched rat eats seeds and fruit and bears litters of four to seven young . uncommon and dependent upon wooded habitats , this rodent has been made\nlast week we told you about the african gambian pouched rat ' s reemergence on grassy key . now comes an organization headquartered in tanzania called apopo , dedicated to training african gambian pouched rats to detect land mines and tuberculosis . when trained , they ' re dubbed herorats .\nyou may have heard rumors about the african giant pouched rat , or maybe you ' ve seen a picture and thought how great it would be to have one of these majestic giants as a pet . well , before you base your decision to obtain an african rat on what you already know about rats as pets , read on and lea . . .\na tanzanian social enterprise founded by two belgians , called apopo , trains gambian pouched rats to detect land mines and tuberculosis with their highly developed sense of smell , calling the trained pouched rats herorats .\najayi , s . 1977 . live and carcass weights of giant rat cricetomys gambianus and domestic rabbit oryctalagus cuniculus . east african wildlife journal , 15 ( 3 ) : 223 - 228 .\ndipeolu , o . , s . ajayi . 1976 . parasites of theafrican giant rat cricetomys gambianus in ibadannigeria . east african wildlife journal , 14 ( 1 ) : 85 - 89 .\nantibodies to serogroup ballum ( serovar kenya ) were detected in humans but not in the sampled animal species in the ecosystem . the serogroup was previously isolated from urine of african giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) from morogoro , tanzania [ 14 ] . the seropositivity of the serogroup ballum in humans may be due to the presence of african giant pouched rats in the study area , which may serve as a potential source of the serogroup to humans due to contamination of the environment with urine .\narmed with this discovery and his own experiences with various members of the rodent family , weetjens sought out rodent expert professor ron verhagen of the university of antwerp . verhagen recommended a lightweight , four - legged critter with the right nose for the job : the aforementioned african giant pouched rat .\ngiant pouched rats are only distantly related to the true rats , and are named due to their large cheek pouches ; they are one of the largest species of rat known to man . females of the species may be capable of producing up to 10 litters each year . gprs are nocturnal .\nknight , m . 1988 . thermoregulation in the largest african cricetid , the giant rat cricetomys gambianus . comparative biochemistry and physiology a - physiology , 89 ( 4 ) : 705 - 708 .\neverdream mousery / rattery needs your help with \u201c dr harpreet s . kochhar : legalization of the gambian pouched rat in canada . \u201d . join everdream mousery / rattery and 377 supporters today .\nother species have been put forward for the title before , but all seemed to fall short somehow . capybaras are enormous but not very rattish \u2014 more like giant guinea pigs . gambian pouched rats can be the size of raccoons , but they are tempermentally and geographically incorrect and anyway aren\u2019t true rats . the mountain giant sunda rat lives on sumatra and is plenty rattish , but not very giant \u2014 only half again the size of the common norway brown you see on subway tracks and in the alleys behind grocery stores .\nryan , j . 1989 . evolution of cheek pouches in african pouched rats ( rodentia : cricetomyinae ) .\n- import of the gambian pouched rats to be authorized with veterinarians paperwork certifying them being free from diseases .\nbart weetjens , a self - described monk , started the organization in 1998 . he had read an article about gerbils detecting explosives in airports and says he had an\naha\nmoment about the giant pouched rats .\ni have a rat . she is awesome but this new . new is always better .\ngiant rats can already sniff out landmines , but will be branching out in a bid to fight illegal poaching .\nthe gambian pouched rat is native to africa and is the world\u2019s largest rat , reaching up to 9 pounds . the average size is 3 pounds , measuring 20 - 35 inches from the head to the tip of the tail . the body is gray to brown in color , with a lighter belly . beyond its large size , this rat can be distinguished by its long ( 14 - 18 inches ) , almost hairless tail , with the last third a lighter , off - white color . the gambian pouched rat gets its name from the way it collects food by stuffing its cheek pouches .\ngambian pouched rats are a prohibited species in florida ( 68 - 5 . 003 , florida administrative code ) .\ngeneva : global forum for health research ; 2009 . african giant rats for tuberculosis detection : a novel diagnostic technology .\nenter the rats . these are not kitchen rats , but african giant pouched rats , also known as gambian pouched rats , about 2 feet long from head to tail . their eyesight is terrible . but their sense of smell is extraordinary . the rats can detect the presence of tnt in amounts starting at 29 grams ( about 1 ounce ) .\nnever get just one . left alone ( without a friend ) is tragic to a rat .\nthe real challenge is finding a breeder . search for gambian pouched rat or emin ' s pouched rat , two similar breeds of the super - large rat variety . the us used to ban them because of a monkeypox fear , though that federal ban has been lifted . i am not sure about specific state laws , but i doubt florida let ' s you do it - they had a small epidemic in the keys a few years ago , the gambian has no natural predators and it tore up some farmland .\nan african giant pouched rat sniffs for traces of land mine explosives at a training facility run by apopo , a nonprofit that trains the rats to detect both tuberculosis and land mines . not only does it have an excellent nose , but it can jump 5 feet in the air . carl de souza / afp / getty images hide caption\nenter apopo , a belgian nonprofit that has created an army of tnt - sniffing african giant pouched rats . these critters are light enough to walk over the mines without setting them off , and use their noses to find the explosives quickly .\na group in cambodia is using gambian giant rats to find the nearly two million land mines spread out across the country .\nmalanje , angola \u2014 i\u2019m walking in a minefield here in rural angola , tailing a monster rat .\nwho can identify tb faster : lab technicians for apopo such as karim chang ' a , rehema kondo , eustachian sezary , or a rat like chewa ? no contest \u2014 it ' s the rat .\nurltoken is the premier rat forum on the internet . registered users do not see the above ads .\najayi , s . , o . tewe , e . faturoti . 1978 . behavioral changes in african giant rat ( cricetomys gambianus waterhouse ) under domestication . east african wildlife journal , 16 ( 2 ) : 137 - 143 .\nupdate : i looked up some regulations , emin ' s rats and gambian rats were illegal in the us , but the ban was lifted in 2008 . it ' s now legal to own giant pouched rats , as long as they are bred in the us . but state laws all differ . for example , gambian pouched rats are prohibited in the entire state of kentucky , according to born free usa . no other state appears to have a global restriction on the keeping of african pouched rats according to born free usa . some states or localities may require owners to purchase licenses to keep pet african pouched rats .\nso can we please ditch the stereotype of rats as dirty criminals ? because there are giant rats being trained to save lives .\na cat and a rat . . . . getting along together ? ! everything i know is lies >\na very proud african giant pouched rat who couldn\u2019t wait to share the good news that she was a mother , excitedly dragged her human ismerie laurencin by the finger to come and meet the new arrivals . these amazing rodents are part of apopo , a belgian non - profit organization that trains rats to sniff out tuberculosis and landmines in hard hit areas around the world .\ndo you know how to bottle fed gambian pouched rats ? the mother dont accept her 6 babies anymore . they are 2weeks old\nafrican giant pouched rats usually live to eight years old , making them a pretty great investment . this also goes for the tb - detecting rats , one of which can evaluate in 10 minutes more samples than a lab technician can do in an entire day .\ndespite the fact that our craniometric and sequence data were obtained from populations that are geographically very distant from the type locality ( essentially tanzania vs . angola ) , we argue that our sample also contains c . ansorgei thomas , 1904 . dna sequences that we attribute to this species are from morogoro in tanzania , and a genbank sequence from kenya ( af160613 , erroneously designated as c . emini ) . from our molecular data it is clear that these populations of the so - called southern giant pouched rat do not represent an extension of the species c . gambianus into the savannah zone of east and southern africa . furthermore , our results contradict the suggestion of genest - villard ( 1967 ) that the relatively larger body size of the east african savannah pouched rat , c . ansorgei , is a subspecies under c . gambianus . our findings agree with the interpretation of musser & carleton ( 2005 ) that raised the taxonomic status of the south - eastern african giant pouched rat to that of a full species .\na very proud african giant pouched rat who couldn\u2019t wait to share the good news that she was a mother , excitedly dragged her human ismerie laurencin by the sleeve of her blouse to come and meet the new arrivals . these amazing rodents are part of apopo , a belgian non - profit organization that trains rats to sniff out tuberculosis and landmines in hard hit areas around the world .\ngambian rats use screeching as the main form of communication . gambian rats emit one single short cry which is distinguishable from the longer , varied pitch of african giant pouched rats . males also use olfactory cues during courtship when they sniff the urine left by female gambian rats .\nconservation international says that an expedition to the remote , jungle - covered foja mountains of papua province in western new guinea found , among many other fascinating things , living specimens of two mammals previously unknown to science , a tiny opossum and a giant rat .\nheller a , ledbetter e , singh b , lee dn , ophir ag . ( 2017 ) ophthalmic examination findings and intraocular pressures in wild - caught african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys spp . ) veterinary ophthalmology . 1 - 6 . doi : 10 . 1111 / vop . 12534\nwho can identify tb faster : lab technicians for apopo such as karim chang ' a , rehema kondo , eustachian sezary , or a rat like chewa ? no contest \u2014 it ' s the rat . maarten boersema / apopo hide caption\nyou ' d better believe it . when a rat puts on his wizard hat , you know he means business .\nin recent years , operant discrimination training procedures have been used to teach giant african pouched rats to detect tuberculosis ( tb ) in human sputum samples . this article summarizes how the rats are trained and used operationally , as well as their performance in studies published to date . available data suggest that pouched rats , which can evaluate many samples quickly , are sufficiently accurate in detecting tb to merit further investigation as a diagnostic tool .\ntwo rat trainers stand on either side and are joined be a piece of string attached to a lower leg . the rat is then led across this guide and if it successfully finds a land mine is given a food - based reward .\nsince my second week ( and after a couple of days of pre - baiting ) i ' ve been catching pouched rats every trap night .\nthey are also small enough to be easily accommodated and transported and can concentrate for much longer periods of time . more specifically , african giant pouched rats are endemic in africa and resistant to most tropical diseases . their one drawback is their life expectancy , which is only up to 8 years .\nthe giant african rat has a long tail , which is bare with a white tip . the body is covered with buff - grey , relatively long fur whereas the under parts are slightly paler . front hands are white . face is characterised by long dark whiskers . an\nthe rat indicates the position of a mine by scratching the surface , but is too light to set off the explosive .\ni ' m trapping . seriously , i ' m studying african giant pouched rats , cricetomys gambianis in the wild to learn more about their natural history and behavioral ecology . specifically , we ( my pi and i ) are interested in knowing more about the social organization and behavior of this species .\ni think i found my rat : a scraggly codger named boban who is just the right age to have been trained when my kids sponsored the rat . boban was named after a tanzanian soccer star , and the handlers said he was highly dependable .\nthis map shows confirmed sightings of gambian pouched rats in florida as of march 18 , 2015 . recent confirmed sighting information is available online at urltoken .\ngambian pouched rats reproduce easily and can have up to five litters in the span of nine months , with an average of four young per litter .\ni used to keep a single rat , and it always seemed perfectly happy as long as i spent time with it .\nthese are my rats , in the lab . they are the subjects in a larger study to examining their behavioral genetics . however , the first part of the study includes assessing the natural history and basic behavioral biology of the african giant pouched rat , cricetomys gambianus , in africa . i ' ll be traveling to tanzania this summer do just that . i ' ll be announcing more details of my travels and research soon . stay tuned .\nwe propose to address three questions that address fundamental issues in behavioral ecology or molecular biology while simultaneously advancing the development of the african giant pouched rat as a bio - detection mechanism . the latter holds great promise for the department of defense and the armed forces given the broad need for advanced methods of explosives detection by homeland security , protection from ieds ( improvised explosive devices ) , and for sweeping humanitarian efforts toward demilitarizing land throughout the world .\nhi ! can anyone help me ? i would like to purchase a giant pouched rat and i don ' t know where to start . if you ' ve never seen on have a look at some clips on ' you tube ' they are really lovely . i already own 12 fancy rats , but i got to have one of these ( or maybe 2 or 3 or 4 ) i have a very long suffering husband . thanks !\n' isaac : the story of a little giant ' follows the rodent ' s impressive journey from classroom to field training , in an unlikely story of heroism .\nitty bitty marsupials are cute and all , but it\u2019s the rodent that catches the lede\u2019s eye . your ordinary norway rat is frightening and repugnant enough to most people , the more so for knowing that they teem close by and just out of sight . who wants to meet a giant one ?\n, \u201d when sherlock holmes explains to dr . watson that a name mentioned in a letter , matilda briggs , was not that of a young woman , but rather \u201ca ship which is associated with the giant rat of sumatra , a story for which the world is not yet prepared . \u201d\na single rat is often happy , whenever you are playing with it . but when you are asleep , or out at work or school , or simply going shopping , the single rat can get bored and lonely . it has nothing to do whenever you are not around . unless your rat is with you literally 24 hours a day , it is inevitable that it will be bored sometimes .\nget ready for it , because this is the adorable part - the ' pouched\u2019 reference in the species\u2019 name doesn\u2019t refer to the kind of pouch that carries babies , but rather the kind that sits on the inside of the cheeks for extra food storage . so these guys are pretty much giant , really intelligent hamsters .\nmaddy , from the videos i ' ve seen they ' re about the size of a house cat . definitely a formidable rat .\nnew times : so , this gambian pouched rat has been an alleged problem in south florida for years , to the point that officials pretty much agree it needs to be eradicated . that necessary ? hypothetically , if these troublesome rats were all shipped to you , could you teach them anything ?\nmerry is an african giant pouched rat , or cricetomys gambianus , a docile and exceptionally smart rodent with superior olfactory abilities . she is one of a team of \u201cherorats\u201d bred , trained and deployed by the belgian non - profit apopo , which is headquartered in tanzania . after working successfully to help detect mines in mozambique for more than a decade , and in angola since 2013 , the organisation partnered with the cambodian mine action centre ( cmac ) in 2015 .\npoling a , weetjens b , cox c , mgode g , jubitana m , kazwala r , et al . using giant african rats to detect tuberculosis : 2009 findings .\nplease have more than one rat . they are highly social animals and need to live in at least pairs to be happy and healthy .\nthis rat will have saved more lives in a day than most people will have in a lifetime . give him the whole banana please .\neven if you were the rat ' s perfect human - never apart from it , and sleeping only for an hour or so at a time - you could not provide it with the same sort of companionship as another rat , simply because you are a very different species . you would not , for example , communicate with it , or ( presumably ! ) groom it with your teeth the way another rat would .\nto trade , sell , or transport pd ' s and six other species of african rodents ( including gambians and giant pouched rats ) due to the whole monkey pox thing . there was a federal order prohibiting the sale / trade or transport of these on june 11th , with a final ruling on november 4th . . . . which reads :\none rat , named victoria , ambles down a 10 - yard stretch of grass , tethered to a line held by handlers on either end .\nweetjens then consulted rodent scholars , who suggested gambian pouched rats , in part because they compensate for very weak eyes with a superb sense of smell . they are called \u201cpouched\u201d not because they are marsupials but because they fill their cheeks with nuts and other goodies , and then bury them underground \u2014 relying upon scent to recover their caches later . another advantage of gambian pouched rats is that they have an eight - year life span that offers a lengthy return on the nine months of training needed to detect land mines .\neven with plenty of attention from you and out of cage time , both of which help any rat , rats still need groups . : / the only excuse for not keeping rats in groups of two or more is if your rat is showing signs of constant aggression towards a cage mate .\ntuberculosis samples are placed for a rat to sniff . a simple scratch on the floor of the test area means a positive hit . image source :\nthat ' s right : someone using a metal - detecting machine will take a lot longer to detect a land mine than a rat using its nose .\n3 girls in qt : shady and misha ( the old ladies ) , and blue fairy 4 boys : spaz , brother , buddy , valentino rip : memory and rattie girl , tinsel ( amazing monkey rat ) , ruby ( the gentle giant ) , holly ( lil ' tilty holly jolly rattie ) - gone from sight but never forgotten .\n) are large , weighing nearly 3 kg ( 6 . 6 pounds ) and having bodies up to 42 cm ( 16 inches ) long . their long heads have large ears ; the scantily haired tail is longer than the body and is white on the terminal half . predominantly nocturnal , giant pouched rats are omnivorous and are found throughout sub - saharan africa , except for southern\nafter a training period of up to a year the rat faces a series of tests and if successful will graduate to real de - mining duties in mozambique .\ni\u2019m here because five years ago , my kids gave me a herorat for a father\u2019s day present through urltoken . i didn\u2019t actually take physical possession ( fortunately ! ) but the gift helped pay to train the rat to sniff out explosives . and now i\u2019ve come to minefields of rural angola to hunt for my rat .\nramadhan says that the landmine - sniffing rats have already made a big difference in the places where they work . ( related :\ngiant rats trained to sniff out tuberculosis in africa .\n)\ni gave them a little introduction to african giant pouched rats , sometimes call gambian pouched rats , cricetomys gambianus . my rats , as cute and interesting and i think they are , are an exotic animal , not native to the united states . and they have made the news more than one time for their presence in the grassy keys of florida . local fish and wildlife and conservation authorities are worried about this rodent , especially if it ever reaches the mainland . this species has the potential to become an invasive species and wreak havoc on our natural ecology , agriculture and public health .\nafter the rat pick [ s ] up the scent and scratches ,\nhulsok says ,\nwe give her a food reward , like a banana .\npoling a , weetjens b . j , cox c , beyene n . w , bach h , sully a . using trained pouched rats to detect land mines : another victory for operant conditioning .\naccording to the rat handlers , it requires little human skill to train them ; the rats are quick learners and \u201ceasy to work with\u201d . both wild and laboratory - bred rats required four to six months of training to be able to detect tb bacteria successfully . while the giant rats undergo nine months of training , learning to sniff out explosives in old landmines buried underground .\npouched rats are wonderful ( big ) critters ! i know a woman in the uk who breeds them , they ' re a bit more nippy than the average rat , but she ' s starting to breed them to be more tame . unfortunately , i live in the uk and have no idea about in america . sorry , but good luck with your project !\ngambian pouched rats are nocturnal and very intelligent . they do need a lot of effort put into taming down a youngster , and it can be very difficult to tame a wilder adult . their large size and powerful bite do not make them a good exotic for a beginner , or someone without the time to invest in them daily . even a well handled pup can change temperament upon sexual maturity or as an adult . it is vital to know the background and family of your gambian pouched rat and do a lot of research before deciding on one as a pet .\ngambian pouched rats are one of the world ' s largest rats . besides their large size , the most characteristic trait of gambian pouched rats is the tail which is long , unscaled , and dark in color at the base with the terminal 40 - 60 % white . the fur on the upper body is coarse and gray and often darker down the middle of the back . the fur color grades to a lighter gray on the flanks while the fur on the belly and the top of the feet is white or off - white . dark brown or black patches of fur occur around the eyes and at the base of the whiskers . the naked rounded ear is large and the eyes are small , suggesting that the senses of smell and hearing which are acute may be more important than sight in this nocturnal . the hind feet are large and considered to be well adapted for digging gambian pouched rats possess a pair of large cheek pouches . these pouches can expand to a great size , allowing gambian rats to transport massive quantities of food if necessary . two species are currently recognized : cricetomys gambianus , the gambian pouched rat , and c . emini , emins giant pouched rat . the emins is more slender and muscular in appearance with a longer face to the gambian . other differences are in the fur texture and colour . the emins upper body is smooth and the colour ranging from a dark brown to almost black with a distinct line break to the white underside . some key physical features : endothermic ; homoiothermic ; bilateral symmetry sexual dimorphism : sexes alike .\ntheir utility for the purposes of explosives detection makes the african pouched rat a particularly interesting animal to study . unfortunately almost nothing is known about this species , its natural behavior or its reproductive biology . to truly develop the pouched rat as a biosensor , much about the basic biology must be known . indeed , the most that is known about the behavior of this species comes from only a couple reports from the lab , and the most exhaustive of these was based on the allegorical account of one male and two females . a lack of basic knowledge for the ecology and behavioral habits of c . gambianus severely limits the ability to identify behaviors or environmental conditions to maximize potential for mine detection , or any other application for which this animal may be suited .\nsince 1997 , a non - profit organization headquartered in tanzania and operating under the acronym apopo ( short for the mouthful of a dutch name anti - persoonsmijnen ontmijnende product ontwikkeling ( or , as it is known by its english translation , anti - personnel landmine detection product development ) has trained african giant pouched rats to detect two things that humans have the ability to but just not nearly as efficiently : landmines and tuberculosis .\ntake my old rat for example . she had a couple tumors . they were in her brain , pushing up against her skull , making her eyes slowly protrude until they would eventually pop out ( it never got to that point ) . although i took her to a vet , he told me that the best thing anyone could do was to end her suffering humanely , and that ' s what i did . otherwise , rat brain surgery to remove tumors would have been just as devastating to her fragile rat body .\ngambian pouched rats are omnivorous , feeding on a range of fruits , vegetables , nuts and insects . they will store their food so keepers will need to check their cage frequently , especially after offering fresh .\nalright , so i ' ve had a lot of experience breeding rats , as well as some other more exotic animals , such as hedgehogs . since the ban on giant gambian pouched rats has been lifted for a year now , i thinks that it ' s about time people begin breeding them again . the people who have them absolutely love their little guys , and i feel like if people began breeding for desired traits they could be brought back into the pet world and eventually refined to be just as love - able as our wonderful fancy rats . with these things in mind , i was hoping to start a breeding project soon , but realized that it ' s nearly impossible to find any breeders in the us ! does anyone know where one could get a pair of giant gambian pouched rats in america ? i would really appreciate any help !\nayodeji olayemi , violaine nicolas , jan hulselmans , alain d . missoup , elisabeth fichet - calvet , drazo amundala , akaibe dudu , theo dierckx , wim wendelen , herwig leirs , erik verheyen ; taxonomy of the african giant pouched rats ( nesomyidae : cricetomys ) : molecular and craniometric evidence support an unexpected high species diversity , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 165 , issue 3 , 1 july 2012 , pages 700\u2013719 , urltoken\n, captive bred giant rats are the majority of what is available . buy from a reliable breeder and ask to see the parents if possible as there are some breeders who are not culling out animals with poor temperaments from their breeding animals and this is causing a rise in unstable animals in the pet market which in turn is begining to give the giant pouched rat a bad name . beware of buying from questionable sources , since there have been a few illegal imports of these rats . wild caught and illegally imported animals may carry parasites or dangerous viruses , since they have not been quarantined or tested before entering the country . stick with usda licensed breeders only or pet shops that can tell you where the animals came from . a usda permit is required for breeding and selling , but not for owning as pets . they are illegal in some states , such as california and require nearly impossible to obtain permits , though due to the wording of the regulations in ca , this might be in question if the giant rats happened to be laboratory - reared or albinos ?\nmany a writer since then has taken that line as a dare , yielding at least six \u201cgiant rat of sumatra\u201d novels ( one of them featuring the hardy boys ) , references in countless other stories including \u201c watership down , \u201d a \u201cdoctor who\u201d episode , and an extended radio - drama parody sketch by the firesign theatre troupe , issued on an album in 1974 . non - sumatran giant rats are even more common in pop culture , from h . g . wells to the latest fantasy video games , to the point that their very ubiquity merited parody in the rodents of unusual size of william goldman\u2019s \u201c princess bride . \u201d\nthere are still some skeptics , even in the demining community , who won ' t trust a rat . hulsok isn ' t one of them . he ' s been looking for and clearing mines and other unexploded ordnance for more than 20 years . in the case of certain mines , he says , he ' d trust a rat over a metal detector any day .\nadditionally , in the students t - test comparing the savannah c . gambianus versus the forest cricetomys sp . 1 ( table 4 ) , most characters showing a difference ( p < 0 . 001 ) are those indicative of skull width : inte , zygo , pala , upda , and brca . this reinforces the view that forest - dwelling cricetomys species have slimmer snouts and are generally more slender - skulled than the giant pouched rats from the savannahs .\ngiant pouched rats are trained by the ngo apopo to sniff out landmines in tanzania . first , rats are put through several tests to determine whether they will be able to detect tnt and alert their handlers . with a sharp sense of smell and weighing too little to activate the mines , the rats are faster and more efficient than humans at mine detection . the animals are also being trained to scent tuberculosis . all photographs by sam jones for the guardian\nweetjens b . j , mgode g . f , machang ' u r . s , kazwala r , mfinanga g , lwilla f , et al . african pouched rats for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in sputum samples .\nafrica ' s giant rats are already being used to sniff out landmines and detect tuberculosis in humans , but they soon they could turn their superior noses to protecting other animals by finding illegal wildlife trophies being smuggled out of african ports .\nat this minefield , which is full of metal objects , a human with a metal detector can clear only about 20 square meters a day . a rat can clear 20 times as much .\ngambian pouched rats feed on insects , snails , nuts , seeds and fruit . they are opportunistic and will eat pet food if it is available . they get their name by the way they collect food in their cheek pouches .\nso yesterday , i adopted an unborn land - mine - detecting african giant pouched rat ( cricetomys gambianus ) from tanzania . did i spend 20 minutes figuring out what i was going to call it , as one of my many privileges as an adoptive parent ? you bet . it eventually came down to a character from my favourite video game , and as i figured the chosen undead would be tempting fate just a little too aggressively under the circumstances , knight solaire of astora was born . or rather , will be born in two weeks , as an email promptly informed me once i\u2019d made my first monthly payment for my new son or daughter\u2019s future tuition .\nin dar es salaam , tanzania , every morning , a medical specialist known as chewa ( a name that means brave in swahili \u2014 but his bosses call him mchapakazi , the hard worker ) gets excited about his job . for two 40 minute sessions , punctuated by a nap and some recreational time with co - workers , he will test smears of human mucus for the presence of tuberculosis by sniffing deeply at each of 10 samples , then letting his supervisors know when he senses the disease in one . he has been taught by staff at the ngo called apopo to know tuberculosis by its smell . chewa is a 3 - pound african giant - pouched rat .\nwilbard , a tuberculosis detection rat , at work in the lab . apopo\u2019s tb rats can screen 100 samples of human sputum in 20 minutes ; the same task would take a lab technician four days\nthat was totally cool and disturbing . i couldn\u2019t get the big link to work but there\u2019s a shorter video ( 2 mins ) which also shows the rat and the ( o ) possum here :\nvery little is known about the breeding behavior and mating system of giant pouched rats . ewer ( 1967 ) suggests that males and females are solitary . males are larger than females and some evidence suggests that males have larger home - ranges , which suggests that the mating system is polygynous ( one male , multiple female ) . in contrast , in the lab , males appear to form selective pairbonds after mating , males may also provide superficial paternal care to offspring , and females have only a few litters throughout the year ( about 3 ) with only 1 \u2013 4 pups per litter ( ajayi et al . , 1978 , ewer , 1967 ) . unlike most mammals , which demonstrate cyclical ovulation , ovulation in pouched rats is induced ( ewer , 1967 , malekani et al . , 2002 ) . these latter observations suggest that pouched rats could potentially adopt monogamy , or at least serial monogamy ( having only one mating partner per breeding season ) .\nalthough many rats are lucky enough to get plenty of attention from their owners and playtime out of the cage , no owner can be with a rat 24 hours a day as another rat can . nor can any owner adjust her daily routine to entirely concide with her rat\u00f5s . rats do not sleep for 8 hours and wake for 16 like humans ; they sleep and wake throughout the day , and are most active during the night and small hours of the morning . if a rat is kept alone , it is forced to spend the best part of its day - the time when it is most playful and energetic and when it would most appreciate company - alone . if rats living together want space , they simply leave each other alone for a while . if they want company , they can have it . rats living with a companion truly have the best of both worlds . what reason could there be to deprive a rat of these opportunities ? why keep a single rat ?\nin the hope of developing a viable alternative to or adjunct for microscopy , apopo is exploring the use of african giant pouched rats ( cricetomys gambianus ) to detect the presence of tb . these large and long - lived rats , which are native to much of africa and have an excellent sense of smell , detect tb by sniffing sputum samples . they are trained to respond consistently in one way ( pause ) if the sample contains the tb bacillus ( is positive ) and respond in another way ( not pause ) if the sample does not contain the bacillus ( i . e . , is negative ) . each rat can test hundreds of samples each day , allowing inexpensive testing ."]}
{"id": 1234, "summary": [{"text": "arotrophora charopa is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with pinkish suffusions and black strigulation ( fine streaks ) at the base of the costa , at the mid-costa and mid-dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the remaining area is brownish black with bluish refractive markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "arotrophora charopa", "paragraphs": ["arotrophora charopa is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in thailand .\ncharopa razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 44 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon n . p . , km 31 . holotype : bmnh . male .\nkeywords : tortricinae cnephasiini s . lat . arotrophora host banksia spinulosa borer in flower spikes\nhave a fact about arotrophora ombrodelta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for arotrophora ombrodelta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntubulosa razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 49 . tl : fiji , holotype : bmnh . female .\ngilligani razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 43 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhasiasana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 37 . tl : india , khasias hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\npaiana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 39 . tl : india , khasias hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncherrapunji razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 41 . tl : india , assam , cherapunji . holotype : bmnh . female .\nfijigena razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 43 . tl : fiji , viti levu , suva . holotype : bmnh . male .\nobrimsocia razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 46 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon national park . holotype : bmnh . male .\ninthanona razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 42 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon n . p . . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbernardmyo razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 47 . tl : burmah [ myanmar ] , bernardmyo , ruby mines . holotype : bmnh . male .\nutarana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 48 . tl : indonesia , sulawesi utara , dumoga bone national park . holotype : bmnh . female .\ndiadela common , 1963 ( arotrophora ) , austral . j . zool . 11 : 103 . tl : australia , western , 8 mi nw nornalup . holotype : anic . female .\nkundasanga razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 45 . tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , nr kundasang golf course . holotype : bmnh . male .\nericirra common , 1963 ( arotrophora ) , austral . j . zool . 11 : 93 . tl : australia , new south wales , mt . victoria . holotype : anic . male .\nsiniocosma turner , 1926 ( arotrophora ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 50 : 136 . tl : australia , byfield , yeppoon . holotype : anic . female .\nhongsona razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 36 . tl : thailand , mae hong son , pai district , doi mae ya . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncharistis meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 261 . tl : australia , queensland , cooktown . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncharassapex razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 39 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , chiang dao , san pakia rfd , watershed station . holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhatana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 38 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi chiang dao , den yaa kat , subst . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncanthelias meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 263 . tl : australia , new south wales , mittagong . holotype : bmnh . female .\nsalebrata meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 265 . tl : australia . victoria , gisbourne . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . 1 female .\nkhunmaei razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 40 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi chiang dao ws , highway 1322 to wiang haeng , 3 km from khun mae ngaai c ' point . holotype : bmnh . female .\nteras incessana , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 304 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 19 . arotrophora incessana , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1881 , p . 529 . dipterina incessana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xv . , p . 55 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nanemarcha lower , 1902 ( tortrix ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 26 : 236 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . holotype : sama . female .\narcuatalis walker , 1865 ( scopula ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 34 : 1474 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nsubmarginellus walker , 1866 ( crambus ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 ( suppl . ) : 1760 . tl : australia . holotype : bmnh . female .\ntranscissella walker , 1866 ( eromene ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 : 1762 . tl : australia . new south wales , sydney . holotype : bmnh . male .\neuides turner , 1927 ( tortrix ) , pap . r . soc . tasmania 1926 : 127 . tl : australia , tasmania , mt . wellington , springs . holotype : anic . male .\nochraceellus walker , 1863 ( crambus ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 177 . tl : australia , damel . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnsw new england national park 4500 ft alt 11 february 1968 ifb common ae may male wingspan 16 . 5 mm anic\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1897 . [ electronic resource ]\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 4th november , 1896 . ]\nformation of this list is due to captain hutton , f . r . s . , who some time ago impressed upon me the desirability of collecting together and arranging the several named and described species of\nof new zealand comprised in numerous papers of mr . meyrick , published from time to time in the \u201ctransactions of the new zealand institute\u201d and other publications . i have to thank captain hutton for very valuable assistance in compiling the list and rendering my task more easy ; but at the same time he is not to be considered in any way responsible for any errors that may be found therein .\npapilio archippus , fab . , spec . ins . , p . 55 , n . 243 ( 1781 ) . danais berenice , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . vi . , p . 183 ; colenso , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 276 . d . archippus , butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 265 . d . plexippus , trans . n . z . inst . , xxiii . , p . 192 .\nerebia pluto , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , iv . , p . 217 , and xii . , p . 265 , pl . ix . , fig . 2 ; and vol . xv . , p . 197 . e . merula , hewitson , ent . mo . mag . , xii . , p . 10 . oreina ( ? ) othello , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , viii . , pp . 302\u20134 , pl . ix . percnodaimon pluto , butl . , ent . mo . mag . , xiii . , p . 153 ( 1876 ) , and x . , p . 268 .\ngenus ( ? ) helmsi , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , xv . , p . 193 ( 1882 ) .\ndodonidia helmsii , butl . , ann . and mag . nat . hist . , xiii . ( 5th series ) , pp . 171\u20133 ( 1884 ) . d . helmsi , marshall , trans . n . z . inst . , xxviii . , pp . 312\u20133 , pl . xv .\npapilio ( n . g . ) gonerilla , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 498 , n . 237 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 82 , n . 361 ( 1781 ) ; ent . syst . , iii . , p . 103 , n . 317 ( 1793 ) . p . generella , fab . , mant . ins . , p . 44 , n . 437 ( 1787 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 25 , fig . 2 ( 1805 ) . vanessa gonerilla , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . ii . , fig . 1 ( 1855 ) . pyrameis gonerilla , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 2 , tab . i . , figs . 10 , 11 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 270 ; colenso , trans . n . z . inst . , xxi . , p . 196 .\npapilio ( n . g . ) itea , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 498 , n . 238 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 82 , n . 362 ( 1781 ) ; mant . ins . , p . 45 , n . 438 ( 1787 ) ; ent . syst . , p . 103 , n . 318 ( 1793 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 26 , fig . 1 ( 1805 ) . vanessa itea , godart , enc . meth . , ix . , p . 321 , n . 57 ( 1819 ) ; dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 2 , figs . 2 , 2 ( 1855 ) . bassaris itea , h\u00fcbn . , samml . esot . schmett ( 1816\u201324 ) . pyrameis itea , doubl . , gen . diurn . lep . , p . 202 ( 1849 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 270 .\ncynthia kershawii , m ' coy , ann . and mag . nat . hist . , iv . , vol . i . , p . 76 ( 1868 ) . c . cardui , white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 2 , fig . 5 ( 1855 ) . pyrameis cardui ( var . p . kershawii ) , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 269 , pl . xii . , fig . 1 .\npapilio nerina , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 509 , n . 277 ( 1775 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 27 , fig . 1 ( 1805 ) . p . iphigenia , cramer , pap . exot . , 1 , pl . lxvii . , figs . d , e ( 1779 ) . var . p . proserpina , cramer , pap . exot . , 3 , pl . ccxviii . , figs . c , d ( 1782 ) . male ( ? ) p . auge , cramer , pap . exot . , 2 , pl . cxc . , figs . a , b ( 1779 ) . diadema bolina , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , p . 463 . d . nerina , butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 271 .\npapilio zoilus , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 480 , n . 163 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 53 , n . 229 ( 1781 ) ; mant . ins . , p . 25 , n . 265 ( 1787 ) ; ent . syst . , iii . , p . 42 , n . 128 ( 1793 ) ; gen . diurn . lep . , pl . xviii . , fig . 1 ( 1847 ) . hamadryas zoilus , boisd . , voy . astrol . , p . 91 ; dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 2 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 276 .\nhesperia ( r . ) salustius , fab . , ent . syst . , iii . , p . 310 , n . 175 ( 1793 ) . lyc\u0153na edna , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d app . , p . 283 ( 1843 ) . polyommatus edna , westwood and hewitson , gen . diurn . lep . , pl . 76 , fig . 6 ( 1852 ) ; white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 2 , figs . 3 , 4 ( 1855 ) . chrysophanus salustius , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , tab . 1 , figs . 1\u20133 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 274 ( 1878 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , p . 461 ( 1877 ) , and x . , p . 253 , pl . viii . , figs . a , b , 2 ( 1878 ) .\nc . feredayi , bates , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , p . 53 ( 1867 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 ( 1874 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , pp . 461\u20132 ( 1877 ) , and x . , p . 254 , pl . viii . , figs . d , 3 ( 1878 ) ; butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 275 , pl . xii . , figs . 7 , 8 , 9 ( 1878 )\nlyc\u0153na boldenarum , white , proc . ent . soc . , ser . 3 , i . , p . 26 ( 1862 ) . chrysophanus boldenarum , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , tab . 1 , figs . 8 , 9 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 273 ( 1878 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , pp . 461\u20132 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 256 , pl . viii . , figs . i , h , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ( 1878 ) .\nl . oxleyi , feld . , reise der \u201cnovara , \u201d lep . , ii . , p . 280 , n . 354 , pl . 35 , fig . 6 ( 1865 ) ; bates , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , p . 53 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 273 ( 1878 ) .\np . mairi , buller , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . v . , p . 279 , pl . 17 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 207 .\nhepialus characterifer , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 594 ( 1865 ) . oxycanus impletus , ib . , p . 598 . hepialus charactifer , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 . porina charactifera , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .\nelhamma cervinata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 595 . porina vexata , ib . , p . 597 . p . fuliginea , butl . , \u201ccistula entomologica , \u201d vol . ii . , p . 488 . p . cervinata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .\nscribed by gu\u00e9n\u00e9e , and it is quite different from cervinata . \u2014r . w . f .\nhepialus despectus , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 594 . porina despecta , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 209 .\npielus umbraculatus , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . v . , p . 1 ( 1868 ) . porina umbraculata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 209 .\npielus variolaris , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . v . , p . 1 . porina signata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 . p . umbraculata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .\nelhamma signata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , vii . , p . 1563 ( 1856 ) . porina nov\u0153 - zelandi\u0153 , ib , p . 1573 . p . signata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 , tab . 2 , f . 8 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 210 .\nh . virescens , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d vol . ii . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . i . , f . 6 ( 1855 ) . h . rubroviridans , white , l . c . , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . charagia virescens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , vii . , p . 1569 ; scott , trans . ent . soc . n . s . w . , ii . , 28 . c . fischeri , feld . , reise der \u201cnovara , \u201d pl . lxxx . , f . 1 . c . hectori , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 380 . c . virescens , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . hepialus virescens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 211 .\ncharagia ingens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxii . , supp . ii . , p . 596 . seto ingens , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 .\nmeyrick says , \u201ci believe the record to be erroneous ; it is certainly australian , and i have never met with a really authentic new zealand specimen\u201d ( trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 205 ) .\nliothula omnivora , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . x . , p . 260 , pl . 9 . \u0153ceticus omnivorus , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 212 .\npsyche unicolor , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 381 . orophora toumatou , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . x . , p . 260 , pl . 9 . o . unicolor , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 212 .\ns . convolvuli , linn . , syst . nat . , 1 , 2 , p . 789 ( 1766 ) ; white , taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 1 , f . 13 ( 1855 ) . s . convolvuli , var . 03b3 , walk . , cat . lep . n . z . , viii . , p . 213 ( 1856 ) . s . convolvuli ( var . s . distans ) , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 , tab . 2 , fig . 11 . s . convolvuli ( protoparce distans , butl . ) , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 213 .\nsphinx tipuliformis , linn . , faun . suec . , p . 289 , n . 1096 . setia tipuliformis , fab . , ent . syst . , iii . , 1 , p . 385 , n . 21 ( 1793 ) . sesia tipuliformis , meigen , syst . beschr . , ii . , p . 119 , n . 25 , pl . 62 , f . 2 . \u00e6geria tipuliformis , stephens , ill . brit . ent . haust . , 1 , p . 142 ( 1829 ) . trochilium tipuliforme , newman , ent . mag . , i . , p . 78 . sphinx salmachus , linn . , syst . nat . , ed . 10 , p . 493 , n . 30 . \u00e6geria tipuliformis , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . sesia tipuliformis , cl . , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 214 .\narctia strategica , hudson , entom . , 1889 , p . 53 . metacrias strategica , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 216 .\nphaos huttonii , butl . , \u201ccistula entomologica , \u201d ii . , p . 487 . metacrias huttonii , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , p . 750 ( 1886 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 216 .\n( ? genus ) pulchella , linn . deiopeia pulchella , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 217 .\nleptosoma annulatum , boisd . , voy . de l ' astr . , ent . , v . , p . 197 , pl . 5 , fig . 9 ( 1853 ) ; doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 284 . nyctemera doubledayi , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ii . , p . 392 . n . annulata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . leptosoma annulatum , bates , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 2 . nyctemera annulata , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1886 , p . 760 , and trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 218 .\nmaniestra griseipennis , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 22 . chera virescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . sp\u0153lotis inconstans , ib . , p . 545 . leucania moderata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 7 ; ib . , xx . , p . 44 .\nagrotis ( ? ) moderata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , supp . ii . , p . 705 . eumichtis sistens , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 39 . agrotis ( ? ) moderata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . mamestra sistens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 19 . leucania moderata , meyr . , ib . , xx . , p . 45 .\nbryophila temperata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xv . , p . 1648 . xylina inceptura , ib . , p . 1736 . x . deceptura , ib . , p . 1737 . bryophila temperata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 . leucania temperata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .\nagrotis nullifera , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 742 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , tab . 2 , fig . 5 ; gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 3 . leucania nullifera , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 7 .\nxylina atristriga , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . iii . , p . 756 . mamestra antipoda , feld . , reis . der nov . , pl . cix . , n . 23 . xylina atristriga , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . leucania atristriga , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 8 .\nl . unica , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ix . , p . 112 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 9 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 , tab . 2 , fig . 9 . nonagria juncicolor , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 2 . leucania unica , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 10 .\nheliophobus disjungens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xv . , p . 1681 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 1 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 . hadena nervata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 40 . mamestra disjungens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 15 .\neuplexia insignis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , suppl . iii . , p . 724 ; xylina turbida , ib . , p . 754 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . euplexia insignis , butl . , ib . , p . 8 . hadena lignifusca , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 385 . h . insignis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 492 , mamestra polychroa , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 16 . m . insignis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .\nerana plena , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . iii . , p . 744 . mamestra sphagnea , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 17 erana plena , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . dianth\u0153cia viridis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 547 . mamestra plena , meyr . , trans . n . z inst . , xix . , p . 17 .\nhadena mutans , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 602 . h . lignifusca , walk . , ib . , p . 603 . mamestra angusta , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 18 . m . acceptrix , ib . , fig . 19 . hadena mutans , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . h . debilis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . london , 1877 , p . 385 , pl . xlii . , fig . 6 . h . mutans , ib . , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 491 . mamestra mutans , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 17 .\ndianth\u0153cia pictula , white , taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . i . , fig . 3 . hadena pictula , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 602 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . meterana pictula , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1887 , p . 386 , pl . xlii . , fig . 1 . mamestra pictula , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 18 .\napamea vitiosa , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 384 , pl . xlii , fig . 3 . mamestra octhistis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 20 . m . vitiosa , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .\ngraphiphora tartarea , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 384 , pl . xlii . , fig . 2 . mamestra tartarea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 21 .\ncloantha composita , gu\u00e9n . , noct . vi . , p . 114 . auchmis composita , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 616 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 12 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . mamestra maori , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 24 . m . composita , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 22 .\northosia infensa , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 748 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . mamestra arachnias , meyr . , xix . , p . 23 . m . infensa , meyr . , xx . , p . 45 .\ndasypolia dotata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 522 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . mamestra dotata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 24 .\nxylina stipata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , iii . , supp . , p . 753 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . xylophasia stipata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 488 . mamestra stipata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 25 .\nxylophasia rubescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . mamestra rubescens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 25 .\nhadena lignana , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 543 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . , 1877 , p . 385 , pl . xlii . , fig . 6 . xylophasia morosa , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 543 . mamestra lignana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 26 .\nxylina ustistriga , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 630 . x . lignisecta , ib . , p . 631 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . , 1877 , p . 386 . mamestra ustistriga , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 26 .\nxylocampa cucullina , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 40 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . agrotis mitis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . 1877 , p . 383 , pl . xlii . , fig . 5 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . mamestra cucullina , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 28 .\nmamestra comma , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ix . , p . 239 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 6 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . graphiphora implexa , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , x . , p . 405 . hadena plusiata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . , p . 742 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . nitocris bicomma , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 4 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . orthosia comma , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 30 .\nt\u0153niocampa immunis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , x . , p . 430 . cerastis innocua , ib . , 1710 . agrotis acetina , feld . , reis . der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 6 . teniocampa immunis , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . orthosia immunis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 30 .\ngraphiphora purpurea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 490 . xanthia ceramodes , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 31 . x . purpurea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 46 .\nxylina defigurata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . , 756 . bityla thoracica , ib . , p . 869 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 . b . defigurata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 31 .\nnoctua ypsilon , rott . agrotis suffusa , h\u00fcbn . a . ypsilon , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 32 . ( ? ) if same as agrotis suffusa , treitschke , and noctua suffusa , denis , see butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , and proc . zool . soc . london , 1877 , p . 383 . \u2014r . w . f .\na . admirationis , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 38 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , ii . , p . 384 . also , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 33 ; but mr . meyrick has made some mistake , for i have duplicate of the type named by gu\u00e9n . , and mr . meyrick ' s description in a way agrees with it , and it was not found on roots of tussockgrass on sandhills . \u2014r . w . f .\nchersotis sericea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 490 . c . inconspicua , ib . , p . 545 . agrotis sericea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 33 . a . inconspicua , ib . , p . 34 . a . sericea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . p . 46 .\np . eriosoma , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d p . 285 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . x . , figs . 1 , 2 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 , tab . 3 , figs . 1 , 2 . p . argentifera , gu\u00e9n . , gen . noct . , vi . , p . 352 . p . eriosoma , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 36 .\nd . selenophora , gu\u00e9n . , noct . , vii . , p . 175 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 38 . ( ? ) erebus , n . s . , white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 1 , figs . 2 , 2 ( 1855 ) .\npage 328 , line 5 from bottom . for trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , read trans . n . z . inst . , x .\npage 336 , line 15 . for in a way agrees read in no way agrees .\npage 337 , line 18 , should read orthosia , ochs . , * to connect with footnote .\npage 337 , lines 23 to 26 . transfer genus theoxena , meyr . , to p . 345 , after dichromodes .\npage 349 , line 10 from bottom . for trans . n . z . inst . , xxi . , read trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1884 .\npage 366 , line 11 . after stainton insert man . brit . butt . & moth . ii . , p . 358 .\npage 369 , lines 12 , 13 , 15 . for eutoma read eutorna .\npage 374 , line 10 . for c . miniellum read s ( ? ) miniella .\nr . scotosialis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiv . , supp . , p . 1150 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 388 , and cist . ent , ii . , p . 492 . herminia lilacina , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 388 , pl . xlii . , fig . 11 . rhapsa scotosialis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p 38 .\npanagra scissaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 43 . theoxena scissaria , meyr . , trans . , n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 56 .\nptychopoda ( ? ) rubraria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 286 . acidalia repletaria , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 778 . a . attributa , walk . , ib . , p . 779 . a . rubraria , walk . , ib . , p . 781 . fidonia ( ? ) acidaliaria , walk . , ib . , xxv . , p . 1037 . acidalia figlinaria , gu\u00e9n . a . rubraria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 57 , and xvii . , p . 63 .\nhemerophila hemipteraria , gu\u00e9n . xyridacma hemipteraria , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 60 .\n[ footnote ] * see meyrick , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 39 , as to these .\nparysatis porphyrias , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 59 .\nptychopoda rubropunctaria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 287 . asthena risata , gu\u00e9n . a . mullata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 42 . acidalia pulchraria , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 780 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 , tab . 3 , fig . 18 . hippolyte rubropunctaria , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 60 ; ib . , xvii . , p . 63 .\ncidaria undosata , feld . , reise der nov . , v . , pl . cxxviii . , fig . 2 . acidalia undosata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 499 . epiphryne undosata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 60 .\nhermione xanthaspis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 61 .\naspilates abrogata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 1075 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . fidonia ( ? ) servularia , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 43 . thyone abrogata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 61 .\ncidaria verriculata , feld . , reise der nov . , v . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 20 . phibalapteryx verriculata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . panop\u0153a verriculata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 62 .\nlarentia ( ? ) rufescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 502 . eurydice cymosema , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvii . , p . 63 .\nlarentia megaspilata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 1198 . cidaria assata , feld . , reise der nov . , lep . , v . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 4 . c . nehata , feld . , l . c . , fig . 6 . larentia megaspilata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 502 . larentia ( ? ) nehata , ib . , p . 503 . harpalyce magaspilata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 63 .\nharpalyce parora , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvii . , p . 63 . h . humeraria , ib . , xvi . , p . 64 .\ncoremia euclidiata , gu\u00e9n . c . glyphicata , ib . , 420 . fidonia catapyrrha , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xliii . , fig . 2 . stratonice catapyrrha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 64 ; ib . , xvii , p . 63 .\neupithecia muscosata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1246 . euthecia cidariaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 62 . cidaria aquosata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 33 . eupithecia cidariaria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . cidaria muscosata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 .\neupithecia bilineolata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1246 . scotosia denotata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1361 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 67 . s . humerata , ib . , xxv . , p . 1362 . eupithecia semialbata , ib . , xxvi . , p . 1708 . e . ( ? ) bilineolata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . scotosia humerata , ib . , p . 16 . eupithecia semialbata , ib . , p . 15 . helastia charybdis , ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 503 . h . calida , ib . , p . 504 . pasiphila bilineolata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 50 .\neupithecia indicataria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1708 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . pasiphila indicataria , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 52 .\ncoremia inductata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1322 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 ; scotosia subitata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1362 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . pasiphila inductata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 53 .\nscotosia denotata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1362 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . phibalapteryx parvulata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1721 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . phrixogonus denotatus ( sic ) , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 53 .\ncidaria lestivata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1416 . sauris ranata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 11 . tatosoma lestevata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 18 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 67 .\ncidaria agrionata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1417 . c . tipulata , ib . , 1417 . c . inclinataria , ib . , 1418 . c . transitaria , ib . , 1419 . c . collectaria , ib . , 1419 . sauris mistata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 12 . tatosoma transitaria , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 304 . t . agrionata , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\nacidalia pulchraria . doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d app . , p . 286 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 . chlorochroma plurilineata , walk . , l . c . , xxii . , pp . 563 and 676 . asthena ondinata , gu\u00e9n . , sp . gen . lep . phal . , i . , p . 438 , pl . xix . , fig . 4 . ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , tab . 3 , fig . 20 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . cidaria ondinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxviii . , fig . 17 . asthena pulchraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 69 .\nacidalia schistaria , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 782 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . asthena subpurpureata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1588 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . a . schistaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 69 .\ncidaria gobiata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 2 . phibalapteryx gobiata , p . simulans , p . undulifera , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 506 . p . anguligera , p . rivularis , ib . , p . 507 . scotosia gobiata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 70 .\ncoremia deltoidata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1321 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . cidaria inclarata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1411 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 . c . perductata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1412 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . congressata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1412 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . congressata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1413 . c . descriptata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1414 . c . bisignata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 . c . aggregata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 . c . congregata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 397 . c . plagifurcata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1416 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 . coremia pastinaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 64 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . cidaria inopiata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 3 . c . monoliata , ib . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 8 . c . perversata , ib . , pl . cxxxii . , figs . 14 , 24 . scotosia deltoidata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 70 . cephalissa deltoidata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 54 .\ncidaria rosearia , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 285 . coremia rosearia , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 , tab . 3 . , fig . 13 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . c . ardularia , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 63 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . ,\np . 16 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . c . inam\u0153naria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 63 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . epyaxa rosearia , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 71 .\ncoremia semifissata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1320 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . c . ypsilonaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . cidaria delicatulata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . epyaxa semifissata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 72 .\nlarentia subductata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1198 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . epyaxa subducta , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 55\naspilates ( ? ) subochraria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 285 . a . euboliaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1684 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 66 . camptogramma subochraria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 , tab . 3 , fig . 16 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . c . strangulata , gu\u00e9n . , gen . lep . phal . , ii . ( ? ) , p . 423 . c . fuscinata , gu\u00e9n , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 92 : butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . arsinoe subochraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 73 . anachloris subochraria , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 56 .\narsinoe prionota , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 73 .\nc . rixata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 1 . coremia squalida , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . cidaria rixata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 75 .\nmelanthia arida , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . cidaria chaotica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 76 . c . arida , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncamptogramma stinata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 92 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . larentia stinaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 78 .\nl . clarata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1197 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 14 . cidaria pyramaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 93 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia clarata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 79 .\ncidaria beata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 397 , pl . xliii . , fig . 6 ; ib . , cist . ent . , vol . ii . , p . 508 . larentia beata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 79 .\nl . lucidata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1200 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . coremia plurimata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1321 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . panagra venipunctata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1666 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 . larentia psamathodes , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 81 . l . lucidata , ib . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncidaria obarata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 33 . larentia obarata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 82 .\nscotosia subobscurata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1358 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . larentia petropola , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 82 . l . obscurata , ib . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncidaria ( ? ) cinerearia , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 286 . larentia ( ? ) invexata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1199 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 503 . l . semisignata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1200 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 . l . inoperata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1201 . l . diffusaria , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1201 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . l . punctilineata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1202 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 , tab . 3 , fig . 12 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 . cidaria dissociata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1734 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . similisata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1735 . c . semilisata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia corcularia , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 61 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . l . infantaria , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , p . 62 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . helastia eupitheciaria , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , p . 95 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . cidaria sph\u0153riata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 14 . larentia cinerearia , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 83 ; ib . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncidaria bulbulata , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia bulbulata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 84 .\nl , ( ? ) falcata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 67 ; ib . , xx . , p . 58 .\naspilates insignis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 393 , pl . xliii . , fig . 1 . pasithea insignis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 85 .\npasithea mechanitis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 86 .\npasithea paradelpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 86 .\npasithea strategica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .\npasithea callicrena , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .\nfidonia perornata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1672 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . pasithea perornata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .\npasithea niphocrena , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 88 .\nfidonia ferox , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xlii . , fig . 8 . pasithea ferox , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 88 .\npasithea zopyra , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .\npasithea vulcanica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .\nfidonia brephosata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1037 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 3 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 . larentia catocalaria , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , v . , p . 62 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . fidonia catocalaria , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 499 . f . brephos , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxix . , fig . 5 . pasithea brephos , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .\npasithea omichlias , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 90 .\nfidonia enysii , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 , pl . xlii . , fig . 9 . stathmonyma homomorpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , 9 . s . enysii , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 .\nfidonia anceps , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xliii . , fig . 3 . stathmonyma homomorpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 91 .\neuclidia hectori , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 387 , pl . xlii . , fig . 4 . stathmonyma hectori , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 91 .\ncacopsodos nigra , butl . ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 60 ; ib . , xxiii . , p . 184 .\nd . gypsotis , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 60 . cacopsodos niger , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 94 .\ncacopsodos niger , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 395 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 94 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xviii . , p . 184 , and xx . , p . 60 .\nl . alectoraria , walk . , l . c . , ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 ; aspitates ( ? ) primata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1076 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 4 . ennomos ustaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1519 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . endropia mixtaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1506 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 11 , tab . 3 , fig . 5 . amilapsis ( ? ) acroiaria , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxiii . , fig . 6 . lyrcea varians , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 ; l . alectoraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 95 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 66 .\nzermizinga indocilisaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1530 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . hybernia boreophilaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 61 . h . indocilis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 97 .\nrhyparia fenerata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 7 . zylobara fenerata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . boarmia fenerata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 61 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nlarentia productata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1197 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 . pseudocoremia indistincta , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . selidosema pungata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 23 ; s , ( ? ) fragosata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 29 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\npseudocoremia suavis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 497 . pachycnemia usitata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 . pseudocoremia lupinata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 98 . boarmia suavis , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\ncidaria lupinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 19 . pseudocoremia lupinata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 . boarmia lupinata , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 316 , as to selidosema .\nnumeria melinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxix . , fig . 9 . pseudocoremia indistincta , * butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 , pl . xliii . , fig . 8 , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . p . confusa , butl . ( see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 ) . p . melinata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 99 . boarmia melinata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 61 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nboarmia dejectaria , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 394 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , p . 390 . b . attracta , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 394 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . b . exprompta , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 395 . tephrosia patularia , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 422 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , tab . 3 , fig . 8 . t . scriptaria , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 422 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . scotosia lignosata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1361 . s . erebinata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1358 . s . stigmaticata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1359 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . gnophos panularia , gu\u00e9n , l . c . , p . 42 . scotopteryx maoriata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 4 . hemerophila ( ? ) sulpitiata , feld . , l . c . , cxxvi . , fig . 7 . h . caprimulgata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 12 . boarmia dejectaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 100 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nscotosia panagrata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1360 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . angerona menanaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1500 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 11 . epirrhanthis ( ? ) antipodaria , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 3 . hyperythra dessicata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 495 . h . arenacea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 495 . barsine panagrata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 100 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 , as to barsine , and xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\ncidaria rudisata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1420 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . boarmia astrapia , meyr . , l . c . , xxii . , p . 218 . b . rudiata , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nd . atronivea , walk . , l . c . , xxxii . , p . 619 . chlenias ( ? ) manxifera , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , xii . , p . 268 , pl . ix . , fig . 1 . detunda atronivea , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 101 .\nchlenias egregia , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 24 ; fered . , l . c . , xii . , p . 268 , pl . ix . , fig . 2 . detunda egregia , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 101 .\nd . floccosa , walk . , l . c . , xv . , p . 1649 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 . argua scabra , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 448 . declana scabra , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 500 . d . feredayi , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 , pl . xliii . , fig . 5 . d . nigrosparsa , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 500 . d . floccosa , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 102 .\n[ footnote ] * mr . meyrick puts this so . i think it must be a mistake ; indistincta does not appear to me to be identical with melinata . \u2014r . w . f .\npoliteia junctilinea , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 643 . chlenias verrucosa , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 22 . declana crassitibia , \u2642 , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 103 . d . junctilinea , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 ."]}
{"id": 1235, "summary": [{"text": "epicallima argenticinctella , the orange-headed epicallima moth , is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from nova scotia to south carolina , west to kansas and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of deciduous forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10-13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are yellowish-orange with a silvery black-margined line along the basal margin from the fold to the basal angle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a similar line from the basal third of the inner margin to the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the basal area between these lines is deep reddish orange .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to october . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "epicallima argenticinctella", "paragraphs": ["species epicallima argenticinctella - orange - headed epicallima - hodges # 1046 - bugguide . net\nepicallima argenticinctella ( fig . 2 ) likewise is a common species in deciduous forest , where the adult sometimes is abundant at uv light .\norange - banded epicallima moth in montgomery co . , maryland ( 6 / 25 / 2009 ) . photo by ashley bradford . ( mbp list )\norange - banded epicallima moth in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 29 / 2014 ) . photo by nancy magnusson . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in baltimore city , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2015 ) . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\norange - banded epicallima moth in baltimore co . , maryland ( 7 / 12 / 2014 ) . photo by emily stanley . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 7 / 14 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in garrett co . , maryland ( 7 / 21 / 2014 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in harford co . , maryland ( 6 / 16 / 2018 ) . photo by josh emm . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in harford co . , maryland ( 8 / 15 / 2015 ) . photo by dave webb . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in harford co . , maryland ( 7 / 21 / 2014 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 6 / 7 / 2015 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in allegany co . , maryland ( 6 / 25 / 2013 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 7 / 30 / 2016 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 11 / 2013 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2015 ) . photo by nancy magnusson . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 7 / 2017 ) . photo by anthony vanschoor . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 30 / 2018 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 7 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by hans holbrook . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 6 / 2015 ) . photo by judy gallagher . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 6 / 25 / 2016 ) . determined by roger downer / bamona . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in frederick co . , maryland ( 7 / 17 / 2016 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nan orange - banded epicallima moth in cecil co . , maryland ( 6 / 6 / 2015 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by shannon schade . ( mbp list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthe flight period appears to be april to october with the peak in july and august .\nclemens , b . 1860 . contributions to american lepidopterology - no . 4 . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 : 166 - 167\n. e . w . classey ltd . and rbd publications inc . p . 110 ; plate 7 , figs . 10 - 11 .\nthe moths of america north of mexico fascicle 6 . 2 gelechioidea , oecophoridae ronald w . hodges . 1974 . e . w . classey ltd . and rbd publications inc .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1974 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 2 , p . 110 ; pl . 7 . 10 - 11 . order\nthe present concept of oecophoridae is restricted to this group , as defined on basis of the genus oecophora . larvae of nearctic species usually are found in dead wood , where they probably feed on fungus . little is known of the specific habits of these larvae , and some of the species apparently never have been reared . adults are small moths , some species of which are rather brightly colored . not surprisingly , given the larval habits , they are most commonly collected in deciduous forest .\nfor information on the genera idioglossa ( one native species ) and stathmopoda ( two native and one introduced species ) , which were listed under oecophoridae in the 1983 checklist , see the page on batrachedridae .\ndecantha boreasella ( fig . 1 ) is sometimes abundant at uv light in deciduous forest in late june .\nfabiola edithella ( fig . 3 ) generally is seen less frequently than the previous two species , but in areas where populations occur , it can be locally common . the adult has the noticeable habit of flying during the 15 minutes or so immediately before the first light of dawn ( j . wiker , pers . comm . ) . it is collected most frequently in late june .\nmathildana newmanella ( fig . 4 ) is found in deciduous forest ; in central illinois , the adult flight period begins in late may .\neido trimaculella ( fig . 5 ) , like mathildana newmanella , occurs as an adult in deciduous forest beginning in late may .\na generic revision of american moths of the family oecophoridae , with descriptions of new species .\nbusck , a . 1908 . a generic revision of american moths of the family oecophoridae , with descriptions of new species . proceedings of the united states national museum 35 : 187 - 204\nphylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) . . .\nby sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkil\u00e4 , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kaw\nsohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkil\u00e4 , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kawahara , s . cho , m . p . cummings & p . schmitz , 2016 . phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) : new insight from 19 nuclear genes . systematic entomology , 41 ( 1 ) : 112\u2013132 . abstract and link to fee based access here . cite : 1412991\ndescriptions of new species , including : isophrictis occidentalis , aristotelia amelanchierella , aristotelia planitia , gnorimoschema consueta , gnorimoschema macromaculata , gelechia fructuaria , gelechia prognosticata , brachmia casca . available online ( requires jstor access ) here\nby heikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l .\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , m . mutanen , m . kekkonen & l . kaila , 2014 [ 2013 ] , morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics , 30 : 563\u2013589 . doi : 10 . 1111 / cla . 12064\nas of 2015 , this was the most current revision of gelechioidea . a summary of the revision is found on p . 585 . as of 2016 , the phylogeny of gelechioidea remains in flux with a paper published by sohn et al . ( 2016 )\ntwo new species of coniferous needle miners from louisiana and the description of a new genus ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 2 october , 2014 - 12 : 44am\na review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .\nkaila , l . 1995 . a review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) : 171 - 178\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 10 may , 2014 - 8 : 55pm\neach antenna ringed with black and white scales . forewing orange , including fringe ; lines white , edged with black . note white reniform spot at costa . brown basal patch , rounded patch along inner margin near anal angle , and mixed brown and white shade in st . area . hindwing gray .\nlarva has been reared on corn plants ; found under bark of elm trees in the wild .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer ."]}
{"id": 1258, "summary": [{"text": "lichenaula neboissi is a moth in the xyloryctidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by f.g. neumann in 1970 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on pinus radiata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lichenaula neboissi", "paragraphs": ["lichenaula neboissi , xyloryctid moth , dorsal view . holotype . registration no . t 4180 .\nlichenaula neboissi f . g . neumann , 1970 . [ nomen nudum ? ] . holotype nmv \u2642 ballarat , victoria .\nlichenaula melanoleuca turner , 1898 , the xyloryctidae of queensland . annals of the queensland museum 4 : 1\u201332 [ 19 ] . holotype anic \u2640 , ballandean , qld .\nlichenaula melanoleuca turn . tillyard , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson , 1 - 560 . ( 425 , pl . 28 , fig . 38 ) .\nof smaller species we may mention . . . lichenaula melanoleuca turn . ( pl . 28 , fig . 38 ) , with forewings a patchwork of black and white . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\nlichenaula onychotypa turner , 1939 . a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , 1938 : 57\u2013115 [ 85 ] . holotype anic \u2642 , hobart , tas .\nplease tell us how you intend to reuse this image . this will help us to understand what\u2019s popular and why so that we can continue to improve access to the collections .\nwhat\u2019s your intended use for this image ? please select an option scholarly or professional research for school , university , etc . personal or community research make a print for home to use in a blog or website publishing in a book make something else interesting could you please tell us more ? submit\nmuseums victoria supports and encourages public access to our collection by offering image downloads for reuse . images marked as public domain have , to the best of museums victoria\u2019s knowledge , no copyright or intellectual property rights that would restrict their free download and reuse . images marked with a creative commons ( cc ) license may be downloaded and reused in accordance with the conditions of the relevant cc license . please acknowledge museums victoria and cite the url for the image so that others can also find it .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\ncommon , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 88 ] .\nbeccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .\naustralian capital territory , new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .\ncommon , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .\nn . sp . female , 15 mm . forewings with vein 7 to apex . head and face white . palpi white , base of second , base and apex of terminal joint blackish . antennae blackish ; basal joint white . thorax white , with a transverse black band anteriorly . abdomen grey . legs whitish , anterior pair infuscated . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; blackish - fuscous with white markings ; base narrowly white ; an outwardly oblique , irregularly outlined fascia from costa at 1 / 6 to inner - margin at \u00bc ; a large white spot on costa at 2 / 5 not reaching fold ; another on costa at 2 / 3 ; a similar spot in disc at 2 / 3 confluent with the preceding ; a smaller spot below centre of disc ; a fifth spot at anal angle ; and two minute dots at and before apex of costa ; cilia whitish , bases blackish - fuscous except opposite costal dots and anal angle . hindwings and cilia grey .\nballandean ( 2 , 500 feet ) , near wallangarra : one specimen in february .\nmany of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 13 )"]}
{"id": 1262, "summary": [{"text": "enoplidia simplex is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by turner in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland , new south wales and victoria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are plain dark brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are plain pale yellow .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on dead phyllodes of eucalyptus and acacia species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they construct a shelter of two irregular pieces of dead phyllode joined by silk .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place in a cocoon , formed inside the shelter . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "enoplidia simplex", "paragraphs": ["enoplidia common , 1994 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 3 : 262 ; ts : heliocausta simplex turner\nthe cocoon of this species is dark brown and formed inside its shelter and is hung from a suitable stem . it has a length of about 3 . 5 cms .\nthe adult moth has plain dark brown forewings , and plain pale yellow hindwings . its wingspan is about 2 cms .\ncsiro publishing , melbourne 1994 , pp . 29 , 258 , 262 - 265 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nturner , a . j . 1896 ,\ndescriptions of micro - lepidoptera from queensland\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 20 , pp . 1 - 34\nturner , a . j . 1946 ,\nrevision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 70 , pp . 93 - 120\nmeyrick , e . 1921 ,\nexotic microlepidoptera\n, pp . pp . 385 - 416 , 417 - 448 , 449 - 480\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 38e84771 - c4f8 - 4500 - 90b3 - 8fa1ade97a3f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dce58fbd - 8c9e - 4ee8 - 88e9 - 22c86e56d12e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fb782980 - f5b3 - 4a26 - bfc5 - 0a8b89d625e2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 325611\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmachimia stenomorpha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nturner , 1946 revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 93 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthis sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1267, "summary": [{"text": "microgadus proximus , also commonly known as pacific tomcod , is a type of cod fish found in north american coastal waters from the southeastern bering sea to central california .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their diet of the pacific tomcod includes anchovies , shrimp , worms , and other small marine invertebrates .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "pacific tomcod are occasionally taken by recreational anglers .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this is usually incidental to fishing for other species of fish as they are relatively small in size . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "microgadus proximus", "paragraphs": ["( of gadus proximus girard , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , mikros = samll + latin , gadus = a fish , cod ? ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 275 m ( ref . 1371 ) , usually 25 - 120 m ( ref . 1371 ) . temperate ; 62\u00b0n - 36\u00b0n , 170\u00b0w - 121\u00b0w ( ref . 1371 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27436 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 46 - 54 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 46 . body olive green dorsally , pale ventrally ; fins dusky marginally .\ngenerally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )\n) : 3 . 4 - 9 . 5 , mean 5 . 8 ( based on 253 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00436 - 0 . 01515 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 59 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gadus californicus ( ayres , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morrhua californica ayres , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morrhua proxima ( girard , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\ncaught incidentally in the commercial fishery off the washington coast with otter - trawls . rarely caught by recreational harvesters in puget sound .\ndescription : the body of the pacific tomcod is elongated and slender and covered with small , thin scales . it ranges in color from olive green to brownish above , and creamy white below . the fins have dusky tips . this species has a small barbel on the chin . characteristic of the cod family , the pacific tomcod has three dorsal fins , two anal fins , a large head , and a large mouth with fine teeth . the first anal fin begins below the rear of the first dorsal fin . the pacific tomcod is distinguished from other similar\u2013appearing fish by its three spineless dorsal fins and the small chin barbell , but is easily confused with a pacific cod . the pacific cod has a barbel as long as the diameter of the eye , whereas the pacific tomcod has a barbel less than one half the diameter of the eye , and the anus below the first dorsal fin .\nrange / habitat : pacific tomcod can be found from the bering sea to pt . sal , california . they are a schooling fish that live on or near soft bottoms of mud , silt or find sand . as adults pacific tomcod are found at water depths of 27 to 219 m ( 90 - 720 ft ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .\nlove , m . 1996 . probably more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . really big press , santa barbara , california , 381 pp .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p .\ngenerally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba\nmecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\neastern pacific ocean from the bering sea to central california ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nadults occur on or near the bottom at about 25 - 220 m ; young in shallower waters , often near surface ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .\nnot abundant enough or large enough to be a commercial species ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , and e . s . herald . 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 336 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1275, "summary": [{"text": "aporocidaris milleri is a species of sea urchin of the family ctenocidaridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "their armour is covered with spines .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it is placed in the genus aporocidaris and lives in the sea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "aporocidaris milleri was first scientifically described in 1898 by alexander emanuel agassiz . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "aporocidaris milleri", "paragraphs": ["aporocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about aporocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) .\nworms - world register of marine species - aporocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 )\n( of porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) david , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) mortensen , t . ( 1928b ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . i . cidaroidea , 551 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 110 - 114 [ details ]\n( of plegiocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1928b ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . i . cidaroidea , 551 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 110 - 114 [ details ]\nto antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to the echinoderms of panama lifedesks to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 36 records )\n( of porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the gal\u00e1pagos , to the the west coast of m\u00e9xico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission streamer\nalbatross\n, during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xxiii . preliminary report on the echini . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 32 , 71 - 86 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 74 ; pl . 4 : figs 1 - 2 [ details ]\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .\nmortensen , t . ( 1928b ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . i . cidaroidea , 551 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 110 - 114 [ details ]\ndavid , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmah , c . l . ; mcknight , d . g . ; eagle , m . k . ; pawson , d . l . ; am\u00e9ziane , n . ; vance , d . j . ; baker , a . n . ; clark , h . e . s . ; davey , n . ( 2009 ) . phylum echinodermata : sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea lilies . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 371 - 400 . [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin panama this species was collected southwest of coiba island ( usnm e 9483 & usnm 21042 ; centroid latitude : 6 . 2833 , centroid longitude : - 82 . 0833 ) , gulf of chiriqui , eastern pacific , by the r . v . albatross , from a depth of 3058 m .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napical disc very large ( 65 - 75 % test diameter ) ; raised ; strongly dicyclic ; covered in tubercles , but with a bare edge to the plates . relatively few periproctal plates . ocular pores surrounded by a distinct rim .\ninterambulacral tubercles perforate and non - crenulate ; areole not sunken . scrobicular tubercles hardly differentiated from other granulation .\nmedian interradial suture zone rather bare and slightly sunken ; small pits at adradial end of horizontal interambulacral sutures .\nambulacra narrow ; composed of relatively few plates . pore - pairs very narrow with only a thin interporal partition , or the two pores coalesced ; strongly oblique to the plate suture .\nperistome about half test diameter ; relatively few ambulacral plates in each series ( less than 10 ) .\nprimary spines long , cylindrical and slender with short collar and distinct neck ; terminating in a simple point . shaft of spine with semiregular rows of thorns with scattered fine hairs in between .\nsecondary spines erect and cylindrical , not adpressed around the base of the primary spines .\na . incerta ( koehler , 1902 ) ; recent , southern tip of south america .\ndiffers from ctenocidaris by the larger size of its apical disc and its adoral interradial sutures which are rather bare .\nagassiz , a . & clark , h . l . 1907 . hawaiian and other pacific echinoids .\nmortensen , t . 1928 . a monograph of the echinoidea . 1 , cidaroidea . c . a . reitzel , copenhagen .\ncaso , m . e . 1979 . los equinoideos del pacifico de mexico . parte primera - ordenes cidaroidea y aulodonta . publicaciones especiales centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia , universidad nacional autonoma de mexico 1 , 1 - 103 .\nmooi , r . , david , b . , fell , f . j . & chone , t . 2000 . three new species of bathyal cidaroids ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) from the antarctic region . proceedings of the biological society of washington 113 , 224 - 237 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1279, "summary": [{"text": "skirroceras macrum is a stephanoceratacean ( ammonite ) species belonging to the family stephanoceratidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived during the jurassic period , in the bajocian age . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "skirroceras macrum", "paragraphs": ["new stunning , rare ammonite display species from burton bradstock , dorset , england ( sku702 ) : - skirroceras ( stephanoceras ) macrum \u2013 fossils for sale \u2013 fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop\nage : jurassic age sub category : lower bajocian common name : ammonite genus : skirroceras species : macrum catalogue letters : baj catalogue number : 13 . 0a country of origin : england , uk description : a large adult , 7 whorls , with 1 1 / 3 whorls of body chamber , with tuberculated ribbing . sherborne , dorset . size : 250 mm price : \u00a3 20 . 00\nfig . 3 . 1 . kumatostephanus perjucundus ( buckman , 1927 ) , propinquans zone , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010027 ) . 2 . skirroceras macrum ( quenstedt , 1886 / 87 ) , propinquans zone , hebridica subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh163 ) . 3 . brasilia sp . , murchisonae zone , grand lara / gap ( mnhnl qh164 ) . 4 . otoites contractus ( sowerby , 1825 ) , propinquans zone , patella subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh165 ) . 5 , 6 . paradumortieria distans ( buckman , 1890 ) , aalensis zone ( upper toarcian ) , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010025 ) . 7 . sonninia propinquans ( bayle , 1848 ) , propinquans zone , patella subzone , galabrun / gap ( mnhnl qh166 ) . 8 . catulloceras dumortieri ( thiollie ` re in dumortier , 1874 ) , upper toarcian , lac du castillon / castellane ( rnghp 010026 ) . scale bars = 4 cm ( 1 , 2 ) , 2 cm ( 4\u20137 ) , 1 . 25 cm ( 3 ) , 1 cm ( 8 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\noxynoticeras oxynotus ; ypm ip 001812 ; europe ; united kingdom ; england ; dorset county ; lyme regis . cheltenham\ncan ' t figure out what that fossil is ? post bright , sharp images here for identification . ( note that responses & confidence increase with image quality ! ) > re - size your pictures , per the tips in our faq forum . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nthis forum is devoted to illuminating the pitfalls to be avoided when considering the purchase of fossils .\nplease do not post links to websites , nor identify or incriminate a seller in any way - do not copy or screenshot advertisement verbiage .\nfor our educational purposes , the sellers ' identity is immaterial ; this is all about the specimens .\n> in this forum , we promote and celebrate our amateur contributions to the paleontological sciences . there are many volunteer opportunities to play an important role in furthering the science , and to learn new skills . whether by volunteering their time ( lab work , collections maintenance , organized field work ) , or through the donation of significant specimens , to scientific institutions , amateurs have always played an important but unheralded part ! > the pinned topic\nfossil contributions to paleontology - the gallery\nis an annotated image archive of member - found specimens now residing in museum collections ; further discussion of them will be found in linked topics in this forum . adding your contribution to this thread will earn the partner award for your profile . > all the other topics in this forum are for the discussion of amateurs ' collaboration with professionals ; science at its best .\nask anything you want to know * about fossils in general ; maybe someone here will have the answer ! * for identification of specific fossils , post in fossil id for best results . . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nplease make sure you arrange for photos if someone else is preparing your fossil find and completes the prep requirements in the contest month . )\ndate of preparation completion and discovery date ( if not found in the contest month ) .\nshortly after the end of the month , separate polls will be created for the vertebrate and invertebrate / plant find of the month .\nin addition to the fun of a contest , we also would like to learn more about the fossils .\na short explanation of why your fossil should be fossil of the month is a good way to garner votes .\nonly entries posted with clear photos , and that meet the other guidelines will be placed into the poll .\na forum to showcase paleontological museums and their fossil exhibits . have one near you ? take us along !\nfor members ' original paleontological artworks of graphic ( life renderings , display backgrounds , id posters ) and sculptural ( models , carvings ) natures .\nwe have freed member - to - member trades from the restrictions imposed on member sales . you may express your initial interests here , or as opportunity might present in other discussion topics ; once contact with a trading partner is made , please continue your arrangements via private message . public notes on successful exchanges are encouraged ; disputes must be settled privately . please note that transactions done thus must be pure trades , with no money changing hands ; beyond that , the transaction may take any form that both participants agree to as equitable .\nthe member to member sales forum is intended to be a place where people can sell excess specimens , tools , or literature .\nor the same type of items that they just no longer want . it is not intended to be commercial endeavor or market stall on the forum .\njust a place where people can sell their extra fossils , tools , or literature .\n> items offered for sale here should not be concurrently offered on other sites ( such as ebay , etsy , etc . ) .\n> also , no marketing of services . ( for example : preparation or restoration ) .\n> posting access to this forum is a privilege restricted to members who have established themselves by contributing a reasonable , fixed number of posts of substance .\n> we cannot perform $ $ appraisals , but opinions as to relative quality can be offered .\neach fossil must have a specific price . the forum cannot be held liable for deals gone wrong .\n[ inclusion inside baltic amber ] pseudoscorpion + enhydros (\nrunning water\n) . rare but not extremely rare .\nif you would like to help support the fossil forum , you can make a donation here . thank you !\nfossils for sale - fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop\nvery well prepared and preserved specimen of this rare ammonite species . lacking shell coverage on the outer whorls but good shell coverage at the centre . overall a stunning , displayable , rare ammonite\u2026 a real classic . comes with a cut flat base for display and with a locality / species label . found : - bajocian , middle jurassic , burton bradstock , dorset , england . age : - 160 million years old . size of ammonite = 17 . 8 cm ( 7 inches ) in diameter . overall size = 20 . 3 cm ( 8 inches ) high .\nnew huge ! lower lias , lower jurassic , ammonite cluster from golden cap , charmouth , lyme regis , dorset , england : - large becheiceras gallicum , oistoceras cf . figulinum and oistoceras wrighti\n\u00a9 fossils for sale - fossils - uk . com , britain ' s first online fossil shop 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanother very rare oolithic ammonite brought to our customers from fossils direct . many hours of preparation work has gone into this magnificent specimen . the ammonite itself is heavily ribbed and its characteristic nodes makes this one of the most desirable oolithic ammonites . this discovery was made during a temporary exposure digging a waterpipe some fifteen years ago . the ammonite lies in an aesthetic piece of matrix which also has a cut base for ease of display . approximately 170 million years old .\nmoving a 3d printed ammonite model through water in our custom built test - rig . click image for video of more recent tests\nsome collaborative work with fellow akron phd candidate alyssa stark covered in the akron plain dealer , 2012 .\nfrom detecting sexual dimorphism in the fossil record , astrop et al . 2012 .\nmating chinese mantids ( tenodera aridifolia sinensis ) caught while teaching invertebrate zoology in the field ( 2011 ) .\nsem revealing the micro - ornamentation on the carapace of the extant hermaphroditic clam shrimp cyzicus gynecia .\nbeautifully preserved estheria middendorfi in the collections of the natural history museum , london .\na cheeky jumping spider , snapped during a lunch break on a research excursion in argentina .\nthe palaeontological institute , royal academy of sciences in moscow , febuary 2013 . snowy .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\np . e . bartok , o . renz , g . e . g . westermann ; the siquisique ophiolites , northern lara state , venezuela : a discussion on their middle jurassic ammonites and tectonic implications . gsa bulletin ; 96 ( 8 ) : 1050\u20131055 . doi : urltoken < 1050 : tsonls > 2 . 0 . co ; 2\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\n1 . kumatostephanus perjucundus ( buckman , 1927 ) , propinquans zone , lac . . . | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\njurassic deposits of the central part of mountain dagestan . field guide to the vi all - russian conference \u201cjurassic system of russia : problems of stratigraphy and paleogeography\u201d , september 15 - 20 , 2015 , makhachkala [ in russian with english abstract ]\nthe ne atlantic region . a reappraisal of crustal structure , tectonostratigraphy and magmatic evolution\nlithological succession of the investigated sections with belemnite . . . | download scientific diagram\nfig . 2 . lithological succession of the investigated sections with belemnite occurrences and proposed ammonoid biostratigraphy : 1 . lac du castillon ( castellane ) . 2 . la baume ( castellane ) ; simplified after de baets et al . ( 2008 ) . 3 . grand lara ( gap ) . 4 . galabrun ( gap ) . 5 . view of the section galabrun near gap ( picture taken in 2010 ) , the sampled beds ( 1\u20136 ) are indicated in white .\nthis section ( fig . 2 ( 2 ) ) is part of a protected area and has been studied by assenat ( 1972 ) , leonide ( 2007 ) and de baets et al . ( 2008 ) . it is situated about 200 m above the small hamlet of la baume , on the south - western side of the castillon lake ( 43 8 53 0 36 00 n ; 6 8 30 0 05 00 e ) . de baets et al . ( 2008 ) subdivided the section into 122 beds . a small toarcian - aged condensed / lacunous unit , studied by assenat ( 1972 ) and leonide ( 2007 ) , at the base of the outcrop is capped by the \u2018\u2018calcaires a ` zoophycos \u2019\u2019 formation that can be subdivided roughly into three members ( de baets et al . , 2008 ) :\n. . . ( fig . 9 ) : 1 . in the southern caribbean region , the siquisique ophiolite complex located in west - central venezuela is interpreted as a remnant of an early proto - caribbean rift ( bartok et al . 1985 ) . it exhibits bajocian to possibly early bathonian ammonite - bearing shale enveloped by mid oceanic ridge pillow basalts ( morb , bartok et al . 1985 ) . . . .\n. . . in the southern caribbean region , the siquisique ophiolite complex located in west - central venezuela is interpreted as a remnant of an early proto - caribbean rift ( bartok et al . 1985 ) . it exhibits bajocian to possibly early bathonian ammonite - bearing shale enveloped by mid oceanic ridge pillow basalts ( morb , bartok et al . 1985 ) . 2 . in western cuba , the guaniguanico terrane shows a passive margin sedimentary sequence of the proto - caribbean ocean ( pszczolkowski 1999 ; pszczolkowski and myczynski 2003 ) . . . .\n. . . upper triassic continental sediments , sills and flows in the guajira peninsula region are followed by several thousands of metres of shallow marine , jurassic to late cretaceous limestones ( middle jurassic molluscs , late jurassic ammonites , cretaceous molluscs , ammonites , foraminifera ; rollins 1965 ; lockwood 1971 ) . upper jurassic shales occur on the paraguan\u00e1 peninsula ( ammonites ; bartok et al . 1985 ) . while this section is metamorphosed along most of northern south america , these areas carry sedimentary rocks . . . .\n. . . prior to the berriasian \u2013valanginian lowstand , the carib graben was a jurassic seaway connecting colombia to trinidad ( gonz\u00e1lez de juana et al . 1980 ) , as shown by middle and upper jurassic ammonites , bivalves and gastropods in the eastern cordillera , guajira , nw venezuela , central venezuela and trinidad ( renz 1960 ; campbell 1962 ; macdonald 1968 ; d\u00edaz de gamero 1969 ; urbani 1969 ; bartok et al . 1985 ; vivas & macsotay 1995a ) . the marine strata containing these fossils were deposited on , and seaward of , gir\u00f3n and la quinta red beds . . . .\n. . . in the siquisique ophiolite complex , slightly metamorphosed rift ( aborted ocean ) volcanics and shales with middle jurassic ammonites are associated with ( meta - ) conglomerates , sandstones and shales ( bartok et al . 1985 ) yielding barremian and probably hauterivian ammonites ( st\u00e9phan 1985 ) . the long - controversial history of siquisique ( allochthonous v . autochthonous ; bartok et al . 1985 ) can be unravelled as follows . . . .\n. . . in the siquisique ophiolite complex , slightly metamorphosed rift ( aborted ocean ) volcanics and shales with middle jurassic ammonites are associated with ( meta - ) conglomerates , sandstones and shales ( bartok et al . 1985 ) yielding barremian and probably hauterivian ammonites ( st\u00e9phan 1985 ) . the long - controversial history of siquisique ( allochthonous v . autochthonous ; bartok et al . 1985 ) can be unravelled as follows . . . .\n. . . the siquisique ophiolites ( loma de hierro , venezuelan coastal range ) , located in west - central venezuela , were dated by stephan ( 1982 ) , bartok et al . ( 1985 ) and stephan et al . ( 1990 ) as bajocian ( possibly early bathonian ) , using fragments of ammonites found in the sediments associated with the mor pillow basalts . . . .\n. . . in the central part a maximun value of 45 mgal can be correlated with the early miocene intrusions . the value of - 30 mgal in the southern part can correlate with the siquisique ophiolitic complex ( pillowlavas and metagrabros ; bartok et al . , 1985 ) . miocene intrusions alignment ( figure 2 ) . . . .\na study of the marine fauna of the liassic strata of south america enables a statement on the question since when in jurassic time a direct faunal exchange with europe via central america was possible . during hettangian and sinemurian time , cosmopolitan genera and species of ammonites were predominant . at that time endemic genera and species of gastropods and pelecypods are frequent . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1298, "summary": [{"text": "gastrotheca testudinea ( common name : espada 's marsupial frog ) is a species of frog in the family hemiphractidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it has a widespread latitudinal range along the eastern ( amazonian ) slopes of the andes of ecuador , peru , and bolivia .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "an arboreal direct-development marsupial frog , g. testudinea dwells in foothill , low montane , and cloud forests at elevations from 700 \u2013 2,775 m ( 2,297 \u2013 9,104 ft ) above sea level .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "despite its wide distribution , gastrotheca testudinea is seldom collected or recorded , probably due to its arboreal habits , and much remains to be known about its distribution and natural history .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "habitat loss is a threat to it . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "gastrotheca testudinea", "paragraphs": ["gastrotheca ( gastrotheca ) testudinea \u2014 duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389 .\ngastrotheca ( opisthodelphys ) testudinea \u2014 dubois , 1987\n1986\n, alytes , 5 : 31 .\ngastrotheca testudinea \u2014 duellman , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 27 : 4 .\ngastrotheca viviparum \u2014 peters , 1955 , rev . ecuat . entomol . parsitol . , 2 : 348 .\nwe present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog gastrotheca testudinea ( jim\u00e9nez de la espada , 1870 ) in ecuador . we provide the first record from the province of ca\u00f1ar , and the country\u2019s southernmost locality ( which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of zamora - chinchipe ) . in addition , we discuss the validity of the locality of loreto for this species . based on this discussion , we review the elevation range of the species and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of gastrotheca testudinea from 1100 to 700 m .\nthis manuscript contains new information on the distribution of an amphibian species from ecuador . a version of this manuscript was submitted to a journal . however , this manuscript contains complete information for all data , and it will serve as a reference to other papers about frogs of the genus gastrotheca .\nin the gastrotheca ovifera group of duellman , maxson , and jesiolowski , 1988 , copeia , 1988 : 527 - 543 . see de la riva , k\u00f6hler , l\u00f6tters , and reichle , 2000 , rev . esp . herpetol . , 14 : 30 , for bolivian record . see brief account by k\u00f6hler , 2000 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 48 : 93 . in the gastrotheca marsupiata group of castroviejo - fisher , padial , de la riva , pombal , silva , rojas - runjaic , medina - m\u00e9ndez , and frost , 2015 , zootaxa , 4004 : 1\u201372 . see detailed account by duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389\u2013394 . urgil\u00e9s , s\u00e1nchez - nivicela , and cisneros - heredia , 2017 , check list , 13 ( 4 ) : 121\u2013125 , provided notes on the distribution in ecuador .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nnototrema testudineum jim\u00e9nez de la espada , 1870 , j . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 3 : 62 . holotype : not stated ; given as mncn 155 by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 ; now mncn 3510 according to gonz\u00e1lez - fern\u00e1ndez , garc\u00eda - d\u00edez , and san segundo , 2009 , spixiana , m\u00fcnchen , 32 : 273 . type locality :\nin ecuador ; prope a monti olim ignivomo sumaco\n; given as\nsan jos\u00e9 de moti , provincia napo , ecuador\n, by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 .\nnototrema viviparum andersson , 1945 , ark . zool . , 37a ( 2 ) : 82 . holotype : nhrm 1964 ( 10 specimens ) , according to duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 . type localities :\nba\u00f1os , rio pastaza\n, cerro tungurahua , and\nwatershed , rio pastaza\n, eastern ecuador . synonymy by duellman and fritts , 1972 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 9 : 4 .\nespada ' s marsupial frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 53 ) .\namazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , peru , and bolivia at elevations of 700\u20132275 m ; possibly extending into adjacent colombia .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthis genus has recently been moved from the family hylidae ( faivovich , et al . , 2005 ) .\njavier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species ' geographic range is on the amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , per\u00fa ( departamentos : amazonas , san mart\u00edn ) and bolivia . in ecuador it is found in the eastern cordillera real montane forests in the eastern subtropical altitudinal zone . its altitudinal range is 400m to 2 , 000m asl .\nthis is an arboreal frog found in primary forest of lowland and montane humid forest . at cordillera de cutuc\u00fa , ecuador , one specimen was found in a flat area on a ridge with cloud forest that had a relatively open canopy and many tree falls ( duellman and lynch , 1988 ) . a direct development species , the eggs are carried in a pouch on the females back . it is not present in modified habitats .\nin ecuador , its geographic range overlaps with parque nacional sumaco napo - galeras , reserva ecol\u00f3gica antisana , parque nacional llanganates , and parque nacional sangay . it is known from three protected areas in bolivia .\njavier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npeerj preprints\nis a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review . data may be preliminary .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj preprints ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nver\u00f3nica l . urgil\u00e9s conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\njuan carlos s\u00e1nchez - nivicela conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\ndiego f cisneros - heredia conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\nspecimens deposited at mzua were collected under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .\nthe following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\nresearch was conducted under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .\nresearch funding was provided by universidad del azuay ( budget code fondos uda 2016 [ 39 , 2016 ] ) ; 2002 research training program ( national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ) and the smithsonian women ' s committee ; programa \u201cbecas de excelencia\u201d , secretar\u00eda de educaci\u00f3n superior , ciencia , tecnolog\u00eda e innovaci\u00f3n ( senescyt ) , ecuador ; universidad san francisco de quito usfq ( chancellor ' s grant ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nbefore adding feedback , consider if it can be asked as a question instead , and if so then use the question tab . pointing out typos is fine , but authors are encouraged to accept only substantially helpful feedback .\nfollowing\nis like subscribing to any updates related to a preprint . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .\nyou can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple preprints then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .\nnote : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this preprint and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .\npeerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints\n\u00a92012 - 2018 peerj , inc | public user content licensed cc by 4 . 0 unless otherwise specified .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name ."]}
{"id": 1303, "summary": [{"text": "uropterygius marmoratus is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the marbled reef-eel , marbled eel , marbled snake moray , marbled moray , or the slender conger eel . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "uropterygius marmoratus", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : uropterygius marmoratus [ orgn ] .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . uropterygius marmoratus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\n( of uropterygius marmaratus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of uropterygus marmoratus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , oura = tail + greek pterygion = little wing . fin ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 26\u00b0n - 24\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : east africa to the hawaiian , marquesan and tuamoto islands , north to the yaeyamas , south to tonga .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 62 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54980 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 131 - 139 . color whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body .\nbenthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )\n) : 25 . 3 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 2831 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 56 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of gymnomuraena marmorata lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scuticaria marmorata ( lacep\u00e8de , 1803 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ichthyophis pantherinus lesson , 1831 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . mccosker , and d . g . smith / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nbenthic in crevices in shallow water to 121 m ( ref . 58302 , 75154 ) . uncommon inhabitant of reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dcd29f53 - ed9d - 4171 - bef9 - 329fc69cc7c8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de96aec0 - d058 - 4419 - 9a89 - bdf76ffee8da\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fc8c60a2 - 9a3c - 4941 - b02c - 86c3c36d2e6f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 464ac96c - 654d - 4bff - a45d - 78187ca97967\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 430459\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene 1990 fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .\ncolor whitish and densely mottled with roundish dark brown spots about the size of eye or slightly larger . gill opening on mid side of the body . vertebrae 133 - 138 .\nrandall , j . e . 2005 reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 720 p .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nmyers , r . f . 1991 micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )\nichthyofauna were studied in the inshore waters around great nicobar island ; 258 species of fin fis . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences"]}
{"id": 1316, "summary": [{"text": "the molossidae , or free-tailed bats , are a family of bats within the order chiroptera .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are generally quite robust , and consist of many strong flying forms with relatively long and narrow wings .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "another common name for some members of this group , and indeed a few species from other families , is mastiff bat .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the western mastiff bat ( eumops perotis ) , a large species from the southwestern united states and mexico with wings over 0.5 m ( 1.6 ft ) across , is perhaps one of the best known with this name .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are widespread , being found on every continent except antarctica .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the family 's scientific name comes from the type genus molossus , which in turn is from the molossus breed of dog .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family 's common name is derived from a length of \" free \" tail , projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium \u2013 the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the tail is usually best seen when resting .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents , such as swifts , swallows , and martins .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "as a result , these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the dental formula of free-tailed bats varies between species : free-tailed bats are usually grey , brown , or black in color , with some exceptions .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they range from 4 to 12 cm ( 1.6 to 4.7 in ) in length , excluding the tail , and can weigh from 8 to 220 g ( 0.28 to 7.76 oz ) , depending on species .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are insectivorous , and catch their food on the wing .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "while some species roost in small groups in hollow trees or rocky crevices , some cave-dwelling species form vast colonies of up to 50 million individuals .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "molecular sequence data supports the monophyly of molossidae as a whole , but not that of many of its genera , such as chaerephon , mops , mormopterus and tadarida .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the grouping of chaerephon minus c. jobimena plus mops was found to be monophyletic , as was otomops . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "free - tailed bat", "paragraphs": ["the mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) is also known as the brazilian free - tailed bat . it is one of the most abundant free - tailed bats in the world and one of the most abundant mammals in north america . in places like south texas , the free - tailed bat roosts in large colonies during the summer months .\ntracy barbaro changed the thumbnail image of\nmexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis )\n.\nmexican free - tailed bats are the\njets\nof the bat world . they are very fast flyers .\nrefer to the online version of the mammals of texas for additional details on the brazilian free - tailed bat .\nbrazilian free - tailed bat order chiroptera : family molossidae : tadarida brasiliensis ( i . goef . st . - hilaire )\nlike others of their genus , mexican free - tailed bats have prominent wrinkled lips .\nthe brazilian free - tailed bat is a medium - sized bat with broad ears , large feet , and the end of its tail free . they have short , velvety , reddish to black - colored fur . for more information , see\nanother colonial bat ( myotis velifer ) is a common associate of the brazilian free - tailed bat in the guano caves . this bat also gives birth to its young in the guano caves , but at a time about 2 weeks in advance of the brazilian free - tailed bats . while the two kinds of bats tend to roost in separate clusters , some mixing may occur .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brazilian free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brazilian free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - brazilian free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe brazilian free - tailed bat is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of the convention on migratory species ( 4 ) .\nthis bat is a known carrier of rabies . although the proportion of rabies cases caused by brazilian free - tailed bats is minuscule when compared to the size of their population as a whole , caution should be exercised when one of these bats is encountered , or any species of bat for that matter .\nalthough perhaps no species\u2019 fate should be judged solely on its importance to humans , the brazilian free - tailed bat is known to have an enormous impact on insect numbers , thereby contributing to both the ecology and economy of those countries that are home to it . it is crucial to continue to protect its roost sites and to educate the public and the media as to the reality of rabies and the benefits of the brazilian free - tailed bat ( 7 ) .\nwith their long , narrow wings , mexican free - tailed bats are speedsters in the bat world , designed for fast , long - distance flight . they get their name from their tail , which extends freely beyond their tail membrane .\ntuttle , m . d . ( 1994 ) the lives of mexican free - tailed bats . bats , 12 ( 3 ) : 6 \u2013 14 .\ntuttle , m . d . ( 1994 ) the lives of mexican free - tailed bats . bats , 12 ( 3 ) : 6 - 14 .\nthe brazilian free - tailed bat is a highly colonial cave bat that has adapted to human structures , where many now roost . in some parts of the southern united states the species is active year round , roosting in buildings , under bridges , and in caves ; many also migrate southward into mexico and central america . several caves in texas harbor millions of these bats during the summer months . free - tailed bats forage on a variety of flying insects especially small moths and beetles .\ncopyright bat conservation international \u00a9 2018 . all rights reserved . unless otherwise noted , all images are copyright \u00a9 merlin d . tuttle and / or \u00a9 bat conservation international .\nthe densest concentrations of free - tailed bats are found living in bracken cave near san antonio , texas . their colonies can number over 20 , 000 , 000 .\nmastiff bat , any of various species of free - tailed bats ( family molossidae ) named for their doglike faces . the eight new world species of bats making up the genus molossus are called mastiff bats . several other genera also include species commonly called mastiff\u2026\ns , so called for the way in which part of the tail extends somewhat beyond the membrane connecting the hind legs . some free - tailed bats are also known as\nconstruction type ( certain types of construction are easier or harder to bat - proof ) .\nthis bat has received considerable attention because it is a known carrier of rabies . with the exception of the eastern red bat ( lasiurus borealis ) , the brazilian free - tailed bat has been reported to the texas department of health ( tdh ) more often than any other species . of 430 specimens reported to the tdh from 1984 to 1987 , 105 ( 24 % ) tested positive for the rabies virus . this is the highest incidence of rabies known for any texas bat . although the total number of confirmed rabies cases is minuscule when compared to the population of bats as a whole , caution should be exercised when one of these bats is encountered , or any species of bat for that matter .\nthe mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) is a medium sized bat . their fur is reddish to dark brown or gray in color . they have broad , black , forward pointing ears , and wrinkled lips . their tails extend more than one third beyond the tail membranes ; most other bats have tails that are completely enclosed within the tail membranes . their wings are long and narrow .\n( 305 mm ) . the free - tailed bat is so named because the tail protrudes noticeably beyond the membrane that stretches between the tail and hind legs . it is the only bat in the eastern united states that has this trait . these bats are medium to dark brown in color , slightly lighter on the belly . their ears are broad and rounded . toe hairs are very long and stiff .\na single free - tail baby bat is born during the summer . young mexican free - tailed bats roost separately from their mothers . babies roost in the highest reaches of the cave , where temperatures are the warmest . the warm conditions are essential for rapid growth and survival . in the large maternity colonies of mexican free - tails , the mother must find her own pup among the thousands . it is thought that she locates her baby by recognizing its individual call .\nthe mexican free - tailed bat has a range that extends from coast to coast in the us and from texas to argentina . in the us , the bats migrate south in the winter and return to roosting sites in the summer . it is still unknown where the bats go in the winter months .\nget bats out \u2013 we are bat exclusion experts ready to help with your bat problem . we are professional , safe and offer rapid response to any situation if needed . call ( 877 ) 264 - 2287 .\nabundance of brazilian free - tailed bats in roosts in buildings in texas follows an annual pattern of one peak in spring and another in fall , with general mid - summer and mid - winter lows or periods of complete absence . this pattern complements that of bat abundance in the guano caves . brazilian free - tailed bats in buildings in texas during spring and fall usually are itinerant between tropical latitudes and the mid - latitude guano caves of texas , oklahoma , kansas , and new mexico . sufficient interchange of banded brazilian free - tailed bats has occurred among the guano caves of texas and between those in texas and the ones in neighboring states to demonstrate that individual bats are not compelled to return each year to the cave of their birth . rather , brazilian free - tailed bats exhibit ability to range over great distances and find the widely separated , often well hidden , entrances to the few traditional guano caves and roosts in buildings .\nthe brazilian free - tailed bat is found in many different habitats from desert through pinion - juniper woodland to pine - oak forests . it inhabits areas from sea level to 3 , 000 metres , and roosts in limestone caves , abandoned mines , under bridges , in buildings and in hollow trees ( 6 ) .\nalthough campbell observed bats of unknown identity catching mosquitoes in the area , there is no documentation that the free - tailed bats from his artificial roosts actually ate them . given the high - speed , relatively low - maneuverability flight of free - tails , it seems unlikely that they would prey extensively on mosquitoes . bats , however , are highly opportunistic ; the larger , also fast - flying , hoary bat\nrabies , a disease often associated with bats , is found in members of the brazilian free - tailed bat population . humans who attempt to handle bats without the proper precautions have been infected with rabies , which can be fatal . media sensationalism of this problem has resulted in deliberate eradication attempts and roost destruction ( 7 ) .\non its first attempt at flight , a young free - tail must avoid several mid - air collisions per second , relying on an as yet untested navigation system in a dark cave . although amazingly few serious collisions occur , those that do can break wings or ground a bat long enough to be attacked by swarms of dermestid beetles and their larva that live on the floors of most free - tailed bat caves . as with other bats , the heaviest mortality probably occurs in the first year , perhaps as much as 50 percent .\nmexican free - tailed bats live for an estimated seven to eight years . once born it takes a couple years before they start breeding . mature females will give birth to one pup each year for about five years .\nfree - tailed bats have supported several american war efforts as well . when confederacy ports were blockaded in the latter part of 1863 , a gun powder factory was established near san antonio . the powder ' s most valuable ingredient , saltpeter , was made from local bat guano . during world war 11 , major free - tailed bat caves near san antonio were carefully guarded during top - secret research coded\nproject x - ray .\n* the u . s . air force hoped to use bats as carriers of small incendiary bombs that would be dropped on japan . the project began to lose favor when escaped bat bombardiers set fire to air base barracks and a general ' s car . after being passed on to the navy , and finally the marine corps , the project was canceled .\ncopyright template design \u00a9 2007 travel portal . all rights reserved . designed by free css templates .\nfree - tailed bats eat insects and roost in tree hollows , caves , and buildings . they are found worldwide in warm regions . most species live in groups , and some form colonies with populations numbering in the millions , such as the\nwashington d . c . bat conservation international 1012 14th street nw , suite 905 washington , d . c . 20005 , usa\nwelcome to our wonderful website that we created to inform you about the amazing tadarida brasiliensis . for those of you who don ' t know this organism , it is also known as the brazilian / mexican free - tailed bat . for our organismal biology course we were told to pick an animal that primarily lives in caves and we decided to research a bat species . this species in particular is distinguished by its brown fur and large ears , medium size , short snout , and wrinkled upper lips . they are also recognized by their\nfree - tail\nthat pushes out farther than their legs .\nby summer , male and female free - tails will have divided into bachelor and nursery colonies . bachelor groups are relatively small , consisting of dozens to hundreds of individuals , but can number 100 , 000 or more . in contrast , most nursery colonies are large , numbering from the hundreds of thousands to millions . bracken cave is home to some 20 million free - tailed bats , a population that almost doubles when the bats give birth . this is the largest known bat colony in the world .\na particularly well - studied species , the brazilian free - tailed bat exhibits some spectacular behaviour . it forms the largest warm - blooded colonies in the world , emerging to feed at dusk in huge columns of several million individuals . their flapping wings create a sound equivalent to a white - water river and their numbers are great enough to be detected by airport and weather radars ( 5 ) . feeding for longer each night than any other bat species , it travels as far as 31 miles from the roost to the feeding grounds and uses echolocation to find its prey . the brazilian free - tailed bat flies at up to 47 mile per hour in open spaces , foraging with fast , straight flight ( 7 ) . each bat consumes between 200 and 600 insects a night , selecting mainly moths , but also eating beetles , flying ants and leafhoppers ( 3 ) . the brazilian free - tailed bats of texas are estimated to consume from 6 , 000 to 18 , 000 metric tons of insects each year , many of which are agricultural pests ( 2 ) . at dawn , they return to their roosts where they swarm before re - entering . thought to be a predator - avoidance tactic , the bats gather into groups at a great height above the cave , before closing their wings and dropping rapidly in one continuous stream . predators waiting at the mouth of the cave to catch emerging bats include red - tailed hawks , owls , raccoons , opossums , skunks and snakes ( 5 ) .\non this site you will find a variety of information about the brazilian / mexican free - tailed bat . such information includes classification , habitat , form and function , reproduction , and interactions . to see where this amazing creature tadarida brasiliensis fits into the world of organisms please click at the bottom of the page to continue to the classification page . we hope you enjoy learning more about the tadarida brasiliensis !\n> free - tailed bats ( family molossidae ) , and horseshoe bats ( family rhinolophidae ) \u2014are well represented in the temperate zones . a few american leaf - nosed bats ( family phyllostomidae ) range into mild temperate regions . several vesper bats range well into canada . \u2026\nthe flight of brazilian free - tailed bats on leaving and returning to a roost uniformly is accomplished in groups . it is presumed , therefore , that group flight is the norm in this animal . yet , in the roosting clusters , where grouping is also the norm , there is strong evidence that each bat has affinity not to a specific , stable group of acquaintances but to any convenient group of its kind .\ndespite their rather plain appearance , these are some of the world ' s most intriguing bats . speedsters of the bat world , they have been clocked flying at 60 miles per hour using tail winds , and at altitudes over 10 , 000 feet , higher than any other bat . free - tails can live in an atmosphere more like another planet than earth , one that can quickly kill most other creatures , including humans . and they form colonies larger than any other bat , larger , in fact , than any warm - blooded animal in the world .\nin texas , the brazilian free - tailed bat seems to be primarily a cave dweller , and its use of buildings as roosts is likely a relatively recent , possibly expanding practice . only a small fraction of the numbers of bats found in caves is ever found in the total of all roosts in buildings . every town in the brazilian free - tailed bats\u0092 range in texas is likely to have at least 15 roosts per 5 , 000 human population , but the occupation of buildings is especially common in eastern texas . most roosts in buildings house less than 100 bats at a time , but a few buildings traditionally house many hundreds each year . overwintering in buildings occurs infrequently in the southern gulf coast prairies of texas .\ngeneral condition of the building ( older or more deteriorated buildings are typically more expensive because they require more man hours / materials to bat - proof ) .\ndozens to millions of brazilian free - tailed bats roost closely together in dark , dry retreats . because of their use of roof underhangs , attics , and narrow spaces between signs and buildings , brazilian free - tailed bats are often called\nhouse bats .\nmillions arrive in central texas each spring and take up residence in a few particular caves in the balcones escarpment and the edwards plateau . they migrate to mexico , central america , and possibly south america for the coldest winter months . however , in east texas , these bats are non - migratory and are year - round residents .\na member of the molossidae family , the brazilian free - tailed bat has the characteristic mouse - like tail protruding beyond the flight membrane stretched between its hind legs . relatively plain when compared to many bats , this species has brown fur , large ears that are nearly square , and a strongly wrinkled upper lip . however , it is superbly adapted to its aerial lifestyle , having long , narrow wings with pointed tips to enable very fast flight , and long hairs on the toes to judge flight speed and turbulence . the hind legs are short and powerful , making this bat an excellent climber ( 3 ) .\na member of the molossidae family , the brazilian free - tailed bat has the characteristic mouse - like tail protruding beyond the flight membrane stretched between its hind legs . relatively plain when compared to many bats , this species has brown fur , large ears that are nearly square , and a strongly wrinkled upper lip . however , it is superbly adapted to its aerial lifestyle , having long , narrow wings with pointed tips to enable very fast flight , and long hairs on the toes to judge flight speed and turbulence . the hind legs are short and powerful , making this bat an excellent climber ( 3 ) .\nmexican free - tails are found in the western united states , south through mexico , central america and into northern south america .\nmexican free - tails feed exclusively on flying insects , mostly moths , flying ants , and beetles , according to samples thus far reported . at the turn of the century , charles campbell , the city bacteriologist for san antonio , texas , built large artificial bat roosts to\ncontrol mosquitoes\nfamily molossidae ( free - tailed bats ) 100 robust , small to very large species in 16 genera , some ranging into mild temperate regions . tail projects well beyond the well - developed interfemoral membrane ; ears large , rather immobile , often fused to one another , and unusually shaped ; lips and snout often heavy ; eyes\u2026\neach free - tail cave is also a potential treasure trove for biotechnologists . microbiologist bernie steele examined guano from bracken cave , finding that a\n. although every effort is made by google to ensure translation accuracy , errors may occur . bat conservation international does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy or reliability of this tool .\naustin bat conservation international 500 n capital of tx hwy . , bldg . 1 austin , tx 78746 , usa + 1 ( 512 ) 327 9721 1800 - 538 - bats\nthe annual movement of this animal between texas and mexico may be accomplished by most individuals in a few direct , long - distance flights between guano caves . most adult male brazilian free - tailed bats apparently do not leave the tropical and subtropical portion of the range and play no part in the sociology of bearing and rearing the young .\nthat free - tailed bats can thrive in this toxic atmosphere may be one of the most remarkable things about them . concentrations of ammonia in free - tail caves can quickly build to levels that are lethal to humans , but the bats survive by lowering their metabolic rates . carbon dioxide then accumulates , both in the bats ' blood and in respiratory mucous , directly proportional to increases in ammonia inhalation . the carbon dioxide neutralizes the ammonia in a buffering mechanism that protects the lungs .\nfor answers to our 9 most commonly asked questions , please download our free faq\u2019s brochure . if you would like additional information about the risks bats pose to your property , family , and health , or if you would like information on how to remove the bats from yourself , please download our ebook , \u201cthe complete guide to bat removal\u201d .\nthen again , you may not even see a bat , you may just hear weird noises coming from your attic or walls . or , perhaps you catch a whiff of some peculiar smells .\nswift fliers with long , slender wings , free - tailed bats are small - eyed , often heavy - snouted bats about 4\u201313 cm ( 1 . 6\u20135 . 1 inches ) long excluding the 1 . 5\u20138 - cm ( 0 . 6\u20133 . 1 - inch ) tail . their ears are large and are joined across the forehead in some species . except for the\nbrazilian free - tailed bats appear on the wing several minutes before dark . the famous bat flights at carlsbad caverns are made up almost entirely of this species . one of us ( davis ) watched these bats emerge from the attic of a house one evening . they fell from the exit , dropped nearly to the ground , then zoomed upward and , flying high , disappeared from view , each bat following the general direction of the one in front of it . in foraging , the bats fly rather high \u0097 15 m or more as a rule \u0097 except when sweeping over some body of water to drink . their flight is rapid and aggressive , reminding one of swifts , and the long , angular , and narrow wings , plus relatively large size , make them easy to identify .\nwalston and bates ( 2001 ) report a single bat captured in lowland degraded mixed deciduous forest ( nearby one of the few semi - evergreen patches in the area ) at 140 m asl in cambodia .\na number of species of snakes , birds , and mammals prey on house bats at the caves , but the total of this loss of bats is a very small proportion of the total bat population .\ndespite its name , the brazilian free - tailed bat is actually widespread throughout south , central and north america . it has fairly complex migratory habits ; some populations travel from the extreme north of the range to the extreme south , whilst others remain resident year - round . the largest and most well - known populations are found in mexico and texas , usa . there are nine subspecies in total ; all occupy different ranges and have different migration routes ( 3 ) . the population is thought to total between 95 and 105 million individuals , with bracken cave in texas holding between 20 and 40 million individuals alone ( 2 ) .\nlose roosting habitat as old buildings are destroyed . human disturbance and vandalism of key roosting sites in caves are likely the single most serious causes of decline . grossly exaggerated media stories about rabies have led to the intentional destruction of large colonies . one of the most cost - effective ways to help this highly beneficial bat is through key roost protection , public education , and provision of\nbat - friendly\nbridge designs and other artificial roosts .\nthe largest populations of mexican free - tailed bats live in central texas and mexico , but they are also common throughout much of western north america , southward through central america , and into the arid and semi arid regions of western and southern south america . they live in many habitats , including urban areas , and range - from deserts to pi\u00f1on - juniper woodlands and pine - oak forests . although bachelor colonies of free - tails have been found at elevations over 9 , 000 feet , large nursery colonies tend to prefer relatively dry areas below 5 , 000 feet . mexican free - tails typically live in caves , abandoned mines , or tunnels , and also roost in buildings , under bridges , in rock shelters , in hollow trees , and in cliff - face crevices .\nwhether you live in the outer banks , eastern carolina , the piedmont or the appalachian mountains in the west , you can count on get bats out for all your bat problems . when you need us , we\u2019ll be there .\nfree - tails spend more time on the wing each night than most bats , consuming countless insects , including many agricultural pests . a large colony collectively can eat literally tons of insects .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nno particular style , size , age , state of repair , or use by man exempts a building from use by brazilian free - tailed bats . the critical feature is whether the building has any accessible small cracks or niches into which bats can retreat into semidarkness during the day . such openings usually are to be found even in the most modern , compact types of structure . one architectural type common in south texas , the spanish style building with clay tile roof , is among the most vulnerable to invasion by brazilian free - tailed bats . the bats roost under the tiles and seldom can be driven out permanently from a roost in a building either by killing those present or by chemical treatment of the surface of the roost . the simplest , most effective method is to close the entrance to the roost . with clay tile roofs this is almost impossible unless the tile is replaced by some other kind of roofing material .\nthe accumulation , under crowded conditions , of millions of brazilian free - tailed bats per guano cave each summer in texas for the purpose of giving birth and rearing young may be an outgrowth of overpopulation , but it probably is functional in creating favorable conditions for survival of the young . mortality among prenatal and prefledgling babies , as well as among adults , appears to be low . longevity of adults probably is great , with an average of more than 11 years .\nadult male brazilian free - tailed bats arriving in texas in spring are still sexually active , but sperm production is waning . their sex glands decrease steadily in size in spring , and reach a resting stage size by early may . the small proportion of the male population which shows no sexual activity is composed principally of the youngest age class . in these , the testes , prostate , and hedonic glands are smaller than the resting stage sizes of the same glands in adult males . in late fall , the few adult males remaining in texas again show some increase in size of testes and prostates , but sperm are absent . peak production of sperm , thus , must occur during winter while the males are in lower latitudes . since the highly disproportionate ratio of male to female brazilian free - tailed bats in texas cannot be explained easily as resulting from higher mortality among males , it must be that most males do not summer in texas .\nat dusk , just before dark , brazilian free - tailed bats emerge from their roosts to feed . their flight is rapid and forceful , similar to swifts . their long , angular , narrow wings and relatively large size make them easy to identify . insects such as moths , beetles , flying ants , and june bugs are their sole source of food . it is estimated that house bats eat 6 , 000 to 18 , 000 metric tons of insects annually in texas .\nover a 24 - hour period , she may produce as much as a quarter of her own body weight in milk . young free - tails grow rapidly , benefitting from prodigious quantities of this extremely rich\nfree - tail bats consume enormous amounts of moths and other insects . some roosts are known to contain millions of bats . in those colonies it is estimated that 250 tons of insects can be consumed every night .\nin world war ii this species was secretly investigated by the u . s . air force for its potential to carry tiny bombs into japan . bat caves were carefully guarded but the bats refused to cooperate , instead wreaking havoc in air force bases ( 5 ) .\nit is believed that this bat may have occurred commonly in kentucky at some time in the past , but the only recent record is of an individual collected at murray , calloway county , in 1971 . the species is to be expected only as an occasional vagrant here .\none roosting spot is located in the urban setting of austin , texas , underneath the congress street bridge , south of downtown . every night 700 , 000 to 1 . 5 million bats ( depending on how many baby bats have been born in the season ) emerge to feed on flying insects in the night sky . the bats in austin are a spectacle that tourists have flocked to see since the bridge construction was made \u201cbat - friendly\u201d in 1980 . interestingly enough , this was done completely by accident . small 1 . 5 inch slats on the bridge\u2019s concrete extend 20 inches into the bridge . this hiding space proved to be an ideal roosting spot for mexican free - tailed bats . today other bridges in texas are being fitted with similar slats to allow for the habitation of bats .\nthe gestation period of brazilian free - tailed bats appears to be slightly in excess of 90 days . no more than one young is born per year by each adult female . females in texas are almost all pregnant the summer following birth . the left horn of the uterus does not carry an embryo . lactation begins after delivery of the young , and two long mammae are located laterally , each with one functional pectoral teat . a vaginal plug still exists in some females arriving at the texas caves in early spring .\ndavis believed that migratory movements were rapid , crossing texas in one or a few nonstop flights , covering at least 290 miles a night . given knowledge of bat flight speeds with tail winds , migrating free - tails should be able to cover that distance in no more than five hours , perhaps substantially less , depending on wind velocity . such timing would ensure arrival at stopover caves at optimal times for following other bats in , if necessary , and allow for unanticipated delays due to bad weather .\ncontains billions of bacteria . he concluded that the cave contains thousands of species of bacteria , many of which may live nowhere else , and most of which we know nothing about . species he identified produce enzymes useful in detoxifying industrial wastes , producing natural insecticides , improving detergents , and converting waste byproducts into alcohol . a large proportion are also potential sources of new antibiotics . stratified guano deposits in free - tail bat caves have also been used to monitor environmental pollution and to investigate prehistoric climatic changes .\nto be clear , professional exclusion of bat colonies can be very expensive . but , going about it on your own , or through a cut rate or inadequately equipped pest control service may end up costing you more in the long run ( even if they claim to have experience in\nbrazilian free - tailed bats can live up to 11 years in the wild . their residency in central texas is marked by the birth and development of their young . females born in texas are almost all pregnant when they return the summer following their birth . most mating in the texas population takes place each spring before the bats ' return journey to the texas caves . male house bats outnumber females at the caves only briefly , in early spring . however , by mid - june , adult females outnumber adult males more than three to one .\nmexican free - tailed bats are also known as\nguano bats\nfor the prodigious quantities of droppings that they produce . extraction of guano for use as natural fertilizer was once big business , and some is still sold commercially . from 1903 to 1923 , at least 100 , 000 tons were removed from carlsbad caverns alone and sold to fruit growers in california . according to charles campbell , bracken and frio caves in central texas on average each produced 75 to 80 tons annually in the early 1900s . officials of the southern pacific railroad estimated that , early this century , they annually transported 65 carloads of 30 , 000 pounds each from texas , making bat guano the state ' s largest mineral export before oil . bracken cave , now owned and protected by bci , was still producing from 80 to 85 tons per year in the late 1980s .\nmexican free - tailed bats are designed for rapid , long - distance travel . their exceptionally long , narrow wings are geared for relatively highspeed , low - maneuverability flight in open areas . even their short , velvety fur appears to be an adaptation to reduce drag , and their ear orientation appears to form airfoils that contribute lift during flight . they have been clocked at average flight speeds of 25 miles per hour and as high as 47 miles per hour in level flight , but they can also attain speeds of over 60 miles per hour using tail winds .\nwhilst the brazilian free - tailed bat exists in extremely large numbers and across a great range of countries and habitat types , it is still classed as a threatened species . this is due to its reliance on a relatively low number of roost sites . with the loss of just one roost site , a large proportion of the population could be destroyed . some significant declines have been documented , such as the population of eagle creek cave , which fell from 25 million individuals in 1963 to just 30 , 000 individuals in 1969 . these declines are not fully understood , but several threats are present , particularly from the alteration of roost sites and the use of organochlorine pesticides . insecticides which are found in the bodies of living insects accumulate in the bodies of the bats that eat them in such large numbers , resulting in reduced reproductive success and death ( 7 ) .\ndon\u2019t delay ! if you do have bats , the longer you allow a colony to roost in a given location , the stronger their instinct will be to stay and even return to that location . basically , time is not on your side when you suspect a bat infestation \u2013 it is in your best interest to\nmexican free - tails prefer to roost in caves , but will also choose attics , under bridges , or in abandoned buildings . they choose roosts near water . the water attracts the insects they eat , as well as allowing them the opportunity to drink .\nthese morphological data dictate that cynocephala and mexicana be regarded only as subspecies rather than as separate species , which has been the tendency in the past . recent biochemical genetic studies of these bats have pointed strongly to specific status for each , however . additional study will be required to finally settle the taxonomy of this most interesting bat .\nthe longest proven migrations are of bats banded by bryan glass in northwestern oklahoma and later recovered up to 1 , 104 miles south in mexico . the northernmost area where he believed any of his bats could have overwintered was 480 miles south in texas . the original bandings were made at four caves less than 48 miles apart , between which the bats intermingled . one bat was recaptured at its cave of birth in oklahoma after having completed eight migratory circuits . free - tails typically return to their home areas , but for these long distance travelers , a home area may include caves over 100 miles apart .\nwhile free - tailed bats are among the more studied , what remains to be discovered about them may be even more fascinating than what we already know . why do so many fly so high ? are they simply catching tail winds to aid in rapid travel to distant locations , or are they actually feeding at such high altitudes ? how do they navigate at high altitudes , given the fact that their echolocation signals reach little more than 100 feet and that cave entrances can be nearly impossible to see from even a few hundred yards ? bats are known to use celestial cues , but whatever cues they are relying on must work both night and day , since flights often arrive in midmorning .\nwalston and bates ( 2001 ) report a single bat captured in cambodia . the population in barapede cave seems to fluctuate between 40 and 100 as reported by different workers , while the population numbers and trends in the two new locations are unknown . the average count from the barapede cave from 2012 to 2015 is about 82 + individuals ( prabhukhanolkar , pers . comm . 2015 ) .\ntrue southward migration of the free - tails appears not to begin until october . the vast majority of the u . s . population spends the winter mostly in large caves of northern and central mexico . populations living in california , western arizona , oregon , nevada , and southwestern utah apparently live in roughly the same areas year - round , though seasonal movements among roosts are common . there are two main migrations . most of those from the southwest migrate south along the sierra madre occidental and the west coast of mexico at least as far south as the state of sinaloa . free - tails from the great plains typically travel southward through\nwe are experts at getting bats out \u2013 it\u2019s all we do . plus , we have the local knowledge and experience that makes us confident that our solution and service will knock your socks off . however , if for some reason we don\u2019t achieve 100 % removal and prevention , you can still rest assured that your investment with us is worthwhile \u2013 we offer a minimum 1 - year warranty on all bat control services . *\npredation at entrances to nursery caves increases dramatically as the young bats learn to fly . avian predators are many , with red - tailed hawks and owls the most common , catching flying bats during emergence and occasionally entering caves to catch those roosting near entrances . raccoons , opossums , skunks , and other mammals also prey on the emerging bats , as well as several types of large snakes . given the huge numbers of bats present , such predators likely have relatively little impact .\nbats begin arriving in central texas in late february , having migrated from overwintering sites in mexico . active year - round , free - tails do not hibernate . just before their northward migration , they mate . although young males apparently do not reach sexual maturity until their second year , females as young as a year old have been found pregnant .\nmost populations of the migratory subspecies , mexicana , have normally completed their move into mexico prior to the onset of breeding , whereas cynocephala remains in the united states during the breeding season . this movement pattern would indicate that the two races are reproductively isolated and possibly separate species . however , overwintering populations of mexicana have been discovered in an area of contact between the two in southeastern texas . a colony of mexicana was known to overwinter at the old animal pavilion on the texas a & m university campus in college station ( brazos county ) , which is only 160 km from colonies of cynocephala in extreme eastern texas . a morphological analysis of cranial measurements from free - tailed bats captured near navasota ( grimes county ) found these bats to be intermediate between cynocephala and mexicana . thus , it appears the two subspecies are not reproductively isolated and that they likely interbreed in this part of texas .\nas annoying and frightening as they may be ( especially when they are terrorizing your home ) , you shouldn\u2019t kill bats . despite their bad reputation , general lack of physical appeal ( they are ugly ) , and the fact that they and their guano can be very hazardous to human health , bats are actually quite important to our ecosystem . so , for those reasons a responsible property owner should not attempt to eradicate their bat problem using lethal force \u2013 also , it\u2019s illegal\nthe species is threatened from increased tourism , human interference and collections for scientific purposes ( molur et al . 2002 ) . the habitat close to the barapede cave is threatened from submergence due to a proposed dam and river diversion project in the region ( prabhukhanolkar , pers . comm . 2015 ) ( molur et al . 2002 ) . the spread of alien plants species prosopis sp . at the cave mouth is a visible hindrance to bat activities ( pradhan pers . comm . 2003 ) .\neven among populations that migrate , not all bats leave . several thousand have been observed overwintering in bracken cave , as well as in concrete crevices beneath the congress avenue bridge , and in old buildings in austin . although free - tails can enter torpor during inclement winter weather , they are not true hibernators . during extremely cold weather , many die . it is unknown why some stay behind .\nfree - tails spend more time traveling and feeding each night than most bats , in part due to competition from large numbers of roost mates . they typically are on the wing from dusk until dawn . nursing mothers require at least twice as much food as nonreproductive bats , especially as their pups near fledging . at such times , researcher thomas kunz found that they may consume their body weight nightly .\nbrazilian free - tailed bats appear every year in texas in multimillion numbers to inhabit a few select caves ( known as\nguano caves\n) located in the balcones escarpment and the adjacent edwards plateau . the total population of these bats that inhabit texas caves during the summer has been estimated at 95 - 104 million . the largest of the caves , bracken cave near san antonio , is thought to hold between 20 and 40 million bats . these same caves have been the summer homes of this animal for at least the past 100 years . few , if any , house bats ever overwinter in the texas guano caves . they spend the depth of winter , from early december to late february , at lower latitudes \u0097 probably in mexico , central america , or even south america . in east texas , where these bats are common inhabitants of old buildings and similar structures , they are nonmigratory and are year - round residents of that part of the state .\nwhile most people are unaware of the presence of these bats in their area , mexican free - tails are very much a part of life in central texas , where the largest populations in the united states make their summer homes . these huge colonies , several numbering in the millions each , are where mothers congregate to give birth . the importance of these nursery sites is enormous ; bats born here help replenish colonies throughout much of the southwest and other areas .\ndescription . a medium - sized bat with broad ears , large feet , and terminal half of tail free ; ears broad , extending to tip of snout when laid forward , apparently , but not actually , united across forehead , with a series of wartlike structures on anterior rim ; tragus small and blunt ; second joint of fourth finger 6 - 9 mm long ; feet with distinct white bristles on sides of outer and inner toes ; ratio of foot to tibia about 75 ; pelage short ( 3 - 4 mm ) and velvety ; upperparts varying from reddish to black ; underparts slightly paler ; membranes and ears blackish . dental formula : i 1 / 2 or 1 / 3 , c 1 / 1 , pm 2 / 2 , m 3 / 3 x 2 = 30 or 32 . the total number of lower incisors is variable , usually six , sometimes four , occasionally five . external measurements average : total length , 95 mm ; tail , 38 mm ; foot , 10 mm ; ear , 19 mm ; forearm , 42 mm . weight , 11 - 14 g .\nin his research gary mccracken ( left ) marked pairs of mothers and nursing young , discovering that mother bats did not randomly nurse any pup , as had been previously believed . after her pup is born , mother and young spend up to an hour getting to know each other ' s scent and vocalizations ( right ) . she roosts separately from her pup , returning only to nurse it . remarkably , among the many thousands of other pups covering the cave walls ( opposite page ) , she will find her own young . note the other bat in the upper right corner , nearly buried by pups .\nbe enough to warrant a comprehensive inspection . why would we say that ? the fact is , these creatures are reclusive by nature and typically only come out at a time of day when they are difficult to see ( this is obviously a strategic advantage both for their own hunting purposes as well as protection from predators ) . and , it is rare ( although it can happen ) that a bat will randomly get trapped in your home , so if you happen see one or one gets into your home , then it\u2019s likely that there are more and / or that they have been there for a while .\nat dawn , the free - tails return to their roost in an event sometimes said to be even more spectacular than evening emergences . richard davis and his fellow researchers observed flocks of thousands of bats each , first becoming visible 4 , 900 to 8 , 200 feet above bracken cave . these high - altitude flocks sometimes flew past the entrance at speeds of almost 60 miles per hour before turning around and diving toward the entrance . beginning about two hours before sunrise , small groups built up into a continuous diving stream , reaching the greatest density about 30 minutes before dawn . the first arriving bats came in shallow , zigzagging glides , but as flight density increased , they formed a continuous stream of individuals dropping out of the sky into the mouth of the cave . each was executing a rapid series of free falls with closed wings , alternating with abrupt , brief wing openings to control speed and direction . some groups dropped nearly 10 , 000 feet at speeds estimated to exceed 80 miles per hour .\nplease subscribe now ! urltoken caves are without question the number one habitat we think of when it comes to bats , but it might surprise you to know that there could literally be thousands of bats living right under a place many of us use every single day . . . the road ! this week coyote has teamed up with wildlife expert philip\nwildman\nrakoci to seek out the mexican free - tail bat under the dark desert highways of arizona . most people are terrified of bats but coyote and wildman phil are determined to show you why these stealthy little predators are nothing to fear and are actually pretty darn cute ! special thanks to wildman phil for all of his help on this episode and make sure to check out his work in animal conservation and education at urltoken breaking trail leaves the map behind and follows adventurer and animal enthusiast coyote peterson and his crew as they explore a variety of wildlife in the most amazing environments throughout north america ! watch more breaking trail : urltoken subscribe now ! urltoken find more info at : urltoken coyote peterson on twitter : urltoken coyote peterson on facebook : urltoken coyote peterson g + : urltoken\nas large numbers of bats leave the cave , they begin appearing in groups of tens to hundreds of thousands under highway bridges and in almost any other available place . during 1993 , an extremely dry year in central texas , so many free - tails attempted to move under austin ' s congress avenue bridge that tens of thousands were forced to hang out in the open on the concrete pillars . with three - quarters of a million bats of its own , the bridge is the site of the largest urban colony of bats in the world ."]}
{"id": 1341, "summary": [{"text": "granulifusus nakasiensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "granulifusus nakasiensis", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : granulifusus nakasiensis r . hadorn & k . fraussen , 2005 \u2020 - id : 8038000279\nspecies granulifusus suboblitus ( pilsbry , 1904 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )\nspecies granulifusus libratus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as granulifusus dalli ( r . b . watson , 1882 )\nspecies granulifusus simplex ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as fusinus pauciliratus complex snyder , 2000\n( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) snyder m . a . 2003 . the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with the description of two new species in granulifusus . journal of conchology 38 ( 1 ) : 87 - 93 [ details ]\nfusus niponicus e . a . smith , 1879 accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) ( type by original designation )\nhadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]\n( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nkuroda t . & habe t . ( 1954 ) . new genera of japanese marine gastropods . venus . 18 ( 2 ) : 84 - 97 . page ( s ) : 89 [ japanese text ] , 96 [ english text ] [ details ]\nkantor y . i . , fedosov a . e . , snyder m . a . & bouchet p . ( 2018 ) . pseudolatirus bellardi , 1884 revisited , with the description of two new genera and five new species ( neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) . european journal of taxonomy . 433 : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\narchiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde band 134 heft 2 ( 2005 ) , p . 129 - 171\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 22 : 31 : 53 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1342, "summary": [{"text": "trismelasmos cinerosa is a moth in the cossidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by roepke in 1955 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of both lowland and mountainous areas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "trismelasmos cinerosa", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : an endemic and rare species in papua but to be expected in western png too . in lowland and mountainous areas . it is a large species .\npapua localities : new guinea : ampas , borme , humboldt bay , keerom river , motor camp , ninay valley ( arfak ) . details in gazetteer .\ndata sources : ksp , rmnh , zman . literature ( see below ) .\nschoorl , j . w . , 1990 . a phylogenetic study on cossidae ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) based on external adult morphology . zo\u00f6logische verhandelingen 263 : 1 - 295 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ndell , r . k . 1990 ,\nantarctic mollusca : with special reference to the fauna of the ross sea\n, bulletin of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 311\nlucas , t . p . 1898 ,\ndescriptions of queensland lepidoptera\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 13 , pp . 59 - 86\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5e71c7dd - 7d4e - 4554 - a737 - fb4ab1d33249\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f18ed8b - e7cf - 4784 - a999 - 71a781307501\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 300c6681 - 2ee7 - 44a7 - 885d - 4f1d5451d207\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 405949\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about trismegistus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for trismegistus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dejongi . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dejongi and , of course , dejongi synonyms and on the right images related to the word dejongi .\nthis is the place for dejongi definition . you find here dejongi meaning , synonyms of dejongi and images for dejongi copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1343, "summary": [{"text": "the dusky antbird or tyrannine antbird ( cercomacroides tyrannina ) is a passerine bird in the antbird family .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is a resident breeder in tropical central and south america from southeastern mexico southwards to western ecuador , and amazonian brazil .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this is a common bird in the understory thickets of wet forest , especially at edges and clearings , and in adjacent tall second growth .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the female lays two reddish-brown-spotted white eggs , which are incubated by both sexes , in a small , deep , plant fibre and dead leaf cup nest , which is suspended from the fork of a thin branch or vine low in a tree .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the male and female parents both feed the chicks .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the dusky antbird is typically 14.5 cm long , and weighs 18 g .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the adult male is mainly blackish-grey above and paler grey below , with two white wing bars .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the female has brown upperparts and rufous-cinnamon underparts .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "young birds , especially males , are darker than the adults .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "exact plumage shades vary geographically , since there are a number of subspecies of this antbird .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species has a whistled kick call , and the song is a duet , the male \u2019s ascending whistle pu pu pe pi pi answered by the female \u2019s softer , jerky juu-ut juu-ut juu-ut juu-ut juu-ut .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the dusky antbird is normally found as pairs throughout the year and does not join mixed-species feeding flocks .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it feeds on insects and other arthropods taken from twigs and foliage in thickets or vine tangles .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is easier to hear than see in its dense habitat . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "dusky antbird", "paragraphs": [". mating system of the dusky antbird , a tropical passerine , as assessed by dna fingerprinting .\nmorton es , stutchbury bjm , in press . demography and reproductive success in the dusky antbird , a sedentary tropical passerine .\nthe relationship between years a dusky antbird territory was monitored and natural replacement rate of male and female occupants . bubble size indicates number of observations , ranging from 1 - 6 .\neugene s . morton , kim c . derrickson , bridget j . m . stutchbury ; territory switching behavior in a sedentary tropical passerine , the dusky antbird ( cercomacra tyrannina ) , behavioral ecology , volume 11 , issue 6 , 1 november 2000 , pages 648\u2013653 , urltoken\nin common with other cercomacra antbirds , the dusky antbird is predominantly gray in males with white wing markings and a white interscapular patch , whilst females are largely warm cinnamon below , with darker brown upperparts and pale rufous wing spotting . it is one of the most geographically widespread of the genus , being found across much of middle america , from southeast mexico southwards , thence across much of northern south america south as far as northern brazil . populations in northeast brazil and in central and eastern amazonia that were previously included within this species are now ascribed to the willis\u2019s antbird ( cercomacra laeta ) . throughout its range , the dusky antbird inhabits the understory of lowland and foothill forests below 1900 m , but rarely ventures far from edges .\nnew territories are established rarely , even in good dusky antbird habitat . the reason may be that territory establishment is constrained by predation ( lima , 1998 ) . dusky antbirds forage in dense habitat and do not have the predator - detection advantage gained by membership in interspecific flocks ( morse , 1977 ; munn and terborgh , 1979 ; powell , 1985 ; terborgh , 1990 ) . accordingly , birds switched territories only when a mate with experience on that territory was there , as evidenced by its special courtship songs .\nzimmer , k . , isler , m . l . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . dusky antbird ( cercomacroides tyrannina ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwe compared the territories birds abandoned and those moved to in several ways . because song output may be directly related to territory quality in many species ( e . g . , morton , 1986 ) , we counted the number of songs by males and females and the number of duet songs delivered during the dawn chorus on these territories during 10 mornings in february and march 1994 . dusky antbird dawnsinging lasted about 1 h , beginning about 0615 h and ending by 0730h .\nwe suspect that intensive study of banded populations will find that territory switching is common and that stable pairbonding in tropical species with year - round territoriality is more apparent than real . willis ( 1974 ) describes switching territories in the spotted antbird ( hylophylax naevioides ) , with females twice as likely to move as males . as with dusky antbirds , spotted antbirds moved to vacancies ; they did not defeat owners . checker - throated antwrens ( myrmotherula fulviventris ) also switch territories , with 37 % of adults , regardless of age and sex , moving to neighboring territories at least once in their lives ( greenberg and gradwohl , 1997 ) . more studies using removals are needed to document territory switching and mate replacement tactics in tropical birds .\nthis tropical mating system , termed \u201cpermanent monogamy\u201d by freed ( 1987 ) , is the most prevalent but least studied mating system among birds ( mock , 1985 ) . here we report an 8 - year study of this system in a tropical passerine bird , the dusky antbird ( cercomacra tyrannina ) . pairs appear to remain together and jointly defend territories year - round ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ) . with an annual survivorship of 0 . 82 , which does not differ between genders ( morton and stutchbury , in press ) , few vacancies due to deaths would be expected ( ashmole , 1963 ; ricklefs , 1980 ) . under these conditions , floaters are expected ( smith , 1978 ) and male and female vacancies should be filled equally rapidly .\nwe infer that floaters are uncommon in antbirds . forty - three percent of territories ( 12 out of 28 ) remained unoccupied when their occupants disappeared naturally or due to our removal experiments ( 43 % of vacancies ) . most replacements were birds that switched territories rather than previously non - territorial birds . furthermore , during the entire 8 year study , antbird pairs disappeared from 10 territories and were not replaced . the only new territories ( n = 4 ) were established by juveniles , in pairs .\nterritories were not enlarged nor did their occupants change their boundaries over our 8 year study . territorial boundaries remained the same on 36 territories that were occupied continuously during the study , even with turnover of individuals occupying them . the few territories that lost both occupants ( n = 4 ) were not annexed by pairs of antbirds in adjacent territories . thus , dusky antbirds apparently do not expand territories when the opportunity to do so exists .\nlongevity would be enhanced if birds switched to territories better for surviving periods of low food availability . our study took place during the dry season , when insect abundance is lowest ( janzen , 1973 ; janzen and schoener , 1968 ; wolda , 1978 ) . dusky antbirds may experience food stress during the dry season months and , as evidence of this , are missing from what appears to be excellent habitat on the drier parts of the pacific coast of panama only 15 km from our study site . territory switches clearly were related to food resources in lesser sheathbills ( chionis minor ) ( bried and jouventin , 1998 ) . the reasons for such switches are less obvious in dusky antbirds . perhaps birds are able to judge , through their own foraging success on their current territories , how much of a gamble it would be to switch to another territory when a vacancy arises ?\nwe captured , measured , and colorbanded dusky antbirds occupying from 14 , at the start of the project in 1991 , to 50 territories in 1996 . we captured pairs in a single mist net set up over a speaker playing back pair duets ( see morton and derrickson , 1996 ) . once one or both adults on a territory were banded , that territory was visited each year 10 - 30 times and replacement individuals captured and colorbanded . demographic data are presented elsewhere ( morton and stutchbury , 2000 ) .\nmales and females differ in plumage and song , produced in duets or separately ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ) . males weigh 16 . 0 g ( n = 18 ) and females 15 . 2 g ( n = 11 ) . males retain a female - like plumage ( brownish rusty - orange below , olive - brown above ) until one year of age , when they attain the dark grayish adult male coloration . during this juvenal plumage , males can be identified in the field by their use of the male song . eye color allows aging of both genders up to 3 years of age ( morton and stutchbury , 2000 ) . dusky antbirds neither join in mixed species flocks nor regularly pursue prey displaced by army ants ( willis , 1985 ) . they defend territories vigorously at all times of year ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ) . special gender - specific courtship songs function to attract a new mate ( morton , 1996 ) . dusky antbirds are socially and genetically monogamous ( fleischer et al . , 1997 ) .\nin a population of dusky antbirds ( cercomacra tyrannina ) , less aggressive responses to distance - degraded playbacks than to undegraded playbacks of pair duets show that this tropical suboscine passerine uses sound degradation to range distance from singing conspecifics . this is the first example of song - ranging in a species that does not learn songs , supporting the hypothesis that ranging preceded the song learning that occurs in more recently evolved passerine birds ( oscines ) . both sexes sing and are able to use song degradation to range distance from singers when their sex - specific song is played back .\ndusky antbirds are members of the suboscine passerine family thamnophilidae , a species - rich neotropical group ( sibley and monroe , 1990 ) . pairs defend territories year - round in brushy forest edge habitat where they forage 0 . 5 - 10 m up in vines , and vine - covered tree branches , shrubs , and grass . nests are small ( ca 23 cm long ) bags made of black rhizomorphs ( fungal \u201chorsehair\u201d ) , suspended 1 - 4 m above the ground from the end of vertical vines or bamboo shoots ( chusquea spp . ) , always well - shaded and isolated from surrounding vegetation ( and climbing predators ) by 1 - 2 m . these nest site requirements are not uncommon but are fulfilled only by shade produced by forest trees , and not the shrubs and grass used for foraging . dusky antbirds , therefore , are restricted to forest edge and gap habitat ( williams - linera , 1990 ) . birds glean invertebrates from bark and leaf surfaces , hopping along branches and making quick dashes or brief hovers , and also poke into , and tap with their beaks , curled leaves or dead leaves caught in vines .\nour study took place during 1991 - 1998 in central panama in the parque nacional soberania near gamboa along the pipeline road and in gamboa . the region is covered with mesic tropical forest and has abundant forest edge habitat used by dusky antbirds . there are distinct wet ( may\u2014december ) and dry ( january\u2014april ) seasons . we logged 16 . 7 dry season months and 4 . 8 wet season months in the field during these years . we studied breeding season behavior in the early rainy season , may\u2014july in 1994 and 1995 ( see fleischer et al . , 1997 ) . data presented here were obtained mostly in the dry season , when the birds do not breed .\nthese data suggest that dusky antbirds are not limited by availability of territories . the data do not support the ashmole / ricklefs hypothesis that low adult mortality could influence reproductive rate through a density - dependent effect on food supply ( ricklefs , 2000 ) . while population size may be stable ( greenberg and gradwohl , 1986 ) this does not necessarily mean recruitment opportunities are low because carrying capacity has been reached ( ashmole , 1963 ; cody , 1971 ; ricklefs , 1980 ; slagsvold , 1980 ) . adult survivorship was high ( 82 % ) but the likelihood that a pair raised young to independence averaged only 8 % per year in our population ( morton and stutchbury , in press ) . high quality territories , however , may be limited and most birds switch to get higher quality territories that enhance longevity .\nwe studied territory acquisition and the stability of pair bonds by conducting removal experiments and tracking a colorbanded population of dusky antbirds . we determined that territory and mate switching is common and examined a series of questions concerning the evolution of territory switching . do replacement mates come from a non - territorial floater population or do territory owners abandon current territories and mates to become replacement mates ? does one gender leave territories more than the other does ? what qualities of territories make them attractive or unattractive to potential replacement birds ? are territories limited ? do territory boundaries change when replacement or removal occurs , how long does it take for a removed bird to be replaced and are there gender difference in the likelihood of being replaced ? we discuss these questions in relation to the evolution of territory switching as a potentially widespread life history trait in tropical birds .\na tropical / temperate difference concerned the frequency of removed owners regaining their territories from replacements . temperate zone removals show that the probability that replacements will defeat the former resident increases with replacement time ( beletsky , 1996 ; krebs , 1982 ) . this is often a matter of only a day or two . these territories are used only for breeding . in contrast , dusky antbirds regained their yearlong territories regardless of replacement time up to 10 days , even though replacements fought longer after they occupied a territory more than 48 h ( figure 2 ) . perhaps released owners won because replacements could , and did , return to the territory they emigrated from and oust their replacements , if any . removed residents , in contrast , did not have such an alternative to move to . the released owners ' motivation to fight may have been higher than their replacements ' motivation due to this asymmetry .\ndemographic data from an 8 - year study of a marked population showed that switching territories and mates is common in both genders of dusky antbirds ( cercomacra tyrannina ) , a sedentary neotropical passerine with year - round territories and pairbonds . we conducted 22 experimental removals and followed six natural disappearances to examine territory switching . antbirds quickly abandoned territories and mates to move to openings created by experimental removals . pairing with the resident on a new territory was rapid . unmated birds attracted new mates by singing a gender - specific song that differed from songs given by mated birds . there were no gender differences in replacement time or rate . some vacancies , experimental and natural , were not filled , suggesting that floaters were rare . territory and mate switching were not related to immediate enhancement of reproductive success because the probability of reproducing successfully was equally poor on all territories . territory switching may be an overlooked but common tropical form of territoriality that increases individual survivorship during periods of low food abundance ( dry season ) . we suggest that switching is favored when low annual reproductive success enhances selection for a long lifespan as the primary means to increase reproductive success .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) trend justification : this species has the ability to persist in secondary habitats ( del hoyo et al . 2003 ) and its population is suspected to be stable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ntwo individuals heard at dawn chorus on forest edge of premontane forest . many backgorund species , the vocalization of this species is the frecuent\nju - ut jut - ut jut - ut jut - ut\n. cut was extracted of a longer cut of a dawn chorus on forest edge . recording distance was probably 10 meters .\nfemale singing and foraging about 3 m from me . recording was normalized to - 3 db .\na male and a female calling back and forth with another male . i was about 3 m from the pair and about 6 m from the individual male . these are the same males as in xc372769 . recording starts with churring from the pair , then the male singing his clicky , 2 - element song ( e . g . , 0 : 22 ) , joined by the female with her clear , 1 - element song ( e . g . , 0 : 24 ) .\ntwo males calling back and forth . i was about 3 m from one and about 6 m from the other .\nhormiguero no observado entre arbustos , borde de bosque tropical h\u00famedo en piedemonte amaz\u00f3nico de cordillera andina oriental colombiana . inicialmente una grabaci\u00f3n misteriosa identificada por diego calder\u00f3n .\non riverside trail . seen , but not especially well . flew out and calling in response to playback .\nhumid lowland rainforest . reference : jn4 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nhumid lowland rainforest . reference : jn2 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nhumid secondary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nuntil recently treated as conspecific with c . laeta , and also included c . parkeri as a highland population . recent comprehensive molecular study # r indicates it is closest to c . serva . at least some of plumage differences on which races were based appear due to clinal variation ; analysis of other parameters required in order to define geographical populations more accurately , so ranges listed are provisional . vocal differences between populations of middle america plus magdalena valley ( colombia ) and other taxa / populations in south america merit investigation # r . proposed race rufiventris ( e panama ) included in nominate , based on study of plumage variation . four subspecies recognized .\n( bangs , 1901 ) \u2013 se mexico ( se veracruz , ne oaxaca and n chiapas e to s quintana roo ) , belize , guatemala and honduras ( caribbean slope ) s to w panama ( w & c chiriqu\u00ed , bocas del toro , nw veraguas ) .\n( p . l . sclater , 1855 ) \u2013 c & e panama ( e from e chiriqu\u00ed , w col\u00f3n and ne cocl\u00e9 ) , colombia ( pacific slope , lower cauca and magdalena valleys , and e of andes s to r caquet\u00e1 ) , w ecuador ( s to s guayas , one record in el oro ) , s venezuela ( nw bol\u00edvar , amazonas ) and extreme nw brazil ( n amazonas w of lower r negro , s to r japur\u00e1 ) .\n( todd , 1927 ) \u2013 nw venezuela ( s zulia s to t\u00e1chira , w andes n to m\u00e9rida and e andes n to r guanar\u00e9 , portuguesa ) and e slope of andes in n colombia ( casanare ) .\n( c . chubb , 1918 ) \u2013 venezuela ( s & e bol\u00edvar ) , the guianas and ne amazonian brazil ( roraima and from e of lower r negro e to amap\u00e1 ) .\n13\u00b75\u201314\u00b75 cm ; 15\u201319 g . male nominate race is slate - coloured above , wings and tail somewhat darker , interscapular patch white , wing - coverts and outer rectrices . . .\nmale loudsong typically a series of relatively short notes at even pitch and pace except for lower - . . .\nthick understorey of lowland and foothill evergreen forest at edges of clearings , stream edges , . . .\nfeeds on variety of insects , including beetles ( coleoptera ) , lepidopteran larvae , wasps ( hymenoptera ) , hemipterans , homopterans , . . .\nfeb\u2013oct in costa rica and panama and aug\u2013nov in amazonian brazil ; additional nest and egg descriptions from nicaragua and . . .\nnot globally threatened . fairly common to common throughout its extensive range . regions inhabited by this species encompass numerous protected parks and reserves . its . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to internal clarification of family and its division into two subfamilies , thamnophilinae and myrmornithinae ; subsequent work has erected a third , euchrepomidinae ( see below , euchrepomis ) .\nrecent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to distribution of taxa included herein into five tribes , microrhopiini , formicivorini , thamnophilini , pithyini and pyriglenini .\nrecently split from cercomacra # r on basis of comprehensive molecular study # r . genus is feminine due to original usage by describers # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cercomacroides tyrannina . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmorton , e . & derrickson , k . behav ecol sociobiol ( 1996 ) 39 : 195 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncercomacra tyrannina [ tyrannina or rufiventris ] : cent . panama to e colombia , s venezuela and nw brazil\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 806 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\naddress correspondence to e . s . morton . e - mail : emorton @ urltoken .\nyear - round territoriality with permanent pairbonds is a common breeding system of tropical passerines but is nearly absent in temperate passerines . many insectivorous tropical birds , 65 % of passerine species in panama ( morton , 1980 ) , for example , have longstanding , nearly unchanging , territory boundaries and low turnover in adults . the stability ( greenberg and gradwohl , 1986 , 1997 ) that these characteristics provide to neighborhoods of conspecifics is unknown in temperate birds .\nfew studies have examined pair stability in tropical birds , where the constraints on mate choice and territory switching are vastly different than for long - distance migrants that breed in the temperate zone . freed ( 1987 ) documented long - term pairbonds , generally for life , in tropical house wrens ( troglodytes aedon ) . he showed that these long - term pairbonds result from constraints rather than any direct reproductive advantages . furthermore , removal experiments have rarely been done in tropical birds ( e . g . , levin , 1996 ; morton , 1977 ) . removals in temperate zone studies generally show that floaters ( previously non - territorial ) replace removed individuals ( e . g . , smith , 1987 ; zack and stutchbury , 1992 ) . often replacement birds are of younger age or lower quality ( hogstad , 1989 ; m\u00f6nkk\u00f6nen , 1990 ; sherry and holmes , 1989 ) . beletsky ( 1996 ) summarizes extensive removal experiments in redwinged blackbirds ( agelaius phoeniceus ) designed to study territorial acquisition and retention .\nfrom 1991 to 1995 we removed 12 male and 10 female antbirds from their territories . we always left one member of the pair on the territory from which a removal was made . also , we observed natural disappearances of two females and four males from their territories . birds were captured in mist nets and transported in paper bags to holding cages . they were provided with mealworms and water ad libitum and kept individually in small ( 46 \u00d7 46 \u00d7 46 cm ) hardware cloth cages covered with plastic camouflage mesh , to mimic a dense vine habitat , and kept in a room with ambient light and temperature for from 12 to 216 h . birds were weighed when captured and when released back on their territories . this procedure worked well for this species , which has never before been kept in captivity , and we lost no individuals .\nthe removal experiments provided us the opportunity to monitor replacement behavior . we monitored the territory for replacement birds for the first 2 h after a removal and thereafter every 2 to 4 h . the bird still on the territory began singing a distinctive \u201ccourtship\u201d song within 5 min of the removal ( morton , 1996 ) . we used the presence of this courtship song to determine whether a replacement mate had arrived . the occurrence of duets indicated a replacement was consorting with the bird remaining on the territory . we played back duet songs to draw birds within view to either confirm the absence of replacements or to check for colorbands on replacements ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ) . we called new birds on the territory \u201creplacements\u201d when they were the same gender as the removed bird and when they sang duets with , and remained close to , the mates of the removed birds .\nthe original territory owner was released on the territory after a replacement had settled . replacement time refers to the number of h between a replacement ' s arrival and the owner ' s release whereas \u201ctime to be replaced\u201d is the number of h between the owner ' s removal and the arrival of a replacement . after one observer had the replacement in view , birds held in captivity were released back on their territories at the point of capture . a second observer monitored the released bird and recorded observations on the movements and behavior of the birds until one bird left the territory .\nnatural disappearances were ascertained by the appearance of the courtship song and confirmed when only single , formerly paired birds , responded to duet playbacks . these territories were monitored 3 - 4 times per week for replacements .\nwe also measured territory area and estimated the amount of foraging substrate it contained . to measure territorial boundaries , we mapped the singing and foraging locations of pairs . we also used playbacks to elicit territorial defense movements , noting where pairs stopped advancing towards the playback speaker . foraging substrate volume for each territory was estimated as the number of m 3 of vines , shrubs , grass , and vine - covered tree branches from 0 . 5 to 10 m above the ground at the edge of the forest ( williams - linera , 1990 ) .\nmales and females were replaced with equal frequency and as rapidly . of 16 males ( 12 removed and four natural disappearances ) , nine were replaced and seven were never replaced . of 12 females ( 10 removed and two natural disappearances ) , five were replaced and seven were never replaced . this difference was not significant ( fisher ' s exact test , \u03c7 2 = 1 . 266 , p < . 44 ) . neither was there a gender difference in the time between removal of owners and arrival of replacements , comparing only owners that were replaced ( mann - whitney u test , u = 17 . 5 , p = . 71 ) . for nine males replacement took 9 . 6 \u00b1 2 . 90 ( se ) h and for five females replacement took 12 . 6 \u00b1 3 . 03 h ( figure 1 ) .\ncumulative frequency plot of time to be replaced for males ( n = 9 , circles ) and females ( n = 5 , squares ) experimentally removed from territories .\nmost replacements were colorbanded birds ( six of nine males and three of five female replacements ) that left territories and mates to replace removed birds . the unbanded replacement birds also may have been territory - holders , rather than floaters , because all were in adult plumage . furthermore , 43 % ( 12 of 28 ) of the vacancies created by this territory switching remained unfilled , suggesting that floaters were rare .\nowners won back their territories regardless of when we removed them or the tenure of their replacements , with one exception . one male , after 48 h off territory , was unable to regain his territory from a replacement , which had been on the territory for 47 h . instead , he moved to his replacement ' s former territory , which was adjacent to his original territory . he had lost 2 . 9 g in captivity , 18 % of his weight at capture . this weight loss , the greatest experienced by any removed bird , was caused by unusually stressful housing ( due to circumstances beyond our control ) .\nwhen birds were removed for 48 h or less , little fighting occurred between the released owner and the replacement . the released owner threatened the replacement by exposing a white backspot ( see morton and derrickson , 1996 ) , and replacements fled . some chases occurred , but no fights . after longer periods of residency , replacements confronted released owners and fought . birds grappled and fell , fighting , to the ground , where we could see and hear them flapping and pecking one another in the leaf litter . we never observed such fights to occur naturally . the duration of chasing and fighting between the released owner and the replacement depended on the tenure of the replacement birds on the territory ( figure 2 ; anova , f 1 , 11 = 4 . 315 , p = . 06 ) . one female / female confrontation lasted for 120 min despite a relatively short tenure by the replacement ( figure 2 ) . if this outlier is removed , the relationship between fight duration and tenure becomes highly significant ( f 1 , 10 = 30 . 253 , p = . 0003 ) .\nduration of fights between replacement and released owner in relation to time replacement was on territory during owner ' s absence . one male was omitted because he did not regain his territory from the replacement . males , circles ; females , squares .\nhow common is mate and territory switching under natural conditions on unmanipulated territories ? as our data are based on annual surveys and not continuous monitoring , they are minimum estimates of turnover rates . also , we can not differentiate between death and emigration of occupants in many cases . overall , we monitored 35 male changes on 32 territories for 143 territory - years ( 0 . 25 terr yr - 1 ) and 21 female changes on 24 territories for 93 territory - years ( 0 . 23 terr yr - 1 ) . the difference in sample sizes is due to the fact that we were unable to capture females on some territories , despite repeated attempts , because males respond to song playbacks more quickly than females , often hitting the mist net first ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ) .\na bird may disappear from a territory because it died or because it emigrated . we estimated the rate of disappearance due to emigration alone by comparing the number of occupant disappearances with number of birds that were known to have emigrated because they were found living on another territory . in 16 adjacent territories , where nearly all birds were banded , 34 birds disappeared during 8 years . sixteen of these birds ( 47 % ) were later found to be living on another territory . this ( 0 . 27 terr - 1 yr - 1 ) is a minimal estimate of disappearance due to emigration because birds that moved out of the study area would be missed . we conclude that territory switches , or emigration , occurs commonly under natural conditions .\nthe replacement rate varied greatly among territories ( figure 3 ) . some territories had no changes for many years whereas others approached one change in occupant per year . there was a significant correlation between male and female replacement rates on territories ( r s = 0 . 47 , p = . 04 , n = 13 ) monitored from 3 - 6 years . this suggests that males and females valued territories in the same way , and left or remained with equal likelihood when an opening occurred . pair - members moved independently of one another . on only one occasion did we document a pair of birds moving together to a new territory . this move was to an adjacent territory where both male and female owners had disappeared . when their replacements on their former territory were removed they remained on their new territory , suggesting that their move was voluntary .\nsome individuals lived on the same territory for many years , suggesting they valued these territories highly . did these territories increase longevity ? to examine this question , we looked at the age of the mates of birds that did not emigrate . our expectation was that , if the territory was of high quality ( in terms of survival ) , their mates should also remain on the territory and live longer than average . there is no gender difference in survival so we compared longevity in these mates with longevity in the general population . the mean lifespan of these mates was 5 . 9 years \u00b1 0 . 404 ( se ) ( n = 7 ) whereas the mean lifespan of the general population was 4 . 9 years\u00b1 0 . 259 ( n = 49 ) . although in the direction predicted , this difference was not significant ( mann - whitney u test , u = 111 . 5 , p = . 14 ) .\nterritories that were immigrated to tended to have more foraging substrate volume , but not necessarily more total area , than the territories from which the same birds emigrated ( table 1 ) . no birds voluntarily moved to territories with less area or foraging substrate than their prior territory .\nwe focused attention on song output at three sites containing favored ( removed birds replaced ) and not favored ( removed birds not replaced ) adjacent territories ( table 2 ) . there was no clear difference in song output on favored and unfavored territories ( wilcoxon , n = 6 , z = 0 . 52 , p = . 60 for males ; n = 6 , z = 0 . 11 , p = . 91 for females ) .\ntwo territories were abandoned by antbirds when they were reduced . on one , \u2248 30 % of the habitat was bulldozed , and on the other after underbrush was cleared . a pair of antbirds resettled in the first territory , which was vacant from january , 1992 , until march , 1993 , after the vegetation recovered ; the second was not reoccupied .\nour results describe a mating system in which the individuals are always paired but readily abandon a territory to move to a better one . on some territories , birds left at the rate of one per two years ( figure 3 ) . the territory switching system is characterized by gender equality , with both males and females capable of defending territories alone after mate desertion and attracting mates . males and females were equally likely to leave territories and mates and did so independently , not as pairs . thus mate abandonment is an important aspect of territory switching and , as a consequence , the evolution of cooperation between pair members is unlikely because the benefits of switching must be greater than those attained by maintaining long - term pairbonds . indeed , we found no evidence of pair cooperation in territorial defense ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ; see also freed , 1987 ) .\nbirds cannot leave their current territories to assess other territories by exploring them ( morton and derrickson , 1996 ) . nonetheless , birds appeared to switch to territories that had more foraging substrate though not always to larger ones ( table 1 ) . we found no support for the idea that song output during the dawn chorus might affect decisions to switch ( table 2 ) .\nfurther work on territory switching should focus on other factors . we do not know if the quality of a mate affects territory switching . some pairs remained together on the same territory for long periods of time , even when experimental removals provided opportunities to switch , whereas other pairs broke up often . reproductive success , however , was so low ( 8 % per year ) that no territory had more than one successful nest and many had no reproductive success during the 8 years of the study ( morton and stutchbury , in press ) . switching territories did not enhance annual reproductive success . territory switching may evolve when successful reproduction occurs rarely in an individual ' s lifetime . under this condition , selection favors a long reproductive lifespan as the primary means to achieve any reproductive success .\nwe thank ron ydenberg and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on the manuscript and the smithsonian tropical research institute for logistical support in panama . students from the ontario field course program helped gather song data . stan and pat rand graciously made us feel at home and provided transporation over the years in panama . research was conducted under permits issued by the instituto nacional recursos naturales renovables ( now unam ) . research was supported by grants from the smithsonian institution scholarly studies program , friends of the national zoo , and the natural sciences and engineering research council of canada .\n. territoriality , adult survival , and dispersal in the checker - throated antwren in panama .\n. sweep samples of tropical foliage insects : effects of season , vegetation types , elevation , time of day , and insularity .\n. differences in insect abundance diversity between wetter and drier sites during a tropical dry season .\n. stress and decision making under the risk of predation : recent developments from behavioral , reproductive , and ecological perspectives .\n. ornithological monograph 37 ( gowaty pa , mock dw , eds ) . washington , dc : american ornithologists ' union ;\n. removal of territory holders causes influx of small - sized intruders in passerine bird communities in northern finland .\n. the ecological background for the evolution of vocal sounds used in close range . in :\n( nohring r , ed . ) . berlin : deutsche ornithologen - gesellschaft ;\n. predictions from the ranging hypothesis for the evolution of long distance signals in birds .\n. a comparison of vocal behavior among tropical and temperate zone birds . in :\n( kroodsma de , miller eh , eds ) . ithaca : cornell university press ;\n. sociobiology and adaptive significance of interspecific foraging flocks in the neotropics . in :\n. ornithological monographs 36 ( buckley pa , foster ms , morton es , ridgely rs , buckley fg , eds ) . washington : american ornithologists ' union ;\n. geographical variation in clutch size among passerine birds : ashmole ' s hypothesis .\n. density dependence , evolutionary optimization , and the diversification of avian life histories .\n. mixed flocks and polyspecific associations : costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys .\n. delayed breeding in avian social systems : the role of territory quality and \u201cfloater\u201d tactics .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1349, "summary": [{"text": "blastobasis millicentae is a moth in the family blastobasidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern kenya and south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of coastal lowlands .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 4.1 \u2013 4.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale brown on the basal two-thirds and brown intermixed brown scales tipped with white and pale brown scales on the distal one-third .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on hirtella zanzibarica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "blastobasis millicentae", "paragraphs": ["blastobasis millicentae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 15 ; tl : verulam\nv i \u2022 s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y figures 28\u201330 . female genitalia of blastobasis acirfa , b . aynekiella , and b . determinata 53 figures 31\u201334 . female genitalia of blastobasis glauconotata , b . industria , holcocera irroratella , and b . byrsodepta 54 figures 35\u201337 . female genitalia of blastobasis catappaella , b . chuka , and b . mpala 55 figures 38\u201349 . adults of blastobasis millicentae , b . industria , b . eridryas , b . determinata , holcocera extensa , b . indigesta , b . chuka , b . egens , b . glauconotata , b . byrsodepta , h . irroratella , and b . elgonae 57 figures 50\u201358 . adults of blastobasis taricheuta , calosima arguta , b . trachilista , neoblastobasis ximeniaella , n . wangithiae , b . mpala , b . aynekiella , b . acirfa , and n . laikipiae 58 figures 59\u201362 . adults of blastobasis catappaella , b . kenya , b . fatigata , and neoblastobasis perisella 59\n1 6 \u2022 s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y map 5 . distribution of blastobasis millicentae . palpus white intermixed with brown , inner surface white . scape of antennae brownish gray intermixed with white , flagellum pale gray ; first flagellomere of male basally dilated laterally , forming a notchlike concavity . proboscis white . thorax : tegula and mesonotum with brown scales tipped with white . legs with brown scales tipped with white and a white band on apices of all segments and tarsomeres . forewing ( figure 38 ) length 4 . 1\u20134 . 5 mm ( n = 2 ) , pale brown on basal 2 / 3 intermixed with a few brown\nblastobasis anachasta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 467\nblastobasis indigesta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 177\nblastobasis roscidella magna amsel , 1952 ; fragm . ent . roma 1 : 130\nblastobasis sprotundalis park , 1984 ; korean j . plant prot . 23 : 57\nblastobasis ergastulella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 440\nblastobasis pannonica ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166\nblastobasis eridryas meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 114\nblastobasis parki sinev , 1986 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 145 : ( 53 - 71 )\nblastobasis commendata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nblastobasis crypsimorpha meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : punjab , murree\nblastobasis inderskella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 122\nblastobasis lavernella walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 547 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis syrmatodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : assam , shillong\nblastobasis taurusella adamski , 2004 ; holarctic lepid . 7 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : texas , brownsville\nblastobasis aequivoca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 540 ; tl : british guiana , georgetown\nblastobasis bassii karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis crassifica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595 ; tl : ceylon , madulsima\nblastobasis fatigata meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 195 ; tl : pretoria\nblastobasis industria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : barberton\nblastobasis laurisilvae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 424 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis luteella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 401 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis rebeli karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 427 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis rubiginosella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 130 , pl . 3 , f . 12\nblastobasis serradaguae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis splendens karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 426 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis subdivisus karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 435 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis virgatella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis walsinghami karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis wolffi karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis wollastoni karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : madeira\nblastobasis adustella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis candidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft\nblastobasis cophodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft\nblastobasis insularis ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 438 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis lutiflua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : punjab , murree , 7500ft\nblastobasis ochrobathra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 463 ; tl : british guiana , golden grove\nblastobasis sardinica sumpich , 2012 ; ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 229 ; tl : sardinia , t\u00e9mpio 1200m\nblastobasis spiniella park , 2000 ; korean j . biol . sci . 4 ( 3 ) : ( 245 - 250 )\nblastobasis transcripta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : kumaon , almora , 6000ft\nblastobasis mesomochla turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : south australia , adelaide\nblastobasis aphilodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft\nblastobasis determinata meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : tranvaal , moorddrift\nblastobasis gracilis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nblastobasis incuriosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nblastobasis leucogona zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 434 , pl . 6 , f . 152\n= blastobasis marmosella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis pallescens turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda\nblastobasis pentasticta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nblastobasis phaeopasta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : n . queensland , mackay\nblastobasis scotia turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , townsville\nblastobasis semilutea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nblastobasis trachelista meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 117 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nblastobasis albidella rebel , 1928 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 78 ( s . b . ) : 85\nblastobasis anthoptera lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : townsville , queensland\nblastobasis byrsodepta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : waterval onder , barberton\nblastobasis lecaniella busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : nonpareil , british guiana\nblastobasis monozona lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : n . queensland\nblastobasis tanyptera turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , lake barrine\nblastobasis argillacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 91 ; tl : west indies , st . croix\nblastobasis dyssema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .\nblastobasis episema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .\nblastobasis grenadensis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , dominica ; grenada\nblastobasis legrandi adamski , 1995 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 490 ; tl : seychelles , mah\u00e9\nblastobasis subolivacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nblastobasis triangularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nblastobasis celaenephes turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : queensland , mcpherson range ( 4000ft )\nblastobasis intrepida meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 287 ; tl : mah\u00e9 , cascade estate\nblastobasis taricheuta meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 372 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\nblastobasis centralasiae sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1068 ; tl : kirgizia , osh\nblastobasis confamulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718\nblastobasis confectella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719\nblastobasis decolorella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 400 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis desertarum ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis divisus ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 434 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis floridella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nblastobasis glandulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719\nblastobasis helleri rebel , 1910 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 ( 3 - 4 ) : 356 , pl . 12 , f . 5\nblastobasis lacticolella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 404 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis lavernella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 398 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis marmorosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 418 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis maroccanella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 411 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis nephelias meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : perth and albany , west australia\nblastobasis nigromaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 428 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis nothrotes ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nblastobasis ochreopalpella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 417 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis pica ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 437 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis pulchella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nblastobasis quaintancella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nblastobasis repartella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nblastobasis retectella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nblastobasis salebrosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 425 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis vittata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 408 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis balucis adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 27 ; tl : est la casona , 1520m , res . biol monteverde , costa rica\nblastobasis eridryas ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis yuccaecolella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : texas\nholotype \u2642 , cotype no . 798 of blastobasis egens meyrick , genitalia slide adamski 4739 , tmsa ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide adamski 4910 , nmk .\nblastobasis acarta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 493 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis intrepida ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 497 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis molinda meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun\nblastobasis ochromorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun\nblastobasis phycidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis trachilista [ sic , recte trachelista ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37\nblastobasis atmosema meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nblastobasis echus adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 50 ; tl : fca cafrosa , est . las melliza , p n amistad , 1300m , costa rica\nblastobasis pacalis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , iquitos , jurimaguas ; british guiana , bartica\nblastobasis ponticella sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1066 ; tl : georgia , lagodekshskii nat . res .\nblastobasis acirfa adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0\u00b013 . 66 ' n , 34\u00b053 . 12 ' e\nblastobasis aynekiella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0\u00b014 . 16 ' n , 34\u00b051 . 82 ' e\nblastobasis chuka adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29 ; tl : chuka forest , 0\u00b021 . 06 ' s , 37\u00b035 . 80 ' e , 1600m\nblastobasis curta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : kanara , ganesh gudi and belke ; s . india , nilgiris , 3500ft\nblastobasis drymosa adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 345 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park\nblastobasis mpala adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 34 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293\u00b0n , 36 . 899\u00b0e\nblastobasis sinica adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 344 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park\nblastobasis byrsodepta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis catappaella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293\u00b0n , 36 . 899\u00b0em 1650m\nblastobasis determinata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis egens ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis fatigata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis indigesta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis industria ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 39 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis taricheuta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]\nblastobasis elgonae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31 ; tl : kenya , mount elgon , 2450m , 1\u00b001 . 73 ' n , 34\u00b045 . 28 ' e\nblastobasis glauconotata adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , chuka forest , 0\u00b021 . 06 ' s , 37\u00b035 . 80 ' e , 1600m\nblastobasis tarda meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : rosewood and brisbane , queensland ; newcastle and sydney , new south wales\nblastobasis kenya adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17 ; tl : kenya , karu / brooks , ca . 0\u00b08 . 87 ' s , 35\u00b015 . 77 ' e\nblastobasis leucotoxa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; launceston , tasmania ; geraldton , west australia\nblastobasis lygdi adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : est . cacao , 1000 - 1400 , lado so volcan cacao , p . n . , costa rica\nblastobasis egens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas ; verulam ; new hanover ; zululand , nkwaleni ; eshowe\nblastobasis spermologa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya , madulsima , undugoda ; s . india , wainad , 2500ft ; china , hongkong\nblastobasis velutina walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 952 , pl . 52 , f . 4 ; tl : tenerife , guimar ; tacaronte ; la laguna\nblastobasis graminea adamski , 1999 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : colombia , inst . colombiano agropecuario , exper . station\npalmira\n, cauca valley\nblastobasis sciota bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 155 , pl . 7 , f . 7 ; tl : guadalcanal , tapenanje\nblastobasis acarta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 286 ; tl : mah\u00e9 , morne blanc and cascade estate , 1000ft ; silhouette , mare aux cochons plateau , 1000ft\nblastobasis homadelpha meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : duaringa and brisbane , queensland ; murrurundi and sydney , new south wales ; port lincoln , south australia\nblastobasis inana ; walsingham , 1907 , fauna hawaiiensis 1 ( 5 ) : 648 , pl . 25 , f . 3 ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992 ; [ nhm card ]\nblastobasis magna ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1065 ; sumpich , 2012 , ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 231 ; [ fe ]\nblastobasis yuccaecolella ; [ nacl ] , # 1154 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & pellmyr , 2003 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 105 ( 2 ) : 390 ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nsmithsonian contributions to zoology , vi + 68 pages ; no . 630 : 62 figures , 13 maps , 2 tables . twenty - five species of african blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : coleophoridae ) are reviewed ; 12 species are redescribed , and 13 species are described as new . date of publication march 30 , 2010 .\n= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718\n= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ afromoths ]\nlarva on manilkara butugi , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , o . woodiana ssp . disjuncta , prunus africana , synsepalum cerasiferum , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23\nlarva on chrysophyllum albidum , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , prunus africana , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25\n= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421\n= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]\natmozona meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 58\nbilineatella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 257\nvalentina bromeliae walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\nlarva on ( fruits ) terminalia catappa adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25\nlarva on allophylus abyssinicus , chrysophyllum gorungosanum , dictyophleba lucida , diphasia sp . , drypetes gerrardii , flacourtia indica , garcinia volkensii , landolphia buchananii , passiflora mollisima , podocarpus latifolius , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , vepris simplicifolia adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31\ncineracella amsel , 1953 ; bull . inst . fr . ar . noire , 15 ( 4 ) : 1450\nauximobasis coffeaella busck , 1925 ; comm . est . debell . praga caf\u00e9eira : 13 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nlarva on coffea arabica busck , 1925 , comm . est . debell . praga caf\u00e9eira : 13\nholcocera confamulella heinrich , 1921 ; j . agric . res . 20 : 818 , pl . 99 e ; tl : texas , browsville , smith point\nhypatima confectella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 303 ; tl : texas\nlarva on crotalaria juncea meyrick , 1916 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595\nlaverna ( ? ) decolorella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : madeira\n= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]\nepistetus divisus walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 552 ; tl : madeira\nlarva on ( fruits ) vepris nobilis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33\nprosthesis exclusa walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 953 , pl . 52 , f . 5 ; tl : tenerife , puerto orotava\nvalentinia floridella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; tl : florida\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720\n= ; mcdunnough , 1961 , amer . mus . novit . 2045 : 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1162 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720\nlarva on afrocarpus falcatus , chaetacme aristata , cussonia spicata , drypetes gerrardii , eleaodendron buchananii , ekebergia capensis , mimusops kummel , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , schrebera alata , solanum anguivi , stychnos mitis , toddalia asiatica , vepris nobilis , v . simplicifolia , v . richocarpa , warburgia ugandensis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29\ncolombia , venezuela , costa rica , mexico , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nhawaii , new britain , . . . , bengal . see [ maps ]\nlarva on dioscorea zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992\nindirecta meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\nasychna insularis wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 123 ; tl : madeira\ninvigorata ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( auximobasis ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 316\nlarva on adenia sp . , calophyllum inophyllum , chrysophyllum viridifolium , cola minor , deinbollia borbonica , diospyros kabuyeana , diphasia sp . , dovyalis macrocalyx , draceana mannii , flacourtia indica , hirtella zanzibarica ssp . zancibarica , inhambanella henriquezii , landolphia sp . , lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius ssp . scassellatii , lepisanthes senegalensis , ludia mauritiana , manilkara sansibarensis , mimusops aedificatoria , olea woodiana ssp . disjuncta , oxyanthus goetzei ssp . keniensis , rourea minor , saba comorensis , salacia elegans , strychnos madagascariensis , terminalia catappa , toddalia asiatica , trichilia emetica , trilepisium madagascariense , vepris nobilis , ximenia caffra , xylopia sp . adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20\n= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]\nlarva on hirtella zanzibarica adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17\nexinotis neozona meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\nvalentinia neptes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ngelechia nigromaculata wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira ; s . dezerta\nvalentinia nothrotes walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 202 ; tl : arizona\noecophora ochreopalpella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira\nepistetus ( ? ) pica walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 553 ; tl : madeira\ndistrict of columbia , . . . , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\nvalentinia quaintancella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : -\nvalentinia repartella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 19 ; tl : colorado , denver\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721\nopogona tabernatella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 114\nvalentinia tarachodes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 148 , pl . 5 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\n= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 407 ; [ fe ]\nlarva on yucca baccata dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nblastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) of thailand , part ii . four new species of\npyrales and microlepidoptera collected by mr . e . w . classey in madeira , 1957\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgef\u00fchrt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera\nnotes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t . v . wollaston , esq . ; with descriptions of some new species\nfurther notes on some moths from lord howe and norfolk island in the s . ausralian museum\nzimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , verulam , 28 . i . 1916 , leg . a . j . t . janse .\nadamski d . , copeland r . s . , miller s . e . , hebert p . d . n . , darrow k . & luke q . 2010 . a review of african blastobasidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) , with new taxa reared from native fruits in kenya . - smithsonian contributions to zoology 630 : i\u2014vi , 1\u201468 .\ndavid adamski , robert s . copeland , scott e . miller - smithsonian . . .\npage 19 and 20 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 1 3 map 3 . di\npage 21 and 22 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 1 5 map 4 . di\npage 41 and 42 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 3 5 map 13 . d\npage 47 and 48 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 4 1 table 1 .\npage 49 and 50 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 4 3 table 2 .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nmagazine : david adamski , robert s . copeland , scott e . miller - smithsonian . . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nn u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 4 5 figures 2\u201362 figures 2\u20134 . male genitalia of calosima and neoblastobasis . 2 , c . arguta , lectotype ( da slide 4628 ) . 3 , n . laikipiae , holotype ( da slide 4144 ) . 4 , n . wangithiae , holotype ( da slide 5044 ) .\npage 49 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 4 3 table 2 .\npage 21 : n u m b e r 6 3 0 \u2022 1 5 map 4 . di"]}
{"id": 1356, "summary": [{"text": "the long-thumbed frog , fletcher 's frog or barking marsh frog ( limnodynastes fletcheri ) is a species of non-burrowing ground frog native to southeastern australia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species belongs to the genus limnodynastes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the twelve species in the genus are characterised by a lack of toe pads .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "following phylogenetic analysis , the species was placed in l.peronii clade group alongside l. depressus , l. tasmaniensis and l. peronii . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "long - thumbed frog", "paragraphs": ["breeding behaviour : long - thumbed frogs usually breed following rain in warmer weather .\nthis species is most similar to the spotted grass frog , limnodynastes tasmaniensis , and the long - thumbed frog , limnodynastes fletcheri . both these species have blotches on their backs , not stripes .\nthis species is commonly confused with the long - thumbed frog ( limnodynastes fletcheri ) , with which there is a regional overlap . the two frogs can be distinguished by a disproportionately long second digit of the inner front toes in the case of l . fletcheri . the long - thumbed frog also has larger irregular shaped spots on the back and a red / purple eyelid , which is uncommon in l . tasmaniensis .\nreptiles and frogs thrive at neds corner station . surveys have recorded 24 species , including de vis banded snake , carpet python , the tessellated gecko , the shingleback lizard and the long - thumbed frog .\nin south australia long - thumbed frogs are primarily found in river plains of the murray - darling basin and associated woodlands and grassy regions that flood with high rainfall .\nidentified using victorian frog identification key and species - specific frog calls at http : / / frogs . org . au .\nseveral anuran species are found on kangaroo island : brown tree frog ( litoria ewingii ) , spotted marsh frog ( limnodynastes tasmaniensis ) , painted spadefoot frog ( neobatrachus pictus ) , brown toadlet ( pseudophryne bibroni ) and brown froglet ( crinia signifera ) .\nin summary , we show that females prefer males that have high fertilization success . the only trait that we could link to high fertilization failure was relatively long thumbs in males ( which just fell short of being significantly non - preferred in females ) . long - thumbed males not only sired less offspring in competition with another male , but the offspring that they did sire also survived less well in early ontogeny . this work encourages more in - depth analysis of age - related male effects on sperm and dna quality .\nalso known as the barking frog , its common name in south australia is related to its very long first finger . their body colouration is brown to green with dark irregular olive green patches . they often have an orange or red patch above their eyelid .\nhowever , there are 3 species of frogs that do not require a permit when kept as tadpoles or in juvenile forms . the exempt species are : eastern banjo frog ( limnodynastes dumerili ) ; striped marsh frog ( limnodynastes peroni ) ; and spotted marsh frog ( limnodynastes tasmaniensis ) .\nspotted marsh frog\nredirects here . it is not to be confused with spotted marshfrog .\nwithout a permit , you may collect and keep in captivity : frog eggs ; tadpoles ; up to six specimens of the common froglet ( crinia signifera ) ; and up to six specimens of the southern brown tree frog ( litoria ewingi ) . a tadpole becomes a frog when its tail is absorbed .\nthe department of conservation and land management issues licences . there are four species for which keeper ' s licences may be issued : litoria caerulea ( green tree frog ; category 2 ) , litoria moorei ( motorbike frog ; category 2 ) , litoria splendida ( magnificent tree frog ; category 3 ) , and heleioporus albopunctatus ( western spotted frog ; category 4 ) . the lower category frogs are generally easier to care for , and certainly cheaper to obtain a licence for .\n, a species of ground - dwelling frog native to northern and north - eastern australia , and southern new guinea .\nexotic toads are often confused with native frog species and many people have difficulty telling them apart . many of the cane toad reports agriculture victoria receives are actually the native eastern banjo frog , also known as the pobblebonk ( limnodynastes dumerilii ) .\nryan mj ( 1992 ) the tungara frog : a study in sexual selection and communication . chicago : university of chicago press .\nbyrne pg , roberts jd ( 2000 ) does multiple paternity improve fitness of the frog crinia georgiana ? evolution 54 : 968\u2013973 .\nknopp t , merila j ( 2009 ) multiple paternity in the moor frog , rana arvalis . amphibia - reptilia 30 : 515\u2013521 .\ndziminski ma , roberts jd , simmons lw ( 2008 ) fitness consequences of parental compatibility in the frog crinia georgiana . evolution 62 : 879\u2013886 .\nconservation status : v ( npwsa ) vu ( epbc act ) the southern bell frog was probably introduced into the onkaparinga . . . more info\nthe eastern smooth frog is found in south - eastern victoria . its average adult length is 3 - 3 . 5cm . this frog is grey or brown on its back , often with a number of scattered black - edged red spots and dark markings . its belly is white or light grey with brown or grey flecks .\nall frog indigenous to australia are protected wildlife and cannot be taken from the wild in any form ( adult , juvenile , larva or egg ) without a permit .\nsagvik j , uller t , stenlund t , olsson m ( 2008 ) intraspecific variation in resistance of frog eggs to fungal infection . evolutionary ecology 22 : 193\u2013201 .\ngarner t , tomio g ( 2001 ) microsatellites for use in studies of the italian agile frog , rana latastei ( boulenger ) . conservation genetics 2 : 77\u201380 .\nhorton , p . ( 1982 ) . ' ' precocious reproduction in the australian frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis . ' ' herpetologica , 38 ( 4 ) , 486 - 489 .\ndziminski ma , roberts jd , simmons lw ( 2010 ) sperm morphology , motility and fertilisation capacity in the myobatrachid frog crinia georgiana . reproduction fertility and development 22 : 516\u2013522 .\ngreene ae , funk wc ( 2009 ) sexual selection on morphology in an explosive breeding amphibian , the columbia spotted frog ( rana luteiventris ) . journal of herpetology 43 : 244\u2013251 .\nthe barking frog is found in north - western victoria . its average adult length is 5cm . this frog is light green or brown on its back with darker blotches and spots . it often has a pink or purplish patch on the back of each upper eyelid . the skin on its back is smooth with low , round warts . its belly is white and smooth .\nthe giant burrowing frog is found in south - eastern victoria . its average adult length is 9 - 10cm . this frog is usually grey , dark brown or black on its back and white on its belly . the sides of its body have scattered yellow spots and a stripe runs from under each through to each ear . the skin on their back is rough and warty .\nuller t , sagvik j , olsson m ( 2006 ) crosses between frog populations reveal genetic divergence in larval life history at short geographical distance . biological journal of the linnean society 89 : 189\u2013195 .\nthe spotted grass frog is found all over victoria . its average adult length is 4 - 5cm . this frog is light brown to olive - green on the back with irregular darker spots and blotches . they usually have a pinkish , yellow or white stripe running down the middle of the back and a raised pale stripe from below the eye to the arm . their belly is white and smooth .\nthis frog is common throughout australia and is one of the first species to inhabit new dams and ditches . this species is associated with most habitats , including permanent or temporary dams , roadside ditches , ponds , flooded grassland and slow moving creeks , in urban areas , farmland , woodland , coastal areas and arid areas . the frog is usually found in grass or under other cover , near a still water source .\nmartin , a . a . and tyler , m . j . ( 1978 ) .\nthe introduction into western australia of the frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis gunther\n. australian zoologist 19 ( 3 ) : 321\u2013325 .\ncitation : sherman cdh , sagvik j , olsson m ( 2010 ) female choice for males with greater fertilization success in the swedish moor frog , rana arvalis . plos one 5 ( 10 ) : e13634 . urltoken\nsherman cdh , uller t , wapstra e , olsson m ( 2008 ) within - population variation in ejaculate characteristics in a prolonged breeder , peron ' s tree frog , litoria peronii . naturwissenschaften 95 : 1055\u20131061 .\nthe male and female frogs can be sexed by the presence of a flap of skin around the thumbs of the females . this is used to froth the water during amplexus to create the floating foamy nest that it lays eggs in , which is roughly the size of a human palm . the tadpoles of this frog are comparatively large ( up to 6 cm ) . this frog spends a minimum of 3 months in the tadpole stage .\nthe striped marsh frog is found in southern victoria . its average adult length is 6 . 5cm . this frog is light brown or grey - brown on its back with darker brown stripes . it has a pale stripe running down the middle of its back , and a pale rasied stripe running from below each eye to the arm . its arms and legs are scattered with irregular , dark spots and bands and its belly is white .\nthe giant banjo frog is found in north - western victoria . its average adult length is 9cm . this frog ranges in colour from pale yellow , fawn to red - brown on its back with a few small dark flecks and spots . it usually has a broad orange band down the sides of its body . its belly is yellow with black flecks and its groin is marbled black and yellow . the skin on its back is smooth .\nthe long drought eased in 2010 with a la nina event that brought replenishing rain to large parts of the country and saw high flows along the murray river . the rain also fell at neds corner station and triggered dramatic growth in the plants and a response in fish , frogs , reptiles and birds . the condition of the native vegetation has revealed that the hard work carried out by trust for nature ' s staff and volunteers has been incredibly worthwhile .\nmartin , a . a . and tyler , m . j . ( 1978 ) . ' ' the introduction into western australia of the frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis gunther . ' ' australian zoologist , 19 ( 3 ) , 321 - 325 .\nlizards and snakes can easily dash from hollow to hollow , safe from the birds watching overhead . frogs appear soon after rain or when wetlands fill , and quickly breed to make use of the abundant new life . at night the ' bonk bonk ' call of the banjo frog ricochets through the trees . the nationally endangered growling grass frog also calls at neds corner station . in the more open saltbush and bluebush areas , the endangered hooded scaly - foot ( a legless lizard ) lives in the soil cracks .\nthis is a map showing where frog species are found in south australia , and is known as the ' frog atlas ' . students use the spatial visualisation tool , spatialgenie , to explore this map as spatial data . they can investigate this map alone or add other map layers . students use shape tools to measure area and distance , and they can also search for images . using spatialgenie , students can annotate the existing map layers . when students have finished , they can print , or embed the maps and images into their own work .\nall other frog species remain unprotected . a permit is not required to keep or sell these species . no permit is required to take them from the wild in south australia , however they can ' t be collected in national parks , reserves or on private property without consent .\nfrog atlas : reproduced courtesy of south australian department for environment and heritage ( deh ) . licensed under a creative commons attribution 2 . 5 australia licence urltoken metadata : \u00a9 education services australia ltd 2011 . you may view , copy , distribute , communicate and adapt this material for non - commercial educational purposes provided you retain all acknowledgements associated with the material .\nthe datasets ( accessed by the ' spatial layer information ' button ) contain the conservation status of frogs in sa . they contain records of individual sightings of frog species , including the sighting date , the method of sighting , and the latitude and longitude of the location . both the common and species names for the frogs are included , providing different ways in which the data can be sorted and interrogated .\nneds corner station is where arid and semi - arid climatic zones meet . the murray river carves a shallow valley through its floodplain , through what is known as the murray scroll belt floodplain . the soft sand and soil gently rises and falls and in the depressions , wetlands sometimes form . along the river and in wetland areas the plants are ephemeral . while towering red gum trees and the smaller black box woodlands drop long roots in search of groundwater to survive the dry times , other plants come and go . sedges , reeds , water milfoil and small herbaceous plants spring into life when the murray water levels rise and trickle into the dry beds of anabranches and billabongs . the damp soil supports new life and with the vegetation comes insects , small fish , frogs and birds . when there is water , it is a time of abundance .\nthe males calling and the breeding will occur pretty much all year round , finishing during summer . the call of this frog varies from a staccato machine gun sounding burst to a single ' tok ' sound , depending on the call race , which varies geographically . the machine gun call is the northern call race , throughout nsw and qld . the ' tok ' call is the southern call race , which occurs in southern vic and tas .\nthis frog reaches 45 mm in length . its colour ranges from light brown to olive - green , with large , irregular shaped , green or brown spots on its back . occasionally it will have a thin , pale cream , yellow or bright orange stripe running from snout to vent . there is a raised pale stripe running from below the eye to the base of the arm . the arms and legs are spotted like the back , and the belly is white .\nan increasing number of studies have shown that polyandry and sperm competition are much more prevalent among amphibians than previously thought [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] . females are thought to gain indirect genetic benefits from polyandry and a number of studies have shown both good genes and genetic compatibility effects on fertilization success and offspring fitness [ 14 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] . for example , in the polyandrous quacking frog , crinia georgiana , studies have shown significant male \u00d7 female interaction effects on fertilization success and offspring fitness such as embryo survival and survival to metamorphosis [ 18 ] , while in the australian tree frog , litoria peronii , both genetic relatedness and intrinsic male quality can influence fertilization success in sperm competition [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] . thus the reproductive success of males and females are not only influenced by choices made before copulation , but also by processes operating after copulation such as sperm competition and gamete recognition systems .\nwe investigated two components of sexual selection in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) , pre - copulatory female choice between two males of different size ( \u2018large\u2019 vs . \u2018small\u2019 ) , and their fertilization success in sperm competition and in isolation . females ' showed no significant preference for male size ( 13 small and six large male preferences ) but associated preferentially with the male that subsequently was the most successful at fertilizing her eggs in isolation . siring success of males in competitive fertilizations was unrelated to genetic similarity with the female and we detected no effect of sperm viability on fertilization success . there was , however , a strong positive association between a male ' s innate fertilization ability with a female and his siring success in sperm competition . we also detected a strong negative effect of a male ' s thumb length on his competitive siring success .\nthe moor frog rana arvalis is an explosive breeder forming large leks during the spring breeding season [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] . as in many amphibians , the operational sex ratio on any given night is highly skewed towards males , with genetic analysis of natural clutches revealing multiple paternity in 14 % to 29 % of clutches [ 20 ] . this suggests that sperm competition , through multiple mating or sperm leakage , plays an important role in the mating system of this species . the current study set out to test the importance of a number of male traits on female mate choice and subsequent in vitro fertilization success in r . arvalis . firstly , we tested pre - copulatory female choice for males of two different size classes . secondly , our recent research on other amphibians have demonstrated effects of genetic similarity on fertilization success in sperm competition [ 22 ] , and male innate fertilization ability [ 21 ] . therefore , we also include these post - copulatory aspects in our analysis of female mate choice , along with male arm length and thumb length which are known to be sexually selected traits in male - male competition and male - female amplexus [ 10 ] , [ 25 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nask questions or share your thoughts on this project with others in the urltoken community .\nget news from urltoken with our mailing lists - you ' ll hear about upcoming events and changes to the website and much more . manage your account to receive only the news that you want .\nto view these files , you will need adobe acrobat reader . the acrobat reader is a free download and is available from the adobe website . if you experience problems , ensure that you have version 6 . 0 or greater .\nto the best of our knowledge , the legal information presented here was correct at the time of writing . however , as rules and regulations may change without us being notified , any facts stated here should be read as a guide only . if in doubt , please contact the appropriate legislating body - generally the governmental department responsible for wildlife in your state .\nin most cases , links are provided to forms and information held on government servers which will be updated as regulations change and therefore can be regarded as the most up - to - date material available . as these documents are maintained by the government and are not held on the urltoken server , please let us know if these files are moved and the links are broken .\nall frogs , tadpoles , and spawn are protected in victoria . the collection of frogs from the wild or the release of frogs to the wild is prohibited . the release of frogs to your backyard or the raising of tadpoles for the purpose of release is also illegal . it is also necessary to obtain a licence before keeping most of the species of frogs available in captivity .\nif you would like any information regarding the current regulations in victoria , the responsible party is the licensing unit of the department of sustainability and environment ( formerly the department of natural resources and environment ) . there are many forms available online to apply for a wildlife permit . below is a brief guide that should at least help you get the correct application .\nfor individuals , the form to get is the private wildlife licence application . included with the application is all the general information you need including pricing and the list of species which require licences ( and what level of licence ) . this important information is available nowhere else on the dse website so it is notoriously difficult to locate .\nwhen using the arc tadpole kits , government and catholic schools ( including pre - schools ) under the jurisdiction of michael white or peter annett respectively do not need to apply for a permit - they can simply print out and display the authorisation form ( authorisation for government / catholic schools ) .\nthe application for a scientific permit to keep frogs - school seems specially designed for programs such as the arc tadpole kits whereby the school obtains tadpoles from a licensed dealer ( such as the arc ) and then returns the adult frogs to the dealer when metamorphosis is complete . however , as the authorisation forms ( mentioned above ) cover government and catholic schools , this application is only required by schools who do not fit those descriptions . contact sue hadden , in charge of licensing within the department of sustainability & environment , for more information .\nfor full information regarding which permit is required and the costs , consult the environment act website ' s licensing section .\nall frogs ( and tadpoles ) are protected in nsw under the national parks and wildlife act , and it is against the law to take them from the wild to keep as pets . you can get a licence from the npws to keep frogs , but you must obtain the frogs from a licensed breeder or society . you can only keep frogs that have either been bred in captivity or for other reasons cannot be released back into the wild .\nfor educational purposes , schools in nsw have been licensed to enable children and their teachers to collect and keep a maximum of 20 tadpoles to watch them grow and transform into froglets . tadpoles must never be collected from national parks or other reserves . once tadpoles have transformed into froglets , they must be released back in the location where they were collected .\ncommercial trade in frogs is prohibited in nsw . if you purchase an animal from an interstate dealers , or from anyone else in another state , you must already hold a nsw amphibian keeper ' s licence and you must obtain an interstate import licence from the npws before you can legally bring it into nsw .\nyou can find this information easily on the new south wales national parks and wildlife site where the laws are fully explained and application forms are available .\nthe northern territory regulations state that\nall animals that are indigenous to australia are classed as protected wildlife and a permit is required to keep these animals in the nt\n.\nhowever , amphibians feature on the\nexempt species list\n. instead ,\ncommon frogs\nof the northern territory may be kept as pets . you will need a permit if you wish to trade in frogs and you will need a permit for other species that are not considered\ncommon\nin the nt .\nall animals that are being sent into or out of the state require a import / export permit from the northern territory . a permit to keep wildlife is required to enable people to legally possess wildlife in captivity within the northern territory ( except exempt species ) - in order to acquire a permit to keep wildlife you must first purchase the animal from a lawful source .\nthe queensland governmental departments responsible for frogs are the environmental protection agency ( epa ) and the queensland parks and wildlife service ( qpws ) . it is difficult to locate the relevant laws either online or by telephoning the agencies .\nthe exception to the above is that a person may take and keep up to eight adult frogs of up to four species but no more than two frogs of any one species\nfor personal enjoyment\n. the\ntaking\n( catching ) must be done on the person\u2019s own property and the frogs be kept on that property . the frogs can\u2019t be displayed and should there be progeny , the metamorphs must be released at the point of capture within 7 days of metamorphosis .\nfrogs from outside queensland must not be moved into the state without a permit .\nthe application for the relevant permit is available online but you may need to make a phone call to discover the exact cost . ( it is around $ 50 . )\n) , are protected in south australia . a\npermit to take\nis required to collect these species from the wild .\nif frogs are imported from another state or territory they must have been legally acquired in that state or territory . get an export permit from the corresponding state or territory wildlife agency prior to consignment .\nfor more information , visit the sa wildlife permit website or call the fauna permit section of national parks & wildlife in south australia on ( 08 ) 8124 4700 .\nin tasmania , the relevant body for enquiries about keeping wildlife is the department of primary industries and water .\nto keep most species of frogs you must apply for a permit and agree to abide by the code of practice for herpetology . the code is presented with the permit application and is available on the department ' s website .\nthere are no species of amphibians exempt from licence requirements in western australia . the taking of amphibians from the wild for any purpose , except under a taker ' s licence , is illegal , and any people attempting to illegally keep these animals will be prosecuted .\nfor more information , visit calm ' s naturebase website . application forms for licences , including the keeper ' s licence , are available at that site .\nit is illegal to release captive animals into the wild . by releasing unwanted captive animals , even those that appear perfectly healthy , there is a very real danger of introducing exotic diseases or parasites into wild populations . instead , they should be sold ( or given ) to a licensed dealer . perth zoo asks that you not contact them , as they are not able to take such animals .\nthis site is maintained by the amphibian research centre . contact the arc for information .\ncopyright notice : material on this site remains the property of the amphibian research centre or the original copyright holders . it must not be reproduced without permission .\npages should be viewable in and accessible to any browser . for the best experience , we recommend : opera > 5 . 0 ; firefox ; mozilla ; internet explorer > 5 . 0 ; netscape > 6 . 0 .\nusers of netscape 4 are strongly encouraged to upgrade to a newer version as it incorrectly interprets the standards .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis australian endemic is known from southern queensland through central new south wales and into northwestern victoria and south australia .\nthe species inhabits woodlands and river floodplains . it is often associated with slow moving or still water found in inundated grassland , around ponds , dams and along creek lines . by day they hide under large rocks and logs and have been found in cracks in dried mud . in dry weather they often aggregate in groups . by night they are found alongside water . breeding is varied ; in wetter areas it breeds from october to march , in drier areas it breeds after heavy rains . males call from floating vegetation . about 300 eggs are contained within a floating foam nest . eggs hatch after one day and metamorphose after 1 - 2 months .\nthe species might suffer from habitat loss / degradation associated with agro - industry farming . increased salinity is also a threat .\njean - marc hero , john clarke , ed meyer , peter robertson , frank lemckert . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\ntheir call is a single dog - like ' bark ' . they can be heard in the following months : january , february , march , april , september , october , november & december\nabout us | contact us | terms \u00a9 2008 - 2018 wildiaries , owned by aes applied ecology solutions pl . all rights reserved .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ncogger , h . g . , in cogger , h . g . , cameron , e . e . & cogger , h . m . 1983 ,\namphibia and reptilia\n, ed . walton , d . w . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 1 , pp . 313 pp . , australian government publishing service , canberra\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 695b4d2a - 5716 - 45a0 - adfc - 517d45f7802a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : afe133b5 - 5c24 - 4cb6 - afe0 - 6c8e1e7bf174\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 89785c3b - e078 - 49d3 - 91b6 - 5ea1a7cd20b7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425329\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nif the river , its wetlands and immediate floodplain support a density of life , further back where less water reaches , the vegetation is more fragile but resilient . saltbush and blue bush grow in the depleted soil . there are less trees , more shrubs and open spaces . the suns tendrils reach further and bake the exposed earth .\nwith the increase in vegetation growth since trust for nature began to manage the property , surveys have revealed the extent of reptiles , frogs , mammals and birds . three types of kangaroos visit the property - eastern grey , western grey and red . many of the small to medium mammals are totally or locally extinct but fat - tailed dunnarts , echidnas and three species of bat are still found here . sometimes the endangered giles ' planigale , a ferocious small mammal , pops up at night to feed on locusts , beetles and spiders . during extreme weather , the planigale shelters in the cracks in the dry floodplain soil .\nfallen branches from the woodland trees create perfect habitat for many of these species .\nthe tall red gum and black box woodland trees lining the murray provide ample habitat for birds . wings of colour flash among the leaves - orange chats , apostle birds , budgerigar swarms , galahs and sulphur - crested cockatoos . little button quails forage among the leaf litter between the smaller plants on the woodland floor . there have been 112 bird species counted at neds corner station . rare birds , such as the swift parrot and endangered inland dotterel and regent parrot have also been recorded .\ncallitris glaucophylla pod . photo : n . wong and l . fraser , trust for nature\ntrust for nature has undertaken an extensive pest management program . sheep grazing ceased when the property was bought in 2002 and the destruction of rabbit burrows is ongoing . weeds continue to be removed . to compliment the pest management , trees have been planted in the semi - arid woodland areas of the property . regular surveys of plants and animals are undertaken to assess change over time . fencing of sensitive areas has also helped to protect the flora and fauna .\nthe future for the wildlife of neds corner station is positive . trust for nature will soon investigate the re - introduction of some species that haven ' t been found in the region for decades \u2013 possibly the bridled nailtail wallaby or the brush - tailed bettong .\nthis is an exciting next step . support the efforts to protect nationally threatened species and communities such as the hoody scaly - foot as the team battle to restore habitat for endangered species . donate now or contact us .\nit was no small feat for trust for nature to purchase the 30 , 000ha neds corner station property in the mallee region of victoria in 2002 . we had a vision for the land \u2013 a conservation vision :\nto be an inspirational example of ecological restoration , promoting the significance of biodiversity through informing and educating for public benefit while protecting 3 % of native vegetation on private land in victoria forever .\nwith support from generous individuals and organisations who have given us their time , money and encouragement , trust for nature acquired neds corner station and has worked hard ever since to achieve that vision . and this is only the start of the story .\nneds corner station is a part of a broader conservation effort . some of the property is within the living murray icon site : chowilla floodplain and lindsay - wallpolla islands . the australian government has invested significantly to restore water to red gum woodlands , black box woodlands and the lignum swamps on the floodplain . this was to create breeding habitat for species such as the threatened murray cod and other native fish . land next to neds corner station is part of the new murray river national park . together with trust for nature ; parks victoria , local indigenous groups , the mallee catchment management authority and others will manage the land and waterways in and around neds corner station to enhance its biodiversity .\nneds corner station was formerly a sheep station . when trust for nature bought the property the land was ravaged byerosion , stock trampling , rabbit grazing and affected by weeds . the native vegetation was sparse . many of the indigenous species found in the area by the early explorers ( such as bridled nailtail wallaby , brush tailed bettong and pig - footed bandicoot ) have now disappeared . for 13 years ( from 1997 to 2010 ) a protracted drought affected south - eastern australia . red gum and black box woodlands at neds corner station showed signs of extreme drought stress . in fact , the drought often made it hard to see how the decline of the property could be turned around .\nneds corner station has been transformed by the commitment and dedication of trust for nature . in the early years , the trust relied on devoted volunteer rangers who planned and began the conservation tasks needed to restore the station . the first task was to remove the threats to native flora and fauna . from the outset , trust for nature stopped grazing to allow the regeneration and growth of native vegetation .\nwe needed to know what plants and animals existed on the property . a baseline flora and fauna survey was carried out shortly after grazing ceased to understand the condition of the property and to identify the species at threat .\nthere is now a full - time land management team at the station . a property manager and ranger work hard to improve the health and condition of the native vegetation and to look after the facilities . rabbit control , revegetation and maintenance of assets ( for example , the buildings , fences and equipment ) are ongoing tasks . an administration officer supervises paid and unpaid visitors who use the accommodation facilities that cater for up to 30 people .\ntrust for nature has completed a conservation action plan for neds corner station . the plan , facilitated by greening australia , identifies the conservation priorities of the property and wider local area to guide management activities . the plan was completed with the financial assistance of the nature conservancy and local conservation partners mallee catchment management authority , department of sustainability and environment and park victoria .\nthe trust works with all sorts of different partners at neds corner station . the property is a place of rich indigenous and european history . local indigenous groups help to protect and conserve the cultural objects found onsite and to advise on management works . a number of the historic buildings have gradually been restored and now enable trust for nature to invite other partners and volunteers to come and see and participate in the work we do . it gives other people the opportunity to experience a special part of victoria where wildlife thrives .\nthe protection of significant landscapes is in peter ' s blood . he grew up working on a property that eventually became part of mungo national park in new south wales . peter knows that others need to be inspired to help him do his job \u2013 without everyone ' s help he will not be successful . peter can impart stories about the land where he lives that will capture your attention . he will fascinate you with stories of contrast - about what ' s involved to protect a small , threatened plant to the way the landscape dramatically changes after a heavy rain .\nat neds corner station , trust for nature is working to restore the habitat links across the landscape , and create better habitat for threatened wildlife . the habitats between the riverine woodlands and mallee / semi - arid woodlands are extremely important for the regent parrot and other wildlife , some of which are highly threatened species .\nthis project is partially funded through trust for nature and the australian government\u2019s caring for our country initiative , together with support by the partners above .\n3 . landscape scale conservation using integrated management of threats in the project area .\n- expand and re - establish tree and shrub cover on more than 1 , 452ha at neds corner station and nearby properties .\n- engage with the indigenous community to ensure that cultural heritage sites are identified and protected .\n- engage 10 farmers that will undertake activities that will contribute to the ongoing conservation and protection of biodiversity .\nthis project recognises the critical need to restore landscape links throughout the mallee woodlands . this will benefit many species , including the nationally endangered regent parrot .\nthreats to the area include : loss of native vegetation chenopod mallee and semi - arid woodlands are both classified as threatened making them of high conservation significance . to protect these habitats , three key actions are needed : \u2022 an ongoing rabbit control program \u2022 protection of native plants from native herbivores , and \u2022 the re - establishment of native plants .\nsoil loss as a result of wind erosion neds corner station is mapped as a national priority area for actions to reduce impacts of wind erosion . the retirement of land from cultivation and its replacement with native vegetation is recognised as a management action , which will reduce soil loss .\nimpacts of rabbits rabbits are recognised as a significant threat to the survival of a range of native plants and wildlife , in particular semi - arid woodlands and chenopod shrublands .\nmany council roads are lined by mallee woodlands in varying states of health . roadsides are important landscape links and contain some of the most important woodland remnant sites within this landscape . many roadsides are impacted by rabbits and weeds to varying degrees . small patches of mallee woodlands on farm land are extremely important as they provide links across the landscape for birds and other animals .\nmallee woodlands provide many important functions within the landscape . they provide on - farm benefits ; they contribute to the broader landscape by providing habitat for threatened species such as the regent parrot , and add an aesthetically pleasing natural dimension in a highly modified landscape . remnants of this vegetation community are essential for the maintenance of the genetic diversity of our native plands and wildlife species . these remnants also provide much of the seed that is used to revegetate farmland and other modified areas within the district .\nmallee woodlands are essential for the survival of nationally vulnerable species such as the regent parrot .\nmallee woodlands consist of deep rooted perennials which can help prevent and reduce dry land salinity . . with intact groundcover , they minimise soil loss and subsequent erosion problems by slowing the flow of water , allowing it to infiltrate the soil . in addition , mallee woodlands provide :\n- protection for stock , crops and pasture from heat , cold and wind .\nthe current 2011 - 13 funded project covers neds corner station and surrounding farmland .\nwith financial assistance from mallee cma , we were able to purchase new signs to erect on roads around neds to control the movement of traffic across the property .\n5 / 379 collins street melbourne 3000 australia phone : ( 03 ) 8631 5888 fax : ( 03 ) 9614 6999 urltoken copyright \u00a9 2011 trust for nature . all rights reserved .\nno pads present on digits . parotid glands absent or indistinct . pupils horizontal . belly and thighs smooth , pale and unmarked . no tibial gland obvious , and longitudinal stripes on back are pale not dark > limnodynastes tasmaniensis .\nthis sighting is further east than most sightings of this species , but the site is in the headwaters of the yass river i . e . is part of the murray - darling system and hence consistent with the known distribution of the species .\nno pads present on digits . parotid glands absent or indistinct . pupils horizontal . belly and thighs smooth , pale and unmarked . no tibial gland obvious , and no longitudinal stripe on back of any colour . the butterfly - shaped blotch behind the eyes is typical of this species . a pink or red patch on the upper eyelid is also common in this species but not observed in this specimen , possibly due to poor light conditions .\nthe striped marshfrog is light to grey - brown and marked with bold , dark longitudinal stripes . there is a pale , dark - edged line running down the middle of the back . a dark stripe is present on the side of the face and a conspicuous pale gland runs from below the eye to the forearm . the belly is white . this species grows to 73 mm .\nfound in open forests and usually associated with permanent water . this species does well in disturbed habitats .\nbreeds from late winter to early spring . the eggs are laid in a foam nest on the surface of the water and are usually concealed beneath vegetation .\nqueensland museum ' s find out about . . . is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation .\nyou can copy and share this content for educational purposes . this work cannot be changed . attribute the copyright owner and author .\nthe map is based on datasets sourced from the biological database of south australia ( bdbsa ) . bdbsa data helps the sa and australian governments to make decisions about environmental issues . the datasets are also a useful source of information for people in the wider community who have an interest in biodiversity and conservation .\nthe datasets are a rich source of information about the distribution of frogs in sa . the records provide a real - world context for students to pose questions and interrogate the data . students can also consider the reliability of the datasets , looking at factors such as the level of quality assurance conducted on the data , the cross - referencing to specimen collection in the field , and changes in taxonomic classification that can occur over time .\noccurring over most of eastern australia ( south australia , victoria , new south wales , central queensland and tasmania ) and extending along the eastern seaboard . its presence in the kununurra district in north - eastern western australia is believed to be the result of an accidental introduction via the relocation of several hundred transportable homes from adelaide . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 2 , 381 , 900 km2 . widely distributed and abundant .\nbarker , j . , grigg , g . c . , and tyler , m . j . ( 1995 ) . a field guide to australian frogs . surrey beatty and sons , new south wales .\nroberts , j . d . and seymour , r . s . ( 1989 ) . ' ' non - foamy egg masses in limnodynastes tasmaniensis ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from south australia . ' ' copeia , 1989 ( 2 ) , 488 - 492 .\ntyler , m . j . , smith , l . a . , and johnstone , r . e . ( 1994 ) . frogs of western australia . western australian museum , perth .\nthe most notable mammal present is the endemic kangaroo island kangaroo ( macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus ) , the icon for whom the island was named upon european discovery in 1802 . a smaller marsupial present on the island is the tammar wallaby ( macropus eugenii ) . an endemic dasyurid is the critically endangered kangaroo island dunnart ( sminthopsis aitkeni ) , which is found only in the west of the island in eucalyptus remota / e . cosmophylla open low mallee , e . baxteri low woodland or e . baxteri / e . remota low open woodland . the common brush - tailed possum ( trichosurus vulpecula ) is a widespread folivore native to australia .\nmonotremes are also represented on the island . there is also an introduced population of the duck - billed platypus ( ornithorhynchus anatinus ) in the western part of the island in flinders chase national park . the short - beaked echidna ( tachyglossus aculeatus ) is also found moderately widespread on kangaroo island .\nchiroptera species on kangaroo island include the yellow - bellied pouched bat ( saccolaimus flaviventris ) , which species is rather widespread in australia and also occurs in papua new guinea . australia ' s largest molossid , the white - striped free - tail bat ( tadarida australis ) is found on kangaroo island . another bat found on the island is the southern forest bat ( eptesicus regulus ) , a species endemic to southern australia ( including tasmania ) .\nthe heath monitor ( varanus rosenbergi ) is a lizard that grows up to a metre in length , preying on smaller reptiles , juvenile birds and eggs ; it is frequently observed on warmer days basking in the sunlight or scavenging on roadkill . the black tiger snake ( notechis ater ) is found on kangaroo island . another reptile particularly associated with this locale is the kangaroo island copperhead ( austrelaps labialis ) .\nthe glossy black cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) is found on the island , especially in the western part , where its preferred food , fruit of the drooping sheoak , is abundant . the kangaroo island emu ( dromaius baudinianus ) became extinct during the 1820s from over - hunting and habitat destruction due to burning ."]}
{"id": 1360, "summary": [{"text": "pararotruda is a genus of snout moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by roesler in 1965 , and contains the species pararotruda nesiotica .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found on the canary islands and madeira .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16-18 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "pararotruda", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for pararotruda definition . you find here pararotruda meaning , synonyms of pararotruda and images for pararotruda copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pararotruda . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pararotruda and , of course , pararotruda synonyms and on the right images related to the word pararotruda .\ngenus : pararotruda roesler , 1965 . unters . syst . tribus thyatirini , macrothyatirini : 22 , 24 [ key ] , 67 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : homoeosoma nesiotica rebel , 1911 . annln naturh . mus . wien . 24 : 343 , pl . 12 , fig . 3 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe wingspans for small and medium - sized species usually between 9 and 37 mm with variable morphological features . [ 2 ] [ 6 ]\nthis superfamily used to contain the hyblaeidae , thyrididae , alucitidae ( plus tineodidae ) , pterophoridae , and pyralidae . currently , the crambidae are usually separated from the pyralidae , but the first four families are now each split off as a distinct superfamily . some genera ( e . g . hydriris , micronix and tanaobela ) still defy easy classification and have been variously assigned to the crambidae o\nthe head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found . like the adult , the larva also has a toughened , or sclerotized head capsule . [ 22 ] here , two compound eyes , and chaetosema , raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to lepidoptera , occur , though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots . the antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between diffe\nthough the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain , estimates range from 2 . 6\u20137 . 8 million species with a mean of 5 . 5 million . [ 42 ]\nthe embryos of all arthropods are segmented , built from a series of repeated modules . the last common ancestor of living arthropods probably consisted of a series of undifferentiated segments , each with a pair of appendages that functioned as limbs . however , all known living and fossil arthropods have grouped segments into tagmata in which segments and their limbs are specialized in various ways . [\nnearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction . [ 20 ] they produce haploid gametes by meiosis ; the smaller , motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger , non - motile gametes are ova . [ 21 ] these fuse to form zygotes , [ 22 ] which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere , called a blastula . in sponges , blastula larvae swim to a new location , attach to the seabed , and develop into a new sp"]}
{"id": 1361, "summary": [{"text": "lachesis stenophrys is a venomous pitviper species endemic to central america .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the specific name , stenophrys , is derived from the greek words stenos , meaning \" narrow \" , and ophrys , meaning \" brow \" or \" eyebrow \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "lachesis stenophrys", "paragraphs": ["lachesis stenophrys cope 1876 : 152 bothrops achrocordus garcia 1896 : 22 lachesis muta stenophrys \u2014 taylor 1951 : 184 lachesis muta stenophrys \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 137 lachesis muta stenophrys \u2014 welch 1994 : 69 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 zamudio & greene 1997 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 313 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 savage 2002 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 356\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult lachesis melanocephala and lachesis acrochorda .\nlachesis stenophrys by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms . . . - pubmed - ncbi\noriginal file name : lachesis _ stenophrys _ ( 1 ) - lachesis stenophrys ( central american bushmaster ) . jpg resolution : 3085x2280 file size : 3890933 bytes upload time : 2017 : 02 : 12 06 : 24 : 24\nlachesis stenophrys venom reduces the equine antibody response towards bothrops asper venom used as co - immunogen in the production of polyspecific snake antivenom .\nfigure 1 . ( a ) female of lachesis stenophrys coiled and displaying a protective posture with the eggs laid . ( b ) newborn of l . stenophrys placed in the terrarium after weight and length measures were taken .\ns1 table . proteomic identification of 2de resolved proteins from costa rican l . stenophrys venom .\nlachesis stenophrys venom reduces the equine antibody response towards bothrops asper venom used as co - immunogen in the production of polyspecific . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n3 . chac\u00f3n , d . & valverde , r . 2004 . lachesis stenophrys ( bushmaster ) reproduction . herpetological review 35 : 68 . [ links ]\nvenomous ! bothrops achrocordus garcia 1896 : 22 has been removed from the synonymy of lachesis stenophrys and is now considered to be a valid species by several authors .\ns2 table . 2de - separated l . stenophrys venom protein spots recognized by mono and polyspecific antivenoms .\ncrotalus mutus linnaeus 1766 : 373 coluber crotalinus gmelin 1789 : 1094 scytale catenatus latreille in sonnini and latreille 1802 : 162 scytale ammodytes latreille in sonnini and latreille 1802 : 165 coluber alecto shaw 1802 : 405 lachesis mutus \u2014 daudin 1803 : 351 lachesis ater \u2014 daudin 1803 : 354 trigonocephalus ammodytes \u2014 oppel 1811 : 390 cophias crotalinus \u2014 merrem 1820 : 144 trigonocephalus crotalinus \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 lachesis muta \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 lachesis atra \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 scytale catenata \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 bothrops surucucu wagler 1824 : 59 bothrops sururucu wagler 1824 ( misspelled in franzen & glaw 2007 : 262 ) lachesis rhombeata wied 1824 crasedocephalus crotalinus \u2014 gray 1825 : 205 lachesis mutus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 1485 trigonocephalus ( lachoesis ) brasiliensis liais 1872 : 306 trigonocephalus rhumbeatus \u2014 liais 1872 : 306 lachoesis rhumbeata \u2014 liais 1872 : 306 lachesis muta \u2014 beebe 1946 : 47 lachesis muta \u2014 harding & welch 1980 lachesis muta \u2014 villa et al . 1988 lachesis mutus \u2014 boulenger 1896 : 534 lachesis muta muta \u2014 taylor 1951 : 184 lachesis muta noctivaga hoge 1966 lachesis muta muta \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 136 lachesis muta muta \u2014 duellman 1978 : 265 lachesis muta rhombeata \u2014 hoge & romano 1978 : 54 lachesis muta \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 312 lachesis muta \u2014 gorzula & se\u00f1aris 1999 lachesis muta muta \u2014 boos 2001 lachesis muta \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 355\n5 . ripa . d . 1994 . the reproduction of the central american bushmaster ( lachesis muta stenophrys ) and the blackheaded bushmasters ( lachesis muta melanocephala ) for the first time in captivity . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 29 : 165 - 183 . [ links ]\nguti\u00e9rrez , j . , c . avila , z . camacho , b . lomonte . 1990 . ontogenetic changes in the venom of the snake lachesis muta stenophrys ( bushmaster ) from costa rica .\ndistributions of lachesis stenophrys and lachesis melanocephala are shown west of longitude 79\u00b0 w . distribution of the western andean form , lachesis acrochorda , is shown east of 78\u00b050 w , and extending south to just below the equator . despite close proximity to l . stenophrys in panam\u00e1 , l . acrochorda retains its own identity southwest of the tropical dry forest barrier that divides them , indicating low genetic flow between ancestors . intergradation between the two populations , in the narrow san blas corridor , is unlikely due to habitat requirements .\nthus , we report a successful breeding of lachesis stenophrys in captivity ( ex - situ ) in costa rica , with the main objective of provide venom for scientific purposes as well as study of biological behavior in conditions of captivity .\ncorrales , greivin ; meidinger , robert ; rodr\u00edguez , santos ; chacon , danilo ; gomez , aaron 2014 . reproduction in captivity of the central american bushmaster ( lachesis stenophrys , serpentes : viperidae ) , in costa rica cuad . herpetol . 28 : - get paper here\nvenomous ! lachesis muta has been split into three separate species by zamudio & greene 1997 . synonymy mainly after peters & orejas - miranda 1970 and fernandes et al . ( 2004 ) , who reject any subspecies in l . muta . type species : lachesis mutus is the type species of the genus lachesis daudin 1803 .\nde souza , r . 2007 . reproduction of the atlantic bushmaster ( lachesis muta rhombeata ) for the first time in captivity .\nsilva - haad j . accidentes humanos por las serpientes de los g\u00e9neros bothrops y lachesis . mem inst butantan . 1982 ; 45 : 403\u2013423 .\nterence m . , d . 2012 .\nbushmaster lachesis muta muta\n( on - line ) . accessed december 09 , 2011 at urltoken .\niucn , 2011 .\nred list : lachesis muta\n( on - line ) . iucn red list . accessed december 09 , 2011 at urltoken .\nbothrops , crotalus and lachesis represent the most medically relevant genera of pitvipers in central and south america . similarity in venom phenotype and physiopathological profile of envenomings caused by the four nominal lachesis species led us to hypothesize that an antivenom prepared against venom from any of them may exhibit paraspecificity against all the other congeneric taxa .\nripa d . the bushmasters ( genus lachesis daudin 1803 ) ; morphology , evolution and behavior . cd - rom . wilmington , nc : ecologica , 2001 .\nat the antivenom / venom ratio of 500 \u03bcl antivenom / mg venom , the bcl and bl polyspecific antivenoms and the monospecific l antivenom , effectively neutralized the lethal activity of the seven lachesis venoms investigated ( table 5 ) . the monospecific ab antivenom only neutralized the lethal activity of l . stenophrys , l . muta muta ( cascalheira ) and l . muta rhombeata ( recife ) ( table 5 ) , while the monospecific ac antivenom was unable to neutralize the lethal activity of any of the lachesis venoms studied at the ratio of 500 \u03bcl antivenom / mg venom ( table 5 ) .\na brazilian native plant , stryphnodendron barbatman ( family : fabacea ) , common name : barbatimao , may be an effective venom inhibitor in cases of lachesis muta envenomation .\nto cite this page : adams , a . 2012 .\nlachesis muta\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto assess this hypothesis , in this work we have applied antivenomics and immunochemical methods to investigate the immunoreactivity of three monovalent antivenoms and two polyvalent antivenoms towards the venoms from different geographic populations of three different lachesis species . the ability of the antivenoms to neutralize the proteolytic , hemorrhagic , coagulant , and lethal activities of the seven lachesis venoms was also investigated .\nmadrigal m , sanz l , flores - d\u00edaz m , sasa m , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , et al . snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of\nexposure of the general population may be limited to those in close proximity to natural habitats which support lachesis species ; exposure will be via bites to the body . ( src )\nthere is only one species of bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) found in brazil . it is the largest venomous snake in brazil measuring up to 14 . 75 feet in length .\nand genus - wide antivenomics assessment of the paraspecific immunoreactivity of two antivenoms evidence the high compositional and immunological conservation across lachesis . j proteomics 2013 ; 89 : 112\u2013123 . pmid : 23747394\namaral , a . do 1926 . 4 . a nota de nomenclatura ophiologica . sobre a differenciac\u00e3o dos nomes genericos lachesis , trimeresurus e bothrops . revista do museu paulista 14 : 34 - 40\nborges - nojosa , d . m . & lima - verde , j . s . 1999 . geographic distribution : lachesis muta rhombeata . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 235 - get paper here\n/ case reports / two patients bitten on their hands / by a lachesis muta / were left with permanent contractures , and hypotension and hemorrhage were commonly recorded on admission . one patient was severely confused .\nno significant differences were found in the levels of specific antibodies against lachesis venoms present in the bcl antivenom , and the ab and al antivenoms ( s1 fig ) . the highest titer corresponded to the binding of bl antivenom to l . stenophrys , l . m . muta ( colombia ) , l . m . muta ( cascalheira ) , and l . m . rhombeata ( recife ) venoms , whereas the titer of this antivenom against venoms from l . melanocephala , l . m . muta ( peru ) and l . m . muta ( tucurui ) was indistinguishable from that of the bcl antivenom ( s1 fig ) . monospecific ac antivenom exhibited the lowest reactivity against the seven lachesis venoms analyzed ( s1 fig ) .\nthe bcl and bl antivenoms , and the monospecific l antivenom effectively neutralized the hemorrhagic activity of all the lachesis venoms studied ( table 3 ) . the bl antivenom showed the highest neutralization capacity of the hemorrhagic activity than any of the other antivenoms used in this study ( table 3 ) . the monospecific ab antivenom was only able to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of l . stenophrys and l . melanocephala venoms , whereas the monospecific ac antivenom was unable to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of any of the venoms ( table 3 ) .\n8 . sol\u00f3rzano , a . & cerdas , l . 1986 . a new subspecies of the bushmaster , lachesis muta , from southern costa rica . journal of herpetology 20 : 463 - 466 . [ links ]\ncorrales , greivin , g\u00f3mez , aar\u00f3n and flores , diego alejandro 2016 . reproduction of south american bushmaster , lachesis muta ( serpentes : viperidae ) , in captivity herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 608 - 611\nhardy d , silva haad j . a review of venom toxinology and epidemiology of envenoming of the bushmaster ( lachesis ) with report of a fatal bite . bull chicago herp soc . 1998 ; 33 : 113\u2013123 .\nthe reproductive cycle is seasonal , mating occurs in february and march , the eggs are deposited from june to august , and birthing takes place from august to october but sometimes in november ( chac\u00f3n and valverde , 2004 ) . in captivity , females reach sexual maturity at approximately 1 . 6 m in total length and at about five years of age ( sol\u00f3rzano , 2004 ) . furthermore , there have been many fruitful efforts to maintain and breed lachesis stenophrys in captivity ( boyer et al . , 1989 ; ripa , 1994 ; de souza , 2007 ) .\n/ case reports / after a snakebite by the costa rican bushmaster lachesis stenophrys , a 64 - year - old patient developed cardiovascular shock and coagulopathy . after intensive care and antivenom treatment , he was discharged after 4 days but had to be hospitalized again 3 days later because of abdominal pain and bowel obstruction . an emergency laparotomy revealed a necrotic ileum and cecum , and an obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery . until now , this type of intestinal ischemic complication after a snakebite has not been reported in the literature . the effects of bushmaster venom are discussed .\nturner , e . ; carmichael , r . & souza , r . 2008 . dialogues on the tao of lachesis . bull . chicago herp . soc . 43 ( 10 ) : 157 - 164 - get paper here\n/ case reports / three out of four cases of snake bite by lachesis muta stenophrys ( bushmaster ) in costa rica were fatal and one recovered after a long period of hospitalization . initial symptoms were similar to those of bothropic envenomation : intense pain , nausea , vomiting , sweating , and excitability , but differing in the magnitude of a tremendous edema and in the absence of intensive bleeding and phlyctenae . we found important alterations in arterial blood pressure and in the activity and concentration of coagulation factors . all patients showed infections , and necrosis was found in at least three of them .\nvial , j . l . , & jimenez - porras , j . m . 1967 . the ecogeography of the bushmaster , lachesis muta , in central america . american midland naturalist 78 : 182 - 187 . - get paper here\n4 . de souza , r . c . g . 2007 . reproduction of the atlantic bushmaster ( lachesis muta rhombeata ) for the first time in captivity . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 42 : 41 - 43 . [ links ]\ndespite the broad geographic distribution of lachesis , antivenoms against venoms of different species are effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture , indicating that they can be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of any lachesic envenoming .\njunqueira - de - azevedo ilm . lachesis muta ( viperidae ) cdnas reveal diverging pit viper molecules and scaffolds typical of cobra ( elapidae ) venoms : implications for snake toxin repertoire evolution . genetics 2006 ; 173 : 877\u2013889 . pmid : 16582429\naraujo filho , jo\u00e3o antonio de , c\u00edcero ricardo de oliveira , robson waldemar \u00e1vila , igor joventino roberto and walt\u00e9cio de oliveira almeida . 2013 . lachesis muta ( surucucu , atlantic forest bushmaster ) parasitism . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 692\nfernandes , d . s . ; franco , f . l . & fernandes , r . 2004 . systematic revision of the genus lachesis daudin 1803 ( serpentes : viperidae ) . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 245 - 260 - get paper here\nmart\u00ednez , c . v . , & bola\u00f1os , r . 1983 . the bushmaster , lachesis muta muta ( linnaeus ) ( ophidia : viperidae ) in panam\u00e1 . revista de biologia tropical 30 [ 1982 ] : 100 - 101 . - get paper here\n/ case reports / a 45 - year - old peruvian tourist was bitten on the upper arm when he put his hand on a rope by a walkway to a waterfall at mazamari , chanchamayo , peru . the / lachesis muta / was 1 . 7 m in tl / total length / . he developed pain , swelling , and bruising ; was mildly hypotensive ; and evidenced great anxiety . he was treated with three vials of anti - lachesis antivenom and transferred to lima , where he made a full recovery .\npanel a . 2de protein map of adult l . stenophrys venom . 350 \u03bcg of venom was separated on an 11 cm ipg strip with a ph gradient from 3 to 10 ( first dimension ) and on a 4\u201315 % sds - polyacrylamide criterion tgx gel as second dimension . proteins were stained with coomassie blue . isoelectric point ( ip ) , apparent mw , and relative spot intensity were computed using software imagej . protein identification was accomplished by maldi - tof - tof ms . protein spot features are listed in s1 table . panel b . electroblotted 2de separated venom proteins from adult l . stenophrys probed against commercial polyspecific bcl antivenom ; bl antivenom ; and monoespecific al , ab , and ac antivenoms . protein identifications by maldi - tof / tof ms are listed in s1 table ( supplementary materials ) .\nthere is only one species of bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) found in brazil . it is the largest venomous snake in brazil measuring up to 14 . 75 feet in length . the viperidae family ( genera lachesis , bothrops and crotalus ) as well as the elapidae family have accounted for all the envenomations in brazil . the extent of the problem is shown in the following statistics : 31 , 148 envenomations in 2011 with 143 deaths ; 29 , 322 envomations in 2012 with 129 deaths and 25 , 302 envenomations with 108 deaths .\nthis study demonstrates that antivenoms raised against venom of different lachesis species are indistinctly effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture , indicating that antivenoms against conspecific venoms may be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of envenomings caused by any bushmaster species .\n1 . boyer , d . m . ; mitchell , l . a . & murphy , j . b . 1898 . reproduction and husbandry of the bushmaster lachesis m . muta at the dallas zoo . international zoo yearbook 28 : 190 - 194 . [ links ]\nalves , f\u00e1tima q . ; ant\u00e3\u00b4nio j . s . arg\u00e3\u00b4lo , and gilson c . carvalho 2014 . reproductive biology of the bushmaster lachesis muta ( serpentes : viperidae ) in the brazilian atlantic forest . phyllomedusa 13 ( 2 ) : 99 - 109 - get paper here\nlachesis stenophrys ( central american bushmaster ) feeding ,\nrattling\nand some photo ' s i made . 1 . 0 cb 09 / 2011 something different besides my gaming activity . note : dutchsnake ' s disclaimer : handling without ( experienced ) knowledge and safety precautions could mean the difference between life and death . if you see me handling a venomous snake does not mean you can try it out at home , snakes are just like animals ; unpredictable but can be dangerous . 80 % people dies after a bite from a bushmaster even with antivenom . venomous snakes are not a joke and not to be played with ! i do not own the rights from the music , only sharing it .\nin costa rica lachesis stenophrys is the longest venomous snake reaching approximately a total length of 2 . 5 m . its distribution is along the caribbean versant of nicaragua to western and central panama ( campbell and lamar , 2004 ) , and in costa rica is found in tropical and subtropical rainforest on the caribbean versant . it is an uncommon species even though in certain protected areas remains relatively common ( sol\u00f3rzano and cerdas , 1986 ; zamudio and greene , 1997 ) . the species of this genus are the only ones in the new world that lay eggs instead of giving birth to newborns with the possible exception of bothrocophias colombianus ( savage , 2002 ; campbell and lamar , 2004 ; sol\u00f3rzano , 2004 ) .\nzamudio , kelly r . & harry w . greene 1997 . phylogeography of the bushmaster ( lachesis muta : viperidae ) : implications for neotropical biogeography , systematics , and conservation . biol . j . linnean soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 421 - 442 - get paper here\nhoge , a . r . ; romano , s . a . r . w . l . 1978 . lachesis muta rhombeata [ serpentes : viperidae , crotalinae ] . mem . inst . butantan 40 / 41 : 53 - 54 [ 1976 - 1977 ] - get paper here\ninitial assessment of the immunoreactivity of the commercial polyspecific bcl and bl antivenoms , and the experimental monospecific b , c and l antivenoms , against antigens present in the venoms of costa rican l . stenophrys and l . melanocephala , brazilian l . m . rhombeata ( recife ) and l . m . muta from different geographic locations ( colombia , peru , and brazil [ cascalheira and tucurui ] ) were done by elisa and 2de immunoblotting analysis .\n9 . zamudio , k . r . & greene , h . w . 1997 . phylogeography of the bushmaster ( lachesis muta : viperidae ) : implications for neotropical biogeography , systematics , and conservation . biological journal of the linnean society . 62 : 421 - 442 . [ links ]\nthe terrariums in which the lachesis stenophrys were housed have the following dimensions : 1 . 2 m ( wide ) x 2 . 4 m ( long ) x 0 . 9 m ( tall ) ; they have a shelter that provides refuge to the snake , ad libitum water supply , and a log and rocks to facilitate the shedding of skin , and some large dry leaves . different layers compose the substrate ; the first layer is made of small stones and rocks , which work as filter and keep humidity inside the terrarium ; then a thin layer of river sand or substrate , and at last a layer of large dry leaves . this substrate composition prevents the animals to be directly exposed to constant humidity , which could lead to severe ventral infections .\n/ case reports / in venezuela a patient developed intense sweating , vomiting , watery diarrhea , hypersalivation , conjunctival suffusion , hypotension , bradycardia , and respiratory distress 45 minutes after being bitten by a juvenile / lachesis muta / . this patient also showed neurotoxic signs : divergent strabismus , dysarthria , and dysphagia .\nde souza ( 2007 ) , showed that l . muta rhombeata displayed sexual activity after storms or strong raining and furthermore boyer et al . ( 1989 ) , showed that a drop in temperature and an increase in humidity triggers hormonal response in bushmaster females . in agreement , we observed that the sexual activity starts at the end of december in costa rica , when the temperature falls , and continues until march . an interesting point is that the animals ( both sexes ) fasted during the season of mating and breeding , which we found to be a good indicator of the sexual activity of the snakes . in contrast , ripa ( 1994 ) found no sexual activity in lachesis stenophrys females despite the temperature / humidity changes . instead , he found that the use of chemical secretion left by l . melanocephala pairs would trigger a sexual response . on the other hand , sol\u00f3rzano ( 2004 ) showed that the mating season of l . stenophrys takes place during february and march and the females display a biannual reproductive cycle . nevertheless , we had two consecutive breeding seasons by two different bushmaster females . additionally , we found that isolation of females until shed their skins in mating season , and a later reintroduction of the male without removing the skin function as a sexual stimulus .\nde souza r , bhering - nogueira a , lima t , cardoso j . the enigma of the north margin of the amazon river : proven lachesis bites in brazil , report of two cases , general considerations about the genus and bibliographic review . bull . chicago herp . soc . 2007 ; 42 : 105\u2013115 .\nthe bcl and bl polyspecific antivenoms , and the monospecific l antivenom effectively neutralized the coagulant activity of lachesis venoms from the seven bushmaster taxa sampled ( table 4 ) . the bl antivenom showed the highest coagulant neutralization activity than any of the other antivenoms use in this study ( table 4 ) . on the other hand , neither the ab nor the ac monospecific antivenoms were able to neutralize the coagulant activity of any of the lachesis venoms used in this study ( table 4 ) . these data agree with a previous work showing the inefficacy of monospecific bothropic antivenom in the neutralization of the coagulation activity of l . m . muta venom [ 54 ] .\ncitation : madrigal m , pla d , sanz l , barboza e , arroyo - portilla c , corr\u00eaa - netto c , et al . ( 2017 ) cross - reactivity , antivenomics , and neutralization of toxic activities of lachesis venoms by polyspecific and monospecific antivenoms . plos negl trop dis 11 ( 8 ) : e0005793 . urltoken\nmonospecific antivenoms showed significantly more limited immunorecognition profiles than bcl and bl antivenoms toward venoms of all lachesis taxa investigated . the three monospecific antivenoms , but particularly the anti - crotalic ( ac ) antivenom , exhibited poor binding ability towards most venom proteins , including pla 2 s , crisp , gal - lectin , svsps , pi - and piii - svmps and lao . the average toxin immunocapturing activity of this monospecific antivenom was 16 % ( l . stenophrys ) , 21 % ( l . melanocephala , ) , 21 % ( l . m . muta colombia ) , 9 % ( l . m . muta peru ) , 9 % ( l . m . muta cascalheira ) , 17 % ( l . m . muta tucurui ) , and 19 % ( l . m . rhombeata ) ( panels i of figs 2 \u2013 8 , respectively ) .\ncomprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic studies across lachesis [ 23 \u2013 26 ] have revealed remarkably similar venom phenotypes comprising seven or eight toxin families , including bradykinin - potentiating / c - type natriuretic peptide ( bpps / c - np ) , zn 2 + - dependent snake venom ( sv ) metalloproteinase ( svmp ) , serine protease ( svsp ) , phospholipase a 2 ( pla 2 ) , l - amino acid oxidase ( laos ) , c - type lectin - like ( ctl ) , and in venoms of the south american species , also cysteine - rich secretory protein ( crisp ) . ontogenetic changes in the toxin composition of l . stenophrys venom result in the net shift from a bpps / c - np - rich and svsp - rich venom in newborns and 2 - years - old juveniles to a ( pi > piii ) svmp - rich venom in adults [ 24 ] .\nantivenoms were serially diluted by a factor of 3 ( starting from a dilution of 1 / 500 ) and tested by elisa against the following crude lachesis venoms : l . stenophrys from costa rica ( a ) , l . melanocephala from costa rica ( b ) , l . muta muta from colombia ( c ) , peru ( d ) , the brazil regions of cascalheria ( e ) , tucurui ( f ) , and l . muta rhombeata from recife , brazil ( g ) . antivenom acronyms , bcl , polyspecific anti - bothropic , anti - crotalic , anti - lachesic antivenom from instituto clodomiro picado ( cr ) ; bl , anti - bothropic and anti - lachesic antivenom from instituto vital brazil , niter\u00f3i , brazil ; al , monoespecific anti - lachesic antivenom ; ab , monoespecific anti - bothropic antivenom ; ac , monoespecific anti - crotalic antivenom . each point represents the mean \u00b1 sd of three independent determinations .\n/ signs and symptoms / in amazonas state , brazil , 6 . 2 % of patients had vomiting , 0 . 9 % had faintness , 4 . 6 % felt dizziness , 4 . 1 % felt nausea , 2 . 4 % felt abdominal pain , and 1 . 9 % had visual disturbances , symptoms suggesting the possibility of envenoming by lachesis muta .\nsouza , r . c . g . de ; bhering nogueira , p . ; lima , t . & cardoso , j . l . c . 2007 . the enigma of the north margin of the amazon river : proven lachesis bites in brazil , report of two cases , general considerations about the genus and bibliographic review . bull . chicago herp . soc . 42 ( 7 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here\nhuman bites by lachesis species are not frequent but when occur cause severe envenoming due to large amount of venom ( 200\u2013411 mg ) injected into the victim and also owing to its toxicity in humans , as reported for snakebites in brazil , colombia and costa rica [ 11 \u2013 21 ] . common local effects include agonizing burning - throbbing pain , mild hemorrhage , edema , and blister formation . these signs and symptoms are accompanied by systemic alterations , such as hemorrhage , coagulopathy , cardiovascular collapse , and by the so - called \u201c lachesis syndrome\u201d , an alteration of the autonomic nervous system which manifests with profuse sweating , abdominal colic , nausea , recurrent vomiting , watery diarrhea , diastolic and systolic hypotension , and sinus bradycardia , together with sensorial disorders ( uncoordinated march , lapses of unconsciousness ) and serious hemodynamic alterations within 15\u201320 min after a bite [ 12 \u2013 19 , 22 ] .\nthe bcl and the bl therapeutic antivenoms , and the monospecific al antivenom effectively neutralized the proteolytic activity of venoms from the 7 lachesis taxa investigated ( table 2 ) . the bl antivenom showed higher neutralization activity than the other antivenoms used in this study ( table 2 ) . the ac monospecific antivenom was only able to neutralize the proteolytic activity of l . melanocephala venom ( table 2 ) . the ab monospecific antivenom was unable to neutralize the proteolytic activity of any of the venoms ( table 2 ) .\nseveral toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom of lachesis muta melanocephala were studied . this venom has many similarities with that of l . m . stenophrys , although there are quantitative differences in venom activities , as well as in the immunodiffusion patterns of these venoms when reacted against polyvalent antivenom . this antivenom was tested for its ability to neutralize a series of toxic and enzymatic effects of l . m . melanocephala venom . a new method to study myonecrosis , based on the quantitation of residual creatine kinase in injected muscle , was used . antivenom was highly effective in neutralizing lethal , hemorrhagic , myotoxic , edema - forming , defibrinating , caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activities when venom and antivenom were incubated prior to the test or , in the case of edema - forming activity , when antivenom was administered before venom injection . on the other hand , when antivenom was injected i . v . at different time intervals after venom injection neutralization of lethality was good , although neutralization of local effects , i . e . hemorrhage and edema , was poor . these results indicate that polyvalent antivenom contains antibodies capable of neutralizing toxic and enzymatic activities of l . m . melanocephala venom . moreover , the partial inability of antivenom to neutralize local effects when administered after venom injection is probably due to the rapid development of these effects once venom is injected . pmid : 3672541\nexcept for the bpps , both polyspecific antivenoms efficiently immunocaptured all the components from l . stenophrys ( fig 2 ) , l . m . muta ( colombia ) ( fig 4 ) and l . m . rhombeata ( fig 8 ) venoms . in addition , the bl antivenom immunocaptured the venom components of l . m . muta from the brazilian localities cascalheira ( fig 6 ) and tucurui ( fig 7 ) . the apparent low recovery of pi - and piii - svmps ( eluting from the rp - hplc column at 40\u201342 min ) in the immunoaffinity captured fractions of the bcl and bl affinity columns ( figs 2 \u2013 8 , panels b and d , respectively ) may be ascribed to the high affinity of these venom proteins for the antivenom molecules , as has been demonstrated in a previous work [ 25 ] .\n/ laboratory animals : acute exposure / the ability of crude venom and a basic phospholipase a ( 2 ) ( lmtx - i ) from lachesis muta muta venom to increase the microvascular permeability in rat paw and skin was investigated . crude venom or lmtx - i were injected subplantarly or intradermally and rat paw edema and dorsal skin plasma extravasation were measured . histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cell was also assessed . crude venom or lmtx - i induced dose - dependent rat paw edema and dorsal skin plasma extravasation . venom - induced plasma extravasation was inhibited by the histamine h ( 1 ) antagonist mepyramine ( 6mg / kg ) , histamine / 5 - hydroxytriptamine antagonist cyproheptadine ( 2 mg / kg ) , cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin ( 5mg / kg ) , nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor l - name ( 100 nmol / site ) , tachykinin nk ( 1 ) antagonist sr140333 ( 1 nmol / site ) and bradykinin b ( 2 ) receptor antagonist icatibant ( 0 . 6mg / kg ) . platelet - activating factor ( paf ) antagonist pca4248 ( 5 mg / kg ) had no effect . lmtx - i - induced skin extravasation was inhibited by cyproheptadine , mepyramine , indomethacin and pca4248 , while l - name and sr140333 had no effect . additionally , both lachesis muta muta venom and lmtx - i concentration - dependently induced histamine release from rat mast cells . in conclusion , lachesis muta muta venom and lmtx - i increase microvascular permeability by mechanisms involving in vivo mast cell activation and arachidonic acid metabolites . additionally , crude venom - induced responses also involve substance p , nitric oxide and bradykinin release , whether lmtx - i - induced responses involve paf .\n/ case reports / / out of / 4 cases from costa rica , three of the victims died within 3 - 5 days / after being bitten by a lachesis muta / despite antivenom treatment . they had developed shock associated with massive local swelling and secondary infection , but spontaneous bleeding appeared less common than with envenoming by bothrops species . . . . bleeding from the fang marks / was observed , along with / epistaxis , hematemesis , hemoptysis , and hematuria in the 4 cases . the only survivor was left with severe contractures of the bitten arm .\n/ case reports / we report a case of envenomation caused by a bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in a male child in state of pernambuco , brazil . the victim showed discrete local manifestations , but presented altered blood coagulation 2 hours after the bite . ten ampoules of bothropic - lachetic antivenom therapy were administered , and 48 hours later , the patient showed discrete edema , pain , and ecchymosis around the bite and normal blood coagulation . the patient was discharged 5 days after the envenomation . the prompt administration of specific treatment was important for the favorable outcomes observed .\nholotype : nhrm = nrm . according to andersson 1899 : 27 , there are two jars labeled as crotalus horridus , one of which contains a head in rather bad condition which does not belong to any crotalus and\npossibly it is the head of a lachesis mutus .\n( mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) ; type unknown fide peters 1960 . holotype : zsm , uncatalogued specimen ( s ) ( lost ) , \u201chabitat non rarus in brasiliae sylvis humidis ac densis sub arborum fronde delapsa\u201d [ brazil ] according to the original description and vanzolini ( 1981 ) , collected by spix and martius expedition to brazil , 1817 - 1820 [ surucucu ]\n/ signs and symptoms / the symptoms and signs of envenoming / by a lachesis muta / ( local swelling , blistering , bruising , and necrosis with coagulopathy , spontaneous systemic bleeding , shock , and renal failure ) may be confused with those caused by other pitvipers . however , a distinctive syndrome has been described in a proportion of cases . there is early nausea , abdominal colic , repeated vomiting , and watery diarrhea with profuse sweating . . . . vomiting , severe abdominal colic , profuse diarrhea , hypotension , bradycardia , impaired consciousness , and other manifestations of shock may develop as soon as 15 minutes after the bite , while local effects of envenoming may leave permanent impairment .\nin the state of amazonas and in areas nearby manaus , the snakes responsible for the majority of accidents are bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta , with a percentage of confirmed species of 76 % and 17 % , respectively . frequently , in the absence of the laquetic and bothropic - laquetic antivenoms , the instituto de medicina tropical de manaus ( imtm ) has been using bothropic antivenom in the treatment of laquetic accident . in this paper is related a case of accident caused by l . muta muta ; the patient was treated with bothropic antivenom , and after received twenty ampules of this antivenom , maintained blood incoagulability until the 13th day after the accident . experiments to obtain the potency of the bothropic antivenom for the coagulant and hemorrhagic activities have been done , using bothrops atrox venom as control . the results showed that the potency of the antivenom for the hemorrhagic activity was similar , and the potency for the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom was 9 . 2 times minor than that for b . atrox . the antibodies titers from three different lots of bothropic antivenom varied for the l . m . muta venom , and were constant for the b . atrox venom . due to the inefficiency of the bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom , the use of bothropic antivenom is not recommended in the treatment of lachesis muta muta accidents .\n/ case reports / in the state of amazonas and in areas nearby manaus , the snakes responsible for the majority of accidents are bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta , with a percentage of confirmed species of 76 % and 17 % , respectively . frequently , in the absence of the laquetic and bothropic - laquetic antivenoms , the instituto de medicina tropical de manaus ( imtm ) has been using bothropic antivenom in the treatment of laquetic accident . in this paper is related a case of accident caused by l . muta muta ; the patient was treated with bothropic antivenom , and after received twenty ampoules of this antivenom , maintained blood incoagulability until the 13th day after the accident . experiments to obtain the potency of the bothropic antivenom for the coagulant and hemorrhagic activities has been done , using bothrops atrox venom as control . the results showed that the potency of the antivenom for the hemorrhagic activity was similar , and the potency for the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom was 9 . 2 times minor than that for b . atrox . the antibodies titles from three different lots of bothropic antivenom varied for the l . m . muta venom , and were constant for the b . atrox venom . due to the inefficiency of the bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom , the use of bothropic antivenom is not recommended in the treatment of lachesis muta muta accidents .\nfigures 2 - 23 . map of south american distribution of l . muta muta and l . muta rhombeata . figure 2 shows the standard demographic arrangement of lachesis muta in south america , with l . muta muta occupying nearly all of the amazonian regions ; and the debated subspecies , l . muta rhombeata restricted to brazil ' s atlantic forest belt . figure 23 shows my recommended revision of this distribution based on morphology : l . muta muta becomes restricted to trinidad , the guyana shield and contiguous regions ; and the range of l . muta rhombeata expanded to include the amazonian basin and contiguous areas . there is obviously a high degree of overlap , not unexpected in trinominal classification . this is a true clinal variation within a single species of snake , and subspecific classification best addresses these morphological differences accordingly .\n/ other toxicity information / snake - venom proteins form multi - component defence systems by the recruitment and rapid evolution of nonvenomous proteins and hence serve as model systems to understand the structural modifications that result in toxicity . l - amino - acid oxidases ( laaos ) are encountered in a number of snake venoms and have been implicated in the inhibition of platelet aggregation , cytotoxicity , hemolysis , apoptosis and hemorrhage . an l - amino - acid oxidase from lachesis muta venom has been purified and crystallized . the crystals belonged to space group p21 , with unit - cell parameters a = 66 . 05 , b = 79 . 41 , c = 100 . 52 a / angstrom / , beta = 96 . 55 deg . the asymmetric unit contained two molecules and the structure has been determined and partially refined at 3 . 0 a / angstrom / resolution .\nl . stenophrys venom proteins were separated by two - dimensional electrophoresis ( 2de ) using an ettan ipgphor iii instrument ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) . for isoelectric focusing , 300\u2013350 \u03bcg of total venom proteins in 200 \u03bcl destreak rehydration solution ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) including 10 mm dtt and 0 . 5 % ipg buffer ph 3\u201310 nl ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) were loaded on a 11 cm ipg strip , ph 3\u201310 ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) and then focused using the following electrophoretic conditions : 500 v for 30 min , 1000 v for 30 min and 5000 v for 80 min . after isoelectric focusing , sds - page was performed under reducing conditions in 4\u201315 % criterion tgx precast 11 cm gels ( bio - rad , usa ) . an unstained protein molecular weight marker ( fermentas ) was included in the analysis . gels were stained using bio - safe coomassie stain ( bio - rad , usa ) or plusone silver staining kit ( ge healthcare ab , uppsala , sweden ) following the manufacturer\u00b4s instructions , and images were taken with chemidoc xrs imaging system ( biorad , usa ) . spot identification was done using the collaborative bioimage informatics platform icy [ 34 ] and quantified as relative density percentage using imagej software [ 35 ] .\n/ other toxicity information / the kinetic behavior of a thrombin - like enzyme from lachesis muta muta venom has been studied with 13 tripeptidyl p - nitroanilide substrates . eight substrates were unprotected at the n terminus and were used for the regression analysis of the experimentally determined kinetic parameters 1 / km , kcat and kcat / km . the individual contribution of each amino acid side chain to the kinetic parameters was calculated . the amino acid sequence of the ideal substrate ( d - pro - leu - arg - pna ) was determined from a regression analysis for each kinetic parameter . this result was confirmed experimentally . the structural analysis of the tripeptides showed that the binding to the s3 sub - site had a small effect on km . the binding of l - leu to the s2 sub - site increased kcat without changing the value of km . the analysis of the kinetic parameters revealed that , in the binding of l - leu to the s2 sub - site , the enzyme bound the transition state configuration of the substrate / product transformation more tightly than that of the substrate .\n96 - well plates ( dynatech immulon , alexandria , va ) were coated overnight at 4\u00b0c with lachesis venoms ( 0 . 5 \u03bcm / well ) in 0 . 1 m tris , 0 . 15 m nacl , ph 9 . 0 buffer . the plates were blocked for 1h with 2 % bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) in 20 mm phosphate , 135 mm nacl , ph 7 . 4 ( pbs ) at room temperature . purified antivenom immunoglobulins were serially diluted by a factor of 3 ( starting from a dilution of 1 / 500 ) in pbs containing 1 % bsa , and added to the wells for 1 h at room temperature . the plates were washed four times with washing buffer ( 50 mm tris , 150 mm nacl , 20 \u03bcm zncl 2 , 1 mm mgcl 2 , ph 7 . 4 ) , and anti - horse igg - phosphatase - conjugate ( sigma , st . louis , mo , usa ) , diluted 1 : 20 , 000 with pbs containing 1 % bsa , was added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature . the plates were washed and developed with p - nitrophenylphosphate in diethanolamine buffer ( 1 mm mgcl 2 , 90 mm diethanolamine , ph 9 . 8 ) . absorbance at 405 nm was recorded after 90 min using a microplate reader ( multiskan labsystems ltd . , helsinki , finland ) .\nall the in vivo experiments were performed in cd - 1 mice , and the protocols were approved by the institutional committee for the care and use of laboratory animals ( cicua ) of the university of costa rica . lethality was assessed by the intraperitoneal route in 16\u201318 g mice and a challenge dose corresponded to 3 median lethal doses ( ld 50 ) was used for the neutralization tests [ 37 ] . an arbitrary level of 500 \u03bcl antivenom / mg venom was selected to evaluate the efficacy of antivenoms for neutralizing lethality . only this antivenom / venom ratio was used owing to the scarcity of some venoms and also for reducing the number of mice used . death of mice was recorded at 48 h . hemorrhagic activity was evaluated by using the rodent skin test using 18\u201320 g mice and a challenge venom dose corresponding to 10 minimum hemorrhagic doses ( mhd ) [ 41 ] . coagulant activity was assessed on citrated human plasma and the challenge dose used was 2 minimum coagulant doses ( mcd ) [ 40 ] . proteolytic activity was determined using azocasein ( sigma , usa ) as substrate , as described by guti\u00e9rrez et al . [ 42 ] . for neutralization tests , a challenge dose was selected , corresponding to the amount of venom that induced a change in absorbance of 0 . 75 at 450 nm . a summary of reference venom activities ( median lethal dose , minimum hemorrhagic dose , minimum coagulant dose and challenge dose for proteolytic activity ) of lachesis venoms are listed in table 1 .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\ncope , e . d . 1875 . on the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica with notes on the herpetology and ichthyology of nicaragua and peru . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia n . s . ( 2 ) 8 : 93 - 183 [ sometimes said to be published 1876 but see murphy et al . 2007 for clarification ] ] - get paper here\nhenderson , c . l . 2010 . mammals , amphibians , and reptiles of costa rica - a field guide . university of texas press , austin , 198 pp .\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nmonzel , markus & wolfgang w\u00fcster 2008 . neotropische grubenottern \u2013 evolution , biogeographie und \u00f6kologie . draco 8 ( 33 ) : 4 - 27 - get paper here\nparkinson , c . l . 1999 . molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal dna sequences . copeia 1999 ( 3 ) : 576 - 586 - get paper here\npeters , james a . ; donoso - barros , roberto & orejas - miranda , braulio 1970 . catalogue of the neotropical squamata : part i snakes . part ii lizards and amphisbaenians . bull . us natl . mus . 297 : 347 pp . - get paper here\nporras , l . w . & sol\u00f3rzano , a . 2006 . costa rica\u2019s venomous snakes . reptilia ( gb ) ( 48 ) : 11 - 17 - get paper here\nporras , l . w . & sol\u00f3rzano , a . 2006 . die schlangen costa ricas . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 11 ( 61 ) : 20 - 27 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nsmith , hobart m . ; langebartel , david a . ; williams , kenneth l . 1964 . herpetological type - specimens in the university of illinois museum of natural history . illinois biological monographs ( 32 ) : 1 - 80\nsolorzano , a . 2004 . serpientes de costa rica - snakes of costa rica . editorial inbio , costa rica , 792 pp .\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1951 . a brief review ot the snakes of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 1 ) : 3 - 188 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\ncontinent : middle - america distribution : nicaragua , costa rica , panama type locality : sip\u00fario , costa rica .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmadrigal m 1 , sanz l , flores - d\u00edaz m , sasa m , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , alape - gir\u00f3n a , calvete jj .\ninstituto clodomiro picado , facultad de microbiolog\u00eda , universidad de costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , costa rica .\narroyo c 1 , solano s 1 , herrera m 1 , segura \u00e1 1 , estrada r 1 , vargas m 1 , villalta m 1 , guti\u00e9rrez jm 1 , le\u00f3n g 2 ."]}
{"id": 1370, "summary": [{"text": "murexsul octogonus , or the octagonal murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "murexsul octogonus", "paragraphs": ["murexsul cuvierensis finlay , c . c . , 1927 : cuvier island , nw north island , new zealand\nscott , i . oct / 2000 : murexsul feeding at leigh , poirieria , 26 ( p . 23 )\nscott , i . apr / 1989 : a closer look at muricopsis octogonus , poirieria , 15 ( 6 ) ( p . 6 )\n( of muricopsis ( murexsul ) octogonus ( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of muricopsis octogonus ( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of murex octogonus quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l '\nastrolabe\nex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n( of murex peruvianus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nmarshall , b . a . , burch , k . w . 2000 : the new zealand recent species of muricopsis bucquoy , dautzenberg and dollfus , 1882 ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , the nautilus , 114 ( 1 ) ( p . 18 )\nbeu , a . g . , maxwell , p . a . 1990 : cenozoic mollusca of new zealand , new zealand geological survey , 58 ( p . 359 )\npowell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 170 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 777 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsowerby 1841 ( in 1832 - 1841 ) , pl . 195 , fig . 103 ;\n, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species\nn . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus\nis characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of\n( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .\nwith two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .\nin its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species\nin the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .\nas distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera\nas examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .\n) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .\nis common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards"]}
{"id": 1375, "summary": [{"text": "balitora kwangsiensis is a species of hillstream loach found in southeast asia ( southern china , laos , and vietnam ) .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it inhabits rapid-flowing rivers and grows to a total length of 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "balitora kwangsiensis", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere are a number of species described from viet nam which are likely to be synonyms . this includes :\njustification : the species has been assessed as least concern as this species has a large distribution and there are no known widespread threats to the species .\nthe species has a southeast and east asian distribution . it is known from pearl river basin in south and southeastern china , on hainan island , the red river basin in viet nam and southern china and the ma river basin in lao pdr ( chu and chen 1990 , zheng 1991 , yue\nthis species is utilized as part of local subsistence fisheries ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthe species has been recorded from gulongshan nature reserve , guanxi , china , and is likely present in others .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nknown from guangdong province in the drainages of dong jiang , bei jiang and xi jiang , and from the drainages in hainan island and their river mouths ( ref . 33405 ) . found in the red river and nanpan - jiang in yunnan , guangxi and guangdong provinces ( ref . 37823 ) . recorded from lianzhou of guangdong province ; guangxi province : ( yangsu , ningming , longzhou , rongan ) ; hainan province : ( qiongzhong , shiyuan ) ; 7 specimens from lianshan county of beijiang river system in guangdong province , and qiongzhong county of hainan province ( ref . 45625 ) . also ref . 26563 , 35840 , 37823 , 43281 .\nmax length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2059 ) ; common length : 7 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )\nasia : nam ma basin in laos , red river basin in viet nam and yunnan , and southeastern china .\nhaving body depth 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 times in width ( at pelvic origin ) ; belly entirely without scales in front of anus ; pectoral fin reaching only about halfway between its base and pelvic origin ; 8 - 9 relatively small black blotches along back , surrounded by a paler area ( ref . 43281 ) .\npd 50 = 0 . 5000 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1383, "summary": [{"text": "the stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) is a species of fresh water ray-finned fish in the balitoridae family .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is one of seventeen species in the genus barbatula .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in baltic states , eastern europe , austria , belgium , bulgaria , czech republic , denmark , finland , france , germany , hungary , ireland , italy , liechtenstein , luxembourg , moldova , the netherlands , poland , romania , serbia and montenegro , slovakia , slovenia , spain , sweden , switzerland , and the united kingdom .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "stone loaches live amongst the gravel and stones of fast flowing water where they can search for food .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the most distinctive feature of this 14 cm fish is the presence of barbels around the bottom jaw , which they use to detect their invertebrate prey .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the body is a mixture of brown , green and yellow . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "stone loach", "paragraphs": ["the stone loach is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ndescriptive osteology of a newly described stone loach , oxynoemacheilus chomanicus ( kamangar et al . , 2014 ) ( cypriniformes , nemacheilidae )\nalong a stream , we investigated whether the abundance of stone loach ( barbatula barbatula , l . ) was related to the presence of brown trout ( salmo trutta , l . ) and instream habitat variables . first , a field survey was carried out where different habitat variables and the densities of both species were quantified and subjected to principal components analysis . then the abundance of stone loach was related to the scores of the retained axes ( eigenvalues > 1 ) . the abundance of stone loach was positively correlated to substrate particle size , amount of shade , temperature , discharge and current velocity , but negatively correlated to brown trout abundance . secondly , a month - long field enclosure experiment in a stream was performed to test for any negative effects of brown trout on stone loach growth . four treatments were used : intraspecific competition ( stone loach at double density ) , interspecific competition ( stone loach + small trout ) , predation ( stone loach + large trout ) and a control ( stone loach alone ) . the results showed that large trout tended to have negative effects on final stone loach biomass . the absence of a negative effect of large trout on resource density suggests that nonlethal effects rather than resource competition caused this trend .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - stone loach ( barbatula barbatula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - stone loach ( barbatula barbatula )\ntitle =\narkive species - stone loach ( barbatula barbatula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe effect of interaction between the stone loach noemacheilus barbatulus ( l . ) and the bullhead cottus gobio ( l . ) on prey and habitat selection\nthe effect of interaction between the stone loach noemacheilus barbatulus ( l . ) and the bullhead cottus gobio ( l . ) on prey and habitat selection | springerlink\ndo instream habitat variables and the abundance of brown trout salmo trutta ( l . ) affect the distribution and growth of stone loach , barbatula barbatula ( l . ) ?\n@ article { c7137605 - fdeb - 4889 - bf4e - 7097b2f95108 , abstract = { along a stream , we investigated whether the abundance of stone loach ( barbatula barbatula , l . ) was related to the presence of brown trout ( salmo trutta , l . ) and instream habitat variables . first , a field survey was carried out where different habitat variables and the densities of both species were quantified and subjected to principal components analysis . then the abundance of stone loach was related to the scores of the retained axes ( eigenvalues & gt ; 1 ) . the abundance of stone loach was positively correlated to substrate particle size , amount of shade , temperature , discharge and current velocity , but negatively correlated to brown trout abundance . secondly , a month - long field enclosure experiment in a stream was performed to test for any negative effects of brown trout on stone loach growth . four treatments were used : intraspecific competition ( stone loach at double density ) , interspecific competition ( stone loach + small trout ) , predation ( stone loach + large trout ) and a control ( stone loach alone ) . the results showed that large trout tended to have negative effects on final stone loach biomass . the absence of a negative effect of large trout on resource density suggests that nonlethal effects rather than resource competition caused this trend . } , author = { nilsson , erika and persson , anders } , issn = { 0906 - 6691 } , language = { eng } , number = { 1 } , pages = { 40 - - 49 } , publisher = { wiley - blackwell } , series = { ecology of freshwater fish } , title = { do instream habitat variables and the abundance of brown trout salmo trutta ( l . ) affect the distribution and growth of stone loach , barbatula barbatula ( l . ) ? } , url = urltoken volume = { 14 } , year = { 2005 } , }\nalong a stream , we investigated whether the abundance of stone loach ( barbatula barbatula , l . ) was related to the presence of brown trout ( salmo trutta , l . ) and instream habitat variables . first , a field survey was carried out where different habitat variables and the densities of both species were quantified and subjected to principal components analysis . then the abundance of stone loach was related to the scores of the retained axes ( eigenvalues > 1 ) . the abundance of stone loach was positively correlated to substrate particle size , amount of shade , temperature , discharge and current velocity , but negatively correlated to brown trout abundance . secondly , a month - long field enclosure experiment in a stream was performed to test for any . . .\np . mafakheri , s . eagderi , h . farahmand , and h . mousavi - sabet , \u201costeological structure of kiabi loach (\np . mafakheri , s . eagderi , h . farahmand , and h . mousavi - sabet , \u201cdescriptive osteology of persian loach (\nj . freyhof , f . erk ' akan , c . \u00f6zeren , and a . perdices , \u201can overview of the western palaearctic loach genus\nstone loach and bullhead were given a choice of chironomus and asellus prey in experiments using solitary fish and fish in company . solitary fish ate more than fish in company . the effect of light and substratum type on feeding was investigated . both species ate more prey items on gravel than silt when a significant difference was observed . bullhead ate more than loach in the light on both substrata . the only experiment in which loach ate more than bullhead was on a silt substratum in the dark . it is concluded that these two species utilise different components of the available food resources in chalk streams by adopting different habitats .\nb . b . kamangar , a . m . prokofiev , e . ghaderi , and t . t . nalbant , \u201cstone loaches of choman river system , kurdistan , iran ( teleostei :\nappearance : a small , elongate , bottom - dwelling fish with three pairs of mouth barbels 3 - 5 mm in length . small eyes located almost on top of the head . body shape more cylindrical , forebody somewhat fatter than the spined loach , in which the body is laterally more flattened . tips of dorsal and caudal fins rounded , posterior margins may be slightly notched . fins of spined loach are more rounded .\ntopmouth gudgeon ( pseudorasbora parva ) is one of the most invasive aquatic fish species in europe and causes adverse effects to ecosystem structure and functioning . knowledge and understanding of the species\u2019 interactions with the environment and with native fish are important to stop and prevent the further spread of the species . creating species distribution models is a useful technique to determine which factors influence the occurrence and abundance of a species . we applied three different modelling techniques : general additive models , random forests and fuzzy habitat suitability modelling ( fhsm ) to assess the habitat suitability of topmouth gudgeon . the former two techniques indicated that the abundance of native fish ( i . e . biotic variables ) was more important than environmental variables when determining the abundance of topmouth gudgeon in flanders ( belgium ) . bitterling ( rhodeus amarus ) , stone loach ( barbatula barbatula ) , three - spined stickleback ( gasterosteus aculeatus ) and predator abundance were selected as the most important biotic variables and implemented in the fhsm to investigate species interactions . depending on the preferred food source and spawning behaviour , either coexistence or interspecific competition can occur with bitterling , stone loach and three - spined stickleback . in contrast , the presence of predators clearly had a top down effect on topmouth gudgeon abundance . these findings could be applied as a biological control measure and implemented in conservation strategies in order to reduce the abundance of earlier established populations of topmouth gudgeon .\nusually found in flowing stretches of streams and medium - sized rivers with gravel to stone bottom , but also in a variety of other habitats , including sandy canals and lake shores . larvae are benthic . larvae and small juveniles prefer sand bottom and slow current , shifting to gravel bottom and fast current when growing . adults prey on relatively large benthic invertebrates such as gammarids , chironomids , insect larvae . they breed on gravel , sand or among aquatic vegetation . tolerate moderate organic pollution and stream canalization and very sensitive to pollution by heavy metals ( ref . 59043 ) . sensitive to pollution and low oxygen levels , therefore , its presence in a river can be taken as an indication of good water quality ( ref . 6111 ) .\nstone loaches , the family nemacheilidae , are small benthic fishes [ 1 ] found in fresh waters of asia and its islands , europe , and northeast africa [ 2 ] . this family have a great diversity in iranian inland waters [ 1 , 3 , 4 ] , with more than 40 reported species , including 24 endemic species [ 3 \u2013 9 ] . they are less known due to small size and low economic value [ 10 , 11 ] and their classification is still complicated ; therefore , ichthyologists are trying to reveal their phylogenetic status [ 12 ] . given that , the osteological characteristics can play an important role in this regard [ 13 ] , since osteology is a useful tool to study the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships among fishes [ 14 , 15 ] .\ncolouring : generally yellowish brown with darker bands and mottling . indistinct dark line joining eye to snout .\ndistribution and habitat : a freshwater species found throughout finland as far north as the lower reaches of the river kemijoki . avoids brackish water because of its salinity and occurs in the sea only in freshwater estuaries and in the easternmost part of the gulf of finland close to finland\u2019s eastern border . inhabits stony bottoms in well - oxygenated water . uses its barbels to hunt for food , foraging under stones . unable to tolerate oxygen deficiency in eutrophic lakes but copes with eutrophication better in rivers because of the higher oxygen levels .\nfacebook | contact information | terms of use and privacy policy | all rights reserved . \u00a9 copyright luontoportti / naturegate 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\noften erroneously called nemacheilus barbatulus , cobitis barbatula or orthrias barbatula . several species are apparently confused under the name b . barbatula . recent molecular studies suggest that several species are lumped under this name and a taxonomic revision is needed to settle this problem .\njustification : a widespread species with no known major widespread threats . european union 27 = lc . rationale same as above .\neurope north of caucasus , pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es and alps , from loire and rh\u00f4ne drainages eastward ; british isles ( except northern scotland ) , southern sweden and finland ( northward to about 66\u00b0n ) ; danube and vardar drainages . several similar species in asia , as far as japan ( including\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nto receive news and publication updates for international journal of zoology , enter your email address in the box below .\ndepartment of fisheries , faculty of natural resources , university of tehran , p . o . box 4314 , karaj , iran\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 parvin mafakheri et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\noxynoemacheilus chomanicus is a newly described species of the family nemacheilidae from the choman river drainage of the tigris basin . this study was conducted to provide the detailed osteological characteristics of this species and comparing them with those of other endemic species of the genus oxynoemacheilus from inland water basins of iran , namely , kiabii , o . persa , o . brandtii , o . kermanshahensis , and o . bergianus . for this purpose , nine specimens of o . chomanicus were collected , cleaned , and stained for osteological examination . then , a detailed description of their skeletal structure was provided . the results showed that o . chomanicus can be distinguished from other studied species of the genus oxynoemacheilus due to possessing an orbital shelf , number of the vertebrae , number of the hypurals , number of the unbranched rays in anal fin , features of the hemal and neural spines , and connection pattern of the parietal and frontal .\nthe genus oxynoemacheilus is a species rich genus of the family nemacheilidae known from albania eastwards to central iran [ 16 ] and has 11 reported species from iran of which three include o . chomanicus , o . kurdestanicus , and o . zagrodensesis recently described from the choman river drainage of the tigris basin [ 4 ] . the newly described species of o . chomanicus is found in the choman river drainage ( baneh , kurdistan province ) . identification of this species is based on the morphological features that show many similarities to other members of this genus [ 4 ] .\nregarding high diversity and morphological similarity of the members of the family nemacheilidae , using combined data , including osteological and molecular data , can help to better understand their taxonomical relationship . therefore , this study was conducted to provide detailed osteological characteristics of o . chomanicus and comparing them with those of other species of the genus oxynoemacheilus from the inland water basins of iran that their osteological data are available . the finding of this study can provide the osteological features of this species that can help to discrete this species from others and be used as a basis for further phylogenetic study of the members of this genus based on the osteological data .\nnine specimens of o . chomanicus with standard length of ( mean \u00b1 sd ) were collected using electrofishing device from the choman river ( kurdistan province , iran ) . then , specimens were anesthetized with 1 % clove solution and fixed in 4 % formaldehyde . for osteological examination , the specimens were cleared and stained using alcian blue and alizarin red based on taylor and van dyke [ 17 ] . pictures of the stained skeletal structures were obtained using an epson v600 scanner equipped with a glycerol bath . the skeletal structures of each sample were observed and studied by an ms5 leica stereomicroscope . the scanned images were illustrated by coreldraw x6 software . nomenclature and abbreviation of the skeletal elements follow prokofiev [ 12 , 18 ] . detailed descriptions of the osteological features of o . kiabii , o . bergianus , o . persa , o . brandtii , and o . kermanshahensis were provided by mafakheri et al . [ 19 ] , jalili and eagderi [ 20 ] , mafakheri et al . [ 21 ] , and mafakheri [ 22 ] , respectively .\nthe anterior part of the neurocranium is narrow with wider posterior part and its maximum width is about 60 % of its length . the ethmoid region consists of the paired lateral ethmoids and unpaired supraethmoid - ethmoid and prevomer . the elongated supraethmoid - ethmoid bone is vertically fused to the prevomer and posteriorly sutured with the frontal ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) ) . the anterior part of the prevomer is heart - shaped ( figure 1 ( b ) ) and is posteriorly connected to the orbitosphenoid ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the lateral ethmoid is medially attached to the orbitosphenoid ( figure 1 ) . the anterior part of the lateral ethmoid is projected and its posterior part is convex in shape ( figure 1 ) .\nfigure 1 : ( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , and ( c ) ventral views of the neurocranium of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . pr - bo : basioccipital process ; bo : basioccipital ; epo : epiotic ; exo : exoccipital ; fon : fontanelle ; fr : frontal ; fr - exo : foramen exoccipital ; let : lateral ethmoid ; orb : orbitosphenoid ; pa : parietal ; pe : prevomer ; pro : prootic ; ps : parasphenoid ; pto : pterotic ; pts : pterosphenoid ; se : supraethmoid - ethmoid ; soc : supraoccipital ; spo : sphenotic .\nthe orbital region includes the paired frontal , pterosphenoid , and sclerotic , and the unpaired orbitosphenoid and parasphenoid . the frontal is the largest bony element of the neurocranium\u2019s roof . this bone is laterally connected to the orbitosphenoid , pterosphenoid , and sphenotic and posteriorly to the parietal ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) ) . the frontal is connected to the lateral ethmoid via the orbital shelf ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . the two frontals are connected medially but they are separated posteriorly and form the anterior part of the fontanelle ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . the orbitosphenoid is posteriorly connected to the heavy bone of the pterosphenoid . in the ventral plan , the parasphenoid is connected to the prevomer , orbitosphenoid , pterosphenoid , prootic , and basioccipital ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the parasphenoid , orbitosphenoid , and pterosphenoid enclose the orbital foramen ( figure 1 ( b ) ) . the parasphenoid meets the prootic and pterosphenoid via its lateral wings and form a large foramen in ventral plan of the neurocranium ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . two small bones of the sclerotic enclose the orbits .\nthe otic region consists of the parietals , epiotics , pterotics , prootics , and sphenotics ( figure 1 ) . the parietal is located between the frontal and supraoccipital ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . this bone is anterolaterally connected to the sphenotic and posterolaterally to the epiotic ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( b ) ) . the pterotic is almost triangle in shape that it locates between the sphenotic and epiotic dorsally , and the prootic and exoccipital ventrally ( figures 1 ( a ) and 1 ( c ) ) . connection of the epiotic and sphenotic avoids the relationship between the pterotic and parietal ( figure 1 ( b ) ) . the pterosphenoid , sphenotic , and prootic form the anterior articulatory facet for articulating the anterior condyle of the hyomandibular and the sphenotic and pterotic form the posterior articulatory facet for articulating the posterior condyle of the hyomandibular ( figures 2 ( b ) and 2 ( c ) ) .\nfigure 2 : ( a ) anterior part of the ethmoid region and ( b ) lateral plan of kinethmoid and autopalatine of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . apl : autopalatine ; ke : kinethmoid ; mx : maxilla ; pe : prevomer ; peth ii : preethmoid ii ; pmx : premaxilla ; ppl : prepalatine ; ses : sesamoid .\nthe occipital region consists of both unpaired supraoccipital and basioccipital and the paired exoccipital ( figure 1 ) . the supraoccipital forms the posterior part of the fontanelle . this bone is connected to the sphenotic by its anterolateral wings and posteriorly to the exoccipitals ( figure 1 ( a ) ) . the exoccipital bears a large foramen and it is connected to the prootic anteroventrally ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the basioccipital is posteriorly narrower having a ring - shaped process ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . this bone is situated between the exoccipitals and connected to the prootics anteriorly ( figure 1 ( c ) ) . the basioccipital is posteriorly articulated to the first centrum . in a ligamentous space anterior to the ethmoid region , the paired preethmoid ii , prepalatine , and sesamoid and unpaired kinethmoid are present ( figure 2 ) . the prepalatine is located between the autopalatine and maxilla . the prepalatine is medially connected to the preethmoid ii ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . the rod - shaped preethmoid ii is anteriorly connected to the maxilla and posteriorly to the prevomer . the cylindrically shaped kinethmoid is vertically located between jaws ( figure 2 ( a ) ) .\nthe upper jaw consists of the premaxilla and maxilla ( figure 3 ) . the premaxilla has two processes , that is , pr . ascenden and pr . alveolar . the premaxilla is ligamentously connected to the kinethmoid . the maxilla is a large laminar bone which has a small anteroventral process connecting to the preethmoid ii and prepalatine and an anteroventral process that is tilted downwardly reaching its counterpart ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . the lower jaw is composed of the dental , articular , retroarticular , and coronomeckelian . the large dental has two processes , including narrow ramus dentalis and wide coronoid processes . the articular is overlapped with the dental and posteriorly articulated to the quadrate . the small bone of the coronomeckelian is attached to the medial face of the articular . the small bone of the retroarticular is articulated to the posteroventral part of the articular .\nfigure 3 : ( a ) upper jaw and ( b ) medial view of lower jaw in oxynoemacheilus chomanicus art : articulare ; cm : coronomeckelian ; den : dental ; mx : maxilla ; pmx : premaxillary ; rar : retroarticular .\nthe branchial arch consists of the basibranchials , hypobranchials , ceratobranchials , epibranchials , and infrapharyngobranchials ( figure 4 ) . there are four basibranchials , which locate between the hypobranchials . the two first basibranchials are similar in shape . the hypobranchials are three pairs and almost square - shaped . in each side , there are five ceratobranchials of which the last one has different shape possessing pharyngeal teeth ( figure 4 ) . the four paired epibranchials situate between the rectangularly shaped ceratobranchials and the small infrapharyngobranchials . the infrapharingobranchials are horizontally arranged on the epibranchials .\nfigure 4 : branchial apparatus of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . bbr : basibranchial ; cbr : ceratobranchial ( cbr5 : pharyngeal bones ) ; ebr : epibranchial ; hbr : hypobranchial ; pbr : infrapharyngobranchials .\nthe hyoid arch is composed of the basihyal , dorsal hypohyal , ventral hypohyal , ceratohyal , epihyal , interhyal , urohyal , extra urohyal , and branchiostegals ( figure 5 ) . the large cylindrical ceratohyal intervenes between the hypohyals and the epihyal ( figure 5 ) . the epihyal is triangular in shape . a small rod - shaped interhyal fits in a small groove on the posterodorsal part of the epihyal ventrally . the dorsal hypohyal and ventral hypohyal are connected firmly . two small rod - shaped extra urohyals are located between the hypohyals and ligamentously connected to the urohyal and basihyal . the laminar bone of the urohyal bears a depression anteriorly and wings anterolaterally ( figure 5 ) . the unpaired basihyal is t - shaped . there are three curved branchiostegals of which the first one is attached to the ceratohyal , the connection point of the second one is located between ceratohyal and epihyal , and the third one is connected to the epihyal .\nfigure 5 : hyoid arch of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . bhy : basihyal ; br : branchiostegal ; chy : ceratohyal ; dhy and vhy : dorsal and ventral hypohyal ; ehy : epihyal ; ihy : interhyal ; uhy : urohyal ; uhye : extra urohyal .\nthe suspensorium consists of the autopalatine , endopterygoid , ectopterygoid , metapterygoid , hyomandibular , quadrate , and symplectic ( figure 6 ) . the autopalatine is a heavy bone articulating to the endopterygoid posteriorly ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . there is a strong ligamentous attachment between the endopterygoid , ectopterygoid , metapterygoid , and quadrate . the triangle - shaped bone of the symplectic is inserted into the depression of the quadrate . a condyle for articulation to the articular presents in the anteroventral part of the quadrat . the hyomandibular bears two articular heads dorsally for the craniohyomandibular articulations .\nfigure 6 : medial view of the suspensorium of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . apl : autopalatine ; ect : ectopterygoid ; end : endopterygoid ; hm : hyomandibular ; io : interopercle ; mtp : metapterygoid ; op : opercle ; po : preopercle ; q : quadrate ; so : subopercle ; sym : symplectic .\nthis series consists of the opercle , subopercle , interopercle , and preopercle ( figure 6 ) . the opercle is the largest element of the opercular series and its dorsal margin is concaved . this bone has a large condyle , which is articulated to the hyomandibular . the opercle covers the paddle - shaped subopercle ventrally ( figure 7 ) . the narrow curved preopercle almost locates at the rear of the interopercle ( figure 6 ) . the interopercle is not completely ossified and connected to the subopercle posteriorly ( figure 6 ) .\nfigure 7 : medial views of the pectoral girdle of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . cl : cleithrum ; cor : coracoid ; mcor : mesocoracoid ; ptt : posttemporal ; rad : ossified pectoral radial ; sc : scapula ; scl : supracleithrum ; stt : supratemporal .\nthe pectoral girdle includes the cleithrum , coracoid , scapula , mesocoracoid , supratemporal , posttemporal , supracleithrum , and radials ( figure 7 ) . the cleithrum is the largest bony elements of the pectoral girdle possessing the vertical and horizontal sections . its vertical section is connected to the supracleithrum , whereas the horizontal one is connected to the scapula and coracoid . the coracoid is narrow anteriorly . the scapula is located between the cleithrum and coracoid . there is a large foramen on its middle face . the mesocoracoid is a small rod - shaped bone , which is medially located between the cleithrum and coracoid . the mesocoracoid indirectly connects these two bones ( figure 7 ) . the supracleithrum bears a ridge on its lateral face . the elongated posttemporal is situated in the anterolateral depression of the supracleithrum . this bone is posterolaterally fused to the supratemporal . the supratemporal is a small tubular - shaped bone . there are four radials of which first two ones are narrow and elongated and the most medial one is the smallest and widest one .\nthe pelvic girdle consists of the paired pelvic bones and radials . the pelvic bones are horizontally located in belly area . the pelvic bones are firmly connected by a strong ligament medially . they have posterolateral processes , that is , pr . iliacus that along with the posterior process , that is , pr . ischiadicus , forms a depression for positioning the rays and radials . the pelvic bone is anteriorly narrow ( pubic process ) . there are three small radials . there are one unbranched ray , seven branched rays , and one small curved pelvic splint in the pelvic fin .\nthere are 37 centra of which first four centra form the weberian apparatus and bony capsule . the hemal and neural spines are narrow . the dorsal fin has 9 pterygiophores and one stay and the first pterygiophore is the largest reaching the 11th or 12th vertebra . there are five unbranched and 8 1 / 2 branched rays in dorsal fin ( figure 8 ( a ) ) . the number of the pterygiophores in anal fin is six with one stay in which first pterygiophore reaches the 24th centrum . the number of unbranched and branched rays in anal fin is 4 and 5 1 / 2 , respectively ( figure 8 ( b ) ) .\nfigure 8 : ( a ) dorsal fin and ( b ) anal fin of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . dr : distal radial ; mr : medial radial ; pr : proximal radial ; sty : stay .\nthe caudal complex consists of the second preural centrum and its neural and hemal processes , first preural centrum , ural - 1 + ural - 2 , pleurostyle , hypurals , parhypural , epural , and principal caudal rays , and procurrent rays ( figure 9 ) . the hemal process of the second preural is articulated to its centrum and its neural process is fused to its centrum . the last centrum is formed by the fused ural - 1 , ural - 2 , and preural - 1 . the wide rectangularly shaped parhypural along with the hypural - 1 is articulated to the last centrum . the parhypural is dorsally connected to the hypural - 1 . there are six hypurals of which first two ones are large . the hypural - 2 is fused to the centrum and others are inserted into the groove of the pleurostyle . the last hypural is small . the small epural is located between the pleurostyle and neural rudimentary . the pleurostyle is elongated and fused to the centrum . the principal caudal rays are supported by the hypurals .\nfigure 9 : caudal skeleton of oxynoemacheilus chomanicus . epu : epural ; hp : hypural ; hpu2 : hemal process of the second preural centrum ; npu - 2 : neural process of the second preural centrum ; ph : parhypural ; ust : pleurostyle .\nthe members of the genus oxynoemacheilus , with 11 reported species , are distributed in the most of the inland waters basins of iran and their identification is difficult based on their external morphology . hence , the osteological features are suitable characteristics for their distinction [ 12 , 18 ] . in addition , the osteological data can be well interpreted in taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of fish species even in higher level [ 23 ] . there are various works on the phylogenetic relationships of the superfamily cobitoidea using osteological characteristics containing important information [ 12 , 13 , 18 , 24 \u2013 27 ] . therefore , the present study provided detailed osteological characteristics of o . chomanicus for further taxonomical studies of these taxa .\nprokofiev [ 12 ] has pointed out that the coronomeckelian is located on the base and dorsal edge of the coronoid processes in the genus oxynoemacheilus , whereas it is attached to the articular in o . chomanicus as mentioned by sawada [ 13 ] . in addition , prokofiev [ 12 ] mentioned that the lateral ethmoid is stationarily jointed with the supraethmoid - ethmoid , while such a feature was not observed in o . chomanicus . in o . chomanicus , similar to other compared species of this genus , the prootic , pterosphenoid , and sphenotic form the anterior articulatory facet , and the pterotic and sphenotic form the posterior articulatory facet , whereas prokofiev [ 12 ] mentioned that , in the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus , the anterior articulatory facet is restricted by the sphenotic and prootic , and the posterior articulatory facet is restricted by the sphenotic , prootic , and pterotic .\nbased on the results , this species shows some osteological features that can be considered as its osteological identification key in comparison to o . kiabii [ 19 ] , o . persa [ 21 ] , o . brandtii , o . kermanshahensis [ 22 ] , and o . bergianus [ 20 ] . there is an orbital shelf of the frontal in o . chomanicus , whereas such shelf is not present in o . persa [ 21 ] . the posterior process of the orbitosphenoid in o . persa is well developed [ 21 ] unlike that of o . chomanicus .\nin o . kiabii , the supraethmoid - ethmoid is shorter and wider [ 19 ] than that of o . chomanicus . the connection pattern of the frontal and parietal in o . kiabii had a zigzag pattern [ 19 ] versus straight one of o . chomanicus . furthermore , there is a small bone between the frontal and parietal in o . persa [ 21 ] . the shape of the metapterygoid in o . chomanicus is rectangular , while it is square - shaped in o . kiabii [ 19 ] . furthermore , the hypohyals\u2019 processes of o . kiabii are well developed [ 19 ] unlike that of o . chomanicus . in o . brandtii and o . bergianus , the hemal and neural spines are wider and well developed [ 20 , 22 ] , while those of o . chomanicus are thin and narrow similar to o . kiabii , o . persa , and o . bergianus .\noxynoemacheilus chomanicus has six hypurals , whereas o . kiabii , o . brandtii , o . persa , and o . kermanshahensis have five hypurals . the number of the vertebrae in o . chomanicus is 37 , whereas o . persa and o . kermanshahensis have 34 - 35 and 39 - 40 vertebrae , respectively [ 21 , 22 ] . the dorsal margin of the maxilla in o . chomanicus is smooth , whereas it is convex - shaped in o . kermanshahensis [ 22 ] .\nin o . chomanicus , the number of unbranched rays in dorsal and anal fins is five and four , respectively , which is different from the original description of this species ( three and three ) by kamangar et al . [ 4 ] . these extra unbranched rays were visible only in cleared and stained specimens . the number of branched rays in dorsal and anal fins of o . chomanicus is 8 1 / 2 and 5 1 / 2 , respectively , corresponding to description of this species by kamangar et al . [ 4 ] . the branched rays of the dorsal fin in o . chomanicus are more than those of o . kermanshahensis [ 19 ] .\nsome species of the genus oxynoemacheilus were previously placed in other genera , including barbatula and triplophysa , but osteological investigations revealed their differences and ascribed them to related genera [ 12 , 13 ] . of the most important differences of the genus oxynoemacheilus with the members of the genera barbatula and triplophysa are lack of the preethmoid - i and the number and shape of the radials of the pectoral fin . in the examined species , including o . persa , o . bergianus , o . brandtii , o . kermanshahensis , o . kiabii , and o . chomanicus , the preethmoid - i is absent . the numbers of the radials in the pectoral fins of triplophysa is 3 and barbatula is 4 with different shape compared to the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus . the members of the genus oxynoemacheilus bear two small sesamoid bones , whereas this bone is absent in triplophysa and barbatula [ 12 , 13 ] . in oxynoemacheilus , the number of the branched rays of the anal fin is 5 , whereas this number can be higher in barbatula and triplophysa .\nbased on the results , the presence of the orbital shelf , number of the vertebrae , number of the hypurals , number of the unbranched rays in anal fin , features of the hemal and neural spines , and connection pattern of the parietal and frontal can be offered as identified keys for o . chomanicus from other examined species of the genus oxynoemacheilus from inland water of iran .\nthe authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper .\na . abdoli , k . golzarianpour , b . kiabi , m . naderi , and r . patimar , \u201cstatus of the endemic loaches of iran , \u201d\nh . r . esmaeili , b . w . coad , a . gholamifard , n . nazari , and a . teimory , \u201cannotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of iran , \u201d\nh . r . esmaeili , g . sayyadzadeh , m . \u00f6zulug , m . geiger , and j . freyhof , \u201cthree new species of\nj . freyhof , h . r . esmaeili , g . sayyadzadeh , and m . geiger , \u201creview of the crested loaches of the genus paracobitis from iran and iraq with the description of four new species ( teleostei : nemacheilidae ) , \u201d\nj . freyhof , g . sayyadzadeh , h . r . esmaeili , and m . geiger , \u201creview of the genus\nh . mousavi - sabet , g . sayyadzadeh , h . r . esmaeili , s . eagderi , r . patimar , and j . freyhof , \u201c\nm . nasri , y . keivany , and s . dorafshan , \u201ccomparative osteology of lotaks ,\np . jalili , s . eagderi , n . nikmehr , and y . keivany , \u201cdescriptive osteology of\nw . r . taylor and g . c . van dyke , \u201crevised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study , \u201d\nphylogenetic of iranian genus oxynoemacheilus ( nemacheilidae ) using morphological characters [ m . s . thesis ]\nl . s . ramaswami , \u201cskeleton of cyprinoid fishes in relation to phylogenetic studies . v . the skull and the gasbladder capsule of the cobitidae , \u201d\nn . c . bird and l . p . hernandez , \u201cmorphological variation in the weberian apparatus of cypriniformes , \u201d\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 7 . 7 ; dh range : 10 - 15 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . temperate ; ? - 18\u00b0c ( ref . 13371 ) ; 67\u00b0n - 39\u00b0n , 6\u00b0w - 59\u00b0e\neurasia : europe north of caucasus , pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es and alps , from loire and rhone drainages eastward ; british isles ( except northern scotland ) , southern sweden and finland ( northward to about 66\u00b0n ) ; northeastern italy ; danube and vardar drainages ( ref . 59043 ) ; asia to china ( ref . 6111 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 21 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1441 ) ; common length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5504 ) ; max . published weight : 200 . 00 g ( ref . 5504 ) ; max . reported age : 7 years ( ref . 6111 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 . distinguished from its congeners in europe by the following combination of characters : caudal fin usually slightly emarginate ( truncate in a few populations ) ; pelvic origin beneath dorsal origin or under branched dorsal rays 1 - 2 ; caudal peduncle depth 1 . 4 - 2 . 2 ( usually 1 . 6 - 2 . 0 ) times in its length , 1 . 2 - 1 . 8 times in body depth ; often lacking dark blotches along back between nape and dorsal ( ref . 59043 ) . body elongated , anteriorly somewhat depressed , posteriorly laterally compressed . three pairs of mouth barbels . no erectile spine below eye . posterior margin of caudal fin slightly notched . caudal fin with 15 - 17 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .\nspawns once a year for several years in low productivity streams , but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments ( ref . 40290 , 40756 ) . releases eggs in open open water , often close to surface . eggs drift and adhere to different substrates and are often covered by sand or detritus . individual females may spawn daily for a short period ( ref . 59043 ) .\nkottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 02592 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 69 , 2 sd range = 0 . 35 - 1 . 38 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 37 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 34 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 1 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe general appearance is of a slim , long bodied pale brown fish dappled with darker patches of brown . it has six barbels on the mouth .\nvery clean , unpolluted stony streams . it will not tolerate even mildly polluted waters .\nspawns once a year in low productivity streams , but exhibits multiple spawning within a season in high productivity environments . eggs are a dull white and laid among stones and water plants .\nwidespread and fairly frequent in all of britain except in the north of scotland .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland . widely distributed in smaller rivers and streams . including the swift , rothley brook , gaddesby brook , wreake , mease / gilwiskaw , eastern and western sence , soar , chater and charnwood streams .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis is a short preview of the document . your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\nazimi , hoda ; mousavi - sabet , hamed ; eagderi , soheil ; vatandoust , saber .\ninternational journal of aquatic biology ; karaj vol . 3 , iss . 5 , ( oct 2015 ) : 290 - 300 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\npieterjan verhelst is a recipient of a ph . d . grant financed by the agency for innovation by science and technology in flanders ( iwt ) and is affiliated with ghent university and the research institute for nature and forest ( inbo ) . pieter boets was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the research foundation flanders ( fwo - vlaanderen ) . this work was supported by the interreg iia two seas project rinse . the author would like to thank the fishing team of inbo groenendaal and tom de boeck for data extraction .\naldridge dc ( 1999 ) development of european bitterling in the gills of freshwater mussels . j fish biol 54 : 138\u2013151\nandersen mc , adams h , hope b , powell m ( 2004 ) risk assessment for invasive species . risk anal 24 : 787\u2013793\narnold a ( 1990 ) eingebuergerte fischarten : zur biologie und verbreitung allochthoner wildfische in europa . in : beyer k , copp gh , gozlan re ( 2007 ) microhabitat use and interspecific associations of introduced topmouth gudgeon\nassilian s ( 1974 ) artificial intelligence in the control of real dynamical systems . london university , london\nin south - eastern europe ( pisces , cyprinidae ) . in : verreycken h , anseeuw d , van thuyne g , quataert p , belpaire c ( 2007 ) the non - indigenous freshwater fishes of flanders ( belgium ) : review , status and trends over the last decade . j fish biol 71 : 160\u2013170\nbovee kd ( 1982 ) a guide to stream habitat analysis using the instream flow incremental methodology . instream flow information paper 12 , us fish and wildlife service , fort collins , colorado\n, from a recreational fishery in northern england . fish manag ecol 13 : 329\u2013335\n) population in the uk and the implications for native fish communities . aquat conserv mar freshw ecosyst 17 : 749\u2013759\nfrom fishing lakes in england to prevent their riverine dispersal . aquat conserv mar freshw ecosyst 18 : 867\u2013876\n, in a native aquatic foodweb : a field investigation in the uk . biol invasions 12 : 1533\u20131542\nbrosens d , breine j , van thuyne g , belpaire c , desmet p , verreycken h ( 2015 ) vis\u2014a database on the distribution of fishes in inland and estuarine waters in flanders , belgium . zookeys 475 : 119\u2013145\nburnham kp , anderson dr ( 2002 ) model selection and multimodel inference : a practical information - theoretic approach . springer , new york\ncohen j ( 1960 ) a coefficient of agreement for nominal scales . educ psychol meas 20 : 37\u201346\ncutler dr , edwards tc , beard kh , cutler a , hess kt ( 2007 ) random forests for classification in ecology . ecology 88 : 2783\u20132792\nd\u2019heygere t , goethals plm , de pauw n ( 2006 ) genetic algorithms for optimisation of predictive ecosystems models based on decision trees and neural networks . ecol model 195 : 20\u201329\ndavidson am , jennions m , nicotra ab ( 2011 ) do invasive species show higher phenotypic plasticity than native species and if so , is it adaptive ? a meta - analysis . ecol lett 14 : 419\u2013431\ndeclerck s , louette g , de bie t , de meester l ( 2002 ) patterns of diet overlap between populations of non - indigenous and native fishes in shallow ponds . j fish biol 61 : 1182\u20131197\ndedecker a , goethals plm , gabriels w , de pauw n ( 2004 ) optimisation of artificial neural network ( ann ) model design for prediction of macroinvertebrate communities in the zwalm river basin ( flanders , belgium ) . ecol model 174 : 161\u2013173\nelith j , graham ch ( 2009 ) do they ? how do they ? why do they differ ? on finding reasons for differing performances of species distribution models . ecography 32 : 66\u201377\nelith j , leathwick jr ( 2009 ) species distribution models : ecological explanation and prediction across space and time . annu rev ecol evol syst 40 : 677\u2013697\nelith j , graham ch , anderson rp , dud\u00edk m , ferrier s , guisan a , hijmans rj , huettmann f , leathwick jr , lehmann a , li j , lohmann lg , loiselle ba , manion g , moritz c , nakamura m , nakazawa y , overton jm , peterson at , phillips sj , richardson k , scachetti - pereira r , schapire re , sober\u00f3n j , williams s , wisz ms , zimmermann ne ( 2006 ) novel methods improve prediction of species\u2019 distributions from occurrence data . ecography 29 : 129\u2013151\nfielding ah , bell jf ( 1997 ) a review of methods for the assessment of prediction errors in conservation presence / absence models . environ conserv 24 : 38\u201349\nfukuda s , de baets b , mouton am , waegeman w , nakajima j , mukai t , hiramatsu k , onikura n ( 2011 ) effects of model formulation on the optimization of a genetic takagi\u2013sugeno fuzzy system for fish habitat suitability evaluation . ecol model 222 : 1401\u20131413\nl . ) using a broad range of species distribution models . environ model softw 47 : 1\u20136\ngoethals plm , dedecker ap , gabriels w , lek s , de pauw n ( 2007 ) applications of artificial neural networks predicting macroinvertebrates in freshwaters . aquat ecol 41 : 491\u2013508\ngonz\u00e1lez - salazar c , stephens cr , marquet pa ( 2013 ) comparing the relative contributions of biotic and abiotic factors as mediators of species\u2019 distributions . ecol model 248 : 57\u201370\ngozlan re , st - hilaire s , feist sw , martin p , kent ml ( 2005 ) disease threat to european fish . nature 435 : 1046 . doi :\n: towards a better understanding of freshwater fish invasions . fish fish 11 : 315\u2013340\nguisan a , thuiller w ( 2005 ) predicting species distribution : offering more than simple habitat models . ecol lett 8 : 993\u20131009\nguisan a , edwards tc , hastie t ( 2002 ) generalized linear and generalized additive models in studies of species distributions : setting the scene . ecol model 157 : 89\u2013100\nhastie t , tibshirani r ( 1990 ) generalized additive models . chapman and hall , london\nheikkinen rk , luoto m , virkkala r , pearson rg , k\u00f6rber j - h ( 2007 ) biotic interactions improve prediction of boreal bird distributions at macro - scales . glob ecol biogeogr 16 : 754\u2013763\nhoward c , stephens pa , pearce - higgins jw , gregory rd , willis sg ( 2014 ) improving species distribution models : the value of data on abundance . methods ecol evol 5 : 506\u2013513\n) , with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes . j anim ecol 1 : 36\u201358\njackson mc , britton jr ( 2014 ) divergence in the trophic niche of sympatric freshwater invaders . biol invasions 16 : 1095\u20131103\n) : a simultaneous up - and down - looking echo - sounding study . fish res 27 : 227\u2013241\nkampichler c , barthel j , wieland r ( 2000 ) species density of foliage - dwelling spiders in field margins : a simple , fuzzy rule - based model . ecol model 129 : 87\u201399\n( temminck and schlegel ) in the small - sized fish assemblages in the littoral zone of the heated lake lichenskie . arch pol fish 16 : 49\u201362\nkeast a ( 1979 ) patterns of predation in generalist feeders . in : beaudoin cp , tonn wm , prepas ee , wassenaar li ( 1999 ) individual specialization and trophic adaptability of northern pike (\nkolar cs , lodge dm ( 2001 ) progress in invasion biology : predicting invaders . trends ecol evol 16 : 199\u2013204\nkottelat m , freyhof j ( 2007 ) handbook of european freshwater fishes . kottelat , freyhof , cornol , berlin\nleathwick jr ( 1995 ) climatic relationships of some new - zealand forest tree species . j veg sci 6 : 237\u2013248\nliaw a , wiener m ( 2002 ) classification and regression by random forest . r news 2 : 18\u201322\nmaclean j , magnuson jj ( 1977 ) species interactions in percid communities . j fish res board can 34 : 1941\u20131951\nmamdani eh ( 1974 ) application of fuzzy algorithms for control of simple dynamic plant . proc inst electr eng 121 : 1585\u20131588\nmanel s , williams hc , ormerod sj ( 2001 ) evaluating presence\u2013absence models in ecology : the need to account for prevalence . j appl ecol 38 : 921\u2013931"]}
{"id": 1384, "summary": [{"text": "chlamydotis is a genus of large birds in the bustard family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name is from ancient greek khlamus , a horseman \u2019s cloak with weights sewn into the corners , and otis , bustard .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "members of this genus show very little sexual dimorphism in their plumage .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the clade consisting of two species , formerly considered to be conspecific forms a sister group within the clade that includes the genus otis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata c. u. undulata in north africa c. u. fuertaventurae in the canary islands macqueen 's bustard , chlamydotis macqueenii of asia the genus was established by the french naturalist ren\u00e9 primev\u00e8re lesson in 1839 and included only one species which was formerly described in the genus otis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name of houbara was used by charles lucien bonaparte but this was dropped , being a nomen nudum , as not following the requirements for zoological names .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "macqueen 's was split on the basis of distinctive display , differences in feather colours and on the basis of well established genetic differences .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the two species are thought to have separated during a period of extreme aridity around 0.9 million years ago .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "houbara bustard breeds in the canary islands and north africa .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "macqueen 's bustard occurs in southwestern asia and along the dry region between the caspian sea and the gobi desert .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the more northern populations have many birds migrating south in winter and macqueen 's has historically been known for its vagrancy and individuals have been found well outside their usual range .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "they breed in deserts and other arid sandy areas and are sensitive to human disturbance .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "populations of both these bustards have been greatly reduced by hunting , falconry and human-induced habitat changes . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chlamydotis", "paragraphs": ["artificial insemination in houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) : influence of the number of spermatozoa and insemination frequency on fertility and ability to hatch .\nartificial insemination in houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) : influence of the number of spermatozoa and insemination frequency on fertility . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nchlamydotis undulata and c . macqueenii ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . undulata following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chlamydotis macqueenii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nidaghdour , youssef ; broderick , damien ; korrida , amal ; chbel , faiza ( 2004 ) .\nmitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the atlantic seaboard of north africa\n. molecular ecology 13 ( 1 ) : 43\u201354 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2003 . 02039 . x .\naurelio martin ; juan antonio lorenzo ; miguel angel hernandez ; manuel nogales ; f\u00e9lix manuel medina ; juan domingo delgado ; jos\u00e9 juli\u00e1n naranjo ; vicente quilis and guillermo delgado ( 1997 ) .\ndistribution , status and conservation of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae rothschild & hartert , 1894 , in the canary islands , november\u2013december 1994\n. ardeola 44 ( 1 ) : 61\u201369 .\ncollar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe houbara bustard or north african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) is a large bird in the bustard family . this bustard is found in arid habitats spread across northern africa with a population on the canary islands . they are dull brown with black markings on the wings with a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck . males and females appear very similar but males are larger and heavier . this species formerly included macqueen ' s bustard , sometimes known as the asian houbara as a subspecies .\nthere are three subspecies of houbara bustard : chlamydotis undulata macqueenii is found in the deserts of russia and the middle east , c . u . undulata is found in north africa and c . u . fuertaventurae is found in the eastern canary islands . they differ slightly in their size and colouration , but are not consistent in their migratory tendencies ( 4 ) . north african and middle eastern birds are resident or partially migratory , moving short distances to find fresh vegetation , whereas other asian populations are fully migratory ( 5 ) .\nbetween 1989 and 1992 , artificial insemination was used in the reproduction of two subspecies of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii and chlamydotis undulata undulata ) at the national wildlife research center , taif . the laying period was between january and july and the mean annual egg production in c . undulata macqueenii was 10 . 2 and in c . undulata undulata was 7 . 6 . no differences were found in sperm production between the two subspecies : the mean volume of ejaculate was 0 . 08 ml ; the mean sperm concentration was 350 x 10 ( 6 ) spermatozoa ml - 1 ; and the mean number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was about 20 x 10 ( 6 ) . large intra - and inter - individual variation was found in sperm parameters . intra - individual variation in number of spermatozoa per ejaculate was due mainly to seasonal variation . the mean quantity of spermatozoa produced per week by fully sexually mature houbara bustards was 165 x 10 ( 6 ) . there was no significant difference in fertility or in ability to hatch between the two subspecies . overall , in 1992 , mean fertility was 69 . 3 % and 49 . 2 % of eggs hatched . females showed a median sperm storage duration of 10 days and a maximum sperm storage duration of 22 days . a positive correlation was found between fertility and quantity of spermatozoa inseminated ( r = 0 . 99 , p < 0 . 001 ) . sperm storage duration was related to the number of spermatozoa inseminated . the best results ( 85 % fertile eggs ) were obtained when more than 10 ( 6 ) spermatozoa were inseminated between 3 and 6 days before laying . analysis of hatching showed that embryo mortality increased when inseminations were performed more than 10 days before laying .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nc . 65 - 75 cm . a striking pale sandy bustard with black - tipped white crest and black neck stripe , blue - grey foreneck and breast , and white underparts . in display the male erects the long feathers of the crest and neck and withdraws his head into his chest while performing a blind run in various directions . similar spp . the present species was previously included within c . undulata , which has a completely white crest and lacks any white in the ornamental neck plumes , and has the neck finely peppered black and white rather than smoothly blue - grey . voice . mostly silent , but the males display ends in a series of high - pitched notes .\nallinson , t , butchart , s . , collar , n . , derh\u00e9 , m . , gilroy , j . , khwaja , n . , martin , r , symes , a . , taylor , j . , ashpole , j , wheatley , h .\nthis newly split species is subject to considerable over - exploitation and declines have been estimated in a large proportion of its total population , thus globally it is estimated and projected to be in rapid population decline over three generations , starting in the past and continuing into the future . however , rates of population decline may be very rapid , and if hunting pressure is not reduced the species could soon warrant uplisting to a higher threat category . conversely , if on - going reintroduction and reinforcement strategies succeed in stabilising the population , future downlisting to a lower threat category may be justified .\n. in addition , there may still be limited or sporadic occurrence of the species in azerbaijan and armenia , and perhaps also in southern russia and turkey ( goriup 1997 ) . the population has recently been estimated at between 78 , 960 and 97 , 000 individuals globally ( o . combreau\n2014 ) . it must be emphasised , however , that accurately establishing the global population is extremely challenging , and this range of figures should be treated as a tentative best estimate . more generally , the population is expected to fall within the population band of 50 , 000 - 99 , 999 individuals . the breeding population in kazakhstan has been estimated at c . 49 , 000 individuals ( riou\nthe most robust population trend data come from extensive studies coordinated by the national avian research center ( narc ; now part of the international fund for houbara conservation , abu dhabi , u . a . e . ) . since 1998 , narc has undertaken biannual surveys across the five principal population centres in southern kazakhstan ( tourenq\n2011 ) . given that this country hosts a significant proportion ( > 50 % ) of the global population and is the source of most migrants to arabia , pakistan and iran , where hunting pressures are most intense , information from here provides an indication of the status of the global population . the initial published analysis of the first four years of data ( 1998 - 2002 ) suggested alarming declines across all five regions , most severely in the vicinity of the kyzylkum desert ( tourenq\n( 2011 ) confirmed on - going declines in some regions , but also suggested stabilising and even increasing populations in others . assessed collectively , the population in kazakhstan declined by 26 - 36 % between 2000 and 2009 ( riou\n. 2016a ) , with no sign of a prominent population decline within the last five years ( m . koshkin\n2016 ) . anecdotal evidence from iran suggests that between 2004 and 2012 the population there has declined , with apparently substantial declines noted in protected areas ( r . ay\u00e9\n. 2013 ) . in recent years the species has been heavily hunted in iraq , as the country has opened up to visits by hunters from other countries ( r . porter\n. 2013 ) . thousands of individuals of this species are hunted and trapped each year in pakistan ( s . khan\nthe population has recently been estimated at between 78 , 960 and 97 , 000 individuals globally ( o . combreau\n. 2014 , birdlife international 2014 ) . it must be emphasised , however , that accurately establishing the global population is extremely challenging , and this figure should be treated as a tentative best estimate . the population is therefore expected to fall within the population band for 50 , 000 - 99 , 999 individuals , which is assumed to equate to c . 33 , 000 - 67 , 000 mature individuals .\n2011 ) , which holds over 50 % of the global population . the initial published analysis of the first four years of data ( 1998 - 2002 ) suggested alarming declines across all regions surveyed ( tourenq\n( 2011 ) confirmed on - going declines in some regions , but also suggested stabilising and even increasing populations in others . overall , the population in kazakhstan is estimated to have declined by 26 - 36 % between 2000 and 2009 ( riou\n. 2011 ) . anecdotal evidence indicates that there have been recent declines in iran ( r . ay\u00e9\n. 2013 ) , and that hunting pressure has been very high in iraq ( r . porter\n. 2013 ) in recent years . based on these data and observations , the population is estimated and projected to be declining by 30 - 49 % over a three - generation ( 20 - year ) window , stretching from the past into the future .\n. 2003 ) . it favours scattered shrubby vegetation , typically comprising xerophytic or halophytic plants ( collar 1996 ) . those wintering in iran have been shown to prefer more densely vegetated bush - steppe to sparser shrub - steppe ; however , within those bush - steppe habitats they favour areas with reduced vegetation cover ( aghanajafizadeh\n2010 ) , more open , unvegetated areas are often favoured as night - time roosts in order to minimise the risk of ambush by nocturnal predators ( combreau and smith 1997 ) . on the breeding grounds , nesting females may also favour sites away from vegetation patches , which could provide cover for predators ( yang\nthe species feeds throughout the day , but is most active at dawn and dusk ( combreau and launay 1996 ) . it has an eclectic diet , mainly comprising plants and invertebrates ( especially ants formicidae and beetles tenebrionidae : tigar and osborne 2000 ) , but also including vertebrates such as rodents , lizards , small snakes and even young birds ( collar 1996 , tourenq et al . 2003 ) .\nmales attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display which they perform at the same site each year . the display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line . the display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls ( gaucher et al . 1996 ) . males play no part in rearing the young , and a brood may contain young sired by several different individuals ( lesobre et al . 2010 ) . females create a shallow scrape in the ground in which they typically lay 3 - 4 eggs , and occasionally up to six eggs in long - distance migrants ( collar 1996 , combreau et al . 2002 ) . the incubation period is typically 24 days , whilst fledging takes around 35 days .\n2009 ) . large numbers are also trapped , mainly in pakistan and iran , and shipped to arabia for use in the training of falcons ( combreau 2007 ) . in 2014 an illegal shipment of 240 birds was intercepted en route from pakistan to bahrain ( shafaeipour\n. 2015 ) . in parts of the region , fast - paced development related to the growth of the petroleum industry has reduced the availability of undisturbed habitats and further exacerbated the species ' s decline . oil exploration , road building , oil and water pipelines , mining and quarrying activities , powerlines and the general disturbance caused by four - wheel drive vehicles have all been identified as significant auxiliary threats . powerlines in particular may be a significant threat ( m . koshkin\nlivestock grazing is reported to have a negative impact on the species , both indirectly , by degrading the desert vegetation on which birds rely for food and concealment , and directly , through the trampling of nests and disturbance of nesting females ( lavee 1988 ) . recent research on the effects of pastoralism on this species in the kyzylkum desert in uzbekistan , however , has found that low intensity livestock grazing may not widely degrade rangelands at a landscape scale ( koshkin\n. 2010 ) . in saudi arabia , eggs and nests are predated by a range of mammalian predators ( m . zafar - ul islam\ncites appendix i . cms appendix ii . the species is considered critically endangered on the european red list of birds ( birdlife international 2015 ) . studies have been conducted into the status , ecology and migration of the species in various parts of its range , most notably kazakhstan ( combreau\n. 2014 , 2016a , b ) . through its network of breeding facilities in the u . a . e . , morocco and kazakhstan , the international fund for houbara conservation ( ifhc ) has a long - term goal to produce 35 , 000 asian houbaras each year for reintroduction into the wild ( ifhc 2014 ) . the first releases were made in mahazat as - sayd protected area in central saudi arabia in 1991 . this population is currently estimated to number 250\u2013300 individuals . further releases have taken place elsewhere in saudi arabia ( including at saja umm ar rimth with c . 50 individuals [ m . zafar - ul islam\n. 2016 ] ) and also in u . a . e . , qatar , kuwait , yemen , jordan , kazakhstan and uzbekistan . it is not yet clear what impact the releases of captive - reared birds have on the demographics and genetic integrity of the overall population , however according to burnside\n( 2016 ) , in order to compensate for the loss of wild adults to hunting , the number of released birds may need to be as much as 10 times higher than hunting quotas . at least three birds have been satellite tracked from saudi arabia to the breeding grounds in kazakhstan ( zafar - ul islam\nthe most urgently needed conservation measures are those that will reduce exploitation to a biologically sustainable level . this will require precautionary and scientifically determined limits on the number of birds that can be harvested legally and stricter enforcement of bans on illegal forms of trade and hunting ; it also requires in - depth studies of natural productivity in asian houbaras in relation to habitat selection and predator abundance . carry out further surveys to gain an improved estimate of the overall population size and trend ; continue research to determine the migration routes , schedules and strategies of all populations . survey the species throughout the wintering range ( m . zafar - ul islam\n. 2016 ) . produce a range - wide action and recovery plan , based on agreement under the convention on migratory species . develop and implement national and regional species action plans ( m . zafar - ul islam\n. 2016 ) . create managed protected areas . where they can be shown to be detrimental , reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , combreau\n2004 , f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) . establish long - term , range - wide population monitoring studies . study the overall demographic and genetic consequences of releasing captive - reared birds .\nmap edited : removed wintering range in ne china , added resident areas and changed remainder of range to non - breeding . eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22733562a118585210 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nay\u00e9 , r . , collar , n . , combreau , o . , gonz\u00e1lez , c , , hingrat , y . , islam , z . , i\u00f1igo , a . , launay , f . , lewis , a . & lorenzo , j .\nallinson , t , ashpole , j , burfield , i . , butchart , s . , collar , n . , derh\u00e9 , m . , gilroy , j . , khwaja , n . , pople , r . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .\nthis recently split species is listed as vulnerable because it is suspected to be in rapid decline owing mainly to hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation . releases of captive - bred birds may buffer the overall population against these threats ; however , further research is required into the demographic consequences of such releases , and surveys are needed to assess the population trend . if it can be demonstrated that these releases have bolstered the breeding population , without detrimental genetic effects , and slowed or halted declines , then the species may warrant downlisting in future .\n, where its population in the mid - 1990s was estimated at 527 birds , with 241 on fuerteventura , 268 on lanzarote and 18 on la graciosa . more recent estimates place the population at 108 - 252 birds on fuerteventura , 272 - 801 on lanzarote and 3 - 10 on la graciosa ( carrascal\nin the mid - 1990s was estimated to be at least 9 , 800 individuals , of which over 50 % were in algeria , 30 % in morocco and 10 % in libya ( goriup 1997 ) . in more recent discussions , however , a reliable estimate for the number of individuals in north africa has not been considered achievable ( without huge confidence limits ) .\nalthough this species showed a steady decline of c . 25 % in the 20 years preceding 2004 ( f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) , this trend may since have been reversed by a captive breeding and release programme in eastern morocco and western algeria , and the overall population of\n2012 ) . however , research is required into the efficacy of such releases at improving the demographic trends of the entire population without compromising its genetic integrity . furthermore , the species has become extremely rare in tunisia , and declines are suspected in other range states ( r . ay\u00e9\n. 2013 ) . until further information is available , the global population is suspected to be in rapid decline owing to continued hunting and pressures on its habitats .\nalgeria ; egypt ; libya ; mauritania ; morocco ; spain ( canary is . ) ; sudan ; tunisia ; western sahara\nin the mid - 1990s , this species ' s population was estimated to number at least 9 , 800 individuals ( goriup 1997 ) . it had been roughly estimated that north africa held around 30 % of the total population of\nwhen lumped , which has been estimated at c . 106 , 000 - 110 , 000 individuals . on the basis of these estimates , the population of\n) is placed in the band for 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals , assumed to equate to c . 13 , 000 - 33 , 000 mature individuals .\nthe species had been in decline prior to 2004 ( f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) , but this rate may have now slowed or been reversed as a result of a captive breeding and release programme ( o . combreau\n2012 ) . the canary islands was reported to be fluctuating over the period 2001 - 2012 ( birdlife international 2015 ) . until evidence of the demographic impacts of these releases is available , the overall population is suspected to be in rapid decline owing to the on - going threats of hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation .\n2012 ) . it feeds on invertebrates , small vertebrates and green shoots , and typically lays 2 - 4 eggs in a scrape on the ground . eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators . north african populations may be sedentary or partially migratory , moving relatively short distances to find recent plant growth ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .\nmales attract their mates with an extravagant courtship display which they perform at the same site each year . the display begins with a period of strutting and culminates with the male retracting his head within an ornamental shield of erected neck feathers and then running at speed in either a straight or curved line . the display is often accompanied by a series of subsonic booming calls ( gaucher\n. 2005 ) . eggs are susceptible to trampling by livestock and collection by humans . disturbance can be caused by oil exploration activities , along with disturbance associated with other threats . locust control programmes can lead to direct and indirect poisoning of birds and a reduction in food supply . floods and droughts cause additional pressures ( azafzaf\nis considered threatened by collisions with powerlines ( lowen 2007 , c . gonz\u00e1lez and j . a . lorenzo\n, as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities , off - road vehicles , military exercises , overgrazing , sand extraction and road development , and possibly also nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting ( mart\u00edn .\n1997 , mart\u00edn and lorenzo 2001 , mart\u00ed and del moral 2003 ) . recent evidence suggests that the impact of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years , but mortality from powerlines may still be significant ( c . gonz\u00e1lez and j . a . lorenzo\ncites appendix i . eu birds directive annex i . bern convention appendix ii . national legislation protects the species or controls hunting in most range states ; however , hunters are often able to circumvent these laws ( azafzaf\n1997 , mart\u00edn and lorenzo 2001 , mart\u00ed and del moral 2003 ) . seo / birdlife purchased a 209 - ha reserve to protect the species on fuerteventura in 2005 . the nominate subspecies in north africa was the subject of an action plan ( azafzaf\n2012 ) , although the demographic consequences of this for the entire population have not yet been established . captive breeding is carried out by the international fund for houbara conservation ( ifhc ) at the emirates centre for wildlife propagation ( ecwp ) , at missour and enjil in morocco . the numbers bred and released each year have increased regularly , with 20 , 310 individuals bred in 2013 ( ifhc 2014 ) .\ncarry out comprehensive and coordinated surveys to establish the total population size and quantify the overall trend . establish robust , workable systems for the sustainability of hunting throughout range . create hunting preserves and other types of managed protected areas . reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , o . combreau and m . lawrence\n2004 , f . launay pers . comm . 2004 ) . study the impacts of releasing captive - reared birds on the demographics and genetic structure of the whole population .\n: designate new and expand existing special protected areas under european law . increase wardening of key areas . ensure safe powerline positions ; conduct a rigorous census every five years . undertake local awareness campaigns ( mart\u00edn\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 922 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 846 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nnational wildlife research center ( national commission for wildlife conservation and developments ) , taif , saudi arabia .\na largely solitary bird , the houbara bustard feeds alone or in small groups on beetles , ants and plants . in the breeding season , males and females meet only to choose a mate and to breed . courtship takes place between december and march and involves a sophisticated display ( 4 ) . the male ruffles the feathers of his crest , neck and head and raises the wings . he walks steadily and calmly in a large circle or straight line , with the tail raised and fanned out , occasionally lowering the wings . abruptly , the male then begins to leap back and forth as he attempts to attract the attention of the female . once the female has made her choice and mated with a male , neither bird will mate again that season ( 2 ) . the female leaves the male after mating and both sexes remain solitary for the remainder of the breeding season . between february and april the female lays two or three eggs in a small scrape ( 4 ) . after hatching , the chicks follow the female for protection as she feeds , as they are vulnerable to predators , including eagles , falcons , foxes , wolves , monitor lizards , snakes and kestrels ( 5 ) .\na striking bird resembling a turkey in shape , the houbara bustard is at its most magnificent during the courtship display . it has a long neck and tail , narrow wings , and long black and white feathers drooping over the neck . the head is small with a short , black and white crest and large eyes . males are slightly larger and have ornate bristles on the head and neck . the body is brown with wavy , black barring on the back and white on the underside . juveniles resemble adult females ( 2 ) .\noccurs across a wide range in north africa . the nominate subspecies occurs in northernmost\n, where its population in the mid - 1990s was estimated at 527 birds , with 18 on la graciosa , 268 on lanzarote and 241 on fuerteventura . more recent estimates place the population at 108 - 252 birds on fuerteventura , 272 - 801 on lanzarote and 3 - 10 on la graciosa ( carrascal\n2012 ) . however , research is required into the efficacy of such releases at improving the demographic trends of the entire population without compromising its genetic integrity . furthermore , the species has become extremely rare in tunisia , and declines are suspected in other range states ( r . ay\nit inhabits sandy and stony semi - desert and is specialised to arid conditions where trees are absent and both shrub cover and herb layer are sparse ( collar 1979 , goriup 1997 , snow and perrins 1998 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . it feeds on invertebrates , small vertebrates and green shoots , and typically lays 2 - 4 eggs in a scrape on the ground . eggs and young are susceptible to ground predators . north african populations may be sedentary or partially migratory , moving relatively short distances to find recent plant growth ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .\nadapted to arid conditions with little vegetation , the houbara bustard is found in sandy and stony semi - desert regions ( 5 ) .\nthis newly split species is listed as vulnerable because it is suspected to be in rapid decline owing mainly to hunting pressure and habitat loss and degradation . releases of captive - bred birds may buffer the overall population against these threats ; however , further research is required into the demographic consequences of such releases , and surveys are needed to assess the population trend . if it can be demonstrated that these releases have bolstered the breeding population , without detrimental genetic effects , and slowed or halted declines , then the species may warrant downlisting in future .\nthe houbara bustard is classified as vulnerable ( vu a2bcd + 3bcd ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . it is also listed on appendix ii of the berne convention on european wildlife and natural habitats ( 6 ) and on annex i of the ec birds directive ( 7 ) .\nis considered threatened by collisions with powerlines ( lowen 2007 , c . gonzlez and j . a . lorenzo\n, as well as habitat degradation caused by tourist facilities , off - road vehicles , military exercises , overgrazing , sand extraction and road development , and possibly also nest predation by introduced mammals and illegal hunting ( martn .\n1997 , martn and lorenzo 2001 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . recent evidence suggests that the impact of military exercises and hunting have reduced considerably in recent years , but mortality from powerlines may still be significant ( c . gonzlez and j . a . lorenzo\nthe traditional practice of hunting for houbara bustards by middle eastern falconers has reduced populations significantly , mainly on the wintering grounds . this over - hunting has been compounded by habitat loss and degradation . the subspecies c . u . fuertaventurae has been particularly affected by habitat degradation as a result of tourist activities and associated development , as well as by military exercises , over - grazing , sand - extraction , and road - development . further threats include collisions with power lines , and nest - predation by introduced mammals ( 5 ) .\n1997 , martn and lorenzo 2001 , mart and del moral 2003 ) . seo / birdlife purchased a 209 - ha reserve to protect the species on fuerteventura in 2005 . the nominate subspecies in north africa was the subject of an action plan ( azafzaf\ncarry out comprehensive and coordinated surveys to establish the total population size and quantify the overall trend . establish robust , workable systems for the sustainability of hunting throughout range . create hunting preserves and other types of managed protected areas . reduce grazing and other farming pressures ( goriup 1997 , o . combreau and m . lawrence\n: designate new and expand existing special protected areas under european law . increase wardening of key areas . ensure safe powerline positions ; conduct a rigorous census every five years . undertake local awareness campaigns ( martn\nc . u . fuertaventurae has benefited from improved protection from poaching and improved habitat management within protected areas . c . u . macqueenii has been the subject of several studies into its status , ecology and migration routes . it has also been involved in captive breeding programmes for restocking areas where it is heavily hunted . no conservation measures are known to have been put into action for c . u . undulata . a whole species action plan has yet to be produced although there is a european action plan for c . u . fuertaventurae . managed hunting preserves are crucial to the recovery of the houbara bustard ( 5 ) .\nthis article is about the north african species . for the asian houbara that was considered a subspecies , see macqueen ' s bustard .\nthe houbara bustard is a small to mid - sized bustard . it measures 55\u201365 cm ( 22\u201326 in ) in length and spans 135\u2013170 cm ( 53\u201367 in ) across the wings . it is brown above and white below , with a black stripe down the sides of its neck . in flight , the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers . it is slightly smaller and darker than macqueen ' s bustard . the sexes are similar , but the female , at 66 cm ( 26 in ) tall , is rather smaller and greyer above than the male , at 73 cm ( 29 in ) tall .\nthe body mass is 1 . 15\u20132 . 4 kg ( 2 . 5\u20135 . 3 lb ) in males and 1\u20131 . 7 kg ( 2 . 2\u20133 . 7 lb ) in females .\n. based on the rates of divergence of mitochondrial dna sequences , the two subspecies are thought to have separated from a common ancestor around 20 to 25 thousand years ago . the separation from macqueen ' s bustard is older at 430 thousand years ago .\nthe committee responded to this scepticism , by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre - copulation displays .\nthe houbara bustard is found in north africa west of the nile mainly in the western part of the sahara desert region in mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya and egypt . some old records exist from sudan . a small population is found in the canary islands . the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the sinai peninsula . the north african species is sedentary unlike the northern populations of macqueen ' s bustards .\nlike other bustards , this species has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head . two to four eggs are laid on the ground . it hardly ever uses its voice .\nof the canary islands is highly restricted and endangered . a 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds .\nthe north african houbara bustard declined in populations in the two decades before 2004 , but unlike its near relative the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard , has been on the increase since . although hunted both by falconers and by hunters with guns , the extent is much less than that faced by macqueen ' s bustard in the middle east and west asia .\nthe international foundation for conservation and development of wildlife ( ifcdw ) is a major conservation and breeding project established with funds from prince sultan bin abdul aziz al saud and based near agadir , morocco . the centre releases captive bred populations to boost wild populations . similar projects breed macqueen ' s bustards using artificial insemination are also carried out in the united arab emirates .\nali , s . ( 1993 ) . the book of indian birds . bombay : bombay natural history society . isbn 0 - 19 - 563731 - 3 .\ncrc handbook of avian body masses by john b . dunning jr . ( editor ) . crc press ( 1992 ) , isbn 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 .\nstone , richard .\nthe houbara : headed for oblivion ?\nscience , vol . 321 , 12 september 2008 , p . 1441 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nuntil recently considered conspecific with c . macqueenii but differs in its all - white vs black - tipped white crown with all - black vs white - based black ornamental neck plumes ( 3 ) ; finely peppered black - and - white vs pale blue - greyforeneck base and breast in mature male ( 2 ) ; position of crown feathers in display , sweeping up and back vs falling forward over bill # r ( 2 ) ; vocal differences in display ( sequence ends in one single note rather than a series of notes ) # r ( 2 ) . two subspecies recognized .\n( rothschild & e . j . o . hartert , 1894 ) \u2013 e canary is .\nmale 65\u201375 cm , 1800\u20133200 g ; female 55\u201365 cm , 1200\u20131700 g . upperparts pale sandy buff , mottled and lined with darker brown , clear and paler on folded . . .\nvirtually silent . displaying males may utter 3\u20135 low , deep , booming notes at 2 second intervals .\narid sandy semi - desert with tussock grass , flat bare stony plains dotted with xerophytic and . . .\nvariable and opportunistic , with no clearly discernible seasonal or geographical pattern . vegetable matter such as fruits , seeds , shoots , . . .\nthe mating system appears to fulfil the definition of an \u2018exploded - lek\u2019 , in which males form loose aggregations where they . . .\nvulnerable . cites i . status everywhere very difficult to gauge owing to birds ' highly cryptic coloration , elusive behaviour , and remote and inhospitable habitat . the . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nreported as apparently close to neotis in hbw , but molecular evidence suggests it is closest to otis # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities ."]}
{"id": 1386, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena terminata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by ray in 1946 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena terminata", "paragraphs": ["larva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ntip . you can look up words , expressions , names , titles . . .\ncouldn ' t select : table ' searchdictionaries . pangrams _ list ' doesn ' t exist\nkiwa nederland bv sir w\u00ecnston churchilllaan 273 . . . - cappellotto s . r . l .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1400, "summary": [{"text": "taurocottus bergii is a species of sculpin native to the northwestern pacific ocean .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it occurs at depths of from 40 to 120 metres ( 130 to 390 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "taurocottus bergii", "paragraphs": [". . . on the basis of trawl catches in 1982\u20132013 , data on occurrence , distribution , size - age and sex composition , as well as feeding of berg\u2019s longhorn sculpin taurocottus bergii in the northwestern part of the sea of japan are provided . it is shown that this species was erroneously included into the red data book of primorskii krai , since it is common over the most part of the water area . bathymetric r . . .\ngreek , tauros = bull + greek , kottos = a fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 40 - 120 m ( ref . 56557 ) . temperate\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\n) : 2 . 6 - 15 . 2 , mean 9 . 1 ( based on 20 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 02217 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\noriginal russian text \u00a9 v . v . panchenko , o . i . pushina , p . g . milovankin , v . a . nuzhdin , 2015 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2015 , vol . 55 , no . 3 , pp . 313\u2013322 .\namaoka , k . , nakaya , k . , and yabe , m . ,\n( annotated check - list of fishes from far eastern seas ) , vladivostok : tinro - tsentr , 2000 .\nchuchukalo , v . i . and napazkov , v . v . , the method of determination of diurnal diets and rate of food digestion by raptorial and benthos - feeding fishes ,\ndudarev , v . a . , izmyatinskii , d . v . , and kalchugin , p . v . , some aspects of spatial and timely variability of bottom communities of fishes of northern primorye ,\ndudarev , v . a . , zuenko , yu . i . , il\u2019inskii , e . n . , and kalchugin , p . v . , new data on structure of communities of bottom and near - bottom fishes on shelf and slope of the depths of primorye ,\n, froese , r . and pauly , d . , eds . , 2014 .\n( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1998 , vol . 123 , pp . 82\u201388 .\nkim , i . - s . and yoon , c . - h . , synopsis of the family cottidae ( pisces : scorpaeniformes ) from korea ,\n( the red data book of primorskii krai : animals ) , vladivostok : abk apel\u2019sin , 2005 , vol . 1 .\n( fishes of the sea of japan and adjacent part of okhotsk and yellow seas ) , leningrad : nauka , 1987 , part 5 .\n( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships of fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .\n( seismosensory system and classification of cottidae fishes ) , leningrad : nauka , 1979 .\nnovikov , n . p . , sokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,\npanchenko , v . v . and zuenko , yu . i . , distribution of gobies of family cottidae in the peter the great bay , sea of japan , during summer ,\n( determination of mature rate and sexual cycles of fishes ) , magadan : polar . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1968 .\nsokolovsky , a . s . , dudarev , v . a . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and solomatov , s . f . ,\n( fishes of russian waters of the sea of japan : annotated and illustrated catalogue ) , vladivostok : dal\u2019nauka , 2007 .\nsokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,\n( fishes of the peter the great bay ) , vladivostok : dal\u2019nauka , 2009 .\nsokolovskaya , t . g . , sokolovsky , a . s . , and sobolevskii , e . i . , list of fishes from the peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) ,\nsoldatov , v . k . and lindberg , g . u . , review of fishes from far eastern seas ,\n( energy of depp water pelagic communities ) , moscow : nauka , 1986 .\nvdovin , a . n . , mizyurin , m . a . , and park , a . , possible use of biomaterial for direct registration of hydrobionts ,\n( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1994 , pp . 20\u201339 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\njournal : journal of ichthyology / publication year : 2015 / source : 2015 v . 55 no . 3 - pubag search results\n. . . the structure of skeleton of bathylutichthys balushkini was studied and comparative analysis of it with representatives of other families of the suborder cottoidei was performed . it was found that bathylutichthyidae are characterized by the presence of a great number of original characters supporting its family status . they include : absence of mesethmoideum ; bony canals of seismosensory system on . . .\n. . . analysis of the morphobiological and genetic characteristics of the gadus genus has been performed , the peculiarities of the genus evolution are discussed , and the resettlement has been reconstructed for the period of 5 . 5 - 5 . 4 million years until the present . the genus gadus comprises two polytypic species , atlantic cod g . morhua and pacific cod , and both species form several subspecies combined in . . .\n. . . otolith morphology and microstructure of the sagitta are described in freckled goatfish upeneus tragula . the first increments ( from the second to sixth or eighth ) are the most well defined , and subsequent zones of less contrasting increments are bounded by increments with more contrasting borders . these borders are less expressed close to the edge of the sagitta . the width of the majority of incre . . .\n. . . the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in pink salmon oncorhynchus gorbusha and chum salmon o . keta has been studied for the fish sampled in the sea of okhotsk and along the pacific coast of the kuril islands during the spawning migrations . chum salmon accumulates much more pollutants ( 180 ng / g of wet weight ) than pink salmon does ( 70 ng / g of wet weight ) . the total bulk of the toxicants tr . . .\n. . . results are provided of a 7 - year study of biological parameters in females of three pacific salmons of the genus oncorhynchus ( pink salmon o . gorbuscha , chum salmon o . keta , and sockeye salmon o . nerka ) in the olyutorsky and karaginsky gulfs , bering sea . abundance of the pink salmon is identified as the main determining factor of the interannual dynamics of maturity index in female pacific salmon . . .\n. . . results of the study on the structure of scales in pink salmon , oncorhynchus gorbuscha performed in 1997 and 2011 in six reproduction regions on sakhalin and kuril islands are presented . the study revealed no statistically significant correlation between the fish body length and number of sclerites on scales , but the correlation between gain of the body length and width of intersclerite distance i . . .\nrevision of the genus melamphaes ( melamphaidae ) : 2 . oligo - raker species : m . longivelis parr , m . inconspicuus sp . n . , m . kobylyanskyi sp . n .\n. . . redescription of the melamphaes longivelis is presented . two new species related to it are described : m . inconspicuus sp . n . and m . kobylyanskyi sp . n . m . longivelis inhabits the northern part of the atlantic ocean , from the equatorial waters up to 50\u00b0 n ; the species has not been confirmed to occur in the southern atlantic . m . inconspicuus is described from the tropical waters of the northern atla . . .\n. . . feeding of different - age juveniles of salmonidae with a long freshwater period of life ( coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutsch , cherry salmon o . masou , king salmon o . tschawytscha , dolly varden char salvelinus malma , east siberian char s . leucomaenis , and kamchatka steelhead parasalmo mykiss ) in the basin of the kol river ( western kamchatka ) in the summer - autumn period was studied . comparative analysis . . .\n. . . the qualitative and quantitative composition of ichthyoplankton in the waters of senegal and guinea - bissau during the winter period of 2012\u20132013 are considered . approximately 120 species of pelagic eggs and larvae of fishes belonging to 64 families are identified in the ichthyoplankton samples . the eggs and larvae of clupeidae , carangidae , scombridae , myctophidae , sparidae , bothidae , scianidae , an . . .\n. . . seasonal ( summer and autumn ) and diurnal ( day and night ) distribution of fish in lake glubokoe ( moscow oblast ) was analyzed using vertical and horizontal scanning research hydroacoustic systems . at the beginning of summer the distribution of the fish in lake is broad and homogeneous whereas in autumn it is more compact . pelagic aggregations of the fish are aggregated mostly in the central part of . . .\nrafrafi - nouira , s . ; reynaud , c . ; bouma\u00efza , m . ; el kamel - moutalibi , o . ; capap\u00e9 , c .\n. . . a survey conducted off the northern tunisian coast allow to collect specimens belonging to species rarely captured in the area , such as longjaw snake eel ophisurus serpens ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , bluntsnout snake eel echelus myrus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , mediterranean parrot fish sparisoma cretense ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and sharksucker echeneis naucrates ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . all specimens are shortly described in the . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nif you already know the family , go to search fishbase , select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family . if you already know the country , go to search fishbase , select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country . if you already know the ecosystem , go to search fishbase , select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem ."]}
{"id": 1403, "summary": [{"text": "pyrausta demantrialis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by herbert druce in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from arizona , florida , indiana , michigan , new mexico , north carolina , pennsylvania , texas and west virginia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has also been recorded from mexico ( guerrero ) , ecuador ( loja province ) and venezuela .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to november in the united states . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pyrausta demantrialis", "paragraphs": ["pyrausta tithonialis ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 177\npyrausta cajelalis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 590 ; tl : buru\npyrausta perlelegans hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 256 ; tl : colombia ; peru\npyrausta lithosialis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 263 ; tl : natal , northdene\npyrausta tetraplagalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury\npyrausta ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 252 ; [ globiz ]\npyrausta phaeophoenica hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : brazil , castro para\u00f1a\npyrausta subsequalis subsequalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 18 , 22\npyrausta perrubralis perrubralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 49 - 51\npyrausta scurralis scurralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 59 - 63\npyrausta unifascialis unifascialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 73 - 80\npyrausta trizonalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 267 ; tl : mexico , cordoba , orizaba\npyrausta pyrocausta hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 264 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo ; para\u00f1a\npyrausta nubigena rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : algeria , guelt - es - stel\npyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 227 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m\npyrausta arenicola hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 28 ; tl : algeria\npyrausta coccinea warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 176 ; tl : california\npyrausta borealis packard , [ 1867 ] ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 11 : 53 ; tl : square island , labrador\n= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 133 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a\npyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 414 ; tl : natal\npyrausta obtusanalis druce , 1899 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 100 , f . 12\npyrausta ploimalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 284 ; tl : trinidad r .\npyrausta flavibrunnea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 32 ; tl : cuernavaca , mexico\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 6 ) : 263 ; tl : miller ' s canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 5 ; tl : wildcat creek , white mts . , arizona\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe , 1951 ; can . ent . 83 : 166 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : ; duncan , british columbia\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 55 - 56 ; [ nacl ] , # 5064a\npyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 133 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 72 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068b\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 83 - 84 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068c\npyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 64 - 65 ; tl : aweme , manitoba\npyrausta californicalis californicalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 113 , pl . 6 , f . 16 , 19 - 223 , pl . t , f . 3\npyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 52 - 54 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : rancho la sierra , near arlington , riverside co . , california\npyrausta shirleyae munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 102 , pl . u , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 7 ; tl : pensacola , florida\npyrausta retidiscalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 126 , pl . t , f . 7 ; tl : the basin , big bend national park , texas\npyrausta andrei munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 127 , pl . t , f . 8 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , texas\npyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : kusshi canyon , yakima co . , washington\npachyzancla aurea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ( ? preocc . pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ) ; tl : presidio , mexico\npyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : mineral spr . , tulare co . , california\npyrausta subgenerosa munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 118 , pl . k , f . 2 ; tl : chipmunk flat , near sonora pass , tuolumme co . , california\npyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 30 - 32 ; tl : mt . shasta , siskiyou co . , california\npyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona\npyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 23 , f . 7 ; tl : cartwright , manitoba\npyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 6 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\npyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 11 ; tl : tuolumme meadows , california\npyrausta socialis socialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 140 , pl . 9 , f . 33 - 34 , 37 , pl . k , f . 6 , pl . t , f . 10\npyrausta arizonensis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 131 , pl . 9 , f . 57 - 58 ( preocc . munroe , 1957 ) ; tl : prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\npyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california\npyrausta roseivestalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 94 , pl . 8 , f . 41 , pl . j , f . 3 , l . s , f . 5 ; tl : vidal , california\npyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : palm sprs . , riverside co . , california\npyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 163 , pl . 23 , f . 8 ; tl : palm sprt . , riverside co . , california\npyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california\npyrausta subsequalis borealis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 25 , pl . 9 , f . 13 - 14 , 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060a\npyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 29 , pl . j , f . 5 , pl . s , f . 7 ; tl : vidal , california\npyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 13 , pl . j , f . 8 , pl . t , f . 4 ; tl : georgetown , texas\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 4 - 6 , 10 - 12 , 15 - 16 , 18 , pl . k , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060b\npyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , pl . t , f . 5 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\npyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 29 , pl . k , f . 5 , pl . t , f . 9 ; tl : scandia , alberta\npyrausta klotsi munroe , 1976 ; : : mna13 . 2 : 108 , pl . 6 , f . 32 - 33 , pl . j , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 1 ; tl : ramsey canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona\npyrausta antisocialis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 38 - 39 , pl . k , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 11 ; tl : mcgaffey , zu\u00f1i mts . , mckinley co . , new mexico , 7500 '\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 92 ; pl . 7 . 34 - 37 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nnew york - to ( arizona , texas ) , tropical america . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( washington - montana ) - to ( california - texas ) . see [ maps ]\nwashington - california , w . arizona , n . mexico . see [ maps ]\nparaedis napaealis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 145 ; tl : california\nloxostege linealis fernald , 1894 ; insect life 6 : 255 ; tl : argus mts . , california\ncalifornia ( mojave desert , los angeles ) - s . nevada , s . arizona - texas ( big bend ) . see [ maps ]\nbotis lethalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : [ havilah ] , california\ntexas , colorado , arizona - mexico ( chiapas ) . see [ maps ]\nbotis volupialis grote , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 ( app . ) : 799 ; tl : hills w of denver , colorado\nwashington ( yakima co . ) , california - texas , nevada ( clark co . ) , mexico . see [ maps ]\nmetasia morenalis dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ; tl : grapevine , california\nbotis atropurpuralis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 104 ; tl : texas , belfrage\nfrom ( quebec - british columbia ) - utah , colorado , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nwashington , california , utah , colorado , wyoming , arizona . see [ maps ]\nbotis augustalis grote , 1881 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 2 ) : 273 ( preocc . felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) ; tl : colorado\nfrom ( british columbia - ontario ) - to ( north carolina , south carolina , texas , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\nbotys ( rhodaria ) vinulenta grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 17 ( ? repl . rhodaria signatalis walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; tl : north america\nw . pennsylvania - s . ontario , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]\nsyllythria rosa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 19\nnova scotia - michigan - to ( florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]\nendotricha julialis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 17 : 389 ( part )\nbotys augustalis felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 134 , f . 26\npachyzancla xanthomela hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ; tl : purulha , guatemala\nflorida - na . georgia , iowa , kansas , oklahoma , texas . see [ maps ]\nbotys onythesalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 734\ncalifornia , nevada , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]\nsouth carolina - florida , west indies , ca , sa . see [ maps ]\nrhodaria insignitalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 8 : 173 ; tl : [ rio maroni ] , cayenne\nbotis flavofascialis grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 577 ; tl : new mexico\nflorida - south carolina , louisiana , e . texas . see [ maps ]\nna . georgia - florida , west indies , tropical , queensland . see [ maps ]\nlarva on hyptis capitata , dicerandra frutescens smedley , mccormick & eisner , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 3 ) : 156\nbotys californicalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california\nlarva on mentha sp . , ( california ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 114\ntexas , florida , louisiana , arkansas , missouri , illinois , oklahoma , mexico . see [ maps ]\nbotis dapalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california\n712x659 ( ~ 89kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 8 . 8 . 2009 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n827x557 ( ~ 97kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 7 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n980x598 ( ~ 109kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 1 . 8 . 2009 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n673x646 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n500x343 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , 27 . 7 . 1973 , markku savela leg .\nherbula ? submarginalis walker , [ 1866 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 34 : 1286 ( preocc . walker , 1866 )\nfrom ( ontario - alberta ) - florida , missouri . see [ maps ]\nbotys generosa grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 10 ; tl : pennsylvania\nnewfoundland , s . canada - to ( florida , new mexico , california ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on satureia hortensis , monarda [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 120\nw . northwest territory , yukon , alaska ? , rocky mountains . see [ maps ]\n500x318 ( ~ 18kb ) finland : om : perho j\u00e4nk\u00e4 , 7020 : 376 , 10 . 6 . 1971 , markku savela leg .\n500x339 ( ~ 21kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 20 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .\nherbula subsequalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 8 : 177 ; tl : north ameria\n900x678 ( ~ 83kb ) usa : pike national forest , sugar creek on cr - 67 ( about 39\u00b018 ' n 105\u00b010 ' w ) , douglas co . , co , 29 . 7 . 2012 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\ns . nova scotia , s . ontario - to ( illinois - n . florida , mississippi , e . texas )\n( deltoides & pyralides ) pl . 8 , f . 3 ( repl .\nbotis tatalis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : [ texas , belfrage ]\nbotys perrubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 264 ; tl : california\nbotis scurralis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 155 ; tl : arizona\ns . british columbia - california , nevada , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]\nbotys semirubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 263 ; tl : california\nbotys unifascialis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 261 ; tl : california\ns . new york - to ( illinois - florida , texas ) , mexico - venezuela , west indies . see [ maps ]\nsyllythria idessa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 20\nnew jersey - florida , missouri , texas , oklahoma , s . california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( nova scotia - ontario , missouri ) - to ( n . florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]\ns . canada - to ( florida - colorado ) . see [ maps ]\nbotis niveicilialis grote , 1875 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 232 ; tl : new york\nbotys fodinalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 369 , ( 12 ) : 461 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : california\nlarva on monardella villosa , ( reared ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 138\nbotis socialis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 107 ; tl : canada\n= hapalia bicoloralis ; whalley , 1963 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 446\nbotys tinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 371 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : venezuela\nbotys extinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 372 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 18 ; tl : himalaya ?\nbotys catasemalis r\u00f6ber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 334 ; tl : key i .\nbotys aulicalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys villicalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys matronulalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys collustralis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys hilaralis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys meropialis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys janiralis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nin uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nhistoire naturelle , g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re des crustac\u00e9s et des insectes . ouvrage faisant suite a l ' histoire naturelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e9re , compos\u00e9e par leclerc de buffon , et redig\u00e9e par c . s . sonnini , member de plusieurs soci\u00e9t\u00e9s savantes\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\n( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement\nwhalley , 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 395 - 454 , pl . 1 - 37\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1406, "summary": [{"text": "omalogyra is a genus of minute marine gastropod molluscs in the family omalogyridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this genus includes the smallest gastropods , with adult sizes of 1 mm and even less . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "omalogyra", "paragraphs": ["variety omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 accepted as omalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ( synonym )\nvariety omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 accepted as omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )\nomalogyra atomus polyzona ( var . ) brusina , s . , 1872 : e mediterranean - canaries\nworms - world register of marine species - omalogyra simplex ( costa o . g . , 1861 )\n( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : omalogyra fusca h . h . suter , 1908 - id : 5362000025\n( of omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1877 ( maggio ) ) . notizie sulle conchiglie della rada di civitavecchia . annali del museo civico di genova 9 ( 1876 - 1877 ) : 407 - 428 page ( s ) : 418 [ details ]\nfretter v . ( 1948 ) . the structure and life history of some minute prosobranchs of rock pools : skeneopsis planorbis ( fabricius ) , omalogyra atomus ( philippi ) , rissoella diaphana ( alder ) and rissoella opalina ( jeffreys ) . journal of the biological assiociation of the u . k . 27 : 597 - 632 [ details ]\n( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) gaglini , a . 1993 . familia omalogyridae sars g . o . , 1978 . argonauta suppl . 1 ( enumeratio molluscorum maris nostri ) : 928 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 928 , 929 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 929 , 931 - 01 to - 05 , pl . 931 , 933 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 933 , 934 - 01 to - 04 , pl . 934 , 935 - 01 to - 03 , pl . 935 . [ details ]\nto antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 42 publications ) ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 93 publications ) ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to clemam ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to clemam ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to clemam ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 1 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) to pesi ( from synonym truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus ( philippi , 1841 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym omalogyra atomus var . fasciata monterosato , 1877 ) to pesi ( from synonym homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis\n( of omalogyra atomus var . polyzona bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1884 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 325 , pl 37 , fig . 32 [ details ]\njeffreys , j . g . ( 1860 ) . sur le mollusque design\u00e9 par mm . forbes & hanley sous le nom de skenea nitidissima . journal de conchyliologie . 8 : 108 - 111 . [ details ]\n( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 67 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntate r . 1868 . appendix to the manual of the mollusca of s . p . woodward , a . l . s . london , virtue & co . , 86 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 31 [ details ]\n( of ammonicerina o . g . costa , 1861 ) dall w . h . 1927 . note on the genera of costa ' s microdoride . the nautilus , 40 : 134 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of helisalia laseron , 1954 ) sartori , a . f . ; bieler , r . ( 2014 ) . three new species of ammonicera from the eastern pacific coast of north america , with redescriptions and comments on other species of omalogyridae ( gastropoda , heterobranchia ) . zootaxa . 3872 ( 1 ) : 1 - 21 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) costa , o . g . ( 1861 ) . microdoride mediterranea ; o , descrizione de poco ben conosciuti od affatto ignoti viventi minuti e micoscropici del meditterraneo , pel professore o . g . costa . tomo primo . con tredici tavole . i - xviii , 1 - 80 . stamperia dell ' iride , napoli . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym ammonicerina simplex o . g . costa , 1861 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nphilippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]\n( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) philippi r . a . ( 1841 ) . zoologische bemerkungen . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , berlin : 7 ( 1 ) : 42 - 59 ; pl . 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 [ details ]\n( philippi , 1841 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140616 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 69 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n\u00e1vila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . jo\u00e3o de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquip\u00e9lago ( ci\u00e9nc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in ror ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]\nmayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of homalogyra atomus var . vitrea jeffreys , 1867 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of skenea nitidissima ( adams , 1800 ) , sensu forbes & hanley , 1850 ) forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 3 p . 158 - 160 ; pl . 73 fig . 7 - 8 [ details ]\n( of truncatella atomus philippi , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nshell minute , almost planar , spire sunken . protoconch plus teleoconch up to 2\nwhorls . whorls circular in cross section , smooth or with growth lines encircling whorls ; suture deep . ventral surface of shell of similar shape and sculpture to dorsal surface . aperture circular , lip expanded in mature shells . shell translucent dark brown , margin of aperture sometimes white in mature shells .\ndistribution : laseron ( 1954 ) gave the distribution as port stephens , nsw southwards to crookhaven , nsw . the australian museum collection holds specimens from port stephens , nsw , southwards to ulladulla , nsw , and lots from port lincoln , sa , and triggs , near perth , wa .\nhabitat : laseron ( 1954 ) said\nabundant in various locations in rock pools and in shallow water , mainly living on algae . the type was abundant on the green weed ulva , at castle rock , middle harbour , port jackson . we also have it from long reef , both on seaweed and beneath stones , also on the surface of a sponge from 10 feet , north harbour , and in mussel beds within the harbour , and from port stephens in the north to crookhaven in the south\n. common .\nremarks : ponder & de keyzer ( 1998 ) gave an sem photo of one view of the shell of this species , and a drawing of the live animal .\nfig . 1\u20133 : castle rock , middle harbour , nsw ( syntype c . 102494 )\nof all the animals , the mollusca have the second largest number of present day species with 200 , 000 + species . there are in excess of 130 , 000 described species of mollusc alive today and conservative estimates put the number of undiscovered or un - described living species at 70 , 000 or more . the fossil record for mollusca includes about 70 , 000 described extinct species and extends back at least to the cambrian ( 543 to 490 million years ago ) and possibly to the neoproterozoic ( ~ 543 \u2013 1000 million years ago ) if kimberella proves to be a mollusc .\n\u00e1vila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . jo\u00e3o de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquip\u00e9lago ( ci\u00e9nc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]\nrol\u00e1n e . , 2005 . malacological fauna from the cape verde archipelago . part 1 , polyplacophora and gastropoda . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthis species has a tiny , planispiral shell with a smooth periphery . there are fine axial ribs that vary in development . some shells are light brown , others cream with three narrow brown bands .\nare moderately rare in beach drift . live animals are occasionally found in shallow rocky habitats . kay ( 1979 ) states that shells have been found in sand samples to depths of 100 m ( 328 ft ) .\nmaui , oahu and midway ( banded form ) : also known from japan and fanning island .\nthere ' s a chance that banded and brown forms might be different species but there doesn ' t seem to be any morphological difference between the shells .\ncp : composite photo , same shell ; 0 . 7 mm in diameter ; banded : beach drift , mokuleia bay , maui ; fall , 1985 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
{"id": 1412, "summary": [{"text": "muricopsinae is a taxonomic subfamily of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks within the large family muricidae , the murex snails and rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "a study , released in september 2010 , showed that the subfamily muricopsinae is polyphyletic", "topic": 6}], "title": "muricopsinae", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 yet . learn how to contribute .\nas examples of the way in which analyses of the ontogeny of spiral cords in muricidae can elicudate phylogeny ; they included both genera in subfamily muricopsinae .\nmolluscabase ( 2018 ) . muricopsinae radwin & d ' attilio , 1971 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 395163 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nmuricopsis bucquoy & dautzenberg , & dollfus , 1882 . type species ( o . d . ) : muricopsis blainvillei payraudeau , 1826 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricopsinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricopsinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; muricidea auctt . ( non swainson , 1840 ) ; jania bellardi in cossmann , 1882 ( non bellardi ) . subgenus :\nty - jour ti - a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island t2 - novapex : trimestriel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de malacologie . vl - 8 ur - urltoken pb - la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 , cy - bruxelles : py - 2007 sp - 23 ep - 26 sn - 1375 - 7474 au - rol\u00e1n , emilio au - gori , sandro er -\n@ article { bhlpart93116 , title = { a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island } , journal = { novapex : trimestriel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de malacologie . } , volume = { 8 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { bruxelles : la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 , 2000 - } , author = { rol\u00e1n , emilio and gori , sandro } , year = { 2007 } , pages = { 23 - - 26 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of muricopsis ( muricidae : muricopsinae ) from sao tome island < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > rol & # 225 ; n , emilio < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > gori , sandro < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 8 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > novapex : trimestriel de la soci & # 233 ; t & # 233 ; belge de malacologie . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> bruxelles : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > la soci & # 233 ; t & # 233 ; , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 8 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 23 < / start > < end > 26 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2007 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\ngenus pygmaepterys e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia ( pygmaepterys ) e . h . vokes , 1978 represented as favartia jousseaume , 1880\ngenus paradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1993 ( junior homonym of paradoxa marshall , 1894 . )\ngenus paradoxon fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1990 accepted as pradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1993 ( replacement name for paradoxa fernandes & rol\u00e1n , 1990 non marshall , 1894 , but itself a junior homonym of paradoxon fleutiaux , 1903 . )\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 365 - 421 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsearch urltoken search urltoken - enter search word . avoid using the word\nshell\n- e . g . , use murex instead of murex shell . * * * google muricidae on the internet\nclick on the thumbnail images for an enlarged view . images will open up in a separate , resizeable window .\n* turn off your browser ' s pop - up blocker to see enlarged pictures and links . *\nhighlight and click the classification term for a definition and additional information . reference : millard , v . g . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . south africa .\nattiliosa emerson , 1968 . type species ( o . d . ) : coralliophila icompta berry , 1960 [ = attiliosa nodulosa ( a . adams , 1855 ) ] ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 82 ; houart , 1996 : 15 .\ne . h . vokes , 1999 - honduras , 19mm - from rosalind bank in 120 feet of water .\nchicomurex ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 48 .\n( lan , 1981 ) - philippines , 66 - 76mm - some consider c . problematicus to be a subspecies of c . superbus .\n( lan , 1981 ) - philippines - 87mm ! - this specimen is 11mm over the listed 1999 world size record , or as we prefer to call it , largest recorded specimen .\n( houart , 1981 ) - papua new guinea , 32mm - rare species taken scuba diving prior to volcanic activity on new britain . this specimen has beautiful coloring - - a species which often exhibits a muted tan / brown color .\nchicoreus montfort , 1810 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex ramosus linne , 1758 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 72 ; chicoracea griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; cichorium voigt , 1834 ( err . ) ; chicorax pusch , 1837 ; frondosaria schl\u00fcter , 1838 ; cichoreus agassiz , 1846 ( nom . nud . ) ; cichoraceus herrmannsen , 1847 ( em . ) ; cichoreum paetel , 1875 ( err . ) ; euphyllon jousseaume , 1880 ; pirtus de gregorio , 1885 ; torvamurex iredale , 1936 ; torramurex salisbury , 1937 ( err . ) ; foveomurex wenz , 1941 ; subgenus :\nhouart , 1992 , chicopinnatus houart , 1992 : 35 . type species ( o . d . ) : pterynotus orchidiflorus shikama , 1972 , chicoreus ( chicopinnatus ) ; houart , 1994 : 55 ; subgenus :\nswainson , 1833 , phyllonota conrad , 1847 ( err . ) , phyconotus simroth , 1907 ( err . ) ; subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 , chicoreus ( siratus ) ; vokes , 1990 : 124 - 130 .\ne . h . vokes , 1978 - south africa , 63mm - endemic to south africa . found uncommonly by scuba divers at depths of 25 to 35 meters of water .\nhouart - new caledonia , 26 . 7mm - taken by research vessel off new caledonia , in 347 - 375mm of water . a rare endemic species , currently in the collection of travis payne .\n( lamarck , 1822 ) - colombia , 99mm - an amazingly variable species found throughout the caribbean . described as\nhouart , 1992 - indonesia , 48mm - a rare trawled species with an extremely limited distribution , most closely associated with c . ramosus . there are significant differences in the spire ribbing , and other characteristics .\nhouart , 1985 - mauritius , 22 . 1mm - a scarce endemic . taken from deep water trap . rarely if ever found in collections .\n( euthyme , 1889 ) - philippines , 105mm - averages around 80 - 90mm . moderately common from japan and taiwan , west to sri lanka .\n( sowerby , 1841 ) - egypt , 50mm - the typical long fronded form is restricted to the northern red sea .\n( vokes , 1978 ) is a short - fronded form found in the southern red sea .\nabbott & finlay , 1979 - jamaica , 38 - 39mm - red - brown is the most pervasive color , though the original series collected scuba diving by dieter cosman in 1967 contains white and yellow specimens . the largest specimen is 79mm . a true rarity , endemic to\nhouart , 1984 - somalia , 97 . 5mm - an exceedingly dark specimen . distribution is limited to east africa . most closely related to\nhouart , 1984 - somalia , 117mm - this specimen greatly exceeds the listed recorded size for the species . it has been officially listed for future publication in the hutsell & pisor molluscan world record sizes publication .\n( a . adams , 1855 ) - florida , 80mm - an exceptionally large specimen from the northern gulf of mexico . taken scuba diving in 90 feet of water .\n( lamarck , 1816 ) - madagascar , 76mm - the columellar dentition is characteristic . the columellar color can be orange , peach , or bluish - white .\nkosuge , 1980 , a name applied to specimens with a non - divided varical wing as illustrated here .\n( shikama , 1973 ) - philippines , 31mm - this form is considered the true form of the species ; note the differences in the fronding from the previous image .\nvokes , 1978 - israel , 100 . 4mm - rare species limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea around the sinai peninsula region . this specimen was collected at eilat , between 20 - 35 meters of water .\n( petit , 1852 ) - mexico , 92mm - dredged off contoy , yucatan . the gulf of mexico is the type locality of the form\n( kuroda , 1942 ) - japan , 145mm - central pacific distribution , typically brought up by fishing trawlers .\n( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 30mm - not to be confused with chicoreus aculeatus .\n( crosse , 1872 ) - philippines , 57mm - a specimen with well - developed fronding .\n( sowerby , 1834 ) - philippines , 117mm - a large shell for the species .\nhouart , 1988 - new caledonia , 27mm - an extremely rare species ; trawled in very deep water off southern n . c . this shell won its owner first place in the\nsingle shell worldwide any source\ncategory at both the 1998 sanibel and marco island shell shows .\n- an endemic species recently being found by divers , it is still rare in collections . this specimen was collected by j . p . lefort in the early 1990 ' s .\n( kosuge , 1980 ) - philippines , 41mm - a rare species taken in tangle nets set in deepwater in the central philippines .\nhaustellum schumacher , 1817 ; haustellum deshayes , 1830 ? ( pro klein in brugui\u00e8re , 1792 ) ; brontes montfort , 1810 ( non fabricius , 1801 ) ; brontesia reichenbach , 1828 ( err . ) ; brontis griffith & pidgeon , 1834 ( err . ) ; bronta pusch , 1837 ( error pro brontes ) ; haustellaria swainson , 1833 .\n( bernardi , 1859 ) - florida , 67 - 72mm - trawled by fishing boats . originally described as\n( e . h . vokes , 1967 ) - colombia , 62mm - rare orange color form . originally described as\nhexaplex perry , 1811 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1880 ) : murex cichoreum gmelin , 1791 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; houart , 1994 : 87 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; houart , 1996 : 5 ; purpura r\u00f6ding , 1798 ( non brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) ; exaplex f\u00e9russac , 1820 ( err . ) ; muricanthus swainson , 1840 ( non swainson , 1833 ) pro centronotus swainson , 1833 ( non schneider , 1801 ) ; bassiella wenz , 1941 pro bassia jousseaume , 1880 ( non quoy & gaimard , 1830 ) ; trunculariopsis cossmann , 1921 ; hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; truncularia monterosato , 1917 ( non wiegmann , 1832 ) ; murithais grant & gale , 1931 . subgenus :\nswainson , 1833 ; muricantha fischer , 1884 ; muricantha swainson in suter , 1913 ; aaronia verrill , 1950 .\n( mcmichael , 1964 ) - western australia , 67 . 5mm - very large for the species ; just 5 . 2mm shy of the largest recorded specimen .\n( franchi , 1990 ) - somalia , 95mm - trawled in deep water ; a rare subspecies , which exhibits variable fronding .\nhomalocantha m\u00f6rch , 1852 . type species ( monotypy ) : murex scorpio linnaeus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 80 ; houart , 1994 : 44 ; houart , 1996 : 16 ; homalacantha kobelt , 1877 ( err . ) ; homolocantha ludbrook , 1958 ( err . ) .\nkosuge , 1979 - philippines , 41mm - a fragile species taken in tangle nets set in deep water .\nmurex linneaus , 1758 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 ; le renard , 1996 : 66 ; purpura martini , 1777 ( non - bin . ) ; aranea perry , 1810 ( non linnaeus , 1758 ) ; tribulus kobelt , 1877 ( non h . & a . adams in klein , 1853 ) ; acupurpura jousseaume , 1880 ; tubicauda jousseaume , 1880 . subgenus :\nponder & vokes , 1988 ; promurex vokes & ponder , 1988 : 83 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex antelmei viader , 1938 ; houart , 1994 : 8 .\ne . a . smith , 1884 - north territory , australia , 55 - 59mm - limited range along northern australia and southern papua new guinea . one of the distinctive murex species with a long shoulder spine .\nlightfoot , 1786 - philippines , 131mm - the well - known venus - comb murex .\nnaquetia jousseaume , 1880 ; naquetia ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 76 ; houart , 1994 : 51 ; triplex humphrey in harris , 1897 ( non perry , 1810 ) ; rhizophorimurex oyama , 1950 ; pterynotus ( naquetia ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] .\n( preston , 1910 ) - philippines , 77 - 78mm - typical coloring . rare colorforms include yellow and orange . found from india east through the philippines .\n( reeve , 1858 ) - mozambique , 68mm - outstanding and unique color form ; extremely rare . limited to the western indian ocean .\n( tapparone canefri , 1875 ) - madagascar , 48mm - also found in the red sea .\nd ' attilio & hertz , 1987 - israel , 88mm - taken scuba diving in 20 - 30 meters of water . rare endemic limited to the gulf of aqaba and northern red sea .\n( lamarck , 1816 ) - philippines , 48 - 54mm - western pacific distribution .\npoirieria jousseaume , 1880 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] poirrieria fischer , 1884 ( err . ) ; subgenus :\nshuto , 1969 ( living fossil ) , poirieria ( flexopteron ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 80 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :\nwoodring , 1959 , poirieria ( panamurex ) ; houart , 1994 : 50 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 , bathymurex clench & farfante , 1945 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] , dallimurex rehder , 1946 . subgenus :\ne . h . vokes , 1970 ; poiriera ( pazinotus ) ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 35 .\n( p . m . costa , 1993 ) - brazil , 6mm - collected in scuba diving depths .\nhouart & m\u00fclhlh\u00e4usser , 1990 - somalia , 24mm - trawled in deepwater . a rare species that is almost always found dead - taken .\npterynotus swainson , 1833 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex pinnatus swainson , 1822 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 79 ; vaught , 1989 : 43 [ muricinae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; houart , 1996 : 107 ; pterymurex rovereto , 1899 pro pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; pteronotus swainson , 1833 ( non rafinesque , 1815 ) ; marchia jousseaume , 1880 ; morchia baker , 1891 ( err . ) ; triplex newton , 1891 ? ( non perry , 1810 ) . subgenus :\npterynotus ( pterynotus ) ; merle , 1994 : 85 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; pterynotus ( pterochelus ) ; houart , 1994 : 29 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ muricinae ] ; alipurpura p . fischer , 1884 . subgenus :\n( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 70mm - found in darwin harbour , north territory . one of the more beautiful and sought - after muricid species . found in a variety of color forms .\n( brazier , 1878 ) - australia , 35 - 45mm - a striking and rare color series , including deep orange , pink and pure white specimens .\nradwin & d ' attilio , 1976 - philippines , 42mm - sometimes confused with p . aparrii , which has bifurcated fronds .\nhouart , 1997 - philippines , 38 - 47mm - typically brown in color ; white is rare . found in the sulu sea . similar to p . albobrunneus .\n( kobelt , 1879 ) - philippines , 50mm - a broadly fronded specimen that is almost as wide as its length .\n( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) - japan , 39mm - taken scuba diving in \u00b1 80 feet of water off okinawa .\nfavartia jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex breviculus sowerby , 1834 ; tr\u00f6ndle & houart , 1992 : 83 minnimurex woolacott , 1957 . subgenus :\nperrilliat , 1972 ; caribiella perrilliat , 1972 : 82 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex intermedius c . b . adams , 1850 [ = murex alveata kiener , 1842 ] ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( caribiella ) ; houart , 1994 : 82 . subgenus :\ne . h . vokes , 1978 ; pygmaepterys vokes , 1978 : 398 . type species ( o . d . ) : murex alfredensis bartsch , 1915 ; houart , 1994 : 8 ; favartia ( pygmaepterys ) ; houart , 1994 : 28 .\nd ' attilio & myers , 1986 - solomon islands , 22mm - taken scuba diving in 30 feet of water at mbanika island , russell group , solomons . differs from\n( sowerby , 1834 ) by consistently having an extended blunt shoulder spine on the varices in mature shells . locality records only exist for the solomon islands .\n( hedley , 1899 ) - christmas id . , line islands , 7 . 3mm - taken scuba diving in \u00b140 feet of water buried in rubble rock . the species is named for the type locality , funafuti atoll . it is a rather rare species .\nsmythe & houart , 1984 - oman , 18mm - endemic to the arabian gulf coast of oman . found intertidally , clinging to the underside of a rock . uncommon due to its less frequented locale .\nd ' attilio & bertsch , 1980 - philippines , 29mm - this specimen exhibits superior fronding . the fronding tends to be quite variable .\nmuricopsis ( muricopsis ) ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 121 . subgenus :\nolsson & mcginty , 1958 ; risomurex olsson & mcginty , 1958 . type species ( iczn opinion 1623 ( 1991 ) ) : ricinula deformis reeve , 1846 ; muricopsis ( risomurex ) ; vokes & houart , 1986 : 88 , 89 ; rol\u00e1n & fernandes , 1991 : 11 - 20 ; houart , 1994 ; houart , 1996 : 18 .\n( quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) - new zealand , 49mm - taken scuba diving in 22 meters of water . intertidal specimens tend to have poorly developed spines ; longer spines on deepwater specimens . a synonym is murexsul octogonus .\njousseaume , 1880 ; ocenebrellus cossmann , 1903 ( err . ) ; ternaria coen , 1943 . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; poropteron jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( s . d . jousseaume , 1881 ) murex uncinarius lamarck , 1822 ; pteropurpura ( poropteron ) ; houart , 1994 : 43 . subgenus :\nin south africa . it differs from p . debruini by lacking webbing between the longer spines and teeth inside the lip of the aperture .\n( sowerby , 1834 ) - california , 83 - 85mm - taken scuba diving . the species exhibits varied frond development .\norania pallary , 1900 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 122 ; houart , 1994 : 74 ; le renard , 1996 : 68 nemofusus cossmann , 1903 .\n( dall , 1889 ) - canary islands , 15 - 16mm - this species was originally described by william healy dall as a nassarina , a genus in the family columbellidae . the species was reclassified in the muricidae after radular examination . a tropical species found on both sides of the atlantic . the type locality is barbados . synonym is\ntyphis montfort , 1810 . ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart & abreu , 1994 : 124 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\ntyphis ( typhis ) ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( haustellotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus : hirtotyphis jousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( hirtotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 24 . subgenus :\nvella , 1961 ; typhis ( rugotyphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1882 ; typhis ( talityphis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; typhina jousseaume , 1880 . type species ( o . d . ) : typhis belcheri broderip , 1833 ; typhis ( typhina ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; houart , 1991 : 75 ; houart , 1994 : 38 ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ typhinae ] . subgenus :\njousseaume , 1880 ; typhis ( typhinopsis ) ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ typhinae ] .\nsowerby ii , 1874 - colombia , 36 . 2mm - an extraordinary chocolate - brown specimen with two long tubes extending from body whorl . trawled by fishing boat .\ntrophon , montfort , 1810 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 [ trophoninae ] ; pacaud & le renard , 1995 : 164 [ trophoninae ] ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; polyplex perry , 1810 ( suppr . ) ; pagodula monterosato , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; pinon de gregorio , 1885 ; enixotrophon iredale , 1929 ; boreotrophon fischer p . , 1884 ; vaught , 1989 : 44 ; houart , 1994 : 30 ; le renard , 1996 : 67 ; nodulotrophon habe & ito , 1965 ; muricidea swainson , 1840 .\n( dall , 1908 ) - washington ( state ) , 23mm - a uniquely shaped deep water inhabitat of the united states west coast . this specimen was dredged from 180 meters of water . the species is quite rare .\n( reeve , 1848 ) - russia , 48mm - an uncommon species , one of the more beautiful of the genus . from a remote locale north of vladivostok . found by scuba diver inside of shipwreck .\n( sowerby , 1880 ) - alaska , 30 - 34mm - dredged in 95 meters of water off tanaga island , in the aleutian islands . a very uncommon species .\n. specimens as large as 25mm are infrequently taken scuba diving , or dredging down to 80 fathoms of water . this shell was collected while scuba diving along a rock wall in \u00b119 meters of water in the san juan islands .\ndall , 1891 - alaska , 30 - 31mm - dredged in \u00b1 165 meters of water off attu island , aleutian islands . an extremely rare species .\npenna - neme & leme , 1978 - brazil , 65 . 7mm - originally described as a\n( schepman , 1911 ) - australia , 41mm - a deep water species trawled in \u00b1 750 meters of water along the continental shelf off new south wales .\n( king & broderip , 1832 ) - argentina , 11mm - dredged in 30 meters of water off tierra del fuego province . the genus\nis sometimes combined in synonymy with trophon - some taxanomic discrepancies appear in various publications . most recently designated as trophon pallidus ( broderip , 1833 ) .\nmclean , 1995 - california , 20mm - dredged in \u00b1 200 meters of water . scabrotrophon is a recently described genus with five species restricted to the northern hemisphere .\noldroyd , 1927 - california , 55 - 58mm - dredged off catalina island in about 92 meters of water . one of the great trophon rarities .\nmuricidae on this page click name to view image - click \u00bb to view caption below .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nlatitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the . . . | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nfigure 5 . latitudinal distribution of modes of larval development . the latitudinal distribution for species with planktotrophic larvae ( blue ) , lecithotrophic larvae ( purple ) and direct development ( green ) is shown using vertical lines from the northern to the southern point of distribution reported in the literature . the panels show the species included in the phylogenetic ( upper ) and all the species present in our database ( lower ) . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0094104 . g005\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\ndescription : protoconch 21 / 4 whorls . teleoconch whorls rounded , flattened above , with 6 or 7 foliaceous varices per whorl . sculptured with strong , foliaceous spiral ribs , often bifid , two on the spire whorls , and 5 or 6 on the body whorl , with a further two ribs on the base . aperture oval , inner lip smooth ; outer lip with 4 - 5 low , rounded denticles internally on lower half in mature shells . anterior canal open , equal to or less than length of aperture . colour white , fawn or pink .\ndistribution : endemic to australia ; caloundra , qld , to at least south - western wa , including tas .\nhabitat : under rocks and in rubble , low tide to 30 m deep . uncommon .\nfig . 1 , 2 : bass strait , tasmania ( c . 350998 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsowerby 1841 ( in 1832 - 1841 ) , pl . 195 , fig . 103 ;\nmoderately large for family ( 40 - 70 mm high ) , with moderately tall spire ( about equal to aperture and canal ) , moderately long , open anterior canal , and large oval aperture , with lips smooth except for spinous digitations of the outer lip . sculpture of many closely spaced , rounded , prominent , finely scaly spiral cords , each interspace filled by 1 narrow secondary cord ; major cords raised into short to moderately long , backward - or upward - directed , semitubular spines where they cross thin , frilly varices ; varices spaced regularly around whorls , 8 - 10 per whorl on large shells , producing roughly octagonal outline in plan view . base of canal bears 2 or 3 rows of longer spines ; fasciole very prominent , formed of a spiral row of many former anterior canals , producing a deep pseudumbilicus on large shells . protoconch of 1 . 5 whorls , with flattened apex and margining keel , last half - whorl evenly convex .\n, but most species in late neogene rocks are still in need of revision . they established the new species\nn . sp . for specimens from 13 - 168 m off eastern northland , from the three kings islands to coromandel peninsula . the subgenus\nis characterised by the shoulder spiral cord on early teleoconch whorls being medial on the whorl , and then ascending , and the intermediate spiral cords developes later than the others . in contrast , all species of\n( sensu stricto ) have 3 equally prominent spiral cords commencing together on the first spire whorl . the possible application of this subgenus to the many fossil species from new zealand has not been considered as yet , one of the many questions remaining with the taxonomy of the genus .\nwith two coarsely spinose cords around the neck , but has weaker spiral cords and so shorter spines on the varices . most other named fossils referred here may not be closely related .\nin its smaller size , its much weaker sculpture without obvious spines , and in having a smoothly rounded ( not flattened and keeled ) protoconch apex ; it is moderately common in nukumaruan siltstone in hawke ' s bay and wairarapa . the living northland intertidal species\nin the young ( haweran , oxygen isotope stage 5a ) cover beds of hauriri terrace , at the mouth of wairoa stream , waverley beach , west of wanganui , according to fleming ' s ( 1953 ) identifications , but this needs checking . if correct , it would indicate that the temperature at wanganui was significantly higher when the terrace cover was deposited than it is at present .\nas distinct genera in her catalogue of the muricidae , and has since ( e . g . , vokes & houart 1986 , p . 86 , 87 ; see particularly the statement by vokes 1988 , p . 36 ) consistently maintained them as distinct genera . we agree with this action . merle & hourt ( 2003 ) have since used the distinct genera\n) . uncommon at only a few castlecliffian fossil localities ( notably the basal shellbed member of shakespeare cliff sand at wanganui , but a few specimens occur in pinnacle sand , upper castlecliff shellbed , and tainui shellbed ) and its ancestry is obscure .\nis common subtidally at present ( commonly dredged on the inner - mid shelf around the northeastern north island and in cook strait ) and occurs on intertidal rocks in a few localities in the north - eastern north island , from auckland to doubtless bay .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 1414, "summary": [{"text": "aphodiites is a genus of fossil beetles from the lias ( lower jurassic ) of schambelen , ( aargau , switzerland ) , and the oldest fossil in the superfamily scarabaeoidea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its affinities are not clear ; it was originally placed in the aphodiinae ( scarabaeidae ) , but its diagnostic characters are shared by beetles such as glaresis ( glaresidae ) . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "aphodiites", "paragraphs": ["the oldest probable scarabaeoid , aphodiites , is known from the lower lias ( lower jurassic ) of switzerland . it is small ( 5 mm long ) , aphodiine - like , with striated elytra and large prothorax with supposed notal marks indicating the characteristic scarabaeoid features of dorsal articulations of the coxae . larger scarabaeoid - like fossils such as opiselleipon ( 15 mm ) are known from upper lias beds in saxony and geotrupoides ( 35 mm ) from upper jurassic beds .\nin ihrem browser ist javascript deaktiviert . einige funktionen dieser seite funktionieren ohne javascript nicht .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fossil record contributes little to understanding scarabaeoid phylogeny . iablokoff - khnzorian ( 1977 ) and crowson ( 1981 ) reviewed what is known .\nfossils resembling modern geotrupidae and hybosoridae ( based primarily on the presence of four main anal wing veins ) have been recorded from lower cretaceous deposits in china ( e . g . protoscarabaeus ) . an unusual scarabaeoid with features similar to some termitophilous aphodiinae but otherwise unlike any modern scarabaeoid , is known from lower cretaceous amber of lebanon ( crowson , 1981 ) .\nthe oldest recorded higher scarabaeoid , eophyllocerus , ( assigned to melolonthinae ) is from eocene coal deposits of germany .\nscholtz , c . h . 1990 . phylogenetic trends in the scarabaeoidea . journal of natural history 24 : 1027 - 1066 .\nthis page is a note that is attached to a branch of the tree of life .\ntol notes provide brief accounts of characteristics , short summaries , commentaries , media files , taxonomic information , or identification tools for a given group of organisms .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nfirst notice of the chirostylidae ( deeapoda ) in the fossil record and . . .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1434, "summary": [{"text": "asterophila japonica is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is one of three known species within the genus asterophila , the other congeneric species being asterophila perknasteri and asterophila rathbunasteri . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "asterophila japonica", "paragraphs": ["image from randall and heath 1912 : diagram of the external surface of asterophila .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : asterophila japonica ( j . e . randall & h . heath , 1912 ) - id : 1840000000\nsasaki t , muro k , komatsu m . 2007 . anatomy and ecology of the shell - less endoparasitic gastropod asterophila japonica randall and heath , 1912 ( mollusca : eulimidae ) . zoolog sci . 24 ( 7 ) : 700 - 13 .\nsasaki , t . , muro , k . and komatsu , m . , 2007 : anatomy and ecology of the shell - less endoparasitic gastropod asterophila japonica randall and heath , 1912 ( mollusca : eulimidae ) . zoological science , vol . 24 , no . 7 , pp . 700\u2013713 . ( reference no . 0843 )\nwar\u00e9n a . & lewis l . m . ( 1994 ) tho new species of eulimid gastropods endoparasitic in asteroids . the veliger 37 ( 4 ) : 325 - 335 . [ details ]\nturgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 89 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nmany people know organisms only by the common names , or\nvernacular\nnames . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe concept of morphophysiological regress as one of the main ways to biological progress , as well as its major factors ( the sedentary and parasitic modes of life ) , are discussed . some notions of regressive evolution are critically reviewed . special attention is paid to evolutionary transformations of the nervous system , one of the main integrating factors in the body . all theories of evolutionary progress based on sedentary organisms are demonstrated to be untenable . the entire progressive evolution of metazoa has been related to mobile life . since regressive trends are common in the evolution , the phylogenetic tree of metazoa requires serious revision .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 z . s . kaufman , 2008 , published in izvestiya akademii nauk , seriya biologicheskaya , 2008 , no . 3 , pp . 369\u2013378 .\naleshin , v . v . and petrov , n . b . , molecular evidence for regress in the evolution of metazoa ,\naleshin , v . v . , vladychenskaya , r . s . , and kedrova , o . s . , comparison of 18s ribosomal rna genes in the phylogeny of invertebrates ,\nbazidov , a . a . and lyapkalo , e . v . , the embryonic development of\nbazidov , a . a . , shestakova , k . a . , and lyapkalo , e . v . , on the embryonic development of\nbubko , o . v . and minichev , yu . s . , the nervous system of oweniidae ( polychaeta ) ,\ndobrovol\u2019skii , a . a . and mukhamedov , g . k . , development of trematodes ,\n( ligulidae of the fauna of the soviet union ) , moscow : nauka , 1966 .\n( parasitic worms , mollusks , and arthropods ) , moscow : vysshaya shkola , 1978 .\n( trematodes : their life cycles , biology , and evolution ) , leningrad : nauka , 1968 .\n( electron microscopy of the worm nervous system ) , kazan : kazan . gos . univ . , 1982 .\ngolubev , a . i . , sapaev , e . a . , and gerasimov , n . n . , changes in the ultrastructural organization of neurons of\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1976 , pp . 34\u201335 .\nrandal et heath ) , leningrad : vses . inst . nauchn . tekhn . inform . , 1963 .\ngulyaev , v . a . , development of the main characters of organization and ontogeny of cestoda : 1 . the architectonics and promorphology of the free - living dispersal larva ( hexacanth ) of cestodes ,\n( asexual reproduction of animals ) , leningrad : leningr . gos . univ . , 1977 .\n( evolutionary embryology of animals ) , st . petersburg : nauka , 1995 .\n( essays on the comparative embryology of hymenoptera ) , leningrad : leningr . gos . univ . , 1961 .\n( comparative embryology of invertebrates : protozoa and lower metazoa ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1975 .\nivanova - kazas , o . m . , characteristics of the embryogenesis of ichneumonids related to parasitism ,\nivanova - kazas , o . m . , on the origin of spiral cleavage ,\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1979 , pp . 25\u201333 .\n( evolution of reproduction and sex ) , petrozavodsk : karel\u2019sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 1993 , vol . 1 .\n( a brief review of the evolution of coelenterata ) , petrozavodsk : karel\u2019sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 1990 .\n( sedentary mode of life ) , petrozavodsk : karel\u2019sk . nauchn . tsentr akad . nauk sssr , 2000 .\n( porifera and cnidaria ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1988 , pp . 80\u201385 .\n( porifera and cnidaria ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1988 , pp . 24\u201334 .\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1979 , pp . 34\u201338 .\n( the role of polymerization and oligomerization in evolution ) , leningrad : nauka , 1977 , pp . 39\u201341 .\n( evolutionary morphology of invertebrates ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1976 , pp . 33\u201334 .\nkrasnoshchekov , g . p . , helminth specialization : progress or regress . ,\nkulikovskaya , o . p . and demshin , n . i . , the origin and phylogenetic relationships of caryophyllidea ( cestoda ) , in\n( problems of hydroparasitology ) , kiev : naukova dumka , 1978 , pp . 95\u2013104 .\nkuznetsov , a . p . and shileiko , a . a . , on gutless protobranchia ( bivalvia ) ,\n( modern evolutionary morphology ) , kiev : naukova dumka , 1991 , pp . 195\u2013213 .\nmartindale , m . q . and henry , j . q . , intracellular fate mapping in a basal metazoa , the ctenophore\noshmarin , p . g . and stepanov , o . i . , types of metamery in cestodes , ways of its formation , and its biological role ,\n( the biology and taxonomy of far eastern helminths ) , vladivostok : dal\u2019nevost . otd . akad . nauk sssr , 1981 , pp . 101\u2013106 .\n( parasitological review ) , leningrad : zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , 1964 , vol . 24 , pp . 208\u2013219 .\n( selected works : pathways and trends of evolutionary progress ) , moscow : nauka , 1983 .\n( cybernetic problems of biology ) , novosibirsk : nauka , 1968b , pp . 157\u2013182 .\n( morphological trends of evolution ) , moscow : akad . nauk sssr , 1939 .\n( biological progress and the essence of genetic recombinations ) , moscow : nauka , 1992 .\nkaufman , z . s . biol bull russ acad sci ( 2008 ) 35 : 318 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( c ) 2008 - 2016 . the university museum , the university of tokyo .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 2 . 5 license .\nreferences : randall , j . and h . heath 1912 . asterophilla , a new genus of parasitic gastropods . biol . bull . 22 ( 2 ) : 98 - 106 .\ndiane a . kelly diane kelly is a senior research fellow at the university of massachusetts , amherst , where she studies the neural wiring and mechanical engineering of reproductive systems .\njames l . cambias jim cambias writes science fiction and designs games in the lonely wilderness of western massachusetts ."]}
{"id": 1437, "summary": [{"text": "the finescale razorbelly minnow ( salmophasia phulo ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus salmophasia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is a species of freshwater fish native to bangladesh and india .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it lives in the lower reaches of various bodies of water including rivers , canals , ponds , and ditches .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "with a maximum length of only 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) , the fish is of little commercial or dietary value to humans . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "finescale razorbelly minnow", "paragraphs": ["latin , salmo , plinius = salmon + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 )\noccurs in the lower reaches of rivers , ponds , beels , ditches and canals ( ref . 41236 ) .\nmenon , a . g . k . , 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . rec . zool . surv . india , misc . publ . , occas . pap . no . 175 , 366 p . ( ref . 41236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00250 - 0 . 02102 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\noccurs in the lower reaches of rivers , ponds , beels , ditches and canals ( ref . 41236 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ncyprinus phulo hamilton , 1822 , fishes of the ganges , p . 262 .\noxygaster phulo rahman , 1974 , banglaesh j zool . 2 ( 2 ) . p . 193 .\nsamostoma phulo phulo banarescu , 1968 , rev . roum . biol . zool . 13 ( 1 ) . p . 5 .\nthis species is a surface feeder and available distributed in the study area . various types of dip nets are used for its fishing .\nbhuiyan , a . l . 1964 . fishes of dacca . asiatic society of pakistan , dacca . 48 pp .\nday , f . 1878 . fishes of india , being a natural history of fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of india , burma and ceylon . william dawson & sons ltd . , london , vol . i : 778 pp .\nhamilton , f . , 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches , edinburgh & london , fishes ganges , 262 p .\nrahman , 1974 , banglaesh j zool . 2 ( 2 ) . p . 193 .\nrahman , a . k . a . 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh . the zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 . 364 pp .\nrahman , a . k . a . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh ( second edition ) . the zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 . 394 pp .\ntalwar , p . k . and jhingran , a . g . , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 1 and 2 . oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi , calcutta . 1158pp .\nex - student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1439, "summary": [{"text": "eupanacra automedon is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from north-eastern india , nepal , myanmar , thailand , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , nias , java and borneo .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is very similar to eupanacra malayana but distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a single sharp point at the apex and no darker brown longitudinal shadow .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the forewing upperside has postmedian lines closer together and more longitudinal than in eupanacra malayana , almost parallel to the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae have been recorded on lasia spinosa .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the ground colour of the body is jade-green without distinct markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it has a pale beige horn .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the body ground colour of the last instar is uniform brown with an unmistakable pair of anterior ocelli located at its first abdominal segment and a tail horn that is shorter and back-curved", "topic": 23}], "title": "eupanacra automedon", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about eupanacra automedon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupanacra automedon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define eupanacra automedon in a sentence and how is the word eupanacra automedon used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528eupanacra automedon\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eupanacra automedon\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eupanacra automedon\u9020\u53e5 , eupanacra automedon meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\neupanacra automedon ( walker , 1856 ) = panacra automedon walker , 1856 = truncata ( walker , 1856 ) = niasana ( clark , 1923 ) = kualalumpuri ( clark , 1935 ) .\nin the male genitalia , uncus similar to eupanacra regularis regularis but a little broader . gnathos similar to eupanacra regularis regularis . valve with many stridulatory scales . harpe slender , similar to eupanacra automedon , not distinctly spatulate . aedeagus apical process with right lobe projecting , as in eupanacra regularis regularis , but broader apically and more heavily dentate , scarcely longer than broad ; left lobe similar to eupanacra malayana but broader .\nit is similar to\neupanacra automedon\nbut distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a blunt double point and generally a darker brown longitudinal shadow present .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]\npanacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158\npanacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india\npanacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .\npanacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java\noriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npanacra mydon walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 155 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] .\nchina : iii - ix ( hong kong ) ; vi ( sichuan ) ; vi ( guangdong ) ; 20 . vii ( yunnan ) ; 3 . x ( tengchong ) .\nkendrick ( 2002 ) states that this common moth is multivoltine in hong kong , occurring from march until late july and again in late september , with peaks in march and may .\novum : yellowish - green , the bright orange of the young larva showing through before hatching ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nlarva : full - fed 95mm . , width 8mm . , horn 5mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar the body is long and thin ; the horn straight , of medium length . head and body orange , horn greyish - black . in the second instar , the body surface is smooth and shiny , with the head and body being translucent pale green , the horn black .\nin the third and fourth instar the body stays long and thin , but segment six becomes tumid . the horn is now long and straight . the surface of the head and body is smooth and dull and pale yellowish - green in colour . there is an oval , longitudinal , black eye - spot on segment six . the horn is black above , but pale green laterally and centrally .\nin the fifth instar the shape is as in others of the genus . the horn is thick at its base , tapering sharply to a blunt point ; basal half at right angles to dorsum of larva , distal half bent sharply downwards . body smooth and dull , excepting the eye - spot and the band above it , which are shiny as though enamelled , and the horn , which is shiny and covered with small tubercles .\nin colour , head bright green , body pale yellowish - green . segments 4 and 6 bright green on dorsum , marked with longitudinal white dashes . a dark green , narrow , dorsal stripe runs from segments 2 to 5 , with a pinkish stripe on each side of it on 5 . there is an oval , longitudinal eye - spot on segment 6 . this is black above , reddish - brown below , the reddish - brown portion being outlined by a narrow pale band , the whole edged by a narrow blackish line . above the eye - spot , and touching it , there is a broad white band with a bright red quadrate spot in the centre of it . a broad , brown subdorsal stripe starts from the front margin of 2 , runs across 3 and 4 , then below the eye - spot on 5 , then turns up to the dorsum along the hind edge of 5 , this stripe being edged below by a narrow pale stripe . a brown spiracular stripe runs from the spiracle on segment 6 to the hind margin of 11 . this stripe narrows at the spiracles , but widens between them . segment 13 and anal flap brown , with a broad , green , dorsal stripe from base of horn to tip of flap . segments 6 to 12 are sometimes immaculate except for the spiracular band , or marked with irregular brown patches . when reared in the dark the brown colour may spread over the whole of these segments . horn orange ; true legs pink , prolegs green . spiracles black edged broadly with white .\nwhen alarmed , the larva retracts the head and anterior segments into segment 5 , and expands that segment to show the eye - spots , which are not visible in the resting position ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\npupa : 50mm . , width 10mm . very similar to that of e . busiris . cremaster broadly triangular , dorsal surface rounded , ventral surface deeply , longitudinally concave , ending in a stout shaft which branches near base , each branch ending in two hooks . there are two shorter shafts , each with a single hook , on each side of base of central shaft ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .\nlarval hostplants . alocasia odora ( araceae ) in hong kong ( tennent , 1992 ) . colocasia , caladium , arisaema and amorphophallus ( araceae ) elsewhere ( inoue , kennett & kitching , [ 1996 ] 1997 ) .\nin laos and thailand , recorded from scindapsus pictus , syngonium podophyllum and syngonium vellozianum ( eitschberger & ihle , 2008 ) .\nchina : sichuan ( zhongjiang ) ; chongqing ; yunnan ( cangyuan ; menglun ; tengchong , 1800m ; simao / pu ' er ) ; guangdong ( guangzhou ; e . nan ling ; ? ? wai - tzi - san ) ; hong kong ( north point ; shau kei wan ) ; guangxi ( miao ling ; maoer shan , 1800m ) ; hainan ( jianfeng ) .\nnepal , northeastern india ( subhasish arandhara , 2016 ) , bangladesh , burma / myanmar , southern china , thailand , laos , vietnam , peninsular malaysia .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1453, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus davisellus is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "acrolophus davisellus", "paragraphs": ["acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ndalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\npfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nrobinson , g . s . 1986 . fungus moths : a review of the scardiinae ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 52 ( 2 ) : 37 - 181 .\nrecord : sta cruz co . , coll . j . f . lawrence ( bmnh )\nhasbrouck , frank f . 1964 . moths of the family acrolophidae in american north of mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum ( vol 114 , pp . 487 - 706 ) number 3475 .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl = yuma , records in texas as well ) .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl =\nhot springs , az\n. records in texas as well ) .\nbruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1454, "summary": [{"text": "pseudolaguvia tenebricosa is a species of catfish .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is only known from a fast-flowing hill stream called pathe chaung , near taungoo in southern burma .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this is a very small catfish ( 2.9 centimetres ( 1.1 in ) sl ) with almost black upperparts and paler underneath .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is similar to pseudolaguvia tuberculata but differs in having a distinct gap between the dorsal and adipose fins and a narrower head with a shorter snout .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is adapted to the fast-flowing waters of its habitat by the presence of an adhesive apparatus in the form of folded pleats of skin , rather similar to that seen on members of the sisorid genus glyptothorax . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pseudolaguvia tenebricosa", "paragraphs": ["type : [ large ] upl _ 95284 . tif [ 7715204 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 95285 . tif [ 2794440 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 95290 . tif [ 3003640 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , ventral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 318614 . tif [ 7715204 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 318616 . tif [ 10529852 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , ventral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 318612 . tif [ 10290968 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\npseudolaguvia tenebricosa was described from the pathe chaung in the sittang river drainage in southern myanmar ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) . however , the non - type material from the irrawaddy river drainage mentioned in the original description of this species may not be conspecific with the type material from the sittang river drainage . there is currently insufficient material of the former to verify if this is the case .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 93929 . jpg [ 1063419 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 20 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm xray , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . nat . hist . , smithsonian institution . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 93932 . jpg [ 1517916 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 20 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm x - ray , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . nat . hist . , smithsonian institution . all rights reserved .\nbritz , r . and c . j . ferraris jr . , 2003 . a new species of the asian catfish genus pseudolaguvia from myanmar ( teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : erethistidae ) . zootaxa 388 : 1 - 8 . ( ref . 50586 )\njustification : there is insufficient information regarding the distribution of pseudolaguvia tenebricosa , since it has only been collected from two widely separate localities . information about its biology and potential threats facing this species is also lacking . furthermore , whilst the species may be present in basins between the two known localities , the conspecificity of the populations from the irrawaddy and sittaung river drainages requires further study . given the lack of knowledge regarding the distribution , biology and the threats facing this species , as well as the taxonomic uncertainty surrounding the two known populations , it is assessed as data deficient .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 . differs from the only other member of the genus pseudolaguvia tuberculata in having an adipose fin not reaching posterior insertion of dorsal fin , a narrower head ( 23 . 8 - 25 . 1 versus 26 . 7 % sl ) , and a shorter snout ( 12 . 8 - 14 . 3 versus 16 . 7 % sl ) ( ref . 50586 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nrema devi , k . r . , arunachalam , m . , vishwanath , w . , dahanukar , n . , daniel , b . a . & molur , s .\nthis species is known only from two localities in the sittaung and irrawaddy river drainages respectively . the type locality ( pathe chaung ) is a left bank tributary of the sittang river in southern myanmar ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) , while the other locality in which it has been recorded lies in the middle irrawaddy river drainage in northern myanmar .\nthere is no information on the population size and trend of this species , since it is only known from 17 specimens .\nthe type locality ( pathe chaung ) is a small hill stream , with fast running , clear water , a sandy bottom and numerous rocks and boulders . aquatic vegetation was absent . water temperature was 24\u00b0c , with a ph of 8 . 5 and a conductivity of 70 \u03bcs ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) .\nthis species is apparently not utilized either as a food or an aquarium fish .\nthe threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .\nmore research about the distribution and the biology of this species is needed , as there is insufficient information available . potential threats to this species also need to be identified . furthermore , the taxonomic status of the material from the irrawaddy river drainage needs to be further investigated and its conspecificity with the type material from the sittang river drainage needs to be verified .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfrom the latin tenebricosus alluding to the dark , gloomy coloration of this species ( ref . 50586 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50586 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 1456, "summary": [{"text": "eupropacris abbreviata , commonly known as kilosa noble grasshopper is a species of grasshopper of the family acrididae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is endemic to kilosa , tanzania , and is critically endangered due to deforestation . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "eupropacris abbreviata", "paragraphs": ["eupropacris cylindricollis schaum , 1853 = eupropacris ornata karny , 1907 = eupropacris swynnertoni ramme , 1929 = orbillus namaqua krauss 1901 = catantops cylindricollis schaum 1853 = eupropacris furcata ramme , 1929 = acridium genuale walker , f . , 1870 = eupropacris genualis walker , f . , 1870 = eupropacris clathrata ramme , 1929 = eupropacris obscura miller , n . c . e . 1929 = catantops ornatus karny , 1907 = eupropacris namaqua krauss 1901 = acridium fumidum walker , f . 1870 = eupropacris fumida walker , f . , 1870 = catantops nigricornis karny , 1907 = eupropacris nigricornis karny , 1907 = orbillus nyassicus karsch 1896 = poecilocerus cylindricollis schaum , 1853 = eupropacris congica ramme , 1929 = orbillus roseoviridis bol\u00edvar , i . , 1908 = eupropacris cylindricollis congica ramme 1929 = eupropacris oculata ramme , 1929 = eupropacris roseoviridis bol\u00edvar , i . , 1908 .\nmiller , n . c . e . 1929 . trans . entomol . soc . london 77 : 85 > > eupropacris abbreviata urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 57021\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nbased upon the ecology of congeneric species , it is likely that this species is confined to forest edges and clearings of evergreen lowland forest .\nthe main threat to this species is deforestation and transformation caused by agricultural land use .\nno specific conservation measures are in place for this species . it remains unknown , if the species occurs in kihiliri forest reserve .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nclick on a heading to sort by its values . click again to sort in the opposite direction .\nendangered status provided by iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 < urltoken > downloaded on 11 april 2013 ."]}
{"id": 1459, "summary": [{"text": "amphibalanus is a genus of barnacle of the family balanidae that includes species formerly assigned to balanus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the following species : amphibalanus amphitrite ( darwin , 1854 ) \u2020 amphibalanus caboblanquensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) \u2020 amphibalanus caribensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus cirratus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus eburneus ( gould , 1841 ) \u2020 amphibalanus halosydne ( zullo & katuna , 1992 ) ( extinct ) \u2020 amphibalanus hopkinsi ( zullo , 1968 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus improvisus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus inexpectatus ( pilsbry , 1916 ) amphibalanus peruvianus ( pilsbry , 1909 ) \u2020 amphibalanus playagrandensis ( weisbord , 1966 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus poecilotheca ( kruger , 1911 ) \u2020 amphibalanus reflexus ( zullo , 1984 ) ( extinct ) amphibalanus reticulatus ( utinomi , 1967 ) amphibalanus rhizophorae ( ren & liu , 1989 ) amphibalanus salaami ( nilsson-cantell , 1932 ) amphibalanus subalbidus ( henry , 1973 ) amphibalanus thailandicus ( puspasari , yamaguchi & angsupanich , 2001 ) amphibalanus variegatus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus venustus ( darwin , 1854 ) amphibalanus zhujiangensis ( ren , 1989 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "amphibalanus", "paragraphs": ["balanus amphitrite or amphibalanus amphitrite ? a note on barnacle nomenclature . - pubmed - ncbi\nreply to clare and h\u00f8eg 2008 . balanus amphitrite or amphibalanus amphitrite ? a note on barnacle nomenclature .\namphibalanus improvisus on a mytilus galloprovincialis shell . collected in 2001 , black sea , balaklava bay , preserved in alcohol\namphibalanus improvisus on a mytilus galloprovincialis shell . collected in 2001 , black sea , balaklava bay , preserved in alcohol\nintroduced species remark in japan ( nation ) : amphibalanus amphitrite is reported to foul ' sluice systems ' in japan ( chavanich et al . 2010 ) . [ details ]\nvariety amphibalanus amphitrite var . stutsburi darwin , 1854 accepted as fistulobalanus pallidus ( darwin , 1854 ) ( harding 1962 considered balanus amphitrite var stutburi is synonym to balanus pallidus ( = fistulobalanus pallidus ) )\na recent revision of balanomorph barnacles ( pitombo , 2004 ) has transferred balanus improvisus to the genus amphibalanus . the name change is now widely accepted , but some literature sources and internet databases have used the genus name balanus .\nthe shell of balanus crenatus appears not notched on the top , calcareous base lacks the star - like pattern and its operculum is centred . the carina of amphibalanus eburneus is not lower than the rostrum , the scuta are cross - striated , cuticle is more resilient on plates rather than on the radii . the main band in the middle of the tergoscutal flap of amphibalanus amphitrite is above the micropylar opening . more morphological detail on differences in the balanus amphitrite complex are given in henry and mclaughlin ( 1975 ) .\namphibalanus eburneus , known as the ivory barnacle , is native to the western atlantic from the southern gulf of maine to venezuela . it is widely introduced around the world and has invaded the northeast atlantic , the indian ocean , northwestern pacific and the northeastern pacific . in 2000 , an established population was reported for the first time in us pacific waters , in the colorado lagoon , long beach , california . based on its broad tolerances , this species has the potential to expand its range on the pacific coast . amphibalanus eburneus fouls cultured oysters and may compete with other benthic invertebrates for space .\nin a recent revision of the balanidae based on morphological systematics , the much studied fouling species balanus amphitrite was renamed amphibalanus amphitrite . here , the case is made for retaining the former nomenclature . taxonomists are urged to exercise caution before introducing new formal taxonomies , which should ideally be based on several independent lines of evidence .\nthe reticulated barnacle , amphibalanus reticulatus , was first described from southern japan and is native to the indo - pacific region . it has been introduced by shipping to tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern pacific , both sides of the atlantic , and the eastern mediterranean . it prefers saline ( 30 - 40 psu ) , subtidal habitats in warm seas and can be found on a wide range of hard surfaces , including ships ' hulls , docks , pilings , mangroves , rocks , oysters , and other shellfish . amphibalanus reticulatus can have economic impacts through the frequent fouling of ships ' hulls and marine structures and is thought to compete with other barnacle species for settlement space .\nintroduced species remark in swedish exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : amphibalanus improvisus is a frequent fouler of power plants in its native and introduced range ( nauman and cory 1969 ; vuorinen et al . 1986 ; zvyagintsev et al . 2003 ) . in sweden , estimated costs of power plant fouling by a . improvisus were 1 . 5 - 5 . 5 million dollars per year ( gren et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]\nalien species the origin of the bay barnacle amphibalanus improvisus is unclear , and therefore referred to by many scientists as cryptogenic . it is a typical fouling species that distributes itself by clinging to ship hulls . in belgium , living bay barnacles were first reported in 1895 . there were even specimens found in archaeological materials dating back to the 17th century . this barnacle can compete with local species for food and space , but it can also influence the occurrence of algae , as seen in the baltic sea . [ details ]\nthe bay barnacle , amphibalanus improvisus , is native to the atlantic and gulf coasts of north america ranging south through the caribbean and south america . it has been introduced to the west coast of north america , the sea of japan , europe and the mediterranean , black and caspian seas . it is characteristic of brackish estuarine habitats and is tolerant of varying salinities , being found in water ranging from 0 - 40 psu . economic and ecological impacts have not been reported for a . improvisus on the west coast ; however , it is a dominant fouling organism and is known to grow on a variety of surfaces including ships , boats , harbor structures , and fishing gear .\nalien species the striped barnacle amphibalanus amphitrite is a cosmopolitan barnacle that naturally occurs in almost every tropical and subtropical sea . it is a typical fouling species that can reach different places by attaching itself to ship\u2019s hulls . the first specimen in belgium was found in 1952 in farmed oysters in the port of ostend . it took till february 1995 till the striped barnacle was commonly found along the belgian coast . it was thought that the cold winter temperatures would kill off the species in the belgian regions , but this did not happen . the barnacle today ( 2011 ) is a common inhabitant in the port of ostend . the species thrives well in areas with a certain degree of physical stress or pollution . [ details ]\npitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndarwin , c . ( 1854 ) . a monograph on the sub - class cirripedia with figures of all the species . the balanidae , ( or sessile cirripedia ) ; the verricidae , etc . , etc . , etc . the ray society , london . i - viii + 1 - 684 , pls . 1 - 30 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlutaenko , k . a . ; furota , t . ; nakayama ; s . ; shin , k . ; xu , j . ( 2013 ) . atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region . beijing : nowpap dinrac ( northwest pacific action plan , data and information network regional center ) . 189 pp . [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus amphitrite darwin , 1854 ) henry , d . p . ; mclaughlin , p . a . ( 1975 ) . the barnacles of the balanus amphitrite complex ( cirripedia , thoracica ) . zoologische verhandelingen . 141 : 1 - 254 . 22 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nblackmore , g . ; rainbow , p . s . ( 2000 ) . barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in hong kong coastal waters 1998 update . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v . hong kong university press , hong kong . 385 - 409 . [ details ]\nintroduced species abundance in trinidad and tobago ( nation ) : southward ( 1975 ) and bacon ( 1976 ) found it largely confined to ships and man - made structures in bonaire and trinidad . [ details ]\nintroduced species abundance in gulf of mexico ( iho sea area ) : this could represent an isolated specimen collected from a ship . [ details ]\nintroduced species abundance in jamaican part of the caribbean sea : southward ( 1975 ) and bacon ( 1976 ) found it rare and local in jamaica . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in united states part of the north atlantic ocean ( marine region ) : a . amphitrite is one of the most abundant fouling barnacles in warmer harbors of the u . s . ( moore and frue 1959 ; carlton 1979 ) , and worldwide ( zevina 1988 ; jones 1992 ; shkedy et al . 1995 ) [ details ]\ngittings , s . r . 2009 . cirripedia ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 827\u2013836 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) meinkoth , n . a . 1981 . field guide to north american seashore creatures . the audubon society . alfred a . knopf . new york . 799 p . [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) zenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus eburneus gould , 1841 ) pitombo , f . b . ( 2004 ) . phylogenetic analysis of the balanidae ( cirripedia , balanomorpha ) . zoologica scripta 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u2013276 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nleung ty . & jones ds . ( 2000 ) . barnacles ( cirripedia : thoracica ) from epibenthic substrata in the shallow offshore waters of hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the tenth international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china v . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 105 - 127 . [ details ]\nintroduced species population trend in dutch part of the north sea : in dutch waters it seems to sporadically appear and disappear and does not seem to be established there ( wolff 2005 ) . [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of balanus improvisus darwin , 1854 ) zenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintroduced species abundance in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : this barnacle is now abundant in the region , especially in brackish waters . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of finland , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : in the caspian sea and in russian harbors on the sea of japan , a . improvisus was an important component of fouling on harbor structures ( kashin et al . 2000 ; zaitsev and ozturk 2001 ; zvyagintsev 2003 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of bothnia ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of bothnia , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts , by fouling eelgrass and algae ( bostrom and bonsdorff 1997 and raberg and kautsky 2007 , cited by zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in swedish exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : in skagerrak , sweden , it was the dominant organism fouling the hulls of recreational boats , probably because it was more tolerant of hydrodynamic stress than the native blue mussel , mytilus edulis , which dominated static fouling plates ( berntsson and jonsson 2003 ) . in sweden , estimated costs of hull fouling by a . improvisus are 23 - 56 million dollars per year ( gren et al . 2009 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : in the baltic sea , where it is the only barnacle species present , filter - feeding by a . improvisus is thought to affect food webs by diverting planktonic production to the benthic biomass ( olenin and leppakoski 2000 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : in the baltic sea , a . improvisus is reported to affect the recreational quality of shorelines by fouling rocks and littering beaches with its sharp shells . on the other hand , its large filter - feeding biomass increases the clarity of the water ( olenin and leppakoski 2000 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of finland , a . improvisus was classified as having moderate ecosystem impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of riga ( iho sea area ) : in the gulf of riga , a . improvisus was classified as having some habitat impacts ( zaiko et al . 2011 ) . [ details ]\nintroduced species vector dispersal in gulf of california ( iho sea area ) : ships : general early shipping could also explain a 1889 collection from the gulf of california , mexico ( henry and mclaughlin 1975 ) . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nimage courtesy of prof . christiane maria rocha farrapeira , universidade federal rural de pernambuco - ufrpe , brazil\nthis is some default tab content , embedded directly inside this space and not via ajax . it can be shown when no tabs are automatically selected , or associated with a certain tab , in this case , the first tab .\nfofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\na . improvisus is a small sessile crustacean , typical for the shallow fringe of sea ( less than 10 m deep ) , occurring in marine and brackish environments . a . improvisus has been dispersed by shipment out . . .\na . improvisus is a small sessile crustacean , typical for the shallow fringe of sea ( less than 10 m deep ) , occurring in marine and brackish environments . a . improvisus has been dispersed by shipment outside its natural distribution area , which is considered to be the western atlantic . it was first recorded as invasive in europe and california in the middle of the nineteenth century , with further distribution records to the pacific and australasia ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) . its success worldwide has been attributed to the fact that it is euryhaline and eurythermal , able to self - fertilize , establish and mature rapidly , has a high reproductive capacity and long settlement period , and utilizes a wide range of food . the species damages man - made constructions and ships , causing substantial economic expense , and threatens biological diversity , competing with local species for food as well as space . a . improvisus is included in alert lists in the baltic and pacific ( australia ) . the potential of becoming established from warm temperate to tropical and polar regions has been indicated .\nin some germanic languages the species common name means \u201cbrackish water barnacle\u201d , reflecting the ability of the barnacle to live in water with lower salinity , such as estuaries . the english common name \u201cbay barnacle\u201d indicates the ability of the species to live in inlets and enclosed bodies of water .\nhas a low , cone - shaped or semi - globe shape . it may be cylinder - shaped in crowded populations , but according to\nthe calcareous shell is made up of white to greyish plates . walls never ribbed or folded longitudinally . uneroded calcareous shells have a smooth surface and may be covered by a thin yellowish epidermis , which is often more resilient on the radii . the radii are narrow and oblique and do not completely cover the alae that is nearly horizontal . the carina is lower than the rostrum . the operculum situated off centre , so that terga are close to the carina . the operculum is rounded at the rostral end . in water the opening is narrow and diamond shaped with partly - erect tergoscutal flaps . in juveniles ' opening (\n) a white ground is crossed by five black bands of speckles , whereas adults display the same dark bands , but the ground colour is white speckled with purple .\nbase of the shell calcareous , flat and thin . canals inside run radially to the place ( approximately centre of the basal plate ) where cyprid antennas were attached ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; lepp\u00e4koski , 1999 ) forming a star - like pattern .\na . improvisus normally grows to around 10 mm in diameter , the largest specimens reaching 23 mm ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) .\nthe shells can remain in place long after the animal that constructed and inhabited it is dead .\nnoted that some of the records in the tropics may relate to the variety \u201cassimilis\u201d , which is a distinct , tropically distributed species of the \u201camphitrite\u201d group . unlike\na . improvisus is considered to be native on the east coast of north america . in its native range it is distributed from the gulf of st . lawrence in quebec province , canada ( brunel et al . , 1998 ) southward to florida ( pollock , 1998 ) .\nfurther south , the species is found in the gulf of mexico and caribbean region ( henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ) , and on the brazilian coast ( in estuarine areas in northeast brazil ; farrapeira , 2010 ) . in the southwest atlantic a . improvisus was found in uruguay and argentina by darwin ( 1854 ) .\nreviewed the species from uruguay and argentina as cryptogenic . it was also listed as cryptogenic in brazil by neves and da\nis generally considered as non - native in the east pacific . on the west coast of america its range is from british columbia down to central california (\n) with occasional records of sporadic occurrence in southern california as far south as san diego bay . presently it is found in california , oregon and the state of washington (\ndata on distribution on the west coast of mexico , western colombia , peru and ecuador is based on old collection records ( darwin , 1854 ; henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ) and needs to be reviewed ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) .\nfrom a few places in england and one locality in scotland . at the present time its distribution in the uk remains restricted to estuaries (\n) including the thames , severn , daugleddau , conwy , ribble , forth , dart and tamar .\n) and dundalk , dublin and cork harbours ( crisp and southward , unpublished survey ) .\nnoted that populations in the uk estuaries are fluctuating ; e . g . in the thames\nin continental europe , a . improvisus is known from estuarine and brackish waters in the baltic and north sea . in the baltic weidema ( 2000 ) states the northernmost limit of distribution as the northern quark , 63\u00b0n and the easternmost point at about 25\u00b0e in the gulf of finland . in norway the species is found in several localities between oslo fjord and stavanger , but not north of this ( sneli , 1972 ) . along the southern coastline of the north sea , it is common in brackish waters of the netherlands ( gittenberger et al . , 2010 ) .\na . improvisus is found in the caspian , black and aral sea from many littoral locations and is considered as a non - native , well established species there , being very widespread .\ndidn ' t find it in the aegean sea , but included the species in the checklist of cirripedia for all parts of the mediterranean sea .\nearly findings of a . improvisus from african coasts ( broch , 1927 ; gruvel , 1912 ; nilsson - cantell , 1938 ) need to be reviewed . henry and mclaughlin ( 1975 ) suggested that specimens found by stubbings ( 1967 ) from west coast of africa are a . improvisus rather than balanus amphitrite as the author had described . bishop ( 1951 ) recorded a . improvisus from three localities in west africa . some authors such as jones et al . ( 2000 ) included the west coast of africa to the cape of good hope in current habitat of the species , but recent reports from south africa don ' t list the species ( griffiths et al . , 2009 ; 2011 ) .\nin western pacific the species is considered established in the russian part of the sea of japan .\na . improvisus is a fouling agent in japanese ports , from where there are detailed records . there are records from malaysia and the east china sea , but data on distribution and spread in the region are still limited . several occurrences have been noted from australian ports , but the claims were not confirmed ( wiltshire et al . , 2010 ) . in new zealand this species seems to be established .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nkotta et al . , 2006a ; darwin , 1854 ; hoek , 1876 ; broch , 1924 ; gislen , 1950 ; barnes and barnes , 1962 ; bassindale , 1964 ; polk , 1976 ; hayward et al . , 1990 ; sandrock et al . , 1991 ; jansson , 1994 ; brattegard et al . , 1997 ; olszewska , 1999 ; reise et al . , 1999 ; goulletquer et al . , 2002 ; leppakoski et al . , 2002 ; m\u00fcller , 2004 ; gollasch and nehring , 2006 ; reise et al . , 2006 ; daisie , 2009 ; dziubinska and szaniawska , 2010 ; jazdewski and grabowski , 2011 ; noel , 2011\nbousfield , 1954 ; branscomb , 1976 ; brunel et al . , 1998 ; pollock , 1998 ; carlton et al . , 2011\nbuchinsky , 1885 ; neu , 1935 ; derzhavin , 1956 ; sayenkova , 1956 ; tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; henry and mclaughlin , 1975 ; brayko , 1982 ; brayko , 1985 ; zevina and poltarukha , 1999 ; aladin et al . , 2002 ; gomoiu et al . , 2002 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ; zenetos , 2005 ; daisie , 2009\ntarasov and zevina , 1957 ; kawahara , 1963 ; utinomi , 1966 ; utinomi , 1968 ; utinomi , 1970 ; huang , 1994 ; iwasaki and kinoshita , 2004 ; otani , 2004 ; iwasaki , 2006 ; liu , 2008 ; seo and lee , 2009 ; doi et al . , 2011\nfoster and willan , 1979 ; cranfield et al . , 1998 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011\nbishop , 1951 ; jones et al . , 2000 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011\nkawahara , 1963 ; utinomi , 1966 ; utinomi , 1968 ; utinomi , 1970 ; iwasaki and kinoshita , 2004 ; otani , 2004 ; iwasaki , 2006 ; doi et al . , 2011\nhenry and mclaughlin , 1975 ; kaplan , 1988 ; davidson et al . , 2008\npolk , 1976 ; kerckhof and cattrijsse , 2001 ; vandendriessche et al . , 2003 ; m\u00fcller , 2004\nj\u00e4rvek\u00fclg , 1979 ; leppakoski , 2002 ; p\u00f5llum\u00e4e et al . , 2006 ; simm and p\u00f5llum\u00e4e , 2006\ngruet et al . , 1976 ; goulletquer et al . , 2002 ; m\u00fcller , 2004\nrelini et al . , 1976 ; relini et al . , 1998 ; galil , 2011\nj\u00e4rvek\u00fclg , 1979 ; lepp\u00e4koski , 1999 ; barien , 2002 ; zaiko et al . , 2007\nwaardenburg , 1827 ; hoek , 1876 ; bishop , 1947 ; wolff , 2005 ; gittenberger et al . , 2010\nbroch , 1924 ; sneli , 1972 ; brattegard et al . , 1997 ; reise et al . , 1999 ; hopkins , 2002\npanov et al . , 1999 ; panov et al . , 2002 ; orlova et al . , 2006\nderzhavin , 1956 ; sayenkova , 1956 ; tarasov and zevina , 1957 ; turpaeva and simkina , 1963 ; birshtain et al . , 1968 ; brayko , 1982 ; brayko , 1985 ; zevina and poltarukha , 1999 ; aladin et al . , 2002 ; gomoiu et al . , 2002 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ; daisie , 2009\nreise et al . , 1999 ; southward , 2008 ; macho et al . , 2010 ; noel , 2011\ngislen , 1950 ; barnes and barnes , 1962 ; jansson , 1994 ; lepp\u00e4koski and olenin , 2000 ; gren et al . , 2009\nmost sources suggest ( newman and ross , 1976 ; zullo and miller , 1986 ) that a . improvisus originates on the north atlantic coast of america . paleontological records support this theory ( carlton and zullo , 1969 ) . the species is known in fossil records from florida ( newman , 1979 ) , whereas examination of late cenozoic barnacle faunas from numerous pacific coast localities has failed to uncover a . improvisus . newman ( 1954 ) also noted the absence of this species in indian mound material at brooks island , san francisco bay , although balanus glandula was common on mollusc shells now frequented by a . improvisus . some fossil records may indicate ( tavora et al . , 2005 ) that south america is the source area , but they need to be reviewed ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) .\nin the americas , according to a recent review on barnacle invasions ( carlton et al . , 2011 ) , a . improvisus and a . amphitrite constituted the majority of invasion events in the first 100 years after 1853 . in 1853 a . improvisus was first found in san francisco bay ( carlton and zullo , 1969 ) , where it is supposed to have arrived on ship hulls during the gold rush . the ships were often abandoned , providing a good opportunity for colonisation by fouling organisms from the atlantic . a . improvisus spread along the coast from california ( carlton , 1979 ) and reached british columbia in 1955 ( rivera et al . , 2011 ) .\nmay have been introduced to south american coasts on spanish ships as early as the sixteenth century . the suggestion is supported by\n) consider it to be a non - indigenous species and noted the lack of verified fossils in the eastern atlantic and mediterranean . they suppose that\nreached europe with trading vessels from america and started colonisation of the baltic in the middle of the nineteenth century , spreading through human activities . now it is regarded as a pest and is given as one of the 100 worst alien species in europe (\n, becoming extinct in northeast atlantic waters during the last glaciation and then being re - introduced by human activities as the earliest transatlantic voyages took place between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries .\nconsidered the species as an emigrant from america . in ireland it is only estimated to have arrived before 1950 (\nwas found in oslofjord , and until 1969 it was only found in this fjord .\na . improvisus has invaded the black and caspian seas . the first record from the black sea dates back to 1844 ( gomoiu et al . , 2002 ) , but the species may inhabited the basin much earlier : derzhavin ( 1956 ) indicates than it could have been transported on ships from ancient greece and phoenicia . the start of invasion and spread in the caspian sea is well - recorded ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) . it arrived in the caspian sea in 1955 ( sayenkova , 1956 ; grigorovich et al . , 2003 ) , presumably through the volga - don canal from the asov and the black sea . in summer 1956 the species could be found everywhere in the basin ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) and now it is a dominant fouling organism ( aladin , et al . , 2002 ) .\nthere are few recent records from the mediterranean , and it is unknown whether a . improvisus is established here ( zenetos et al . , 2005 ) . the first record may be from 1972 ( streftaris et al . , 2005 ) or 1976 from off - shore platforms in the adriatic sea ( relini et al . , 1976 ) . in a recent review by galil ( 2011 ) the species is not mentioned in the list of alien crustaceans of the mediterranean sea .\nin the russian part of the sea of japan a . improvisus is now considered established ( zvyagintsev , 2003 ; ovsyannikova , 2008 ) . the first record as an exotic species was in 1969 when it was found on man - made installations ( zevina and gorin , 1971 ) in the peter the great bay . however , the species might have inhabited the waters well before detailed scientific research was started here in the 1960s .\ncolonised the western pacific , probably through human introduction . in japan it was first recorded in 1952 (\nthe species is recorded from several locations in north and central western pacific ( jones et al . , 2000 ) , but little is known about the pattern of its spread and invasiveness in the region .\nin the southwest pacific the species was first reported in western australia by bishop in 1951 , who suggested that a . improvisus had become established in one of the australian ports during the 1940s . however , later allen ( 1953 ) could not substantiate this claim when investigating fouling of submerged surfaces on the eastern australian coast . in a review , jones ( 1992 ) didn ' t include this species as present in australian waters , but australia appeared as a location in a later review ( jones et al . , 2000 ) . recently the species has been reported from ships ' hulls in australian ports , but there are no records of its having become established ( wiltshire et al . , 2010 ; ahyong and wilkens , 2011 ) in these waters .\nin new zealand , a . improvisus was initially observed on an oil platform which had been transported from japan to new zealand ( foster and willan , 1979 ) in 1975 , and the species is now reported as established .\nrivera et al ( 2011 ) modelled the potential for high - latitude marine invasions of a . improvisus along western north america . according the author ' s calculations , there is a potential of habitat extension from the modern frontier in british columbia ( port alberni ) to the prince william sound and aleutian islands reaching 61 - 61 . 5\u00ba n . if global warming is considered , the north habitat border may shift as far as 68 . 5 - 69 . 0\u00ba in america , creating a possibility of invasion of the species on much of the southeast coast of alaska . in europe ( norway ) the northern border may shift to 65 . 5 or in case of potential effect of global warming to 71 - 71 . 5\u00ba n .\nfindings of the species in australian ports indicates a possibility of a wider invasion in the region .\nrivera et al . ( 2007 ) noted that uniform warming of 2\u00b0c may nudge northward some of the northern hemisphere limits of a . improvisus but would decrease its tropical coverage and lead to a global decrease in suitable habitat .\n) . vertical distribution can vary , generally reflecting the difference in tidal range at each location , usually 0 - 80 cm .\nthe species can often be found on ship hulls , sluices and oil platforms . on ships it tolerates places with strong water flow ( tarasov and zevina , 1957 ) .\nwithin the habitat range the species tends to colonize all available substratum suitable for a cyprid larva settlement . many authors noted an ability of a . improvisus to live on a wide range of hosts .\na . improvisus is often found attached to bivalve shells and dead molluscs . on sandy beaches of the northwestern black sea it colonised almost all bivalve shells at 2 - 10 m depth ( vinogradov , 1956 ) . in the baltic it has been found on mytilus edulis ( laihonen and furman , 1986 ) and mya arenaria ( olszewska , 2000 ) . in the southern baltic a . improvisus is the only representative of the cirripedia which grows on the mussel mytilus trossulus , which is the dominant element of the bottom fauna in this area . the sporadic occurrence of this barnacle on another baltic bivalve species , the cockle cerastoderma glaucum , has also been noted ( olszewska , 1999 ) .\nin september 1999 the species was found on shells of the soft - shell clam mya arenaria on the beach near brzezno ( gulf of gdansk ) . the presence of a . improvisus on m . arenaria could be further evidence of the tendency of barnacles to colonise all available habitats , even if they are not always optimal ( olszewska , 2000 ) .\nin the caspian sea it uses an endemic bivalve didacna sp . ( riedel et al . , 2006 ) . in brazil it attaches directly to living oysters and mussels , as well as on stones and empty shells on the muddy sediment ( farrapeira , 2010 ) . in the sea of japan it settles on the native bivalve corbicula japonica , which may live in freshwater , and on the oyster crassostrea gigas , but also on seagrass and macroalgae ( ovsyannikova , 2008 ) .\n) . in south america farraepeira ( 2009 ; 2010 ) has reported it on numerous organisms .\nin british populations of a . improvisus , furman et al . ( 1989 ) noted high levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity in most estuarine populations except for a small isolated conwy population , where self - fertilisation and inbreeding is possible . factors determining the genetic differentiation in british populations are water currents and water traffic , but not salinity .\nanalyses of isozyme patterns by furman ( 1990 ) revealed a high degree of genetic similarity amongst populations in the british isles and the baltic , the west coast of sweden , and north america . the results indicate that populations of a . improvisus cluster by geographical and salinity patterns . less heterozygote deficiency was observed in the baltic , showing higher stability and outcrossing here . johannesson and andre ( 2006 ) analysed genetic data from 29 species inhabiting the low saline baltic sea and found that essentially only a . improvisus seemed to be panmictic over the baltic sea\u2013north sea salinity gradient due to high dispersive capacity .\ngamfeldt et al . ( 2005 ) hypothesised that increasing genetic diversity within species enhances ecosystem processes such as success of larval settlement of a . improvisus . possible mechanisms that explain this pattern may be facilitation of gregarious response through the presence of founder genotypes , ensuring genetic complementarity to increase future reproductive potential . the study of settlement pattern of the species indicates that changing intraspecific genetic diversity could have community - scale consequences for larval recruitment and space occupancy .\nbarien ( 2002 ) assessed cytogenetic damage in a . improvisus ( aneugenic effects ) inhabiting the baltic sea at butinge oil terminal , showing the high genotoxicity level in the zone of sewage effluent from palanga town and mazeikiai oil refinery . extensive cytogenetic injuries in gonadal cells of a . improvisus indicated the potential long - term hazards of pollutants to ecological health and integrity of this aquatic species .\nalthough hermaphroditism is universal in sessile barnacles , only a few species are known to be facultative self - fertilisers . furman and yule ( 1990 ) tested the ability of a . improvisus to self - fertilise . individuals were observed to carry well - developed ovaries and well - developed testes at the same time . fertilisation took place and the eggs developed to larvae in both isolated and communal individuals . self - fertilisation appears to take place somewhat later than cross - fertilisation . these laboratory results on self - fertilisation are supported by field observations , in which isolated individuals were found with fertilised egg masses . a . improvisus can thus be added to the list of facultatively self - fertilising cirripedes . the ability to self - fertilise is especially advantageous for individuals of a species such as a . improvisus , which often has sparse and isolated populations ( weidema , 2000 ) .\n) . eggs form in the mantle cavity . egg size is about 180 \u00b5m , and contrary to other species , there is little geographic variation in this size (\n) and gives several generations in a year . embryos are brooded in an ovisac inside the mantle cavity . development to hatching takes about 21 days at 18\u00b0c (\nlarvae hatch as nauplii , and a new brood can be released every 5 - 6 days ( gamfeldt et al . , 2005 ) . there are six nauplius stages of which the first may be non - feeding , the others feeding in plankton , and a non - feeding cypris stage ( barnes and barnes , 1965 ) . nauplius larvae show strongly positive phototaxis , which decreases in the last nauplius stage ( lang et al . , 1979 ) . both eggs and nauplii of a . improvisus are smaller than those of most other barnacle species ( barnes and barnes , 1965 ; ross et al . , 2003 ) . development through the six nauplius stages takes about one week in the laboratory ( o ' connor and richardson , 1996 ; dahlstrom et al . , 2000 ) , but this depends on temperature .\nthe last naupliar stage moults into the cyprid larvae , which settle on hard substrate and transform into barnacles . cyprid larvae are most prone to settling when they are 3 - 4 days old ( sjogren et al . , 2008 ) . settlement increases in the presence of extract from adult conspecifics , and significantly more cyprids settled at 5 and 10 ppt than at other salinities between 2 and 35 ppt ( dineen and hines , 1992 ) . the same authors noted that surface effects were less obvious as age of cyprids increased .\nsettlement may also be influenced by light ( larvae are positively phototrophic ) , quality of the substratum and flow velocity ( smyth , 1946 ) . de wolf ( 1973 ) noted that number of cyprids increases soon after low water and decreases during the period of high water . intensity of the flow also influences the settlement : cyprids can attach when velocity of the flow is 0 . 25 m / sec , but not more than 0 . 56 m / sec . the ability of the cyprids to prefer rough surfaces over smooth ones to settle in depressions is well known ( shalaeva , 1997 ; rainbow , 1984 ) . dahlstrom et al . ( 2004 ) noted that surface wettability may act as a determinant in the settlement of a . improvisus that prefer hydrophobic surfaces in the laboratory conditions .\nchemical hormonal substances may influence the settlement of a . improvisus larvae . thus , dahlstrom et al . ( 2000 ) observed that settlement of cyprid larvae may be affected by surface active adrenoceptor compounds . zega et al . ( 2007 ) found that , neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin can regulate the settlement process of cyprid larva of a . improvisus . dopamine significantly stimulated settlement of 2 - and 4 - day - old cyprids , while serotonin exerted an inhibitory effect , regardless of cyprid age .\ndescribed a reproductive peak in north carolina in winter ( water temperature 5 . 5 - 11\u00b0c ) with a maximum in january , when temperature was about 7\u00b0c . in the uk , nauplii are released from may to late september and settlement is recorded from may to september (\n) larva release was noted in the first half of summer . in the black sea (\n) in may ( water temperature 16\u00b0c ) and august - september ( water temperature 20\u00b0c ) . in these periods , larvae of\nconstituted nearly half of all meroplankton . larvae disappeared from plankton when water temperature reached 25\u00b0c .\nin the sea of japan ( korn , 1991 ) the larvae of a . improvisus are found in plankton from june with 2 - 3 abundance peaks from august to october . at a depth of 1 m the number of the larvae reaches 800 / m 3 considerably exceeding that of other species and indicating a successful acclimatisation of the barnacle in the new region .\nnasrolahi et al . ( 2006 ) studied effects of salinity on larval stage survival . with increasing salinity , larval size decreases and development time to cyprid larva increased ( 8 - 25ppt takes 7 days , above 36ppt \u2013 9 days ) . larval survival was highest at 12ppt ( 60 % ) , against 14 % at 36 ppt .\n) the species has three settlement and three survival peaks . similarly , along the swedish west coast the species may have three generations in one summer season (\ngenerally , the species has a longevity of one year , but occasionally individuals can live for just over two years .\na . improvisus reaches maximum size in 2 - 3 weeks ( elfimov et al . , 1995 ) . tarasov and zevina ( 1957 ) observed that on natural substrata biomass does not exceed 1 . 5 kg / m 2 and density 10 , 000 - 11 , 000 / m 2 . on ships , the biomass can reach 5 - 8 kg / m 2 and on stationary constructions up to 15 , 000 kg / m 2 with density 50 , 000 / m 2 ( brayko , 1982 ) . tarasov and zevina ( 1957 ) showed that density changes depending on depth . thus , on metallic constructions in the caspian sea , at 0 - 0 . 5 m depth the density was 55 , 000 - 57 , 000 / m 2 , whereas it was just 24 , 000 - 28 , 000 / m 2 at 1 - 5 m depth .\nother factors affecting size and density of subtidal a . improvisus populations were investigated in chesapeake bay , usa ( branscomb , 1976 ) . populations were affected by both biotic and physical factors . the flatworm stylochus ellipticus , the predominant predator on barnacles , and the bryozoan , victorella pavida , the major spatial competitor , were major factors in summer . in winter a combination of high winds ( 25 knots ) and low air temperature ( - 9\u00b0c ) were the major eliminating factors ."]}
{"id": 1467, "summary": [{"text": "coelorinchus sheni is a species of rattail .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is only known from depths of 450 \u2013 650 m off the coast of taiwan .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this is a fairly large rattail with the limited number of known specimens including one over 93 cm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has a large eye , a long , blunt-ended snout and a large-opening mouth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "there is a series of dark saddle-shaped marks along the body and a small light-producing organ . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "coelorinchus sheni", "paragraphs": ["coelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulderspot grenadier )\ncoelorinchus amydrozosterus iwamoto & a . williams , 1999 ( faint - banded whiptail )\ncoelorinchus caelorhincus ( a . risso , 1810 ) ( hollow - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus lasti iwamoto & a . williams , 1999 ( rough - snout whiptail )\ncoelorinchus caelorhincus ( a . risso , 1810 ) ( hollow - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus bollonsi mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ( bollons ' rattail )\ncoelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( blackfin grenadier )\ncoelorinchus fuscigulus iwamoto , h . c . ho & k . t . shao , 2009\ncoelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( swordsnout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus cookianus mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ( cook ' s rattail )\ncoelorinchus matamua ( mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ) ( mahia whiptail )\ncoelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulder - spot grenadier )\ncoelorinchus matamua ( mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ) ( mahia whiptail )\ncoelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulder - spot grenadier )\n( of caelorinchus sheni chiou , shao & iwamoto , 2004 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncoelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( black - fin grenadier )\ncoelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( sword - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( black - fin grenadier )\ncoelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( sword - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus fuscigulus iwamoto , h . c . ho & k . t . shao , 2009 [ 2 ]\nchiou , m . - l . , k . - t . shao and t . iwamoto , 2004 . a new species , caelorinchus sheni , and 19 new records of grenadiers ( pisces : gadiformes : macrouridae ) from taiwan . zool . stud . 43 ( 1 ) : 35 - 50 . ( ref . 54421 )\nmcmillan , p . j . & iwamoto , t . ( 2009 ) : two new species of coelorinchus ( teleostei , gadiformes , macrouridae ) from the tasman sea . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 60 ( 4 ) : 39 - 51 .\nnakayama , n . , matsunuma , m . & endo , h . ( 2015 ) : redescription of coelorinchus tokiensis ( steindachner & d\u00f6derlein 1887 ) ( actinopterygii : gadiformes : macrouridae ) , with comments on its synonymy . ichthyological research , 63 ( 2 ) : 247 - 259 .\niwamoto , t . , ho , h . - c . & shao , k . - t . ( 2009 ) : description of a new coelorinchus ( macrouridae , gadiformes , teleostei ) from taiwan , with notable new records of grenadiers from the south china sea . zootaxa , 2326 : 39 - 50 .\ngreek , koilos = a hollow + greek , rhyngchos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 400 - 650 m ( ref . 54421 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 93 . 7 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54421 ) ; 42 . 0 cm tl ( female )\nsnout relatively long , length about 2 . 5 in hl , with blunt tip and anterolateral margin incompletely supported by bone . suborbital ridge with 2 rows of thick , stout , modified scales . orbit large , about 2 . 0 in snout length . mouth large with rictus more than 2 / 3 length of upper jaw . opercular opening is far forward , with a free fold across isthmus . underside of head scaled . nasal fossa fully scaled . body scales large , with 5 - 7 sharp , divergent rows of spinules . the light organ is small with a short and slender blackish streak . there are numerous prominent saddle markings on body ; dusky triangular marking anteriorly on isthmus ( ref . 54421 ) .\n) : 3 . 7 - 10 . 8 , mean 8 . 4 ( based on 12 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00219 ( 0 . 00097 - 0 . 00495 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 98 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 67 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nchiou , shao & iwamoto , 2004 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 280339 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n, is revised based on the examination of their types and 42 additional specimens from japan . our examinations confirmed the two nominal species to be synonymous and\nthis article was published as an online first article on the online publication date shown on this page . the article should be cited by using the doi number .\nwe are deeply indebted to the following researchers and museum specialists who have variously supported this study : k . - t . shao , m . - y . lee , y . - c . liao and p . - l . lin ( asizp ) ; r . asaoka ( bsku ) ; t . iwamoto and d . catania ( cas ) ; y . kai and r . misawa ( faku ) ; j . hashimoto ( ffnu ) ; s . kimura and y . hibino ( frlm ) ; k . amaoka , m . yabe , h . imamura and t . kawai ( humz ) ; h . motomura , m . meguro and g . ogihara ( kaum ) ; h . senou ( kpm ) ; s . tomiyama ( msm ) ; m . - d . wandhammer ( mzs ) ; p . mcmillan ( niwa ) ; h . - c . ho ( nmmbp ) ; g . shinohara , m . nakae , t . p . satoh , e . katayama and k . matsuura ( nsmt ) ; k . hoshino and m . okamoto ( snfr ) ; and a . fukui and m . takami ( tokai university ) . our sincere thanks go to k . amaoka ( humz ) who shared his knowledge of the d\u00f6derlein\u2019s collections . fig .\nj was kindly provided by h . senou ( kpm ) . we also thank y . yamamoto and t . matsuzaki ( center for advanced marine core research , kochi university ) for their technical assistance , and g . yearsley ( hobart ) for editing the english text . this study was partly supported by a grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) from the japan society for the promotion of science , tokyo ( 24370041 ) , a grant - in - aid of the \u201cmarine science project\u201d of the natural science cluster , science unit , kochi university , the \u201ckuroshio sougou project\u201d of the national museum of nature and science , tsukuba , and by a grant awarded to the second author from the mikimoto fund for marine ecology .\nalcock a ( 1891 ) natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer \u2018investigator , \u2019 commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . \u2014series ii . , no . 1 . on the results of deep - sea dredging during the season 1890\u201391 . ann mag nat hist 8 : 16\u201334 , 119\u2013138 , pls 7\u20138\namaoka k ( 2007 ) chapter 5 . d\u00f6derlein\u2019s collections brought to europe . 1 . fishes . in : fujita t , namikawa h ( eds ) fauna sagamiana . tokai university press , hadano , pp 28\u201337\nbloch me ( 1787 ) naturgeschichte der ausl\u00e4ndischen fische . vol 3 . schlesinger , berlin\n, and 19 new records of grenadiers ( pisces : gadiformes : macrouridae ) from taiwan . zool stud 43 : 35\u201350\neschmeyer wn ( 1998 ) catalog of fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco\neschmeyer wn ( 2015 ) catalog of fishes , online version . urltoken accessed 13 september 2015\nfricke r , eschmeyer wn ( 2015 ) a guide to fish collections in the catalog of fishes . urltoken accessed 1 september 2015\n( gadiformes : macrouridae ) collected from suruga bay , japan . ichthyol res 57 : 169\u2013179\nfuruhashi n , tsubaki k , mori y , hashimoto j ( 2010 ) demersal fish assemblages from the continental shelf margin to the upper continental slope , southwest of nagasaki , japan . bull fac fish nagasaki univ 91 : 17\u201333\ngilbert ch , hubbs cl ( 1916 ) report on the japanese macrourid fishes collected by the united states fisheries steamer \u201calbatross\u201d in 1906 , with a synopsis of the genera . proc us natl mus 51 : 135\u2013214 , pls 8\u201311\nikeda h , nakabo t ( 2015 ) fishes of the pacific coasts of southern japan . tokai university press , hadano\niwamoto t ( 1970 ) the r / v pillsbury deep - sea biological expedition to the gulf of guinea , 1964\u201365 . 19 . macrourid fishes of the gulf of guinea . stud trop oceanogr 4 : 316\u2013431\ngiorna ( pisces : gadiformes ) , with description of a new species from chile . proc calif acad sci 41 : 307\u2013337\niwamoto t ( 1990 ) family macrouridae . in : cohen dm , inada t , iwamoto t , scialabba n ( eds ) fao species catalogue , vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao , rome , pp 90\u2013317\n( sensu lato ) ( pisces , gadiformes , macrouridae ) . proc calif acad sci 45 : 35\u201382\njordan ds , hubbs cl ( 1925 ) record of fishes obtained by david starr jordan in japan , 1922 . mem carnegie mus 10 : 93\u2013346 , pls 5\u201312\njordan ds , snyder jo ( 1901 ) a preliminary check list of the fishes of japan . annot zool jpn 3 : 31\u2013159\njordan ds , starks ec ( 1904 ) list of fishes dredged by the steamer albatross off the coast of japan in the summer of 1900 , with descriptions of new species and a review of the japanese macrouridae . bull us fish comm 22 : 577\u2013630 , pls 1\u20138\njordan ds , tanaka s , snyder jo ( 1913 ) a catalogue of the fishes of japan . j col sci imp univ tokyo 33 : 1\u2013497\nkamohara t ( 1950 ) description of the fishes from the provinces of tosa and kishu , japan . kochi - ken bunkyou kyoukai , kochi\nkamohara t ( 1958 ) a catalogue of fishes of kochi prefecture ( province tosa ) , japan . rep usa mar biol sta 5 : 1\u201376\nkamohara t ( 1964 ) revised catalogue of fishes of k\u014dchi prefecture , japan . rep usa mar biol sta 11 : 1\u201399\n( teleostei , gadiformes , macrouridae ) from the tasman sea . proc calif acad sci 60 : 39\u201351\nnakabo t ( 1993 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 353\u2013371 , 1276\u20131277\nnakabo t ( 2000 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species , second edn . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 417\u2013435 , 1494\nnakabo t ( 2002 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species , english edn . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 417\u2013435 , 1491\nnakabo t , kai y ( 2013 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species , third edn . tokai university press , hadano , pp 493\u2013512 , 1872\u20131876\nokada y , matsubara k ( 1938 ) keys to the fishes and fish - like animals of japan including kuril islands , southern sakhalin , bonin islands , ryukyu islands , korea and formosa . sanseido co . , ltd . , tokyo\nokamura o ( 1970a ) fauna japonica , macrourina ( pisces ) . academic press of japan , tokyo\nokamura o ( 1970b ) studies on the macrouroid fishes of japan : morphology , ecology and phylogeny . rep usa mar biol sta 17 : 1\u2013179\nokamura o ( 1982 ) macrouridae . in : okamura o , amaoka k , mitani f ( eds ) fishes of the kyushu - palau ridge and tosa bay . japan fisheries resource conservation association , tokyo , pp 140\u2013181 , 345\u2013354\nokamura o ( 1984 ) macrouroidei ( macrouroididae and macrouridae ) . in : masuda h , amaoka k , araga c , uyeno t , yoshino t ( eds ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 93\u201399 , pls 79\u201383\nokamura o ( 1988 ) macrouroidei ( macrouroididae and macrouridae ) . in : masuda h , amaoka k , araga c , uyeno t , yoshino t ( eds ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago , second edn . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 93\u201399 , 453 , pls 79\u201383 , 344\u2013373\nokamura o ( 1997 ) macrouridae . in : okamura o , amaoka k ( eds ) sea fishes of japan . yama - kei publishers co . , ltd . , tokyo , pp 124\u2013129\nr development core team ( 2015 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna\nrandall je , lim kkp ( 2000 ) a checklist of the fishes of the south china sea . raffles bull zool suppl 8 : 569\u2013667\nroberts cd ( 1993 ) comparative morphology of spined scales and their phylogenetic significance in the teleostei . bull mar sci 52 : 60\u2013113\nsenou h , matsuura k , shinohara g ( 2006 ) checklist of fishes in the sagami sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of the kuroshio current . mem natl mus nat sci 41 : 389\u2013542\nshen j , cheng y ( 1989 ) on the deep sea demersal fish communities of the east china sea . chinese j oceanol limnol 7 : 157\u2013168\nshinohara g , endo h , matsuura k , machida y , honda h ( 2001 ) annotated checklist of the deepwater fishes from tosa bay , japan . natl sci mus monogr 20 : 283\u2013343\nshinohara g , sato t , aonuma y , horikawa t , matsuura k , nakabo t , sato k ( 2005 ) annotated checklist of deep - sea fishes from the waters around the ryukyu islands , japan . natl sci mus monogr 29 : 385\u2013452\nsteindachner f , d\u00f6derlein l ( 1887 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der fische japan\u2019s . ( iv . ) . denkschr akad wiss wien 53 : 257\u2013296 , pls i\u2013iv\ntemminck cj , schlegel h ( 1846 ) . pisces . parts 10\u201314 . in : von siebold pf ( ed ) fauna japonica . m\u00fcller , amsterdam , pp 173\u2013268\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line - fitting methods for allometry . biol rev 81 : 259\u2013291\n) . in : okamura o , kitajima t ( eds ) fishes of the okinawa trough and the adjacent waters . japan fisheries resource conservation association , tokyo , pp 218\u2013223 , 228\u2013235 , 244\u2013245 , 363\u2013370\nyoda m , tokimura m , horikawa h , yamada u ( 2002 ) a catalogue of fishes from the east china and yellow seas with their local names . seikai national fisheries research institute , fisheries research agency , nagasaki\nbathygadus macrops goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ( bullseye grenadier )\nbathygadus nipponicus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1904 )\ngadomus arcuatus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1886 ) ( doublethread grenadier )\ngadomus longifilis ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( threadfin grenadier )\nalbatrossia pestoralis ( c . h . gilbert , 1892 ) ( giant grenadier )\ncoryphaenoides acrolepis ( t . h . bean , 1884 ) ( pacific grenadier ) , must t\u00f6mppeakala\ncoryphaenoides carapinus goode & t . h . bean , 1883 ( carapine grenadier )\ncoryphaenoides cinereus ( c . h . gilbert , 1896 ) ( popeye grenadier ) , hall t\u00f6mppeakala\n& monn\u00e9 m . l . , 2012 *\ntropidozineus albidus\nmonn\u00e9 , 2009 *\ntropidozineus amabilis\nmonn\u00e9 , 1991 *\ntropidozineus argutulus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1988 *\ntropidozineus cinctulus\nmonn\u00e9 & martins , 1976 *\ntropidozineus complanatus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1991 *\ntropidozineus fulveolus\n( lameere , 1884 ) *\ntropidozineus ignobilis\n( bates , 1863 ) *\ntropidozineus impensus\nmonn\u00e9 & martins , 1976 *\ntropidozineus inexpectatus\n( melzer , 1935 ) *\ntropidozineus martinsi\nmonn\u00e9 , 2009 *\ntropidozineus pauper\n( melzer , 1931 ) *\ntropidozineus quadricristatus\n( melzer , 1935 ) *\ntropidozineus rotundicollis\n( bates , 1863 ) *\ntropidozineus sincerus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1988 *\ntropidozineus tersus\n( melzer , 1931 ) *\ntropidozineus tuberosus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1991 *\ntropidozineus vicinus\n( melzer , 1931 ) *\ntropidozineus wappesi\nmonn\u00e9 m . a .\nmimocoedomea fusca is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus mimocoedomea .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1483, "summary": [{"text": "the permit , trachinotus falcatus , is a game fish of the western atlantic ocean belonging to the carangidae family .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "adults feed on crabs , shrimp , and smaller fish .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "two submarines of the united states navy were named uss permit in its honor , in keeping with the \" denizens of the deep \" theme of submarine names that prevailed before the 1971 naming of uss los angeles . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "permit ( fish )", "paragraphs": ["before heading out to fish for permit , always refer to the current florida saltwater fishing regulations .\na happy permit angler ! this fish was released to fight another day . image \u00a9 sean morey\nalthough abundance estimates for populations in the irl are scarce , the permit is considered a common game fish in florida waters .\nwhether preferring fly or light - tackle permit fishing . first priority is providing a pleasant , memorable , and successful florida keys permit fishing charter .\npermit pose no threat to humans , though ciguatera poisoning may result if eaten .\nallow a fish to breathe underwater . these are very delicate structures and should not be touched if the fish is to be released !\nprovide movement and locomotion . this is the part of the fish that is usually eaten , and composes the fillet of the fish .\nthe window of opportunity in successfully hooking a permit is small when considering the entire act of permit fishing . there are also many different scenarios when it comes to actually seeing permit in shallow water . all being said , the permit\u2019s dead giveaway is it\u2019s long , black , fork like tail . at times , that tail will pierce the surface of the water ( a tailing permit ) . most of the time , it\u2019s underwater .\ni am doing an embroidery of a permit fish for my permit fishing godson and want to know are the scales on the fish very visible . all the pictures i have seen on the internet do not show scales atall clearly i have never seen one jill if anyone could answer my question it would be very helpfull\nsportfishers consider the permit an important gamefish , and this fish , in addition to the bonefish and tarpon , supports a large charterboat fishing industry . many anglers regard the permit as one of the most difficult gamefish to catch , and consider a permit caught on fly the highlight of their angling achievements . many fishing guides and anglers highly esteem the permit and release the fish unharmed . most mortality attributed to human activity while sportfishing occurs from injuries incurred when being landed , such as\ngut hooking\nor sharks that take advantage of the hooked fish . though conscientious anglers attempt to break the line , thereby releasing the permit from restraint when a shark is sighted , sharks occasionally leave the angler with only half a fish .\npermit ( trachinotus falcatus ) is a fish with an identity crisis . because it appears strikingly similar to the florida pompano , many anglers mistake it for that more popular , commercially marketed fish . even scientists have gathered little in - depth information on permit . however , among those in the know , the species has carved out a niche as a popular sport fish and prime table fare .\ndrawing of an adult permit , trachinotus falcatus . illustration by diana rome peebles \u00a91998 . courtesy of florida fish & wildlife conservation commission , division of marine fisheries .\nlearn some of the physical characteristics that can help you properly identify permit and florida pompano .\nonly move ( translocate ) fish as a last resort . you must have a permit from the environment agency to move fish ( not just common sturgeon ) as it risks transferring diseases and invasive non - native species between water bodies .\ndentition permit have no teeth other than granular teeth that occur on the tongue , designed for crushing mollusks and crustaceans . the teeth are most conspicuous in younger fish .\nusing live crabs to catch permit is the easiest method . when using a light - tackle spinning rod , casting a well placed live crab to an unsuspecting permit will ultimately result in a hook - up . the permit is very aggressive when comfortable . once alerted by boat or angler , that\u2019s it , the jig is up , and the permit never gives second chances .\nyou can use permit me when you are about to say something or to make a suggestion .\nthe deeply forked tail and elongated anterior dorsal fin provide the more distinct characteristics of the permit . looking like long sickles , these fins impart the fish ' s species name falcatus . however , one can also identify the permit by its highly laterally compressed body , making the fish appear thin and tall . from a lateral perspective , the permit shape looks round in juveniles , but becomes oblong as the fish ages into an adult . in addition to the long anterior dorsal fin , inserted directly above an elongated anterior anal fin , permit also possess 17 - 21 soft dorsal rays , and 16 - 19 soft anal rays .\nthe full story behind simplot ' s two - headed fish and phosphate mine .\nan english couple on holiday went home with one heck of a fish story .\nhe preferred to focus his stories on the fish , tactics , other anglers .\nhughes gm ( 1972 ) morphometrics of fish gills . respir physiol 14 : 1\u201326\nfreshwater and migratory fish : surveys and mitigation for development projects - gov . uk\nestuarine fish habitats occur where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with the salty ocean water . this brackish water environment supports a variety of fish habitats , including :\nthe population size of permit is something of a mystery , as the last stock assessment of the fish was in 1996 . nevertheless , recreational anglers and commercial fishers know where to find them .\nthe snub - nosed dart , aka tropical permit , aka indian ocean permit trachinotus blochii , was the first of the aussie permit species to be described . way back in 1801 the famous french naturalist bernard lac\u00e9p\u00e8de called it \u201ccaesiomorus blochii\u201d , but this was done to correct the first scientific mention of this species by swedish naturalist peter forssk\u00e5l , who incorrectly described it as the atlantic permit ( then known as scomber falcatus ) in 1775 .\non the flats , permit are a more challenging catch than bonefish , tarpon , or any other sport fish that inhabits the area , according to keys fishing guides . the prime season coincides more or less with spawning season , from april to october , but some permit are reeled in year - round . to catch the fish , anglers can keep their artificial lures in the tackle box . permit typically respond to live bait , the top choice being crabs - - which , along with mollusks , make up their regular diet . on rare occasions , a patient and persistent fly fisher may land a permit .\nthe fact that early naturalists had trouble telling these species apart shows the morphological differences between the australian permit species and the \u201creal\u201d atlantic permit are quite small . the local species has slightly longer anal and dorsal fins with yellow colouration and black edges , a rounder head and shorter mouth , but otherwise appear virtually identical to atlantic permit .\nif you ever get the urge to tackle the most stubborn , cantankerous , uncooperative , and just plain aggravating fish in the world , give permit fishing a try . it\u2019s more than worth it .\nhere we show that the detection of fish edna correlates with fish abundance as determined by a compiled checklist and differs by season consistent with the widespread movement of fish populations into regional inshore waters and estuaries in the spring . to our knowledge , this is the most extensive time series analysis of marine fish edna to date . together with other studies , these results support edna for marine fish assessment and highlight limitations and aspects needing further study .\nfor a permit in florida , life typically begins in spring or summer , though spawning in the keys may occur year - round . permit are multiple - batch spawners , meaning one fish can produce and shed eggs more than once a season . reproduction typically takes place offshore over reefs 33 to 100 feet deep .\npermit primarily forage on flats and intertidal areas , entering shallow water on incoming tides from deeper adjacent channels and basins . they usually travel in schools of about ten , but may school in larger numbers ; larger permit tend to be more solitary , feeding alone or in pairs . permit also congregate around wrecks and other deeper - water structures .\n3 . florida keys , usa : from central florida , to key west , this is undoubtedly the premier destination for any serious permit angler . miles of beautiful beaches , acres of crystal - clear flats , hundreds of guides specializing in permit fishing , and angler - friendly fishing regulations - what more could you ask for ? permit along the florida coast and the keys average over 20 pounds , making this the area with the largest average size for permit .\nfish are widely recognizable to anglers , outdoor enthusiasts and everyday citizens . size , body shape , and color distinguish different taxa of fish and help when trying to identify a species .\njeanne moos has a fish story about a shark that got away with an expensive lunch .\ncrabtree , re , hood , pb & d snodgrass . 2002 . age , growth , and reproduction of permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) in florida waters . fish . bull . 100 : 26 - 34 .\nlearning to see the permit\u2019s most revealing feature , it\u2019s dark tail and fins against a current - swept shallow flat , takes a bit of concentration from the angler\u2019s behalf . though once seen in good sunlight , the permit can\u2019t be missed . a novice angler can sum it up with a patient , practiced cast once the permit is seen within casting range .\nremains the most captivating fish of the flats . those who fish for them seem to never grow tired of it . in fact , those who fish for them sometimes give up all other fishing . nothing else quite lives up to a large permit feeding in shallow water . once witnessed someone may be able to understand . yet , for some reason it\u2019s truly hard finding words capable of describing the act of\nthis popular sport fish is often confused with a smaller look - alike , the florida pompano .\nbut we trust they will not try to compete with the local sports in telling fish stories .\nhori m . frequency - dependent natural selection in the handedness of scale - eating cichlid fish .\npermit fishing on the flats involves sight - fishing . this means you have to see the permit before it notices you \u2013 no mean feat in 3 ft . of crystal - clear water . they can often be located when \u201ctailing\u201d , or swimming with their tail or dorsal fins sticking out of the water . schools of permit fan out over the flats , so you will be targeting individual fish most of the time . there are 4 ways to accomplish this :\nto distinguish adult permit from pompano , one need only remember the saying\nsize matters .\npermit can grow to more than double the length of pompano and several times the weight . a 15 - to 20 - pound permit is a common sight , and the fish can easily exceed 3 feet in length . at smaller sizes , the distinction between the two species might not be as obvious . however , a good rule of thumb is a simple color check : small permit have orange patches on their chins , fins , or bellies ; pompano have yellow coloring in those areas .\npredators the primary predators of permit include most large piscivores , such as sharks and barracuda . bull , lemon , and hammerhead sharks often venture onto the flats to hunt for feeding permit . anglers often report that , while fighting a permit on the line , these shark species will tear their prized - for sportfish in half , leaving the angler with only the head .\nmangroves are protected in nsw and a permit of required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .\nseagrasses are protected in nsw and a permit is required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .\nusing a fly rod to catch permit is everything but easy . the angler must have a true sense of how permit behave when feeding in shallow water . there\u2019s no way around it , catching permit on fly is the ultimate when talking saltwater fly fishing . experience will get you there , but only when preparation meets opportunity . the rest could fill a well criticized book .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\npermit frequent offshore wrecks , oil platforms , and artificial reefs , as well as grass and sand flats , deep channels , and holes inshore . tagging studies are under way to track their movements and migrations in florida waters . researchers hope to learn whether a permit ' s life journey connects these various habitats . if you are interested in volunteering to tag the permit you catch and release , refer to the article\ntag a permit for research gains\nfor information about how to request a tagging kit .\n. however , other explanations may be given , for example , that the association of this clade with fish ponds is due to non - random dispersal . specifically , most of the israeli aquaculture system relies on hatching and growth of juvenile fish in a small number of dedicated facilities , with the fish then distributed as fingerlings to fish ponds . this could enable concurrent transfer of the hatcheries microbiota , including\nafter recent surveys in 2003 , the florida fish and wildlife commission changed the florida size and bag limits for permit , effective january 1 , 2004 . the fwc raised the minimum size limit from 10 inches to 11 inches for all fishermen ( commercial and recreational ) , and decreased the recreational aggregate bag limit of permit and florida pompano from 10 fish to 6 fish per person per day . the upper size limit remains at 20 inches , but with a provision that allows anglers to retain one fish over 20 inches in their daily bag limit . these changes are designed to allow more permit to reach sexual maturity and reduce overall landings . though susceptible to overfishing , the world conservation union ( iucn ) does not currently list the permit as an endangered or vulnerable species . the iucn ( a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership ) assesses the conservation status of species .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nthe river project . fish caught at hudson river park 1988\u20132015 . available 12 / 1 / 2015 from\nthe method chosen will be dependent on local conditions . most surveys are carried out by electrofishing unless the water body is wide or very deep in which case nets are likely to be used . you must consult with the environment agency if you\u2019re electrofishing or netting as these methods will require a permit . the movement of fish between waters will also require a permit .\nspark another great time of year for permit fishing in the florida keys flats and backcountry . marking the arrival back from their spawning period , june and july are great months to find large hungry permit mixing in areas alongside bonefish . recognized by many as the best\nadams , aj , wolfe , rk , kellison , gt & bc victor . 2006 . patterns of juvenile habitat use and seasonality of settlement by permit , trachinotus falcatus . environ . biol . fish . 75 : 209 - 217 .\nto be released in september , janet garrity ' s book , goin ' down the river , fish camps of the sea islands , captures in photos and stories the unique essence of the fish camp experience .\nfish are animals that are cold - blooded , have fins and a backbone . most fish have scales and breathe with gills . approximately , 22 , 000 species of fish began evolving 480 million years ago . the largemouth bass illustrated above has the typical torpedo - like ( fusiform ) shape associated with many fishes .\npermit can live long lives . in a study of specimens from tampa bay and the florida keys , a 3 - foot permit was aged at 23 years . because this species can grow about an additional foot , researchers believe its life span may be even longer .\njoseph addison ( 1672 - 1719 ) let us not aggravate our sorrows , / but to the gods permit the event of things .\nfwcc . 2010a . florida saltwater fishing regulations . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .\nfish can detect color . the eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out , not reshaping the lens as in mammals .\n) , similar to the result in a previous study on the same fish species ( kusche et al .\nstanding advice for local planning authorities about impacts of development on freshwater and migratory fish , including common sturgeon .\nthis information should be used to decide what is needed for surveys and planning mitigation measures for protected fish .\ncarolus linnaeus originally described the permit in 1758 , classifying it within the jack family carangidae . he initially named it labrus falcatus , but later taxonomists reclassified the permit within the genus trachinotus , grouping it with similar species such as the florida pompano ( trachinotus carolinus ) , the palometa ( trachinotus goodei ) , and the blackblotch pompano ( trachinotus kennedyi ) . though the permit has been confused as all of these fish , trachinotus falcatus serves as the only valid scientific name for the species . falcatus , a latin adjective that translates to\narmed with scythes ,\nappropriately describes the large sickle - shaped dorsal fin that breaches the surface when permit feed .\nparasites permit suffer from many parasites , including the branchial parasite bicotylophora baeri , the intestinal parasite serrasentis socialis , and trematodes from the genus lobatostoma . when cultured together in fish farms , permit may become susceptible to bacteria such as vibrio anguillarum and the dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum . the latter infests the skin and gills of the host , eventually causing death through toxins or by interfering with respiration .\nif someone permits something , they allow it to happen . if they permit you to do something , they allow you to do it .\na large , strong fish which at times inhabits depths of water less than they are long . patience , and a respect for the hunt and environment are essential . permit are plentiful in the lower florida keys , getting them to take a hook is the trick . seen as one of the greater challenges in shallow water sight fishing , permit will demand the very best of an angler . when fished for with live bait , we have the upper hand . when fished for on fly , we give the permit an advantage .\nthe body shapes of fish have developed to take advantage of the habitats where they live and feed . longer , torpedo shaped fish inhabit fast moving water , while deep bodied fish have adapted to thrive in slower moving pools . fins and tail , position of mouth , and barbels ( whiskers on a catfish ) enhance a fish\u2019s ability to swim , feed , and locate food respectively . these and other physical characteristics not only allow a species to take advantage of certain stream habitat unpopulated by other fish but also help the scientist to make a conclusive identification .\ngood piece , but newspapers should let city - bound , know - nothing editors write headlines for fish stories .\ndespite recent news stories , this is not a good time to be a fish in the lower elwha river .\n41 fish species are known to use saltmarsh areas , including yellowfin bream , sand whiting and various mullets . 2\ntruth is , keys permit fishing is in a class of it\u2019s own because of where it all takes place . some of the keys\u2019 best permit fishing flats are of the most beautiful . the lower florida keys are host to hundreds of these clear - water flats , which are surrounded by thousands of underwater reefs , ship - wrecks , and rock piles ; a truly perfect environment for this fish .\nbreak down ( digest ) food and absorb nutrients . fish such as bass that are piscivorous ( eat other fish ) have fairly short intestines because such food is easy to chemically break down and digest . fish such as tilapia that are herbivorous ( eat plants ) require longer intestines because plant matter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components . a great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents .\npermit that invade the flats and backcountry during this time typically range between 10 and 40 pounds in weight . most permit seen during this time are grouped together in schools . aggressive in nature when found in these pre - spawn schools , a seemingly confident sense of competition takes over their behavior .\noffshore fishing for permit requires little in the way of specialty equipment . a suitable boat , good saltwater medium light rod , and a medium spinning or bait fishing reel , with no larger than 12 lbs . test line is all you need . most offshore permit fishing is done with live bait , more specifically , live blue crabs ( known as \u201cpermit candy\u201d ) . the best method is to use a depth - finder to locate wrecks and rock - piles in 30 - 60 ft . of water . anywhere that would be a good hangout for crabs is a prime permit spot .\nour guards introduced us , and i heard one of them telling a small crowd about the fish and hay stories .\nthis is natural england\u2019s species standing advice for local planning authorities who need to assess planning applications that affect protected fish .\nnsw fisheries ( 1999 ) fish habitat protection plan no 2 : seagrasses , nsw department of primary industries , cronulla .\npermit compose an important commercial fishery along with their close relative the florida pompano . the permit commercial fishery yielded 10 . 4 metric tons in 2002 , down from 68 metric tons in 2000 . florida landings comprised 100 percent of the catch in 2002 . in response to possible overfishing , the florida wildlife commission recently raised minimum size limits and decreased bag limits ( see conservation below ) . originally interested in the related florida pompano , fish farmers have only recently begun to experiment with the mariculture of permit , raising them in large near - shore pens for commercial sale .\nre - use of this article is permitted in accordance with the creative commons deed , attribution 2 . 5 , which does not permit commercial exploitation .\nfor many years australian anglers , particularly fly fishers , were teased and tempted by glossy international flyfishing magazines containing stories of challenging encounters with permit . even as recently as 20 years ago , the media spotlight for flats fishers was firmly on the\ntrue\npermit trachinotus falcatus of atlantic and caribbean fame .\nalthough permit are found all along the atlantic of the us , as far north as massachusetts , and south to brazil , along the gulf of mexico coastlines and even some of the pacific coast south to mexico , there are some areas that are famous for their permit fisheries . these top destinations include :\nand other micro - organisms that will help test these hypotheses . in parallel , isolation and characterization of fish - pond associated strains may help determine whether such strains have growth advantages under conditions commonly found in fish ponds , or whether the changes in\nin essence , permit fishing is pretty straight - forward : find the fish , cast to them and hope that they bite . finding the fish within your range is usually not very difficult . permit are a fairly common fish , and can be found cruising the reefs , inlets and passes , sailing in the surf , and along the flats . they can be fished for with live bait , lures , jigs , and fly fishing gear . no special gear is required , other than making sure it\u2019s stout enough to handle a 30 - 40 bruiser with an attitude . medium saltwater spinning , and saltwater fly fishing gear are preferred . if only it were that easy , though .\n1930 ,\npresbytarians\n, time , 19 dec 1930 : last week the decision on two points was conclusive : the presbyterian church in the u . s . a . will not permit ordination of women as ministers , but will permit their election as ruling elders , permission which makes possible a woman as moderator .\nthe elusive permit has been called \u201dthe grey ghost of the flats\u201d , and has frustrated more anglers than possibly any other fish , anywhere in the world . along with tarpon and bonefish , they comprise \u201cthe big three\u201d of flats fishing . permit fishing is the most difficult type of fishing you will ever do . with eyes of a hawk , unbelievable hearing , and a sense of smell that would make a bloodhound cry , permit are definitely one of the most difficult fish to catch , fresh or salt water . to top it off , they get moody , sulky , and will sometimes just flat out refuse to cooperate . still , each year , thousands of anglers flock to this finny and fickle phantom\u2019s locations , to try their luck anyway . why ? because catching a permit of any size bestows lifetime bragging rights upon the lucky angler , in any fishing circle , anywhere in the world .\npursuant to section 120 . 74 , florida statutes , the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nfwcc . 2010b . marine fisheries information system 2009 annual landings summary . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .\nthis peculiar trait of man allows him to relish a good fish story , or the latest news from the sea - serpent .\none of the fish ' s primary sense organs ; detects underwater vibrations and is capable of determining the direction of their source .\ntakeuchi y , hori m , oda y . lateralized kinematics of predation behavior in a lake tanganyika scale - eating cichlid fish .\nbut time has moved on and today aussie anglers need not feel deprived of permit action anymore . indeed , we\u2019re the lucky country in that we have not just one , but two species of permit in australian waters which are equally challenging , and at least one of them has a growth potential comparable to their us cousin .\n2007 , ian jack , the guardian , 22 sep 07 :\nas an instrument of economic policy , incantation does not permit of minor doubts or scruples .\nfor some , catching a permit on a fly rod represents a lifetime achievement . you can , of course lob a live crab out on a fly line , but there are many fly patterns that attract permit . an 8 - wt rod with a shooting taper fly line is perfect for permit , bonefish , and even small tarpon . you\u2019ll need the shooting taper for some of the long casts you will need to make , so you may want to practice on the \u2018double - haul\u2019 cast beforehand .\nsize and bag limits are currently in place for the florida recreational fishery ( size limit at 22 inches fl , bag limit of one per harvester per day , and a closed season from 1 may through 31 july ) in special permit zones . gear restrictions apply : in state waters : hook and line only ; federal waters : hook and line and spearing . there is also a vessel limit of no more than two per vessel ( florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , accessed 10 august 2012 ) . in january 1996 , the commission implemented a recreational 10 - fish aggregate bag limit for florida pompano , permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) , and african pompano ( alectis ciliaris ) , with the allowance of one fish over 20 inches .\nthe stream monitoring program uses information obtained during fish sampling to determine the index of biotic integrity ( ibi ) for a local stream . in order to identify the fish specimens and safely release them in the field , the stream monitoring program works closely with a fisheries biologist .\nto it , accordingly , a story of union between a man and a fish , a swan or a serpent , involves no difficulty .\nlee hj , kusche h , meyer a . foraging behavior in scale - eating cichlid fish : its potential role in shaping morphological asymmetry .\nhabitat : permit are found in the surf , inlets and passes of both coasts , but are more numerous in the southern half of the state . in warm weather , they roam south atlantic reefs and many gulf wrecks . \u201cclassic\u201d permit stalking on the flats is largely confined to dade county and the florida keys , as well as the bahamas and caribbean .\nthe primary structural framework upon which the fish ' s body is built ; connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear . the spine is made up of numerous vertebrae , which are hollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord .\nthe flats in south florida are famous for permit fishing , though researchers have recorded permit landings throughout the coastal counties , mostly by sport fishers . the recreational fishery accounted for 87 % of the landings of permit statewide in 2008 , or nearly 118 , 000 pounds - - about 100 , 000 pounds more than the commercial fishery . even so , the combined commercial and recreational landings , 135 , 451 pounds , constituted a small fishery relative to its\nmistaken twin ,\nthe pompano , at 932 , 797 pounds that same year .\ncoloration permit have bright silver sides and bluish - green or brown backs . the belly will sometimes show yellow or an occasional black splotch . the fins appear dark gray or black .\nthe vent is the external opening to digestive urinary and reproductive tracts . in most fish , it is immediately in front of the anal fin .\nbettex - galland m , hughes gm ( 1973 ) contractile filamentous material in the pillar cells of fish gills . j cell sci 13 : 359\u2013370\nassess the impacts this development would have on protected fish if no mitigation measures were planned and submit the assessment with your planning or licence application .\npermit primarily occupy inshore regions such as flats and sandy beaches , and deeper cuts , channels , and holes adjacent to these areas . the substrate of the flats may vary from sand , mud , marl , or sea grass . permit often swim in water depths less than 2 feet , though due to large body depth , large individuals cannot occupy waters as shallow as other flats species such as bonefish . in deeper waters up to 30 m , permit often congregate around structures such as reefs , jetties , and wrecks where they frequently occur in large schools .\nbigelow hb , schroeder wc . fishes of the gulf of maine , first revision . fishery bull fish wildlife service . 1953 ; 53 : 1\u2013577 .\nthe mermaid of story was a damsel fair to view , until she had risen from the waves so as to show her fish - like ending .\nthe site of waste elimination from the fish ' s body . it is also the entry to the genital tract where eggs or sperm are released .\nthrough hard work and a sense of exploration by a dedicated band of sport fishers and guides , the \u201cwhere and when\u201d behind the aussie permit species is being demystified . the good news is the \u201cwhy\u201d remains unchanged . they remain as challenging as ever and the next person to go home empty handed after flycasting to an acre of schooling aussie permit won\u2019t be the first , or last .\nthis very tall , flat fish is most distinctive for its elongated dorsal and anal fins , and its deeply forked tail . it also has a series of dorsal rays , which give it its name\nrough back\n. these schooling fish hunt their prey inshore on sandy sea grass flats , but as they get older , they become more solitary . they are popular with sportsfishers because the fish can grow to 48 inches long and are challenging to catch .\ngraham , rt & dw castellanos . 2005 . courtship and spawning behaviors of carangid species in belize . fish . bull . 103 : 426 - 432 .\nkusche h , lee hj , meyer a . mouth asymmetry in the textbook example of scale - eating cichlid fish is not a discrete dimorphism after all .\ntakeuchi y , hori m , myint o , kohda m . lateral bias of agonistic responses to mirror images and morphological asymmetry in the siamese fighting fish (\ndispersal is with migratory birds , many of which visit multiple fish ponds on their annual return route from africa to europe ( van leeuwen et al . ,\ndid you know . . . 70 % of coastal fish species in south - eastern australia need to move through estuaries to complete their life cycle . 1\njuvenile permit , trachinotus falcatus , in a seagrass bed . note the bright orange coloration of the anal and pelvic fins . photo by l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\n4 . kayaks : my favorite . kayaks are the ultimate small watercraft - sleek , fast , and virtually unsinkable . kayaks are as silent as it is possible to get . you can build up speed and then glide up to the permit\u2019s vicinity without a sound . since you sit low in the water , all the fish sees is a somewhat large fish - shape , not necessarily a threat . every permit i have ever caught has been from one of my kayaks . there are even kayaks , such as the hobie models with their patented mirage drive , that operate with pedals . the only drawbacks is that you don\u2019t have a lot of room for much gear ( but you really don\u2019t need much ) , and not much room to keep your fish , should you plan to bring it home , but these drawbacks can be overcome with a little creativity .\nthe lower hudson river estuary offers edna assessment advantages . first , multiple seining surveys document local fish populations . second , large seasonal changes in fish abundance test edna temporal specificity . third , daily freshwater and saltwater inflows , which might carry edna from non - resident species , challenge geographic localization of edna . contrasting environments within the estuary query edna distribution at a finer scale . finally , most resident fish have mitochondrial sequences in genbank , enabling identification of amplified dna sequences .\non the flats , permit are usually solitary , and extremely wary . any indication that something is up will send the fish scurrying for deeper water just a shade faster than instantly . contrary to popular belief , the reason permit are so skittish on the flats is that it is not in fact their natural habitat . they normally haunt wrecks , rock - piles , grass - beds and such , but the flats offer too good of a crab hunting ground for them to overlook . but they definitely feel exposed , and will bolt at the slightest disturbance .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission \u2022 farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . \u2022 tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 \u2022 ( 850 ) 488 - 4676\nivanova nv , zemlak ts , hanner rh , hebert pdn . universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding . mol ecol notes . 2007 ; 7 : 544\u2013548 .\na 10\u2032 to 12\u2032 long , 10 - 12 lb . test leader is plenty for permit fishing . a line basket will help you control your line during those long retrieves . you\u2019ll want a reel with a good disc drag , and at least 100 yards of backing on your reel . permit can be stubborn at times , and take out a lot of line . good fly patterns for permit include the crazy charlie , gotcha , the bastard crab , legless merkin , avalon fly , belize crab , bonefish critter , mangrove critter , raghead crab , chernobyl crab , ep crab , yucatan special , and more .\n1 . belize , central america : located just north and east of guatemala , belize has the lowest population density of any central american country . but what it lacks in population , it makes up for in permit . it is considered ( arguably ) the \u2018permit capital of the world\u2019 , and each year , thousands of hopeful anglers arrive on its pristine flats to try their luck . belize has around 250 square miles of fishing area . the permit here average around 15 - 18 pounds , but 40 pound permits are not unheard of , and most people believe there are some 50 + pounders out there somewhere .\nby 1909 ogilby had described the oyster cracker dart as trachinotus anak \u201ca large fish destructive to oysters\u201d . more recent scientific work has confirmed t . anak is indeed a separate species , based on skeletal differences . indeed , as noted in previous fish facts , bony lumps on the skeleton ( hyperostosis ) are well described in several species of permit , including t . anak which , like t . falcatus , exhibits bone enlargement only in the ribs , while t . blochii only tends to get bone enlargement in certain cranial bones .\nfilters liquid waste materials from the blood ; these wastes are then passed out of the body . the kidney is also extremely important in regulating water and salt concentrations within the fish ' s body , allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater , and in some cases ( such as snook or tarpon ) both .\ntakahara t , minamoto t , yamanaka h , doi h , kawabata z . estimation of fish biomass using environmental dna . plos one 2012 ; 7 : e335868 .\nthe following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .\nthe following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common internal features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .\n2 . yucatan peninsula , mexico : in the heart of the ancient mayan lowlands , the yucatan peninsula is an archeologist dream . it is also a magnet for would - be permit experts ( if there is really such a thing ) , with over 500 miles of coastline , and beautiful crystal - clear flats . permits over 20 pounds are not uncommon . one of the top gulf of mexico destinations for permit fishing .\npaired nostrils , or nares , in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive . eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell .\nfarrell ap , sobin ss , randall dj , crosby s ( 1980 ) intralamellar blood flow pattern in fish gills . am j physiol 239 : r 428 - r 436\n, the singing midshipman fish . magn reson imaging . 2006 , 24 : 321 - 331 . 10 . 1016 / j . mri . 2005 . 10 . 036 .\nmangrove - lined creeks are important habitats for fish , crabs , birds and other animals . mangrove trees provide large amounts of organic matter , which is eaten by many small aquatic animals . in turn , these animals provide food for larger fish and other animals . mangroves also help maintain water quality by filtering silt from runoff and recycling nutrients .\nbut that is not the end of the aussie permit story . during the heyday of oyster farming in the late 1800s and early 1900s in queensland , oysterers working in hervey bay noticed their leases being plundered by schools of large fish which \u201cpick up the oysters while standing on their heads , as it were , with the tail near the surface , and are often 6 ft in length\u201d .\nthe mouth ' s shape is a good clue to what fish eat . the larger it is , the bigger the prey it can consume . fish have a sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items . most freshwater fishes in florida are omnivorous ( eating both plant and animal matter ) . some are primarily piscivorous ( eating mostly other fish ) . the imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous ( eating plants ) . fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species . fish like chain pickerel and gar have obvious canine - shaped teeth . other fish have less obvious teeth , such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth , or vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth , for example , in the roof of a striped bass ' mouth . grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat .\nthe permit range along the atlantic coast of the us from massachusetts , all the way south to brazil , along the caribbean islands and the gulf of mexico coast . they can grow up to about 4\u201d in length and weigh up to 60 lbs . the world record permit ( 60lb . 8oz . - 27 . 21kg . ) was caught at ilha do mel , paranagua , brazil , on dec 14 , 2002 , by renato fiedler .\na hollow , gas - filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy ( suspending ) in water . fish caught from very deep water sometimes need to have air released from their swim bladder before they can be released and return to deep water , due to the difference in atmospheric pressure at the water ' s surface . ( most freshwater anglers in florida need not concern themselves with this ! ) species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming .\nfins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position , move , steer and stop . they are either single fins along the centerline of the fish , such as the dorsal ( back ) fins , caudal ( tail ) fin and anal fin , or paired fins , which include the pectoral ( chest ) and pelvic ( hip ) fins . fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin , called an adipose ( fat ) fin that is not illustrated here . the dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides . the caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward . the paired fins assist with steering , stopping and hovering .\n2009 , patricia cohen , new york times , 17 jan 09 , p . 1 : he was ultimately cleared , but during that period , mr . ackman said , his lawyers would not permit him to defend himself publicly .\n1910 , \u2018saki\u2019 ,\nreginald in russia\n, reginald in russia : \u2018you english are always so frivolous , \u2019 said the princess . \u2018in russia we have too many troubles to permit of our being light - hearted . \u2019\nadults frequently in channels or holes , over sandy flats , around reefs , and at times over mud bottoms ; usually solitary or in small schools ; smaller fish tolerate brackish water . spawn offshore ( ref . 26938 ) . during the summer , juveniles are found in large schools especially in the surf zone along sandy beaches . adults feed on mollusks , crabs , shrimps , and small fishes ; juveniles on benthic invertebrates . excellent food fish ( ref . 9626 ) . highly esteemed game fish caught on light tackle ( ref . 26938 ) .\nkelly rp , port ja , yamahara km , crowder lb . using environmental dna to census marine fish in a large mesocosm . plos one 2014 ; 9 : e86175 pmid : 24454960\nwhen you look at the historical accounts of t . anak \u201c6 feet long\u201d destroying oyster beds , even taking into account exaggeration by frustrated oyster farmers and loss of most of the benthic oyster beds along our east coast due to sedimentation from coastal development ( thus reducing its food supply ) , it seems t . anak has a larger growth potential than t . blochii , potentially rivalling the size of the atlantic permit such that it also rightly deserves the \u201caussie permit\u201d tag .\nsurf smelt ( hypomesus pretiosus ) and pacific sand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are important food for marine mammals , birds , and fishes , including pacific salmon . the washington department of fish and wildlife protects these fish species and their spawning habitat by limiting human activities under the terms of a permit ( called the hydraulic project approval , hpa ) on beaches where spawning has been documented . extensive surveys have sampled many of the beaches in puget sound . however , despite good information on the distribution of spawning beaches our understanding of the ecology and protection needs for these species is very limited . the washington department of fish and wildlife conducts research that will allow us to better ensure adequate protection of pacific sand lance and surf smelt given current and anticipated environmental conditions , without unnecessarily constraining human activity .\nu . s . army corps of engineers . new york and new jersey harbor deepening project , appendix e : essential fish habitat assessment . 2004 . available 11 / 20 / 2016 from\nif natural england and the environment agency are consulted on the same planning application , natural england will refer to this standing advice and the environment agency will provide advice to protect fish populations .\ntakahara t , minamoto t , doi h . using environmental dna to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds . plos one . 2013 ; 8 : e56584 . pmid : 23437177\nthe identity of\n\u0163j\u00f3\u0111vitnis fiskr\nremains to be explained . keeping in mind the allegorical nature of the poem , i will permit myself to approach this question from a new angle . in icelandic ( old and modern ) , the word\nspor\u0111r\nis a term for the tail of a fish . it is also a term for the head of a bridge ( cp . sigurdr\u00edfum\u00e1l 16 : 6\nbr\u00faar spor\u0111i\n) .\nthis again is a good time of year to find permit and bonefish together in a shallow depth of water . once the cold water winter temps set - in with december , we typically say goodbye to this species until the following spring season .\nwe thank jesse ausubel for encouragement and editorial comment , sean brady for advice on experimental design , jeanne garbarino and anna zeidman for laboratory space and assistance , keith dunton for contributing fish specimens and sharing long river survey report , melissa cohen for contributing fish specimens , howard rosenbaum for permission to sample at new york aquarium , and julie nadel , iman nassef , and alden liang for trialing protocols .\nabout us | contact us | site map | frequently asked questions | careers international affairs | u . s . fish & wildlife service | 5275 leesburg pike | falls church , va 22041 | urltoken\ntackle and baits : although offshore permit are large enough to provide sport with light and medium saltwater tackle , the epitome of permit fishing is to stalk them by sight on shallow flats , and cast directly to them . light spinning , baitcasting and fly tackle can be used in the shallows\u2014provided the angler has a good supply of line and a means ( a guide with a push - pole , preferably ) of chasing the fish . best natural bait is any sort of small live crab . dead pieces of crab and lobster also work well . live shrimp are often accept - ed , especially if skittered across the surface , and then allowed to sink . if using small skimmer ( bonefish - style ) jigs , try to get the permit to follow the lure , then stop it dead and let it sink into the grass or mud . best flies are those with weighted or epoxy heads that will sink in the manner of a leadhead jig ."]}
{"id": 1493, "summary": [{"text": "deopteryx is a genus of snout moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by harrison gray dyar jr. in 1914 , and contains the species deopteryx hypenetes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in panama . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "deopteryx", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for deopteryx definition . you find here deopteryx meaning , synonyms of deopteryx and images for deopteryx copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word deopteryx . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word deopteryx and , of course , deopteryx synonyms and on the right images related to the word deopteryx .\ndeopteryx dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 306 ; ts : deopteryx hypenetes dyar\ndeopteryx hypenetes dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 307 ; tl : cabima\nincluded genera : ablita dyar , 1914 : 183 . abrochocis dyar , 1914 : 170 . anaene dyar , 1914 : 171 . anemosella dyar , 1914 : 399 . anthopteryx dyar , 1914 : 335 . anypsipyla dyar , 1914 : 327 . araeopterella dyar , 1914 : 189 . balidarcha dyar , 1914 : 398 . bema dyar , 1914 : 336 . ca dyar , 1914 : 252 . cabima dyar , 1914 : 329 . cacofota dyar , 1914 : 376 . cactobrosis dyar , 1914 : 406 . calamophleps dyar , 1914 : 342 . calocea dyar , 1914 : 375 . chalcoelopsis dyar , 1914 : 314 . charoblemma dyar , 1914 : 190 . chenevadia dyar , 1914 : 305 . chorrera dyar , 1914 : 330 . cola dyar , 1914 : 219 . comotia dyar , 1914 : 343 . conotambe dyar , 1914 : 313 . cosmothyris dyar , 1914 : 391 . craftsia dyar , 1914 : 304 . crambophilia dyar , 1914 : 220 . cromarcha dyar , 1914 : 398 . deopteryx dyar , 1914 : 306 . deuterolia dyar , 1914 : 402 . difundella dyar , 1914 : 327 . dismidila dyar , 1914 : 313 .\nincluded type - species : anaene spurca dyar , 1914 : 171 . anemosella basalis dyar , 1914 : 399 . anthopteryx irichampa dyar , 1914 : 336 . anypsipyla univitella dyar , 1914 : 327 . araeopterella miscidisce dyar , 1914 : 189 . balidarcha cuis dyar , 1914 : 399 . bema myja dyar , 1914 : 336 . ca anastigma dyar , 1914 : 252 . cabima dosia dyar , 1914 : 330 . cacofota inermis dyar , 1914 : 377 . calamophleps squalidella dyar , 1914 : 342 . calocea eucraspedica dyar , 1914 : 375 . chalcoelopsis pigrissima dyar , 1914 : 314 . charoblemma unilinea dyar , 1914 : 190 . chenevadia huralis dyar , 1914 : 305 . chorrera idiotes dyar , 1914 : 331 . cola nabis dyar , 1914 : 219 . comotia torsicornis dyar , 1914 : 343 . conotambe paralysisalis dyar , 1914 : 313 . cosmothyris margaretta dyar , 1914 : 391 . craftsia vaetta dyar , 1914 : 304 . crambophilia majorcula dyar , 1914 : 220 . cromarcha polybata dyar , 1914 : 398 . culladia eucosmella dyar , 1914 : 316 . dasypyga querna dyar , 1914 : 331 . deopteryx hypenetes dyar , 1914 : 307 . deuterolia nipis dyar , 1914 : 402 . difundella corynophora dyar , 1914 : 327 . dismidila atoca dyar , 1914 : 313 . dixanaene lepidocaena dyar , 1914 : 172 .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndyar , 1914 report on the lepidoptera of the smithsonian biological survey of the canal zone proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 139 - 350\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nincluded type - species designations : calydia by subsequent designation by dyar , 1914 : 96 . dyomyx by subsequent designation by dyar , 1914 : 113 . palindia by subsequent designation by dyar , 1914 : 96 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice ."]}
{"id": 1498, "summary": [{"text": "ridgeheads , also known as bigscales , are a family ( melamphaidae , from the greek melanos [ black ] and amphi [ by both sides ] ) of small , deep-sea stephanoberyciform fish .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the family contains approximately 37 species in five genera ; their distribution is worldwide , but ridgeheads are absent from the arctic ocean and mediterranean sea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although the family is one of the most widespread and plentiful of deep-sea families , none of its members are of interest to commercial fishery .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "these fish are named for their large scales and pronounced cranial ridges , as well as for their typically dark brown to black coloration .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "ridgeheads are the largest and most diverse family of their order . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ridgehead", "paragraphs": ["glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at ridgehead software , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the ridgehead software company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at ridgehead software .\nridgehead software is a niche software developer & integrator specializing in call center , customer care , crm , & mobile app development .\nridgehead farm cottages were created in 2008 by converting a 200 year old historic barn into 2 luxury cottages , they are both rated at the top end of 4 star by the tourist board . set at 1500ft on a 80 acre equine farm within a site of special scientific interest , they offer stunning views and year round peace and tranquillity yet are conveniently located for local amenities and exploring the peak district .\na superb historic barn , newly converted into two self contained luxury holiday cottages with breathtaking views over the peak district . the cottages are situated on an equine farm . . .\nwe are located in an area of the peak district national park called the white peak , known for its limestone gorges and walls , however a small part of it where we are is actually on gritstone giving the area its high moors and rocky outcrops . the surrounding area formed part of the harpur crewe estate until it was split up and sold off half way through last century .\nbakewell dates from about 1300 and has a large stall market and cattle market every monday . it is famous as being the home of the original bakewell pudding .\nleek is also less than 10 minutes drive and has stall markets every wednesday , friday and saturday . it has a coop and morrisons and some excellent antique shops .\nbuxton is only 10 minutes drive , it is a georgian spa town with some wonderful architecture , it is home to the opera house with a regular and varied selection of entertainment .\nthe nearest village is longnor dating from the time of the doomsday book , set on old trade routes it was an important trading centre as evidenced by the cobbled market square .\nglassdoor will not work properly unless browser cookie support is enabled . learn how to enable cookies .\nexplore the many benefits of having a premium branded profile on glassdoor , like increased influence and advanced analytics .\nchanges won ' t be saved until you sign up for an enhanced profile subscription .\ncopyright \u00a9 2008\u20132018 , glassdoor , inc .\nglassdoor\nand logo are proprietary trademarks of glassdoor , inc .\nget this page going by posting a review . it only takes a second , and your review is anonymous .\nglassdoor has millions of jobs plus salary information , company reviews , and interview questions from people on the inside making it easy to find a job that\u2019s right for you .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nhow has # crm changed ? there ' s been an evolution . . . # socialcrm urltoken\nhow the # software # lifecycle works - including the thought , planning , & design that goes into a # development project . urltoken\nthink you ' re ready for devops ? take the quiz : within the federal government , both 18f , a team of software deve . . .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nthis page was last edited on 19 march 2018 , at 18 : 15 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ndenim canvas and man - made leather upper provides breathability , comfort and style . embroidery logo on tongue and side . lace - up closure for costume fit . metal eyelets and detail stitching provides additional styles . terra - soft\u00ae technology enhances cushioning , shock absorption and durability . flexible foxing tape with rubber outsole . vulcanize construction .\nk fuzion ' s headquarters is located in lakewood , colorado . for every employee , k fuzion generates $ 91 . 6k in revenue . k fuzion has 1 followers on owler .\nowler has collected 2 screenshots of k fuzion ' s website since jun 2015 . the latest k fuzion website design screenshot was captured in sep 2015 .\nk fuzion currently has 322 followers on twitter . as of may 2015 k fuzion had 332 followers . that ' s a 3 percent decrease in 2 years\nk fuzion currently has 146 fans on facebook . as of april 2015 k fuzion had 128 fans . that ' s a 14 percent increase in 3 years\nk fuzion was founded in 2008 . k fuzion ' s headquarters is located in lakewood , colorado , usa 80228 . k fuzion has an estimated 28 employees and an estimated annual revenue of 2 . 6m . . . .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nmesopelagic and bathypelagic at 340 - 1200 m depth ( ref . 36665 ) . oviparous , with planktonic eggs and larvae ( ref . 36655 ) . significant morphological variation between indo - pacific and other populations .\ncircumglobal : in tropical to temperate waters ; except arctic ocean and mediterranean sea . eastern atlantic : gulf of guinea and west of the canary islands . eastern pacific : california current region ( ref . 36655 ) . western pacific : kuril island ( ref . 52443 ) . south china sea ( ref . 74511 ) .\n7 . 3 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4241 ) )\ndark brown body ; black head , mouth , and branchial cavity ; pigmented fins . transverse rows of scales , 28 ( ref . 31511 ) . gill rakers on the first arch , 14 - 17 ( ref . 37108 ) .\ntype for scopeloberyx robustus catalog number : usnm 75810 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes preparation : illustration year collected : 1904 locality : off santa catalina islands , coast of southern california . , california , united states , pacific depth ( m ) : 3864 to 4131 vessel : albatross\ndepth range based on 160 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 111 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 50 - 5000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 1 . 520 - 19 . 645 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 967 - 42 . 149 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 135 - 36 . 604 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 677 - 6 . 358 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 048 - 3 . 065 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 951 - 175 . 599 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 50 - 5000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 1 . 520 - 19 . 645 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 967 - 42 . 149 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 135 - 36 . 604 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 677 - 6 . 358 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 048 - 3 . 065 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 951 - 175 . 599 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nbathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 0 - 4740 m ( ref . 58018 ) , usually ? - 500 m ( ref . 36655 )\ndepth : 580 - 2930m . from 580 to 2930 meters . habitat : bathypelagic .\nmesopelagic and bathypelagic at 340 - 1200 m depth ( ref . 36665 ) . feeds on pelagic crustaceans ( ref . 58748 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .\njustification : melamphaes typhlops can be found in tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m . there is little known about the population . there are no species - specific threats . this species is assessed as data deficient .\nmelamphaes typhlops can be found in tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean ( moore in press ) . melamphaes typhlops can be found in the north atlantic between 10\u00b0n and 45\u00b0n ; however , there have been two specimen caught further south ( mcz 20\u00ba s 9\u00baw ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) . species in the melamphaidae family can be found between 200 and 2 , 000 metres ( moore in press ) and they likely migrate vertically at night with the upper limit between 500 - 1 , 000 m at night . it has been taken by hooks to 1 , 600 m ( maul 1986 ) .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; el salvador ; equatorial guinea ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; namibia ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; paraguay ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint pierre and miquelon ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ( principe , s\u00e2o tom\u00e9 ) ; senegal ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; uruguay ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nspecies in the melamphaidae family eat gelatinous fish and small crustaceans ( moore in press ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 metres and the juveniles below 50 metres ( kotlyar 2004 ) .\nthere are no species - specific threats but it can be caught in deep - water trawls .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 3 february 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 february 2015 ) .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\njustification : scopeloberyx opisthopterus has been assessed as least concern . this species has an extremely broad distribution , and due to its deep - water nature , it is unlikely to be threatened by any major threats across its range . the small size of this species also means that is unlikely to be taken in any significant quantity as by - catch by deep - sea fisheries .\nscopeloberyx opisthopterus is widely distributed in the tropical waters of the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans .\nscopeloberyx opisthopterus is a bathypelagic , oceanic species which generally occurs at depths of 500\u2013600 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) . however , it can sometimes be found down to depths of 1 , 450 m . species from the family melamphaidae primarily feed on gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans ( fao 1999 ) .\ndue to the small size of this species , it is unlikely that it is being taken as by - catch in significant quantities . there are no other known threats to scopeloberyx opisthopterus .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t155189a115282390 .\njustification : european regional assessment : not applicable ( na ) this species is assessed as not applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in europe . its european population is considered to represent less than 1 % of the global population .\nthis fish can be found in the tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean ( moore in press ) and in the north atlantic ocean between 10\u00b0n and 45\u00b0n ; however , there have been two specimen caught further south ( mcz 20\u00ba s 9\u00baw ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) . species in the melamphaidae family can be found between 200 and 2000 metres ( moore in press ) . likely migrators as vertically at night upper limit is between 500 - 1 , 000 m at night , taken by hooks to 1 , 600 m ( maul 1986 ) . in the european region the fish is known from portugal ( off the mainland coast , the azores archipelago and madeira ; carneiro et al . 2014 ) , and from spain ( the canaries ; bordes caballero et al . 2009 ) .\nportugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; spain ( canary is . )\nspecies in the melamphaidae family eat gelatinous fish and small crustaceans ( moore in press ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) .\nthere are no species specific threats but they can be caught in deep - water trawls .\ntrainer , soft skills training , voice & accent training , bpo trainer . . .\nteam leading , voice process , voice support , attrition , shrinkage , roaster . . .\ncandidates who can start asap preferred ; have prior experience of writing articles , blogs for college . . .\nlooking for us it recruiter with minimum of 4 + years of experience with very good communication skills . . .\nopening for project manager for commercial interior projects with 8 - 15 yrs commercial experience . . .\ncall center , customer care , inbound , calling , executive , customer service . . .\ncall center , customer care , inbound , calling , domestic , internatinal bpo . . .\ncandidates with good selling and communication skills ; prior experience in sales shall be preferable . . .\nshould review applicable technical documents such as drawings , etc . , ; experience in managing quality . . .\nhardware networking , ip routing , firewall , network administration , vlan . . .\nbalance sheet finalisation , profit & loss finalisation , indian gaap , igaap , . . .\nattends meetings and training sessions as required ; some housekeeping experience ; guest experience . . .\ninbound , domestic bpo , outbound , international bpo , night shift , calling . . .\ncustomer service , calling , outbound , uk shift , bpo , call center . . .\n- should be proficient in hindi , english ; - minimum 6 months of . . .\nlan , incident management , team management , technical management , iso audit , . . .\nmust be willing to work in 24 / 5 shifts ( including availability during weekends ) in a worldwide 24x7 . . .\nb com fresher , fresher , mba finance fresher , mba fresher , urltoken graduate . . .\nwe are hiring freshers with good communication skills for a global mnc on the payrolls of randstad ; needs . . .\naccounting , finance , auditing , budgeting , icwa , statutory audit . . .\nqualification : semi - qualified - ca / icwa with 3 - 4 years experience ; mba with 5 - 6 years of experience . . .\njava , j2ee , software engineering , development management , computer science , . . .\nminimum of 10 years of software engineering experience with at least 5 or more years in leading . . .\ncore java , jsp servlets , javascript , j2ee , wso2 , xml , multithreading , mysql . . .\naws , amazon webservices , aws cloud , aws architecture , datacenter . . .\ngood knowledge on itil and worked on incident / change / problem on regular basis ; good in techinical . . .\nvoice process , non voice process , back office process , email process . . .\nphp 5 . 0 + , wordpress , joomla , drupal , magento , moodle is a plus , mysql , oops . . .\nthe requirements include 3 + years of experience developing in php and open source languages , in addition . . .\ncustomer service , sales , cross selling , phone banking , telesales . . .\n- promotion of digital platforms to ensure easy access to banking transactions and create awareness of . . .\nnon it recruitment , sourcing , head hunting , fmcg , linkedin . . .\nurgent requirement for fmcg recruiter with abc consultants ; experience into sales recruitment . . .\nchoose from 600 + courses & certifications to increase your chances of getting shortlisted . get freebies on your purchase\ndenim canvas and man - made leather upper provides breathability , comfort and style . embroidery logo on tongue and side . lace - up closure for custom fit . metal eyelets and detail stitching provides additional styles . terra - soft\u00ae technology enhances cushioning , shock absorption and durability . flexible foxing tape with rubber outsole . vulcanize construction .\ndana campbell marked\nn220 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\nanoplogaster cornuta\npage .\noviparous , with planktonic eggs and larvae ( ref . 36655 ) . there is significant morphological variation between populations ( ref . 4241 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nt\u00f6yht\u00f6suomukala\nto\nporomitra crassiceps ( g\u00fcnther , 1878 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nt\u00f6yht\u00f6p\u00e4\u00e4\nto\nporomitra crassiceps ( g\u00fcnther , 1878 )\n.\nthis species is endemic to mexico , but widespread along the central pacific coast region : from nayarit to istmo de tehuantepec , oaxaca . it occurs from sea level up to 700 m asl .\nif you are using a bookmarked page , the page may have been deleted or moved .\nclick on your browsers back button to return to the previous page or select a menu item from the top of the page .\na history of the county of stafford : volume 7 , leek and the moorlands . originally published by victoria county history , london , 1996 .\nheathylee was formerly a township in alstonefield parish and later a civil parish 5 , 535 a . ( 2 , 240 ha . ) in area . ( fn . 1 ) it is mostly pasture , with scattered farms in river valleys and with no village centre . the western boundary with leekfrith is formed by back brook , which flows south to join the river churnet , and two arms of black brook which flow north and west to join the river dane . most of the northern boundary with hollinsclough runs along a ridge , and the river manifold forms the short eastern boundary with sheen . in 1934 the civil parish was enlarged by the addition of land from neighbouring parishes : a detached portion of bradnop centred on hurdlow farm and covering 385 a . ; a detached portion of leekfrith lying between hurdlow and upper hulme and covering 10 a . ; 30 a . from onecote ; and 18 a . from longnor lying on the south side of the present course of the river manifold east of longnor bridge . at the same date 1 a . on the north side of the river was transferred from heathylee to longnor . as a result the area of heathylee civil parish was increased to its present 5 , 977 a . ( 2 , 419 ha . ) . ( fn . 2 ) this article deals with the former township together with the land added in 1934 .\nmorridge divides the township into a western part and a larger eastern part . the former is drained by the churnet and the latter by the manifold and a tributary , oakenclough brook . the land lies at 825 ft . ( 251 m . ) in the south - west corner beside back brook . to the north and east on morridge it reaches 1 , 535 ft . ( 468 m . ) near morridge top farm and 1 , 590 ft . ( 487 m . ) near blake mere . on the east side of the township the land lies at 942 ft . ( 287 m . ) where the leeklongnor road crosses oakenclough brook at hardings booth and 862 ft . ( 263 m . ) where the road crosses the manifold at longnor bridge . the underlying rock is sandstone of the millstone grit series , which outcrops on the west side of the township at ramshaw rocks and near newstone farm . a shallow basin of the coal measures overlies the rock in the blue hills area along the western boundary . the best soil lies in the east where it is coarse loam . elsewhere it is mostly clay and loam , with peat on the west side of morridge . ( fn . 3 )\nthe number of people in heathylee owing suit at the manor court in the late 1760s was 100 . ( fn . 4 ) the population of the township was 520 in 1801 , 706 in 1811 , and 788 in 1821 . by 1831 it had fallen to 689 , and a steady decline thereafter reduced it to 504 in 1861 , 361 in 1891 , 353 in 1901 , 331 in 1911 , 333 in 1921 , and 345 in 1931 . the population of the enlarged civil parish was 280 in 1951 , 279 in 1961 , 258 in 1971 , 265 in 1981 , and 244 in 1991 . the population of the hurdlow farm area added in 1934 was 25 in 1841 and 23 in 1881 . ( fn . 5 )\nthe earliest medieval settlement was probably in the south - west corner where the hamlet of upper hulme existed on the leekfrith side of back brook by the mid 13th century . ( fn . 6 ) there was an estate called broncott on the heathylee side of the brook by 1299 ; the name is derived from words meaning broom cottage . ( fn . 7 ) a house built north of broncott farm in the later 18th century almost certainly for joseph billing , who worked a quarry there , was an inn by the later 1820s . it was then called the new inn , and it survived as a public house , the olde rock , in 1994 . ( fn . 8 ) a cottage beside back brook west of the inn has the date 1778 over a fireplace . to the north of upper hulme a house called naychurch , in existence by the early 15th century , ( fn . 9 ) retains 17th - century stonework .\nthere was a house on the site of knowles farm north - east of upper hulme probably by 1308 , when robert of knolles was recorded as a tenant of alstonefield manor , and certainly by 1476 . ( fn . 10 ) to the east , across the headstream of the churnet , pasture on morridge was called swains moor by the early 14th century . ( fn . 11 ) there was house called strines on the edge of the moor by 1415 , ( fn . 12 ) and one to the west on the site of little swainsmoor farm by the early 16th century . ( fn . 13 ) south of swains moor , the detached portion of bradnop township added to heathylee in 1934 was centred on hurdlow farm , which belonged to dieulacres abbey at the end of the middle ages . the name hurdlow combines old english hord , treasure , and hlaw , a hill or possibly a barrow . ( fn . 14 ) there was a house at stoney cliffe south - west of hurdlow by 1586 . ( fn . 15 )\non the east side of the township there was a settlement at hardings booth at the confluence of the manifold and oakenclough brook by 1327 . ( fn . 16 ) the site of oakenclough hall to the south - west in the valley of oakenclough brook was inhabited by the early 15th century . ( fn . 17 ) a 17th - century stone house there , styled a hall in 1747 , ( fn . 18 ) was replaced by the present house built on an adjacent site in the later 1890s . ( fn . 19 ) the site of badger ' s croft further west was probably inhabited by 1308 , when robert of bochardescroft was recorded as a tenant of alstonefield manor . the house was known as butcher ' s or badger ' s croft in the 18th century . ( fn . 20 )\na house called heathylee was recorded in 1406 . its site was probably in the manifold valley north - west of hardings booth , where there were two houses called heathylee in 1571 . ( fn . 21 ) there was a house in the upper part of the valley at thick withins by 1406 , ( fn . 22 ) and others to the east at fawside by c . 1420 ( fn . 23 ) and ball bank by 1444 . ( fn . 24 ) there were also houses by the earlier 15th century on the south side of the manifold : hole carr was recorded in 1414 , ( fn . 25 ) bradshaw in 1429 , ( fn . 26 ) and marnshaw in 1444 . ( fn . 27 ) houses at coldshaw and merril grove beside the longnor road were recorded respectively in 1429 and 1439 . ( fn . 28 ) the place - name ' shaw ' means a copse , and its use suggests late - medieval settlement in a wooded landscape . ( fn . 29 ) the site of heath house on the longnor road east of hardings booth was occupied by 1406 . ( fn . 30 ) waterhouse farm at the township ' s eastern tip beside the manifold was so called by 1571 . there were then two adjacent houses , over waterhouse and stewards place , the latter possibly once used by the steward of alstonefield manor . there were still two houses there in the later 18th century . ( fn . 31 )\nblue hills north of upper hulme was probably the last area of the township to be settled . so called by c . 1680 , it apparently takes its name from the colouring of watercourses by coal deposits , which were mined by the early 15th century . ( fn . 32 ) a house called gylfields in 1481 stood near gib torr rocks ( in quarnford ) , possibly on the site of the present gib torr farm . there was certainly a house called gib torr by 1564 . ( fn . 33 ) the present house is probably of the 19th century , and a barn carries the initials of sir george crewe and the date 1841 . there was a house at hazel barrow by 1719 , ( fn . 34 ) and newstone farm is dated 1773 .\na pool called blake mere on the east side of swains moor was evidently so called in the 14th century , when the name was used for a nearby house ( the present mermaid inn ) in onecote , in leek parish . ( fn . 35 ) a belief that the pool was bottomless and that cattle would not drink from it or birds fly over it was dismissed as fanciful by the antiquary robert plot , writing c . 1680 . he accepted , however , a story about the rescue of a woman whose lover tried to drown her in the pool . the event was the subject of robert southey ' s poem ' mary , the maid of the inn ' , written in 1796 . ( fn . 36 )\na short stretch of the cheadle - buxton road runs through the east side of the township . formerly it joined the longnor road near longnor mill , but after being turnpiked in 1770 it was realigned to run directly to longnor village by way of a bridge at windy arbour . ( fn . 47 ) by 1818 there was a tollgate at the junction of the old and new routes . ( fn . 48 ) the road was disturnpiked in 1878 . ( fn . 49 )\na surviving stone bridge across a stream northwest of stoney cliffe carried a packhorse way between cheshire and nottinghamshire , which crossed the south - western tip of the township before climbing morridge to the mermaid inn in onecote . ( fn . 50 )\nheathylee was connected to a mains electricity supply in 1963 . ( fn . 51 )\nit was apparently a custom in the early 19th century for people to gather on may day at the bald stone west of the royal cottage and to paint it white . ( fn . 52 ) the new inn at upper hulme was the meeting place of the colliers ' refuge friendly society , established in 1842 as a lodge of the order of foresters . the society had 162 members in 1876 . ( fn . 53 ) a brass band formed at upper hulme by 1850 ( fn . 54 ) was probably drawn from members of the lodge .\nan estate centred on broncott farm at upper hulme probably existed by 1299 when the widow of henry of broncott held a house of nicholas de audley , the lord of aenora malbank ' s share of alstonefield manor . ( fn . 55 ) in 1327 ranulph of bagnall gave his son william lands and tenements in the vill and fields of broncott , and in 1341 thomas of bagnall acquired a ' great house ' there with further land . in 1370 the estate was held by thomas ' s son john , and in 1432 john ' s son william granted it to roger fowall , retaining a life - interest . ( fn . 56 ) richard fowall held the estate in 1557 , when he was succeeded by his son william , ( fn . 57 ) and roger fowall held it in 1567 and 1577 . the owner in 1591 was ralph fowall , who became the tenant in 1592 on selling the estate to john harpur , lord of alstonefield manor . ( fn . 58 ) in 1633 the tenant of what was then a 52\u00bd - a . farm was robert brough ( d . 1657 ) . ( fn . 59 ) he was succeeded by his son thomas , and thomas by his son robert , the tenant in 1679 . ( fn . 60 ) he or another robert was succeeded in 1712 by his son robert ( d . 1753 ) . ( fn . 61 ) the tenant when the harpur crewe family offered the farm for sale in 1951 was colin lownds ( d . 1975 ) , whose daughter edith and her husband william waters were the owners in 1994 . ( fn . 62 ) the stone - built farmhouse is dated 1833 .\nthe detached portion of bradnop added to heathylee in 1934 consisted of an estate centred on hurdlow farm . the estate belonged to dieulacres abbey at the dissolution , and in 1546 the crown sold it to two speculators , hugh and robert thornhill . ( fn . 63 ) by 1625 it was owned by the hollinshead family , later of ashenhurst hall in bradnop , who still held it in 1680 . ( fn . 64 ) the later descent is unknown until 1835 , when a house and 189 a . were offered for sale under the will of john bourne , possibly of lane end in longton . ( fn . 65 ) the property was again offered for sale in 1845 , and 177 a . were bought by the revd . john sneyd of basford hall , in cheddleton . ( fn . 66 ) rebuilt in the 19th century , the house with its farmland was owned by the belfield family in 1994 .\nover field and nether field recorded at broncott in 1341 may have been open fields . ( fn . 67 ) the common waste lay chiefly on morridge and covered 940 a . in 1839 when it was inclosed under an act of 1834 amended in 1836 . sir george crewe was awarded 48 a . as lord of the manor and 276 a . as impropriator of alstonefield rectory , and the inclosure commissioners sold him a further 332 a . ( fn . 68 ) sir george also acquired by exchange in 1839 the 207 a . which had been awarded in lieu of tithes to the vicar of alstonefield . ( fn . 69 )\nof the 2 , 034 . 9 ha . of farmland returned for the civil parish in 1988 , grassland covered 1 , 609 . 6 ha . and there were 402 . 6 ha . of rough grazing . the farming was dairy and sheep , with 2 , 065 head of cattle and 7 , 438 sheep and lambs . one farm specialized in fattening pigs , of which there were 2 , 032 in the civil parish . of the 55 farms returned , 47 were under 50 ha . in size , 5 were between 50 and 99 ha . , and 3 were between 100 and 199 ha . ( fn . 70 )\nwhat was called frith mill by 1404 ( fn . 71 ) almost certainly stood on the manifold in heathylee near longnor bridge : land called milne holme , with which the mill was held in the 16th century , lay in that area . ( fn . 72 ) in 1605 sir john harpur replaced it with a mill on a nearby site called longnor mill and powered by a cut from the manifold . ( fn . 73 ) shortly before 1770 longnor mill was rebuilt by a corn dealer and chapman , richard gould of brownhill , in warslow . gould became bankrupt in 1773 , and the mill may have fallen into disuse . ( fn . 74 ) it was working again by 1831 , when it was enlarged to include a bone mill . ( fn . 75 ) the mill was used for grinding corn until c . 1870 and for grinding bone until c . 1890 . by 1884 , and possibly by 1880 , the mill was also used as a saw mill , specializing in the manufacture of rakes . ( fn . 76 ) it remained a saw mill until it ceased working in the mid 1980s .\nin 1401 richard strongarme took a year ' s lease of two coal mines and a forge at back brook and thomas smyth a year ' s lease of a vein of coal at black brook . in 1404 a smith named john toples took a lease for life of 140 ft . of coal at black brook . he seems to have worked the mine only until 1407 . about 1415 a mine was let for 12 years to robert of hulme . ( fn . 77 ) a mine in the blue hills area was being worked c . 1680 . ( fn . 78 ) in 1764 sir henry harpur let a mine at blue hills for 21 years to james and tobias mallors , stipulating 1 / 10 of the coal as rent . ( fn . 79 ) what was called the bluehills colliery in 1796 was then owned by the earl of macclesfield . it still existed in 1869 , when it was offered for lease . ( fn . 80 ) four miners lived in the blue hills area in 1871 , but only one in 1881 . ( fn . 81 )\nthe house north of broncott farm which became the new inn was occupied in 1786 by joseph billing , a stone cutter who presumably worked the quarry still open there in the early 19th century . ( fn . 82 ) several small quarries were opened along the longnor road later in the 19th century , and there were 3 stonemasons and 3 stone breakers in the township in 1861 and 2 masons in 1881 . ( fn . 83 ) in the later 1820s there was a brickyard east of heath house . ( fn . 84 )\nin 1601 a button maker lived at stonieway , apparently near hardings booth . ( fn . 85 ) about 1680 a stream issuing from a mine at blue hills was used to dye button moulds , and poor people of that area were then said to be much employed in making buttons . ( fn . 86 ) it was common for women and girls in the township to work as button makers in the earlier 19th century , and some of them may have been involved in an attempt to establish a trade union in 1834 . ( fn . 87 ) only 6 women button makers were recorded in the township in 1841 , but there were 38 in 1851 and 42 in 1861 . only 5 were recorded in 1881 . ( fn . 88 )\nin the later 1760s adam billing of boarsgrove , south - west of oakenclough hall , traded as a hawker , selling goods from manchester , possibly small wares , in the summer and fish in the winter . isaac belfield , who lived at barrow moor on the longnor road in 1772 , also seems to have been a dealer in small wares . ( fn . 89 )\nheathylee was part of the forest tithing of alstonefield manor by the late 1390s and remained so in the earlier 1530s . ( fn . 90 ) by 1594 it shared a frankpledge with hollinsclough , the joint tithing sometimes being called high frith . ( fn . 91 ) that was still the arrangement in 1676 , but by 1697 heathylee had its own frankpledge , by then styled a headborough . ( fn . 92 ) there was a pinner for the joint tithing by 1596 . ( fn . 93 ) in the later 1820s there was a pinfold on the longnor road west of hardings booth . ( fn . 94 )\ntwo surveyors of the highways for heathylee were appointed at the manor court apparently for the first time in 1601 . from 1602 there was normally only one . ( fn . 95 )\nin the later 17th and earlier 18th century the poor of heathlyee , fawfieldhead , hollinsclough , and quarnford were maintained jointly . ( fn . 96 ) heathylee relieved its poor separately from 1733 . ( fn . 97 ) it became part of leek poor - law union in 1837 . ( fn . 98 )\nin 1559 ralph gylmen of merril grove in heathylee bequeathed a lamb for ' god ' s service ' at longnor , probably an indication that he attended longnor church ; people from heathylee certainly did so by the late 17th century . ( fn . 99 ) from 1744 those living in the western part of the township attended the church built that year at flash , in quarnford , and in 1902 that part of heathylee was assigned to quarnford parish . ( fn . 100 ) by 1900 and at least until the later 1950s mission services were held in the schoolroom on the buxton road . ( fn . 101 )\na methodist society met at ridge head , the home of isaac billing on the longnor road , in the late 18th and early 19th century . ( fn . 102 ) it numbered 46 in 1803 but only 8 in 1819 , members presumably having moved to other societies in the area . ( fn . 103 ) in 1829 wesleyan methodist services were held fortnightly on sundays at hole carr and at upper hulme and once a month at ridge head . a sunday service was also held twice a month at hazel barrow and at newstone farm , where a meeting room or chapel had been added to the farmhouse apparently in 1816 . by 1832 sunday services were held three times a month at newstone and once a month elsewhere in the township . ( fn . 104 ) a chapel opened at upper hulme in 1837 had an evening congregation of 30 , besides sunday school children , on census sunday 1851 . ( fn . 105 ) services were still held at the chapel in 1994 . the average attendance at newstone in 1851 was between 50 and 60 adults . services were last held there in 1930 . ( fn . 106 )\na primitive methodist chapel opened in 1853 at ' morridge end ' was replaced c . 1880 by one on the buxton road north of morridge top farm . that chapel was closed in 1972 and was used in 1994 as a farm outbuilding . ( fn . 107 )\nthere was no school in the township in 1819 . ( fn . 108 ) in the earlier 1830s there were two day schools , with between 30 and 40 children who paid fees . there was also a sunday school in which 120 children were taught free . ( fn . 109 ) a wesleyan methodist sunday school at upper hulme had an attendance of 28 on census sunday 1851 . ( fn . 110 ) there was evidently a dame school in 1841 , when a schoolmistress lived in the township . a mistress was again recorded in 1851 , 1861 , and 1881 . ( fn . 111 )\na school board for heathylee was formed compulsorily in 1880 , and in 1884 a school was built on the buxton road south of the royal cottage . the cost was met by sir john harpur crewe . it became ramshaw council school in 1903 . ( fn . 112 ) the decision in 1930 that what was then an all - age school with 40 children on its books should become a junior school took effect in 1940 , the senior children being transferred to leek . ( fn . 113 ) ramshaw school was closed in 1970 , and the building was later converted into a house . ( fn . 114 )\nby will of 1793 john robinson of fawside left half the interest on \u00a3196 9 s . 6 d . for the poor of heathylee and longnor . in 1972 the charity was administered jointly with others for longnor . ( fn . 115 )\n1 . v . c . h . staffs . i . 327 . this article was written in 1994 .\n2 . census , 1931 ; staffs . review order , 1934 , p . 63 and map 1 ( copy in s . r . o . ) .\n3 . geol . surv . map 1 / 50 , 000 , drift , sheet 111 ( 1978 edn . ) ; soil surv . of eng . and wales , sheet 3 ( 1983 ) .\n5 . v . c . h . staffs . i . 327 ; census , 1901 - 91 . the figures for the hurdlow area are taken from p . r . o . , ho 107 / 1005 ; ibid . rg 11 / 2740 .\n8 . s . r . o . 5322 / 5 , no . 12 ; below , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n9 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , 1st ct . 10 hen . vi ( as knachurche ) .\n10 . ibid . d . 2375m / 53 / 8 , deed of feast of annunciation 16 edw . iv ; s . h . c . n . s . xi . 258 .\n12 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , ct . of 2 and 3 hen . v .\n15 . w . s . l . 132 / 9a / 47 , deed of 31 july 1586 .\n17 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , ct . of 7 and 8 hen v .\n19 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 207 / 9 , specification for building oakenclough farmhouse , 1894 ; d . 2375m / 207 / 19 , tenders for building farmhouses , 1896 .\n25 . ibid . ct . of 1 and 2 hen . v ( as holehouse ) . hole carr in 1568 : ibid . d . 2375m / 55 / 1 , rental of 1568 .\n32 . plot , staffs . 98 ; below , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n36 . plot , staffs . 44 , 291 ; poetical works of robert southey ( 1838 ) , vi . 1 - 9 .\n39 . ibid . d . 2375m / 163 / 15 ; t . n . s . f . c . lxxiii . 121 ; below , leek : leek and lowe , general hist . ( 18th cent . ) . another story named charles i : reliquary , v . 134 .\n40 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / buxton rd . order bk . 1765 - 1800 , 2 july 1779 ; s . r . o . , q / so / 24 , f . 21 .\n42 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / buxton rd . order bk . 1765 - 1800 , 30 june 1775 ; below , quarnford , intro .\n43 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 120 / 17 / 10 ; s . r . o . 5322 / 5 , no . 312 ; c . and j . greenwood , map of county of stafford ( 1820 ) .\n44 . buxton rd . acct . bk . 1809 - 60 , acct . 4 aug . 1842 ( in possession of mr . r . stones of malpas , ches . , 1994 ) .\n45 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / leek , buxton , and monyash turnpike trust acct . bk . 1861 - 76 .\n46 . leek libr . , newspaper cuttings 1954 - 7 , p . 46 .\n47 . s . h . c . 4th ser . iii . 110 . the new route is not shown on a map of longnor made in the earlier 1770s , but it had been laid out by 1775 : d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 161 / 3 ; above , fig . 2 .\n48 . s . r . o . , d . 5131 / 3 / 8 / 13 ; greenwood , map of county of stafford .\n50 . v . c . h . staffs . ii . 278 - 9 ( based on w . s . l . , d . 1798 / 617 / 76 ; d . 1798 / 618 / 15 ) .\n53 . rep . chief registrar of friendly socs . 1876 , app . p , h . c . 429 - i , p . 410 ( 1877 ) , lxxvii ; staffs . advertiser , 18 june 1853 , p . 4 ; below , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n54 . ' diary of john plant of hazelwood , 1849 - 53 ' , entry for 1 oct . 1850 ( ts . in w . s . l . ) .\n55 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 110 / 32 , copy of inq . p . m . of nic . de audley , 1299 ( as bromekote ) .\n57 . l . j . r . o . , b / c / 11 , ric . fowall ( 1557 ) .\n60 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 189 / 14 , deed of 30 june 1679 .\n61 . l . j . r . o . , b / c / 11 , rob . brough ( 1713 ) , rob . brough ( 1753 ) .\n62 . w . s . l . , s . c . e / 3 / 26 , no . 150 ; st . paul ' s , quarnford ( 1994 ) , app . p . xv .\n63 . w . s . l . , m . 540 ; l . & p . hen . viii , xxi ( 1 ) , p . 762 .\n68 . s . r . o . , q / rdc 24 ; 4 & 5 wm . iv , c . 15 ( priv . act ) ; 6 & 7 wm . iv , c . 6 ( priv . act ) .\n69 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 282 / 5 ( 1 ) , exchange of glebe land .\n74 . ibid . d . 2375m / 54 / 16 , deed of 30 mar . 1772 ; d . 2375m / 54 / 18 , proposals re longnor mill , 1770 ; d . 2375m / 54 / 39 , docs . re ric . gould .\n75 . ibid . d . 2375m / 93 / 12 , notification of 12 sept . 1831 .\n76 . p . o . dir . staffs . ( 1868 ; s . v . longnor ) ; kelly ' s dir . staffs . ( 1880 and later edns . to 1900 ; s . v . longnor ) .\n77 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , cts . of 6 and 14 hen . iv and ct . of 2 and 3 hen . v ; d . 2375m / 1 / 6 , ct . of thurs . before christmas 2 hen . iv .\n79 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 189 / 6 , deed of 1 dec . 1764 .\n80 . ibid . d . 2375m / 110 / 32 , geo . greaves to rob . greaves ; staffs . advertiser , 7 aug . 1869 , p . 8 .\n82 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 64 / 9 , deeds of 16 may 1786 ( as billings ) , 2 may 1846 ( as billing ) ; j . farey , gen . view of agric . and minerals of derb . ( 1811 ) , i . 417 .\n83 . p . r . o . , rg 9 / 1949 ; rg 11 / 2742 ; o . s . map 6\n, staffs . iv . ne . ( 1887 edn . ) .\n87 . below , quarnford , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n88 . p . r . o . , ho 107 / 1003 ; ho 107 / 2008 ; ibid . rg 9 / 1949 ; rg 11 / 2742 .\n89 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / condlyffe , brief in case billing v . morris , 1766 , and letter from john harmar to wm . condlyffe , 27 july 1772 .\n90 . above , alstonefield , par . intro . ( manorial govt . ) .\n97 . s . r . o . , q / so / 13 , ff . 104v . - 105 .\n99 . l . j . r . o . , b / c / 11 , ralph gylmen ( 1559 ) ; below , longnor , church .\n101 . lich . dioc . ch . cal . ( 1900 ) , 115 ; ( 1957 ) , 129 ; alstonfield deanery mag . lxiv ( 10 ) .\n102 . dyson , wesleyan methodism , 71 - 2 ; d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 70 / 5 , heathylee , p . 4 .\n104 . ibid . d . 3156 / 1 / 1 / 24 ; p . r . o . , ho 129 / 372 / 4 / 1 ; leek libr . , johnson scrapbk . i ( 2 ) , d / 13 / 15 .\n105 . p . r . o . , ho 129 / 372 / 4 / 1 ; date stone on building .\n107 . s . r . o . , d . 3457 / 7 / 2 ; st . paul ' s , quarnford ( 1994 ) , 35 .\n108 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 87 / 19 , acct . of schs . in alstonefield par . 1819 .\n111 . ibid . ho 107 / 1003 ; ho 107 / 2008 ; ibid . rg 9 / 1949 ; rg 11 / 2742 .\n112 . list of sch . boards , 1902 [ cd . 1038 ] , p . 637 ( 1902 ) , lxxix ; kelly ' s dir . staffs . ( 1884 ) ; s . r . o . , ceh / 165 / 1 .\n113 . staffs . c . c . record for 1930 , 867 ; s . r . o . , ceh / 165 / 1 , p . 129 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nalso deterrent . yes i know about the murder rate in usa . . . something to do with their gun culture , maybe ?\nlife ( meaning life ) in prison would stop a person reoffending and there is no evidence to suggest this or any other state sanctioned murder has acted as a deterrent . the fact that the chance of being caught and put on death row is so remote would agree with this .\nthe fact that the chance of being caught and put on death row is so remote would agree with this .\nso , following this logic , if the death penalty was made more likely , it would be a better deterrent .\nwe must stop yielding to threats from gangs of criminals . if they put someone in hospital we should put a gang member in the morgue .\nwhich is exactly the same mentality that the gangs operate under . the bloods & cripps are waiting for your call .\nbut the victims are always going to be dead . why is one murder worse than another ?\ntwo is more than one . one more is one more . got it ?\n[ quote = wiggy001 the fact that the chance of being caught and put on death row is so remote would agree with this ."]}
{"id": 1518, "summary": [{"text": "midila daphne is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by druce in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico , costa rica and colombia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "midila daphne", "paragraphs": ["snout moth , midila daphne | from ecuador megadiverso : www . fl\u2026 | flickr\ncrambidae , midilinae , midila daphne . # 10 in the bold link is the best match . urltoken\nuna especie de midila no reconocida anteriormente en las colleciones ( lep . schoenobidae )\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nwould have been a great camouflage if he wasn ' t in my bedroom . still looked pretty badass though !\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nhayden , james e . 2012 . revision ofodilla noralisschaus and transfer of erupini to midilinae ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) . annals of carnegie museum , vol . 80 , issue . 4 , p . 309 .\nregier , jerome c . mitter , charles solis , m . alma hayden , james e . landry , bernard nuss , matthias simonsen , thomas j . yen , shen - horn zwick , andreas and cummings , michael p . 2012 . a molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea ) and its implications for higher - level classification . systematic entomology , vol . 37 , issue . 4 , p . 635 .\n, is revised for the first time as a discrete and coherent group , though hampson ( 1895 ) associated three genera and five species as part of his subfamily schoenobiinae . seven genera , 45 species , and six additional subspecies are recognized in the present study , of which the following one genus , 27 species , and five subspecies are described as new :\n. h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res nouveaux de l ' am\u00e9rique du sud . fasc . 3 . rennes .\n. biologia centrali - americana . insecta . lepidoptera - heterocera . vol . ii , signature 2bb .\n. reise der oesterreichische fregatte \u201cnovara\u201d um die erde . zool . theil . bd . 2 , abt . 2 , pl . 120 .\n. on the classification of the schoenobiinae and crambinae , two subfamilies of moths of the family pyralidae .\ntransfer of cacographis colombiana from midilinae to nymphulinae , with descriptions of midilambia n . gen . ( lepidoptera : pyralidae )\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xvi . noctuidae\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nrepresentative adult habitus images of pyraloidea subfamilies . ( a ) . . . | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1521, "summary": [{"text": "garrha defessa is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale ochreous , pinkish-tinged .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is rather dark fuscous , the plical spot somewhat beyond the first discal and there is an angulated subterminal series of small groups of two or three rather dark fuscous scales from beneath the costa at two-thirds , rather near the costa and termen to above the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish ochreous-grey , faintly pinkish-tinged . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "garrha defessa", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for defessa definition . you find here defessa meaning , synonyms of defessa and images for defessa copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word defessa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word defessa and , of course , defessa synonyms and on the right images related to the word defessa .\nmachimia defessa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376\ngarrha defessa is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by meyrick in 1920 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .\nhave a fact about garrha pyrrhopasta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha pyrrhopasta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about garrha mesogaea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha mesogaea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about garrha pseudota ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha pseudota ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 57cdeb54 - 16ab - 406b - bf71 - 71cc567b475e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97597c90 - 78f5 - 435a - a5e1 - 54363e4713bd\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9aaaf1b8 - 5b23 - 4800 - b1d3 - 083d4f78f2e4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 290654\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nheliocausta achroa turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4\nheliocausta acosmeta turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4\nmachimia agglomerata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375\nmachimia alma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : victoria , gisborne\nmachimia amata meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : west australia , waroona\nheliocausta arrhodea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113\nhoplitica atripunctatella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7\nmachimia brachytricha turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 147\naustralia ( victoria , s . australia , e . australia ) . see [ maps ]\nhoplitica cholodella meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 507\nmachimia coccinea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 59\nhoplitica costimacula meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 502\nmachimia cylicotypa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111\neuryplaca demotica meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 489\nhoplitica eugramma lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 93\ncryptopeges icasta turner , 1941 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 66 : 406\nheliocausta idiosema turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113\nmachimia interjecta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116\nhoplitica leucerythra meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 501\nheliocausta limbata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 471\nmachimia mesogaea turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371\nhoplitica metriopis meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 941\nmachimia micromita turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 107\nmachimia mitescens meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : queensland , townsville\neuryplaca ocellifera meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 488\nmachimia ochra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 109\ncoesyra paraderces meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1659\nmachimia phaeoporphyra turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge\nmachimia phoenopis turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; queensland , brisbane ; mt tambourine ; toowoomba\nmachimia platyporphyra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111 ( emend . )\nhoplitica pseudota lower , 1901 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 25 ( 2 ) : 85\nmachimia pyrrhopasta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114\nmachimia rubella turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge\nhoplitica rufa meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 504\nmachimia rufescens turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\nhoplitica rufimaculella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7\nhoplitica sericata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 497\nheliocausta spatiosa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 387\nmachimia submissa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\nmachimia umbratica turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\ncoesyra zonostola meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 772\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndescriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . xi & xii . oecophoridae - ( continued )\nzeller , 1855 nachtrag zu den im 9ten bande bescriebenen arten ds genus cryptolechia linn . ent . 10 : 145 - 168\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1530, "summary": [{"text": "paziella pazi , common name : paz 's murex , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "paziella pazi", "paragraphs": ["you selected poirieria ( paziella ) pazi ( crosse , 1869 ) . this is a synonym for :\nspecimen shell : paziella pazi each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( usa - florida , dry tortugas ) , divers , muricidae specimen shell : paziella pazi crosse , 1869\nsea shell information on : ts135436 - muricidae paziella - > pazi . this specimen is of muricidae . the specimen shell of groupe : paziella . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\n( of paziella ( paziella ) pazi ( crosse , 1869 ) ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 164 [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmerle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . page ( s ) : 164 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32336b46 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282cec0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3282d04a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3682cceb - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbieler r . bouchet p . dijkstra h . faber m . finn j . garcia - alvarez o . gofas s . la perna r . marshall b . moretzsohn f . neubauer t . a . rosenberg g . sartori a . f . schneider s . taylor j . ter poorten j . j . & vos c . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . worms mollusca : molluscabase ( version 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 129829cd - 6387 - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\ndescription : f + , rare today ! found in 1960 ` s by j . r . black\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 008 seconds . )\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\n\u00bb species poirieria ( poirieria ) syrinx b . a . marshall & houart , 1995 represented as poirieria syrinx b . a . marshall & houart , 1995\nsubgenus poirieria ( panamurex ) woodring , 1959 accepted as calotrophon ( panamurex ) woodring , 1959 represented as calotrophon hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nsubgenus poirieria ( pazinotus ) accepted as pazinotus e . h . vokes , 1970\nspecies poirieria azami kuroda , 1929 accepted as murexsul multispinosus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1904 ) ( synonym )\njousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division m\u00e9thodique de la famille des purpurid\u00e9s . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 335 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarco , a . ; marshall , b . ; houart , r . ; oliverio , m . ( 2015 ) . molecular phylogenetics of haustrinae and pagodulinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) with a focus on new zealand species . journal of molluscan studies . 81 ( 4 ) : 476 - 488 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .\ntulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number\nthe journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .\nfor all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .\nthe past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .\nit is now 20 years ago that the last issue of tulane studies in geology and paleontology ( initially known as tulane studies in geology ) appeared . coincidental or not , 1997 was right around the time that scientific publishing rapidly migrated to the internet . initiated in 1962 , tsgp has published more than 5000 pages of peer - reviewed research , in many cases by faculty members and graduate students in tulane\u2019s department of geology . series like tsgp proliferated for many years , in part based on the extensive exchange schemes that existed between academic libraries . editing was carefully done in house , constituting a major time commitment for the faculty members who served as editors . even though the series was discontinued a while ago , the research published in tsgp has had a lasting impact . it continues to be cited on a regular basis and typically accrues 20 to 30 citations annually according to the web of science .\nthe tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .\nan online undergraduate journal featuring case studies authored by the newcomb scholars , an elite cohort of undergraduate women at tulane university .\nthe journal of community health promotion and research , sponsored by the tulane prevention research center ( prc ) , was planned to share information about public health work and disease - prevention programs focusing on the physical and social environment in the new orleans area .\nthe mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .\nthe tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .\nsecond line is a peer - edited journal at tulane university committed to the publication of original and intellectual undergraduate scholarship that engages in the various aspects of literary conversation .\nthe tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken\ntulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .\n\u00a9 2012 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 | email us\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; 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{"id": 1531, "summary": [{"text": "the bruce 's green pigeon ( treron waalia ) , also known as the yellow-bellied fruit pigeon , is a species of bird in the family columbidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , oman , saudi arabia , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda , and yemen .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a frugivore bird species that specialises on eating the fruits of a single species of fig tree , ficus platphylla . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "bruce ' s green pigeon", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for bruce ' s green - pigeon ( treron waalia ) yet .\nbruce ' s green pigeon ( treron waalia ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\nbruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia , meyer , 1793 ( protonym , columba waalia ) , also known as the yellow - bellied fruit pigeon or the yellow - bellied green pigeon , photographed at lake zway , ethiopia .\nresponse : this is a bruce ' s green pigeon , treron waalia . this bird is placed into the family of doves and pigeons ( columbidae ) .\nlarge green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 3rd edition : large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 4th edition : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( as published ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2000 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . 2001 revisions ) : large green - pigeon ( treron capellei ) clements 5th edition ( incl . more\nlarge green pigeon ( treron capellei ) ; . . . finschii ) ; urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s\nbirds and birding in india\nhome page : o t yellow - footed green pigeon yellowlegged green pigeon - o white . . . billed crow jungle urltoken to vivek tiwari ' s\nbirds and birding in india\nhome page : green - pigeon treron apicauda - - l wedge - tailed green - pigeon treron sphenura k . . . t - urltoken birds of gombe : . . . more\nthe large green pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nbruce ' s green pigeon is a canopy - feeding frugivorous pigeon that specialises on consuming the fruits of just one species of fig tree , ficus platphylla . it is found in wooded valleys , wooded savanna and other wooded habitats throughout sub - saharan africa from senegal through somalia and all the way into the arabian peninsula . it only occurs north of the equator .\nthe large green pigeon ( treron capellei ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand . madagascar green pigeon the madagascar green pigeon ( treron australis family . it is found in ) is a species of bird in the columbidaemadagascar , comoros , and mayotte . many coloured fruit dove the many coloured fruit dove ( ptilinopus perousii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family . more\nwith\nbruce ' s travels\nas the clue , i now have no doubt that blanford was referring to the five - volume\ntravels to discover the source of the nile , in the years 1768 , 1769 , 1770 , 1771 , 1772 , and 1773\nby the scotsman , james bruce , renowned for his accounts of ethiopian history and culture . [ ref ]\nin the introduction to his book , blandford writes :\nthe earliest contribution to the abyssinian fauna was contained in the last ( fifth ) volume of bruce ' s travels . in the original edition of 1790 several plates representing various plants and animals of north - eastern africa were given , accompanied by descriptions , which , like all of bruce ' s writings , show great power of observation , though they are occasionally not quite accurate in matters of details . a few of the drawings of birds brought back by bruce were described by buffon and named by gmelin , but the exact species have in some instances remained obscure .\nin that interesting comment thread , safari77 goes on to quote a portion of the book where james bruce describes this species and its habits .\ntowards the end of his book , blandford actually cites bruce again with reference to treron abyssinica ( lath . ) as waalia , and as columba abyssinica -\niris yellow or salmon colour , with a circle of pure blue round the pupil ; bill dirty white ; cere purplish pink ; legs deep yellw . this bird is very closely allied in its form and habits to the indian green pigeon .\ndescription : the green plumage is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments\u201d and that in \u201cseveral species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body . \u201d\nthis pigeon is special because it relies on pigments for its green plumage colouration , as discussed in the paper , dietary and sexual correlates of carotenoid pigment expression in dove plumage ( bettina mahler , lidia s . araujo & pablo l . tubaro . ( may , 2003 ) . the condor , 105 ( 2 ) ; 258 - 267 . free pdf ) . in this paper , the authors cite a 1983 publication by derek goodwin [ amazon uk ; amazon us ] that mentions that captive treron doves\nfail to express their carotenoid - based green and yellow plumage color if the diet was unsuitable , showing gray and purplish colors instead\n.\nquestion : this ethiopian mystery bird is notable amongst birds for its colour . can you tell me what is so remarkable about this ? can you tell me the name of this bird ' s taxonomic family ? can you identify this species ? in my opinion , this bird ' s common name is really strange : who is the australian philosopher ?\nthe authors of the condor paper analysed green feathers from a number of pigeons and doves , including several species of treron , and found carotenoid pigments in the yellow and orange plumage of treron species . the authors further note that\n[ t ] he green plumage in the gen [ us ] treron . . . is produced by a combination of melanin and yellow carotenoid pigments\nand that in\nseveral species of the genus treron , males also show orange carotenoid patches on the breast or belly , and sometimes on their crown or forehead , apart from the green coloration of the body .\nok , so here it is - it ' s not definitive by any means , but the renowned geologist and zoologist , william thomas blandford , in one of the publications not often cited with reference to his work , observations on the geology and zoology of abyssinia , made during the progress of the british expedition to that country in 1867 - 68 ( macmillan , london . , 1870 ) , makes mention of bruce in numerous passages , and in particular his drawings and a work entitled\ntravels .\ni would like to thank one of my readers , safari77 , whose excellent detective work turned up a reasonable explanation for this species ' s common name . i ' ve included his entire quote ( but follow back to original to follow active links ) :\nlarge green pigeons are another speciality of ko surin nuea , being recorded by a number of observers over a number of visits . white - bellied sea eagles can be seen anywhere around the national park , but are particularly easily seen from boats while snorkelling . most birders come to ko surin in hope of seeing beach thick - knee . i was unfortunate on my visit and didn ' t see any , but the boatmen took me to ao sai - en searching for one and they have been regularly spotted here . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be frequent to locally abundant ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , herve jacob , keith blomerley , juan sanabria , \u00e9ric roualet , dani\u00eal jimenez , yo\u00ebl jimenez , joe angseesing , greg baker .\npaul van giersbergen , \u00e9ric roualet , markus lilje , hector ceballos - lascurain , david beadle , stanislav harvan\u010d\u00edk , frank derriks , klaus lachenmaier , dubi shapiro , holger meinig , lmarce , ken havard , ahmet karata\u015f , petemorris , nik borrow , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , jason anderson , fran trabalon , lars petersson , morten venas , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo .\nimage : dan logen , 6 february 2011 ( with permission ) [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d300 , 600 mm lens , f / 5 , 1 / 320 sec , iso 1000\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron waalia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ntreron waalia : savanna of sub - saharan africa , sw arabia and socotra i .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 173 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1535, "summary": [{"text": "the hooded chameleon , calumma cucullatum , is a vulnerable species of chameleon endemic to north-east madagascar ; its geological type locality is madagascar .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can be found in humid forests over an area of 17,432 km \u00b2 ( 6,731 sq mi ) between 400 and 720 m ( 1,310 and 2,360 ft ) above mean sea level . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "hooded chameleon", "paragraphs": ["full - body shot of an adult hooded chameleon on a branch in masoala national park , madagascar .\nready - to - assemble , aluminum screen cages are perfect for your chameleon .\ncuadrado , mariano and loman , jon . 1997 . mating behaviour in a chameleon\nloman , jon . 1985 . social organization in a population of the hooded crow . ardea 73 : 61 - 75 .\ncome see a wide assortment of veiled chameleons , baby veileds , and veiled chameleon morphs for sale .\ncharacterization of microsatellite loci from a south african endemic , the cape dwarf chameleon ( brad . . .\n- - calumma , brevicornis , c . brevicornis profile . short - horned chameleon . calumma , cucullata ,\nmorphology , ornaments and performance in two chameleon ecomorphs : is the casque bigger than the bite . . .\nwith the proper setup and consistent care , your veiled chameleon should do very well . the veiled chameleon is a striking , beautiful and hardy captive , which is excellent for the first time chameleon owner . their relatively simple care requirements , impressive features and odd behavior make them an interesting and conversation starting display for any dedicated enthusiast .\nthe veiled chameleon ( chamaeleo calyptratus ) , also known as the yemen chameleon , is a relatively large chameleon species originally from saudi arabia and yemen in the middle east . more recently , this species has been introduced and has established small populations in areas such as the island of maui in hawaii . in its natural range , the veiled chameleon lives in coastal mountain slopes , which experience significant rainfall , and some live in slightly more arid \u201cwadis\u201d with year - round water and vegetation .\nwater mist four times daily or as needed to maintain the recommended humidity level as well as allow the chameleon to drink .\nwilliams ka . behavioral plasticity in hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) : linking behavior , environmental context and reproductive success . doctoral dissertation , ohio university . 2013 . available : urltoken\nloman , jon . 1984 . breeding success in relation to parent size and experience in a population of the hooded crow . ornis . scand . 15 : 183 - 187 .\nis occurs only in southern florida . other common names it is known by are american chameleon , carolina anole , red - throated anole , and tree lion\ni had originally identified this chameleon as calumma malthe . chameleon expert ardith abate of the chameleon information network was kind enough to correct my identification . in her words , calumma cucullata\nis distinguished from malthe by the slightly longer occipital lobes , longer head , and the broad , light - colored stripe extending from the corner of the mouth across the occipital lobes and flanks to the tail .\nshe included a photo of c . malthe from mantadia national park that made these differences clear .\nit is important to keep in mind that veiled chameleons do best as primarily display animals . while different veiled chameleons will tolerate handling to different degrees based on their individual personality , veiled chameleons should not be handled like a bearded dragon . they can be carefully held for short periods but tend to get stressed with excess handling . with time you will learn what your veiled chameleon\u2019s personality is like and what your chameleon will tolerate . when you do handle your veiled chameleon , do not restrain it but rather let the chameleon walk on you from hand to hand . you should be aware that veiled chameleons are most comfortable when they are high up so often times when they are being held , they will attempt to walk up your arm and try to go onto your head . for long - term success with all chameleon species , limited handling is recommended .\nburning reduced the grinnellian niche space of hooded warblers in our burned study site . male hooded warblers that occupied territories in the burn habitat primarily foraged , sang and displayed . we detected additional males singing or foraging in the burn ; however , these individuals flew to adjacent non - burned habitat so were not included in analyses . one female each year nested in the burn habitat ( the first year in a ravine characterized by l . tulipifera , plantus occidentalis ( sycamore ) and l . benzoin that was unburned ) , but both nests failed because of predation during egg laying ; therefore , the grinnellian niche space for the hooded warbler was absent in the burn two years post burn . we occasionally observed other females in the burn habitat early in the breeding season but not by late may . in other southeastern ohio forests , hooded warbler and ovenbird ( seiurus aurocapilla ) either declined in burned habitat , using only portions of the habitat that were unaffected by burning for nesting , or they abandoned the habitat all together [ 55 ] . although burned forests may provide habitat structure for foraging hooded warblers , there is a diminishment of the grinnellian niche space in these stands due to lack of sufficient nesting substrate .\nthe name\nchameleon\nis derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means\nearth lion .\n) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .\nwe found that the habitat used by female hooded warblers differed in relation to differences in habitat structure . in the harvested habitat , female nest sites were located in habitat space with increased understory complexity , using a subset of the available ( random ) habitat space (\ndescription : the approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long . . .\nhere , we evaluate the habitat space occupied by a population of breeding hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) among structurally different forest habitats . because many forests exhibit variation in disturbance , we chose forest sites with altered structural features in different strata ( e . g . , understory and subcanopy ) to determine the relationship among habitat structure and reproductive success . because adult hooded warblers were observed in all three ( unaltered , harvested and burned ) habitats during the breeding season , we predicted that individual warblers should track components of their grinnellian niche across the habitat gradient .\nwe captured hooded warblers using mist nets during late april through mid july in 2010 and 2011 . each captured bird was banded with a usgs numbered band and a unique combination of color bands for individual identification in the field . we also individually marked and weighed nestlings when they were between four to six days of age .\nveiled chameleons can be sexed from the day they hatch . veiled chameleon males are born with a small nub on their back foot called a tarsal spur that females lack . veiled chameleon males of this species tend to exhibit more colors as well as a larger casque then female veiled chameleons and on average live 6 - 8 years . females of this species typically show less vibrant colors and live on average 4 - 6 years because even when not bred , they will produce infertile clutches of eggs , which take a lot of energy .\nin some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including \u201cmanaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , \u201d which translates to\nlike the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past\n;\nratsy karaha kandrondro ,\nmeaning\nugly as a chameleon\n;\nmahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,\na warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .\nkrysko , k . l . , k . m . enge , and f . w . king . 2004 . the veiled chameleon , chamaeleo calyptratus dum\u00e9ril and bibron 1851 ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) : a new exotic species in florida . florida scientist 67 : 249 - 253 .\nhooded warblers are a neotropical migrant species that inhabit mature deciduous forests across the eastern united states during the breeding season . these forests are typically dominated by quercus spp . ( oak ) , carya spp . ( hickory ) , acer spp . ( maple ) and fagus spp . ( beech ) and have a well - developed understory and shrub layer for nesting [ 24 ] . despite considerable variation in plant species composition across the breeding range , there are similarities in the habitat structure associated with the forested habitats occupied by hooded warblers . these structural similarities include forests with a high tree species diversity in the canopy and subcanopy and high density of stems in the shrub layer compared to more even aged forests with a high coverage of large saplings and understory trees [ 25 ] .\nin many species , males and females are known to require sex - specific habitat characteristics [ 26 \u2013 28 ] . for example , when there are differences between sexes in behavior contexts such as foraging [ 29 ] ; males and females may use different cues to select habitat . male hooded warblers that have been captive reared preferentially orient toward vertical structure while captive reared females orient toward oblique structure [ 30 ] . furthermore , male and female hooded warblers use structurally different habitat during the winter [ 26 , 31 ] . during the breeding season , hooded warbler males sing in the midstory and favor territories with greater vertical structure ( e . g . , mature forest with an open midstory ) to enhance territorial defense and their ability to attract mates . in contrast , females use habitats with increased understory structure ( e . g . , complex , oblique structure like in brier thickets ) for nest concealment in the shrub layer and do not exclusively use their social partner\u2019s territory during the breeding season [ 32 ] . although nest concealment was not associated with nest survival [ 33 ] , high understory coverage at the scale of the territory may increase foraging opportunities for the female and fledged young and decrease predation because predators have more substrate to search .\nbeing arboreal , veiled chameleons do not typically encounter standing water such as a water dish . as a result , they typically do not recognize water dishes as a source of water for hydration . they drink water from morning dew and rain as it falls onto leaves . as a result , it is important to mist your veiled chameleon with a spray bottle twice a day for approximately two minutes getting all the leaves and branches wet in the enclosure . your chameleon will lap water up from the leaves . you can also create a drip system to provide water over a prolonged period . by taking a clean plastic water jug and poking a couple small holes in the bottom , water will slowly drip out over a period of time and fall onto leaves in the enclosure below . finally , while waterfalls may seem like a nice addition to an enclosure and like they would help with humidity , chameleons are attracted to moving water sources to defecate . as a result , waterfalls quickly before cesspools filled with bacteria and can be extremely detrimental to your chameleon\u2019s health .\nthe cape dwarf chameleon ( bradypodion pumilum ) is an endemic south african species that is currently threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat through urbanization and agriculture . to conduct studies that will assist in understanding these anthropogenic effects on gene flow , population structure , and genetic diversity , we developed eight microsatellite loci using an . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe evolution of ecomorphs within a species may represent either unique evolutionary events or multiple convergent events in similar environments . functional studies of differing morphological traits of ecomorphs have been important to elucidate their role in adaptive radiations . the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , has two ecomorphs : a large , brightly colored , ornate form found in . . . [ show full abstract ]\nveiled chameleons do well in captive environments with consistent care . the first step toward successfully keeping your chameleon happy and healthy is to set up their enclosure . veiled chameleons do best in screen sided enclosures because of the increased airflow . glass tanks , on the other hand , are difficult to find in appropriate sizes and create stagnant air , which can lead to upper respiratory infections . with adult veiled chameleons , the general rule is that bigger is better as far as their enclosure is concerned . an adult male would ideally be housed in a screen enclosure around 2\u2019 x 2\u2019 x 4\u2019 tall , although they can tolerate somewhat smaller enclosures . female would ideally be kept in a screen enclosure around 18\u201d x 18\u201d x 3\u2019 tall . babies and juveniles can be kept in smaller screen enclosures ( 16\u201d x 16\u201d x 30\u201d ) until they are approximately 8 - 10 months old , at which point they will need to be moved into a larger enclosure . if you are purchasing a baby chameleon , it is best to start with a small enclosure and then move up to a larger cage when the chameleon gets older . finally , it is generally best to keep chameleons individually after they reach sexual maturity at around 8 - 10 months old to avoid potential stress and fighting .\nother easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .\nveiled chameleons can change colors when they are excited , stressed , frightened or trying to blend into the environment . their eyes move independently of each other , allowing them to see two things at once . they have long , sticky tongues up to one and a half times their body length . they eat mostly live insects and are most active during the day . they are solitary , so keep only one chameleon per habitat .\ncan change color to various shades of green and brown . they tend to turn dark brown when stressed or ill . when content , warm , and healthy , they tend to be green . yet this is an not always the case , their color can also be affected by environmental conditions and even food items . because of their color changing abilities they are sometimes called the\namerican chameleon\n, but they are not related to true\nveiled chameleons are a large , colorful species , which are easily recognized by the large casque or helmet of males on the top of the head . with males reaching a total length of as much as 2 feet and females reaching a total length of approximately 18 inches , this is one of the larger chameleon species seen in captivity and one of the most beautiful . adults of this species exhibit coloration including different shades of green , orange , yellow , blue , browns and black with a combination of strips and spotted patterns .\n. . . nevertheless , chameleon morphology has been shown to correlate with performance in particular habitats . for example , chameleons in closedcanopy habitats , such as forests and woodlands , tend to possess relatively longer tails and larger feet than do chameleons in open - canopy habitats , such as grasslands and heathlands ( hopkins & tolley 2011 ) . this may enable them to grip harder on the broader perches found there ( losos , walton & bennett 1993 ; herrel et al . 2011 herrel et al . , 2013 ) . . . .\na common misconception with chameleons is that they are very difficult animals to keep in captivity . fortunately , captive bred veiled chameleons purchased from a reputable breeder are actually quite hardy when provided with consistent care and a proper enclosure . in the past , it was difficult to obtain chameleons that were not wild caught . these wild caught chameleons are difficult to acclimate to captivity and often did poorly , even for experienced reptile keepers . now that dedicated , reputable chameleon breeders are reliably producing high quality veiled chameleons , this stigma is no longer an issue .\nwe quantified the habitat space of males ( territory centered habitat characteristics ) and females ( nest site habitat characteristics ) during the breeding season in three structurally different forest habitats within an 80\u2013100 yr old second growth forest . one habitat was undisturbed , a second was subjected to prescribed burns , and a third forest habitat that was subjected to a selective harvest by mechanical thinning . we used this variation to determine whether individuals selected similar features across sites . moreover , we investigated whether there were differences in habitat space use between the sexes . we hypothesize that male and female hooded warblers should exploit different environmental characteristics within a habitat contingent on behavioral contexts ( e . g . , foraging , reproduction ) . we predicted each sex requires a similar habitat space along the foraging axis , but require different habitat characteristics along the territorial defense ( male ) and nesting ( female ) niche axes . we also had specific predictions for each forest habitat based on the type of disturbance . fire results in the near complete elimination of the shrub layer , which reduces the habitat space available for foraging and nest placement . thus , we predicted that males would sing and defend territories in the burned habitat but that reproductive success would be low as a consequence of unfavorable understory structure required for nest placement . overall , we predicted a reduction of the grinnelian niche space in burned habitats . mechanical thinning entails removing a fraction of the basal area of a forest to increase the amount of sunlight that penetrates the canopy and reaches the forest floor . thinned forests have increased growth in the shrub and understory layers which results in a more heterogeneous and structurally complex understory . hooded warblers are associated with canopy gaps [ 34 , 35 ] and often invade selectively logged forests 1\u20135 years post logging [ 35 \u2013 37 ] . therefore , we predicted that there would be increased reproductive success in the harvested habitat . in addition , we predicted that the habitat space would be larger and the position in habitat space would include more complex understory vegetation in the harvested habitat compared to undisturbed habitat . finally , we determined if reproductive success , as estimated by the number of fledged young per nest , is related to habitat structure . we predicted that hooded warbler nest success would be positively correlated with complex understory vegetation structure .\nwe established and measured habitat characteristics in 104 habitat plots ( 11 . 3 m radius circle = 0 . 04 ha each ) that portrayed different types of use by hooded warblers following the bbird protocol [ 43 ] . we described the structure and composition of habitat available to warblers by selecting 10 random plots ( \u201crandom plot\u201d ) in each forest habitat , 100 m apart ( using a random number generator ) . we also measured vegetation characteristics in habitat plots used by hooded warblers : habitat plots were established in the center of each male ' s territory ( \u201cterritory plot\u201d ) and centered on each nest ( \u201cnest plot\u201d ) after breeding was completed . only nine random plots were retained for analysis in the harvested habitat because one territory overlapped with a random plot . the smaller size ( ~ 20 ha ) of the burn site prevented us from establishing more than five random habitat plots that were 100 m apart . we modified the bbird protocol slightly ( change in size class assignment , below ) in our estimation of canopy , shrub , and sapling cover . we recorded trees by species and size class ( 10\u201323 cm , 23\u201338 cm , > 38 cm dbh ) in the 11 . 3 m radius vegetation plots . we recorded all shrubs and saplings in a 5 m radius plot ( centered within the 11 . 3 m radius plot ) by species . we recorded the number of vertical stems at 10 cm above the ground by species and assigned to three size classes ( < 3 cm , 3\u20136 cm , and 6\u201310 cm ) .\ndelimiting the habitat characteristics describing the environmental conditions required by a species has become a critical tool for predicting organismal responses to environmental change . grinnell emphasized the effects of environmental factors on the ability of a population to maintain a positive growth rate , yet few studies have included demographic or reproductive data in analyses of the grinnellian niche . identifying differences in habitat exploitation patterns in response to structural variation in the environment presents an incomplete description of the ability of species to adapt to changing habitats if demographic traits are not included . we estimated the vegetation characteristics used by individuals within a population of hooded warblers ( setophaga citrina ) across a spatial transect that includes three structurally different forest habitats . we predicted individuals should select similar structural characteristics within each habitat and have similar reproductive success across sample sites . in the two years post burn , adults were present but no young fledged indicating the habitat requirements necessary for reproduction were absent in this habitat . we found significant differences in habitat space occupied by individuals in unaltered and harvested habitats . nesting habitats used by female warblers differed from available habitat . fledging success was lower in the harvested habitat 10 to 12 years post - harvest . in the harvested habitat , fledging success was greater on mesic slopes but decreased along a habitat gradient to xeric ridgetops , suggesting compensation in habitat use does not ameliorate fitness costs . in contrast , there was no difference in the number of fledged young along this gradient in the unaltered habitat . based solely on occupancy data , traditional ecological niche models would incorrectly conclude the environmental characteristics found across the three forested habitats are included in the grinnellian niche of the hooded warbler . however , examination of demographic and environmental data simultaneously allows differentiation between occupied habitat space and niche space .\nwe engaged in an exhaustive search for nests and territorial birds starting in early may through mid - july during the 2010 and 2011 breeding seasons . we varied the direction and starting location on each visit to ensure that locations within the forest were sampled at different times of day throughout the breeding season . we georeferenced all hooded warbler observations and nest locations . when observed , we identified individuals by their unique color band combinations . male territories were defined by the detection of an individual in a location on at least three survey days spanning a period greater than 10 days apart . we also used behavioral interactions ( e . g . , territorial defense ) with neighboring males following bibby et al . [ 42 ] . we monitored nests every one to three days following the breeding bird research and monitoring database program ( bbird ) protocol [ 43 ] to determine nest fate .\nthe interior of the enclosure should be furnished with medium sized vines and foliage for the chameleons to hide in . the medium sized vines provide important horizontal perches for the chameleon to rest , bask and travel on . synthetic plants with plastic leaves ( not silk ) can be used in conjunction with common , non - toxic plants to provide ample foliage . commonly used non - toxic plants that can be used include ficus , schefflera , hibiscus and pothos . these live plants not only provide cover but they also help to maintain humidity inside the enclosure . the bottom of the enclosure should not have a substrate as substrates can cause impaction , provide a hiding place for feeders and harbor bacteria and fungus . instead the floor of the enclosure can be kept bare or have a layer of paper towels , which should be changed regularly .\nthe approximately 180 species of chameleon come in a range of colours , and many species have the ability to change colours . chameleons are distinguished by their zygodactylous feet ; their very long , highly modified , rapidly extrudable tongues ; their swaying gait ; and crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads . most species , the larger ones in particular , also have a prehensile tail . chameleons\u2019 eyes are independently mobile , but in aiming at a prey item , they focus forward in coordination , affording the animal stereoscopic vision . chameleons are adapted for climbing and visual hunting . they are found in warm habitats that range from rain forest to desert conditions , various species occurring in africa , madagascar , southern europe , and across southern asia as far as sri lanka . they also have been introduced to hawaii , california , and florida , and often are kept as household pets .\nveiled chameleons can be fed a staple diet of crickets . in general , crickets should be as long as your chameleon\u2019s head is wide . baby and juvenile veiled chameleons should be fed once or twice a day and have almost constant access to food . as they get older , you can feed slightly less often with adults being fed every other day . it is important to supplement your crickets with calcium and vitamins ( reptivite ) to help promote proper growth and health . this is especially important for reproductive females and growing babies and juveniles . for babies and juveniles you will need to dust your crickets with calcium two to three times a week and dust with vitamins once every two weeks . as adults , this dusting regiment can be decreased . it also helps to provide your crickets with nutritious food including collard greens , mustard greens , squash , orange and / or commercial cricket diets .\nwithin a population of hooded warblers , we detected differences in the habitat space occupied in relation to habitat characteristics in structurally different forest habitats . we found no difference in the size ( volume ) of habitat space used by males ( territory ) or by females ( nesting ) ; however there were differences among the centroids of habitat space in the three habitats . the centroids of the habitat space used by males and females in the unaltered and harvested habitats compared to the available habitat also suggest differences in the habitat characteristics selected by males and females . the habitat characteristics at nest locations in the harvested habitat were characterized by canopy white oaks with increased complexity in the shrub layer ( increased q . alba and q . rubra saplings and rubus spp . ) . in contrast , habitat characteristics at nests in the unaltered habitat were characterized by complex canopy structure with q . prinus in the canopy and a shrub layer dominated by smilax spp . . we also found that variation in habitat characteristics explained variation in the number of fledged young in the selective harvest but not the unaltered habitat . consistent with our prediction , females in the harvested habitat occupied habitat space that was characterized by increased understory vegetation ; however , the reduced fledging success indicates a potential reduction in niche space in this habitat . the ability to identify differences in habitat use and any corresponding differences in fitness measures can improve our understanding of how structurally different habitats affect demographic parameters within populations .\n. . . analyses of limb kinematics in chameleons are restricted to chamaeleo calyptratus , despite the fact that other genera of chameleons exhibit extensive diversity in ecology and morphology ( bickel & losos , 2002 ) . for example , there is considerable variation in species from the southern african genus bradypodion , highlighted by the recent studies of their performance , morphology , and ecology ( butler , 2005 ; resinger , stuart - fox & erasmus , 2006 ; measey , hopkins & tolley , 2009 ; stuart - fox , 2009 ; herrel et al . , 2011 herrel et al . , , 2013b hopkins & tolley , 2011 ; measey et al . , 2011 ; carne & measey , 2013 ; da silva & tolley , 2013 ; da silva et al . , 2014 ) . it has been noted that populations of the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum , occupy different types of habitat ( open fynbos habitat or closed canopy woodland habitats ) ( fig . 1 ) and they exhibit corresponding differences in morphology ( measey et al . , 2009 ; hopkins & tolley , 2011 ) , habitat use ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) , and locomotor performance ( herrel et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\nwe monitored habitat use and reproductive success of hooded warblers at tar hollow state forest ( 39\u00b033\u20190\u201dn , 82\u00b076\u20197\u201dw ) , which is located in southern ohio within the unglaciated allegheny plateau . the primary canopy species include quercus alba ( white oak ) , quercus prinus ( chestnut oak ) , carya spp . ( hickories ) , and quercus rubus and quercus velutina ( red and black oak ; [ 38 ] ) . understory vegetation includes smilax spp . ( greenbrier ) , viburnum acerifolium ( maple - leaf viburnum ) , rubus spp . , lindera benzoin ( spicebush ) and many small - diameter saplings ( i . e . , < 10 cm dbh [ diameter at breast height ] ) . we established study sites ( 20\u201330 ha ) at three locations within the forest . we selected sites with divergent physical structure that mimicked different stages of disturbance , yet attempted to control for other environmental characteristics ( e . g . , moisture , slope , elevation ) . one site had experienced no logging for the past 80\u2013100 years ( unaltered habitat ) . another site had been thinned from below in 2001 and resulted in an approximately 25 % reduction in basal area ( harvested habitat ) . the selective harvest focused on removing midstory and subcanopy trees [ 39 ] . this manipulation created canopy gaps , but did not change overall canopy height and the density of canopy trees ( > 38 cm dbh ) . the main effect of the disturbance was to alter the understory vegetation density and species composition [ 40 ] . for example , there was an increase in early - successional saplings such as liriodenron tulipifera ( tulip tree ) and sassafrass albidum ( sassafras ) and an increase in rubus spp . the third site ( burned habitat ) had been burned during the winter or early spring prior to leaf - out in 2001 , 2005 , and 2010 . this study site had reduced understory vegetation structure and low shrub cover [ 40 , 41 ] in the years immediately following burning ( e . g . , 2010 , 2011 ) .\nan organism ' s phenotype is to some extent influenced by costs and benefits in terms of natural and sexual selection . the intensity of natural selection can in part be driven by habitat structure , which may result in varying levels of crypsis and / or selection on traits related to maximizing performance in that habitat . this may be countered by sexual selection , which can lead to sexual dimorphism in body size and / or the expression of conspicuous ornamentation relating to maximizing reproductive success . the intensity of these forces can also be different between the sexes , resulting in complex patterns of phenotypic variation . with this in mind , we examined morphological variation within the cape dwarf chameleon , bradypodion pumilum . the species inhabits two geographically disjunct habitat types and , in the present study , we demonstrate that chameleons from the two habitats show morphological differences . large , conspicuous individuals inhabit closed vegetation , whereas small , drab individuals inhabit open vegetation . however , when morphological traits are size - adjusted , the open vegetation morph displays many traits that are larger for its body size than the closed vegetation morph , especially for characters related to locomotion ( limbs ) and bite force ( head width ) . sexual dimorphism is also present , although the degree and number of dimorphic characters was very different between the two morphs , with size - adjusted male - biased dimorphism much more pronounced in the closed morph . overall , our findings suggest that natural selection in open habitats limits both body size and conspicuous characters , although sexual selection in closed habitats favours the development of ornamentation related to display . \u00a9 2011 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2011 , 102 , 878\u2013888 .\nspecies account : this species is native to the southwestern coastal regions of saudi arabia and western yemen , where it inhabits mountainous coastal regions , inland river valleys , and agricultural lands where there is more moisture . in a 1 - year period , > 100 individuals of all size classes ( including hatchlings representing several clutches ) have been captured at 1 site in ft . myers ( krysko et al . 2004 ) . males reach 61 cm ( 24 in ) total length , but females are only half as large . the male has a small spur on the heel of the hind foot , and the casque on back of the head is taller than that of a female . coloration is highly variable and changes rapidly depending upon environmental conditions and the mood of the individual . males typically have vertical body bands of bright gold , green , and blue mixed with yellow , orange , or black . females are typically light green with a mottled pattern of white to gold spots on the body and light blue on the dorsal crest . in captivity , 30 - 60 ( up to 85 ) eggs are typically laid per clutch , and 3 - 5 clutches may be laid annually . females are sexually mature at ca . 5 - 6 months old , and a female that is receptive to breeding will often develop bright blue spots ( fife 1999 ) . in the presence of males , gravid females change from light green to almost black with bright mustard and turquoise markings . chameleon eggs often go through a diapause , or rest , period , and they typically take 6 - 8 months to hatch ( fife 1999 ) . the vacant lot where the population was first established has been heavily collected , but the population has probably expanded into the adjacent neighborhood .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\ntype species : chamaeleon cucullatus gray 1831 is the type species of the genus calumma gray 1865 .\nthe genus has been named after the latin transcription of the greek \u201ckalymma\u201d = veil or hood , referring to the large occipital lobes ofthe type species ofthis genus .\nandreone f . , randrianirina j . , jenkins p . d . & aprea g . 2000 . species diversity of amphibia , reptilia and lipotyphla ( mammalia ) at ambolokopatrika , a rainforest between the anjanaharibe - sud and marojejy massifs , ne madagascar . biodiversity and conservation 9 : 1587\u20131622\nboulenger , g . a . 1889 . descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 4 : 244 - 248 - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1836 . erpetologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 3 . libr . encyclop\u00e9dique roret , paris , 528 pp . - get paper here\ngehring , p . - s . , f . m . ratsoavina & m . vences 2010 . filling the gaps \u2013 amphibian and reptile records from lowland rainforests in eastern madagascar . salamandra 46 ( 4 ) : 214 - 234 - get paper here\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , k\u00f6ln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\nglaw , f . 2004 . die herpetofauna madagaskars : vielfalt , lebensweise und gef\u00e4hrdung . draco 5 ( 19 ) : 4 - 21 - get paper here\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1831 . description of a new species of chamaeleon discovered by capt . owen in africa . zoological miscellany 1 : 7 . - get paper here\ngray , j . e . 1831 . a synopsis of the species of class reptilia . in : griffith , e & e . pidgeon : the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the baron cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named , and of many before noticed [ v whittaker , treacher and co . , london : 481 + 110 pp . [ 1830 ]\nlutzmann , n . 2004 . calumma cucullatum ( gray ) . sauria 26 ( 4 ) : 2 - get paper here\nlutzmann , n . & lutzmann , h . 2004 . das grammatikalische geschlecht der gattung calumma ( chamaeleonidae ) und die n\u00f6tigen anpassungen einiger art - und unterartbezeichnungen . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 48 ) : 4 - 5 ( addendum in issue 5 : 13 ) - get paper here\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nraxworthy , c . j . & nussbaum , r . a . 2006 . six new species of occipital - lobed calumma chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) from montane regions of madagascar , with a new description and revision of calumma brevicorne . copeia 2006 ( 4 ) : 711 - 734 - get paper here\nschmidt , w . ; tamm , k . & wallikewitz , e . 2010 . cham\u00e4leons - drachen unserer zeit . natur und tier verlag , 328 pp . [ review in reptilia 101 : 64 , 2013 ] - get paper here\nwalbrol , u . ; walbrol , h . d . 2005 . additional remarks on the nomenclature of the genus calumma gray , 1865 . sauria 27 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35 - get paper here\nwerning , h . & n . lutzmann 2014 . illegalen wildtierhandel kann man nicht mehr verbieten . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 19 ( 106 ) : 14 - 22\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n- - luke ' s madagascar homepage . people pedestrian signs lemurs birds chameleons frogs\n- - calumma . classification of genus calumma . calumma andringitraensis ; calumma boettgeri ;\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - 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not you to the product . at pixers , you decide on everything . we will customize your order for you .\nyou are entitled to have an unlimited choice , so we offer you an infinite number of images .\ndecorating your home should be quick , easy and pleasant and we make this possible .\nwe respect your right to change your mind - we give you 365 days for returns .\nwe look after the environment and your health , that ' s why we use only eco - friendly technologies .\nwe will do everything in our power to guarantee a pleasant shopping experience , long before and after you open the package .\noops ! an error occurred . refresh the page and try adding the pattern to your cart again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nveiled chameleons need two forms of light for approximately 12 hours a day . first , they need access to a light heat source to bask and regulate their body temperature . heat rocks , heat tape , ceramic heat emitters , etc . , do not provide veiled chameleons with a heat source they recognize so it is important to provide them with a basking spot using a heat bulb and an incandescent fixture . next , they need a special fluorescent bulb that provides uvb light waves . uvb , which is usually provided by natural sunlight , is important in calcium metabolism pathways but is filtered out by glass and therefore must be provided by artificial lights to help prevent disorders such as metabolic bone disease ( mbd ) . as tempting as many bulbs that provide both uvb and heat may be , studies have shown that chameleons are able to regulate their body temperature and their uvb exposure independently so it is important to provide heat and uvb separately . both these lights should be placed on the top of the enclosure with the closest perches approximately 6 - 8\u201d below .\nveiled chameleons , like other reptiles regulate their own body temperature and it is thus important to provide them with a temperature gradient inside their enclosure . the best ambient temperature during the day for veiled chameleons is room temperature , between 72 and 80 degrees fahrenheit . by placing the basking bulb approximately 6 - 8 inches away from a basking perch inside the enclosure , a basking spot of approximately 85 - 95 degrees fahrenheit is achieved . this arrangement provides the warmest temperatures directly under the heat bulb and cooler temps lower down in the enclosures . additionally , chameleons do well with a night temperature drop so no additional heat source is needed at night as long as your temps stay above the mid to high 40s and the chameleons are able to bask in the morning . if your night temperatures do necessitate a heat source , it is important not to use one that emits light . instead , a ceramic heat emitter should be utilized from a safe distance ."]}
{"id": 1539, "summary": [{"text": "pachypsylla is a genus of psyllids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "each of its four species lay eggs on the leaves of the celtis occidentalis tree .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "upon hatching , the young psyllids become encased in a \" gall \" which the young leaf parts grow in response to the infestation .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "species of pachypsylla include pachypsylla celtidisgemma ( hackberry bud gall maker ) , pachypsylla celtidismamma ( hackberry nipplegall maker ) , pachypsylla celtidisvesiculum ( hackberry blistergall psyllid ) and pachypsylla venusta ( petiolegall psyllid ) . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pachypsylla", "paragraphs": ["figure 4 . petiole gall psyllid nymph , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\nwhat made you want to look up pachypsylla ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\npachypsylla venusta is a gall - forming psyllid ( insecta : hemiptera ) specializing on hackberry trees , which are widely distributed in the united states .\nfigure 2 . adult hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\ngenome size of pachypsylla venusta ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) and the ploidy of its bacteriocyte , the symbiotic host cell that harbors intracellular mu . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ngenome size of pachypsylla venusta ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) and the ploidy of its bacteriocyte , the symbiotic host cell that harbors intracellular mutualistic bacteria with the smallest cellular genome .\nfigure 3 . petiole gall psyllid nymph , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , with gall showing individual compartments . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . hackberry , celtis occidentalis l . ( celtidaceae ) , is a host for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by don hall , university of florida .\nfigure 8 . sugarberry , celtis laevigata willd . ( celtidaceae ) , is a host for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by don hall , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . apical view of abdomen of petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , showing abdominal cutting teeth ( scanning electron micrograph ) . photograph by harvey l . cromroy , university of florida .\nfigure 5 . dorsal view of tip of abdomen of petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , showing abdominal cutting teeth ( scanning electron micrograph ) . photograph by harvey l . cromroy , university of florida .\nbiosystematics of hackberry psyllids ( pachypsylla ) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids yang , m . - m . & c . mitter . 1993 . the ecology and evolution of gall - forming insects . united states dept . of agriculture .\nthe genome of the bacterial symbiont carsonella from pachypsylla venusta has been sequenced and represents one of the most extreme cases of genome reduction ever identified . at only 160 kb in size , this bacterial genome lacks many genes thought to be essential for cellular life , making this system an important model for elucidating the genomic mechanisms of host - symbiont interactions .\nyang m - m , mitter c . 1994 . biosystematics of hackberry psyllids ( pachypsylla ) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids ( homoptera : psylloidea ) : a preliminary report . in : price pw , mattson wj , baranchikov yn . ( editors ) the ecology and evolution of gall - forming insects . u . s . d . a . forest service ( north central forest experiment station ) general technical report nc - 174 . st . paul , minnesota . pp . 172 - 185 .\ninfested hackberry trees do not seem to be harmed by these galls , but their abundance makes hackberry leaves look pretty ugly .\nin september and october , people who have hackberry trees , or live in neighborhoods where there are hackberry trees , often notice tiny greyish bugs that congregate on their homes , on window screens , front doors and siding . these insects are attracted to lights at night and , at 1 / 10\nlong , are tiny enough to pass through ordinary window screen . people describe these bugs as gnats , flies or fleas . the photo above hackberry gall psyllid on the tip of a pencil !\nthese insects are adult hackberry gall psyllids ( pronounced , sill - ids ) . another name is\nhackberry nipple gall maker\n. under magnification , they look like miniature cicadas ( what people in nebraska commonly call\nlocusts\n) , which makes perfect sense , because they are in same order ( homoptera ) as cicadas , leafhoppers and aphids .\nin the fall , these insects are looking for cracks and crevices to squeeze into so they can hibernate without succumbing to lethal temperatures . normally , they overwinter under the bark of trees , but psyllids don ' t distinguish between\ngood\nand\nbad\noverwintering locations so they also squeeze into cracks and crevices around windows , doors and siding . those that come inside are likely to die .\nhackberry psyllids are not harmful to people or pets and will not attack house plants , stored products or furnishings . they are a temporary nuisance . as temperatures get colder , their activity will decrease and hibernation will set in .\nhackberry psyllids are so annoying that people sometimes ask about spraying hackberry trees to control them . during the summer , psyllids are protected inside the gall ( photo right ) from insecticides sprayed on the leaves so foliar treatments won ' t be effective then . unfortunately , by the time psyllids emerge and start to move out of the trees , it is probably too late to achieve effective chemical control by spraying the trees .\na more effective preventative approach would be to treat trees in the spring to kill newly hatched nymphs before the onset of gall formation . but , because egg laying occurs over a period of several weeks beginning when new leaves unfold from the bud , several foliar insecticide applications would be needed . the labor involved makes this approach impractical , especially with large trees .\ntreating hackberry trees with a systemic insecticide to kill psyllids when they feed would be ideal , but this proactive approach means planning ahead . check out systemic insecticides at your home and garden store . one fairly new systemic product , bayer advanced garden tree & shrub control , contains imidacloprid which provides year - long control . it controls sucking insects , like aphids , psyllids , lacebugs and scale insects . it is even pretty easy to use . after determining the amount needed ( based on the diameter of the tree ) , just mix the liquid insecticide in water and pour around the base of the tree . when using any insecticide product , be sure to read and follow all label directions .\nspraying with insecticides is not recommended . people who are really\nbugged\nby this problem and just have to do something can try hosing down their siding with water . this is likely to drown many of the psyllids , but , as long as temperatures are warm , more may show up the next day . a fine mesh window screen ( 18 mesh ) may be small enough to prevent entry through open windows . for those insects that get inside , sucking them up with a vacuum cleaner is very effective .\nagain , once the psyllids get indoors they will die in your home - even if you do absolutely nothing .\nthis article was written by dr . barb ogg , phd , extension educator emeritus and it appeared in the nebline newsletter . the information was updated november 2015 by soni cochran , extension associate .\nnebraska extension in lancaster county is your on - line educational resource . the information on this web site is valid for residents of southeastern nebraska . it may or may not apply in your area . if you live outside southeastern nebraska , visit your local extension office\nnebraska extension in lancaster county 444 cherrycreek road , suite a , lincoln ne 68528 402 - 441 - 7180 | lancaster @ urltoken office hours are 8 a . m . - 4 : 30 p . m . , monday through friday with the exception of designated holidays . learn more about us\nin lancaster county , the 4 - h youth development program is a partnership between nebraska extension and the lancaster county government .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbut are smaller and with wing pattern usually more diffuse . tuthill notes that the sudden narrowing midway of the ventral valve of the female genital segment is the most reliable way to distinguish the two species\nthe psyllids of america north of mexico : ( psyllidae : homoptera ) ( subfamilies psyllinae and triozinae ) tuthill , l . d . . 1943 . iowa state college journal of science 17 : 443 - 660 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nas its name implies , the hackberry petiole gall psyllid forms woody galls on the leaf petioles of its hackberry ( celtis spp . ) hosts . our native florida hackberry , celtis laevigata willd . , is called sugarberry . the petiole gall psyllid is usually not sufficiently abundant to cause serious damage to its host , but gall infested leaves are unsightly during late fall and winter .\nfigure 1 . petiole gall on sugarberry , celtis laevigata . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\nthe petiole gall psyllid is found throughout the range of its four hackberry hosts - from connecticut to idaho , southwest to arizona and southeast throughout florida .\nadult petiole gall psyllids are fairly large for psyllids ( 5 . 0 to 6 . 0 mm to tip of folded wings ) and resemble small cicadas . they are dark colored with tawny markings . the dorsum of the thorax is longitudinally striped . the forewings are whitish with black spots . the full - grown nymph has a green head with brown markings and a green thorax with four light reddish - brown longitudinal stripes . the wing pads of nymphs are brown . the abdomen is green with dark brown transverse bands .\nlast instar nymphs emerge from the galls in spring and molt to the adult stage as new leaves are opening on the host trees . the apex of the abdomen of the last instar nymph is armed with heavily sclerotized teeth which the nymph uses to cut its way out of the woody gall by wagging the tip of the abdomen .\nsubspherical galls form around the young nymphs . galls are polythalamous ( having several developing individuals in separate compartments ) with each compartment lined with wax . i have found as many as 13 nymphs per gall . nymphs develop throughout the summer and overwinter as last instars . as in the other species of gall - forming hackberry psyllids , many petiole gall psyllid nymphs are parasitized by hymenoptera larvae .\ninfested leaves die in the fall instead of undergoing abscission and do not fall from the trees . heavily infested trees are recognizable during the winter by the presence of the dead leaves after uninfested leaves have fallen from the tree .\nbecause significant damage to the tree does not result from infestation , control of hackberry petiole gall psyllids is not recommended .\ncarsonella ruddii , the endosymbiont of the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , is remarkable for having the smallest known bacterial genome with only about 160 , 000 base pairs - only about 1 / 3 the size of the next smallest genome which is found in an aphid endosymbiont , buchnera sp . ( nakabachi et al . 2006 ) .\nthere are three hymenopterous parasitoids listed from the hackberry petiole gall psyllid ( krombein et al . 1979 ) .\ntwo trees in the family celtidaceae are hosts for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid . these are hackberry , celtis occidentalis l . , and sugarberry , celtis laevigata willd .\nbaumann , p . 2006 . diversity of prokaryote - insect associations within the sternorrhyncha ( psyllids , whiteflies , aphids , mealybugs ) . in bourtzis k , miller ta ( editors ) . insect symbiosis . crc press , boca raton , florida . vol . 2 : pp . 1 - 24 .\njohnson wt . 1988 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . 2nd edition . cornell university press . ithaca , new york . pp . 452 - 453 .\nkrombein kv , hurd jr . pd , smith dr , burks bd . 1979 . catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 1 . symphyta and apocrita ( parasitica ) . smithsonian institution press . washington , d . c . 1198 pp .\nnakabachi a , yamashita a , toh h , ishikawa h , dunbar he , moran na , hattori m . 2006 . the 160 - kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont carsonella . science 314 ( issue 5797 ) : 267 .\ntuthill ld . 1943 . the psyllids of america north of mexico ( psyllidae : homoptera ) . iowa state college journal of science . pp . 534 - 535 .\nphotographs : jerry f . butler and harvey l . cromroy , university of florida\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nlike many closely - related hemipterans such as whiteflies , aphids , and mealybugs , psyllids have a nutritionally imbalanced diet consisting primarily of plant sap . to compensate for the paucity of essential amino acids and other required nutrients in their diets , these insects have evolved ancient and intimate symbiotic relationships with intracellular bacteria that are capable of synthesizing these compounds .\na complete genome from this gall - forming psyllid will also provide a valuable resource for investigating plant - insect interactions and gall - induction .\nplease cite the following publication when using this dataset : sloan , d . b . , nakabachi , a . , richards , s . , qu , j . , murali , s . c . , gibbs , r . a . , & moran , n . a . ( 2014 ) . parallel histories of horizontal gene transfer facilitated extreme reduction of endosymbiont genomes in sap - feeding insects . molecular biology and evolution , 31 ( 4 ) , 857 - 871 . urltoken\ndata were generated by the baylor college of medicine ' s i5k pilot project .\nsequence generation for assembly . for this project we are generating fairly high coverage in a number of different insert sized libraries . the assembly strategy is based around a seed allpaths assembly ( the broad allpaths assembler ) followed by seed assembly improvement using homegrown tools , atlas - link and atlas - gapfill , which can significantly improve the results . thus we generate sequence data to enable the allpaths assembly . as of nov 2011 this is : - 40x genome coverage in 180bp insert library ( 100bp reads forward and reverse ) ; and 40x 3kb insert data . to enable better scaffolding and local gap filling we additionally generate 500bp , 1kb , 2kb , and 8kb insert sizes at > 20x coverage .\nplease cite the use of our resources : doi : 10 . 1093 / nar / gku983\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nadvanced science institute , riken , 2 - 1 hirosawa , wako , saitama 351 - 0198 , japan . bachi @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1552, "summary": [{"text": "exoglossum maxillingua ( cutlips minnow ) is an olive-green medium-sized minnow ( average 6 inches ) of north america with a distinguishing lower jaw .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "isolated from all other minnows by its three-lobed lower jaw with the middle lobe sticking out like a tongue .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the range of this species is from the st. lawrence and lake ontario south into virginia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is listed as \" threatened \" in the canadian province of ontario , but may never have been common there as this is the most northerly of its range .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is found in running streams and seems to prefer clear , stony pools but not rapids .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the distinctive mouth of the cutlips lets it feed on minuscule shellfish which it scrapes from rocks .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "although molluscs appear to be its primary food , it also eats insect larvae and diatoms .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "an interesting feeding behavior of this species is \" eye-picking \" when food is scarce or competition is high .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the cutlips will pluck out the eyes of conspecifics or other species as a supplement to its regular diet .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "a nest builder , the cutlips male constructs a nest of stone , some of which are up to 18 inches across .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "spawning happens late in spring when the male attempts to crowd females over its nest .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the cutlips is not a popular bait species due to its softened coloration but it takes a hook without much difficulty and is favored in some areas as a choice panfish . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "exoglossum maxillingua", "paragraphs": ["van duzer , e . m . 1939 . observations on the breeding habits of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua . copeia ( 2 ) : 65 - 75 .\ncosewic assessment and status report on the cutlip minnow exoglossum maxillingua in canada\n( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 330 . 72 kb )\ncosewic . 2013 . cosewic assessment and status report on the cutlip minnow exoglossum maxillingua in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . x + 35 pp .\ncrossman , e . j . , and e . holm . 1996 . the status of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in canada . canadian field - naturalist 110 : 470 - 477 .\ncrossman , e . j . and e . holm . 1996 . the status of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in canada . can . field - nat . 110 ( 3 ) : 470 - 477 .\ncrossman , e . j . and e . holm . 1993 . the status of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in canada . report to the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada , ottawa . 35 pp .\nhaase , r . and b . l . haase . 1975 . feeding ecology of the cutlips minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , in the delaware river at bushkill , pennsylvania . proceedings of the pennsylvania academy of sciences 49 : 67 - 72 .\nthe cutlip minnow , exoglossum maxillingua , is a stout - bodied minnow that reaches a maximum length of 160 mm . it has silvery sides with a greenish purple sheen , and is distinguished from all other members of the family cyprinidae in north america by its unique tri - lobed lower jaw .\nsutherland , d . a . 1997 . cossaro candidate v , t , e species evaluation form for cutlips minnow ( exoglossum maxillingua ) . unpublished report prepared by natural heritage information centre for committee on the status of species at risk in ontario ( cossaro ) , ontario ministry of natural resources . 4 pp .\nexoglossum maxillingua resembles tonguetied minnow , e . laurae , but can be distinguished by the presence of much larger fleshy lobe on each side of lower jaw , well separated from central bony plate and followed by another fleshy lobe on underside of head , and by absence of barbel near corner of mouth ( ref . 86798 ) .\nmaurakis , e . g . , w . s . woolcott , and m . h . sabaj . 1991 . reproductive behavior of exoglossum species . bulletin of the alabama museum of natural history 10 : 11 - 16 .\nurltoken needs javascript to function properly and provide you with a fast , stable experience . please enable javascript or check your browser ' s settings .\nle site urltoken exige javascript pour fonctionner comme il faut , avec rapidit\u00e9 et stabilit\u00e9 . veuillez activer javascript ou v\u00e9rifier les param\u00e8tres de votre navigateur .\nyou are using an outdated browser that is no longer supported by ontario . ca . outdated browsers lack safety features that keep your information secure , and they can also be slow . learn about the browsers we support .\nvous utilisez un navigateur d\u00e9suet qui n\u2019est plus accept\u00e9 par ontario . ca . les navigateurs d\u00e9suets ne disposent pas de caract\u00e9ristiques s\u00e9curitaires permettant d\u2019assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de vos renseignements . en savoir plus sur les navigateurs que nous supportons .\ngreek , exos = outside + greek , glossa = tongue ( ref . 45335 )\nnorth america : atlantic slope from st . lawrence river drainage in quebec , canada to upper roanoke river in north carolina , usa ( absent in most of new england ; present in connecticut river , vermont based on single record ) ; lake ontario drainage in ontario , canada and new york , usa . also present in upper new river drainage in west virginia and virginia , usa where may be based on introduction .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 10 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 12193 )\ninhabits rocky pools and runs of creeks and small to medium rivers . usually found in quiet water near boulders . males construct large circular or rectangular nests by piling pebbles carried in the mouth ( ref . 5723 , 86798 ) . feeds on insects and mollusks ( ref . 54729 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00393 - 0 . 01681 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 33 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 2 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 27 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe cutlip minnow is a small freshwater fish in the cyprinidea family ( minnows ) . it can reach a length of about 160 mm . it can be distinguished from other fish species by its stout body , its silvery sides with a greenish purple sheen and its tri - lobed lower lip .\nin canada , the cutlip minnow is found in the st . lawrence river watershed , from ivy lea , ontario to saint - pascal , quebec . in ontario , the species is now found in only three of the seven waterbodies where it was historically present . the species is more widespread in quebec but , since 2002 , the species has been collected in only 79 of 206 waterbodies where it was historically present . it is difficult to determine if this is the result of a decline in the species , a lack of sampling in more recent times , or a combination thereof .\nthe cutlip minnow is found primarily in clear rivers and streams with slow currents and channel substrate composed of cobbles , gravel , sand , mud and aquatic vegetation . it is a bottom feeder , consuming a variety of aquatic invertebrates .\nduring a survey , this fish was captured and then released unharmed back into the water . photo credit : nate tessler\nlittle is known about threats that are specific to the cutlip minnow . the species may be intolerant of persistent turbidity and excessive siltation , both potential consequences of certain agricultural and urban activities . the round goby and the tench , two invasive species known to negatively impact native fishes , may also have adverse effects on the cutlip minnow .\nthe cutlip minnow was assessed by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) as a species of special concern . public consultations regarding the addition of this population to the list of wildlife species at risk were held from november 17 , 2014 to february 27 , 2015 . the governor - in - council ' s listing recommendation will published in the canada gazette part i ( government of canada newspaper where laws and regulations are published ) and on the species at risk public registry .\nthe cutlip minnow possesses several characteristics that make it unique . for example , it is the only north american minnow to have a tri - lobed lower lip , and one of the few minnows that demonstrate post - hatching care of fry . it is also known to attack and consume the eyes of other species of fish , which is the source of its common name ,\neye picker .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbarbour , m . t . , j . gerritsen , b . d . snyder , and j . b . stribling . 1999 . tolerance and trophic guilds of selected fish species . appendix c in rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers : periphyton , benthic macroinvertebrates and fish , second edition . epa 841 - b - 99 - 002 . u . s . environmental protection agency ; office of water . washington , dc .\nbernatchez , l . and m . giroux . 2000 . les poissons d\u2019eau douce du qu\u00e9bec et leur r\u00e9partition dans l\u2019est du canada . broquet inc . saint - constant , qc . 350 pp .\ncarlander , k . d . 1969 . handbook of freshwater fishery biology . volume one . life history data on freshwater fishes of the united states and canada , exclusive of the perciformes . iowa state university press . ames , ia . vi + 752 pp .\ncoad , b . w . with h . waszczuk and i . labignan . 1995 . encyclopedia of canadian fishes . museum of nature and canadian sportfishing productions . ottawa and waterdown , on . viii + 928 pp .\ncoker , g . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 2001 . morphological and ecological characteristics of canadian freshwater fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2554 : iv + 89p .\ncooper , e . l . 1983 . fishes of pennsylvania and the northeastern united states . pennsylvania state university press . university park and london . vii + 243 pp .\ncosewic . 2017 . canadian wildlife species at risk . october 2017 . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . gatineau , qc . iv + 119 pp .\ncudmore , b . and n . e . mandrak . 2011 . the baitfish primer : a guide to identifying and protecting ontario\u2019s baitfishes . fisheries and oceans canada , bait association of ontario , ontario ministry of natural resources and ontario federation of anglers and hunters . 40 pp .\ndesroches , j - f . and i . picard . 2013 . poissons d\u2019eau douce du qu\u00e9bec et des maritimes . \u00e9ditions michel quintin . waterloo , qc . 471 pp .\nditz , k and m . croft - white . 2013 . ontario ministry of natural resources fish species codes & common names . ichthyology and herpetology , royal ontario museum . may 1994 . reformatted and revised by m . croft - white , 2013 .\ngoldstein , r . m . and t . p . simon . 1999 . toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of north american freshwater fishes . pages 123 - 202 in t . p . simon [ ed ] . assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities . crc press . boca raton , fl . xx + 671 pp .\nhalliwell , d . b . , r . w . langdon , r . a . daniels , j . p . kurtenbach , and r . a . jacobson . 1999 . classification of freshwater fishes of the northeastern united states for use in the development of indices of biological integrity . pages 301 - 337 in t . p . simon [ ed ] . assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities . crc press . boca raton , fl . xx + 671 pp .\nholm , e . , n . mandrak , and m . burridge . 2009 . the rom field guide to freshwater fishes of ontario . royal ontario museum science publication . toronto , on . 462 pp .\nhubbs , c . l . and k . f . lagler . 1964 . fishes of the great lakes region . university of michigan press . ann arbor , mi . xv + 213 pp .\nhubbs , c . l . , k . f . lagler , and g . r . smith . 2004 . fishes of the great lakes region , revised edition . university of michigan press . ann arbor , mi . xvii + 276 pp .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2014 . on - line database . ( urltoken ) , accessed 07 june 2014 .\njenkins , r . e . and n . m . burkhead . 1993 . freshwater fishes of virginia . american fisheries society . bethesda , md . xxiii + 1079 pp .\nlane , p . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 1996 . nursery habitat characteristics of great lakes fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2338 : v + 42p .\nlane , p . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 1996 . adult habitat characteristics of great lakes fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2358 : v + 43p .\nlane , p . a . , c . b . portt , and c . k . minns . 1996 . spawning habitat characteristics of great lakes fishes . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2368 : v + 48p .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history publication 1980 - 12 . raleigh , nc . x + 867 pp .\nmandrak , n . e . and e . j . crossman . 1992 . a checklist of ontario freshwater fishes annotated with distribution maps . royal ontario museum life sciences miscellaneous publication . toronto , on . v + 176 pp .\nnatureserve . 2016 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve . arlington , virginia . ( urltoken ) , accessed 11 june 2016 .\nontario ministry of natural resources and forestry ( omnrf ) . 2015 . species at risk in ontario ( saro ) list . ( urltoken ) , updated october 1 , 2015 .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico , second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt . boston , ma . xix + 663 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . 7th edition . american fisheries society , spec . publ . 34 . bethesda , md . 243 pp .\nportt , c . b . , g . coker , and c . k . minns . 1999 . riverine habitat characteristics of fishes of the great lakes watershed . can . ms rpt . fish . aquat . sci . 2481 : vi + 62p .\nscott , w . b . 1967 . freshwater fishes of eastern canada , second edition . university of toronto press . toronto , on . xii + 137 pp .\nscott , w . b . and e . j . crossman . 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada . bull . fish . res . board can . 184 . [ 1998 reprint ] galt house publications ltd . oakville , on . xx + 966 pp .\nscharpf , c . 2005 . annotated checklist of north american freshwater fishes , including subspecies and undescribed forms . part i : petromyzontidae through cyprinidae . american currents 31 ( 4 ) : 1 - 44 .\nsmith , c . l . 1985 . the inland fishes of new york state . new york state department of environmental conservation . albany , ny . xi + 522 pp .\nstauffer , jr . , j . r . , j . m . boltz and l . r . white . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . reprinted from the proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 146 : 1 - 389 . pennsylvania state university . 389 pp .\nstauffer , jr . , j . r . , r . w . criswell and d . p . fischer . 2016 . the fishes of pennsylvania . cichlid press . el paso , tx . 556 pp .\nwerner , r . g . 2004 . freshwater fishes of the northeastern united states : a field guide . syracuse university press . syracuse , ny . xiv + 335 pp .\nwinterton , g . [ ed ] . 2005 . the comprehensive bait guide for eastern canada , the great lakes region and northeastern united states : identifying , harvesting and culture of baitfishes , crayfishes , frogs and leeches . university of toronto press . toronto , on . iv + 437 pp .\nwismer , d . a . and a . e . christie . 1987 . temperature relationships of great lakes fishes : a data compilation . great lakes fish . comm . spec . pub . 87 - 3 . 195 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis small - bodied freshwater fish occurs across a relatively small area in eastern ontario and qu\u00e9bec where it has been lost from two watersheds over the last 10 years . much of the current range of this species is subject to threats from widespread habitat degradation and multiple invasive species . designated not at risk in april 1994 . status re - examined and designated special concern in november 2013 .\nrange includes north american atlantic slope from the st . lawrence river , quebec , to the upper roanoke river , north carolina ( but absent from most of new england ) ; lake ontario drainage , ontario and new york ; and upper new river drainage , west virginia and virginia , where apparently introduced ( page and burr 2011 ) .\ntotal adult population size is unknown but apparently quite large . this species is common ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nrange - wide , no major threats are known . in canada , threats include habitat degradation , competition with increasing populations of common shiners ( related to habitat changes ) , and use as a bait fish ( crossman and holm 1996 ) .\ntrend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable . apparently declining in ontario , canada ( a very small portion of the global range ) ( crossman and holm 1996 ) .\n( 200 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) range includes north american atlantic slope from the st . lawrence river , quebec , to the upper roanoke river , north carolina ( but absent from most of new england ) ; lake ontario drainage , ontario and new york ; and upper new river drainage , west virginia and virginia , where apparently introduced ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nupper genesee ( 04130002 ) , lower genesee ( 04130003 ) , irondequoit - ninemile ( 04140101 ) , salmon - sandy ( 04140102 ) , seneca ( 04140201 ) , oneida ( 04140202 ) , black ( 04150101 ) , upper st . lawrence ( 04150301 ) , oswegatchie ( 04150302 ) , grass ( 04150304 ) , raquette ( 04150305 ) , st . regis ( 04150306 ) , english - salmon ( 04150307 )\nhabitat includes clear creeks and small to medium rivers with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottom relatively free of rooted plants ; usually under or near boulders in quiet pools and runs ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . spawning occurs over upstream slopes of pebble mounds made by males under or near cover in areas with current . eggs become lodged and buried in nest mounds . young emerge from nests about a week after hatching .\neats mostly aquatic insect larvae , snails , fingernail clams ; also vegetation and debris ( cooper 1983 , scott and crossman 1973 , lee et al . 1980 ) . plucks out the eyes of other fishes ( page and burr 1991 ) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\ndata on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . in some species , individuals may migrate variable distances between spawning areas and nonspawning habitats . separation distances ( in aquatic kilometers ) for cyprinids are arbitrary but reflect the presumption that movements and appropriate separation distances generally should increase with fish size . hence small , medium , and large cyprinids , respectively , have increasingly large separation distances . separation distance reflects the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than many kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 15 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\naquin , p . 1999 . \u00e9valuation de la situation des groupes taxonomiques des poissons du qu\u00e9bec . minist\u00e8re de l ' environnement et de la faune . 9 pages .\nlegendre , v . et j . f . bergeron . 1977 . liste des poissons d ' eau douce du qu\u00e9bec . mlcp , service am\u00e9nage . expl . faune . rap . dact . 6\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\nscott , w . b . , and e . j . crossman . 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada . fisheries research board of canada , bulletin 184 . 966 pp .\ncooper , e . l . 1983 . fishes of pennsylvania and the northeastern united states . pennsylvania state university press , university park . 243 pp .\njenkins , r . e . , and n . m . burkhead . 1994 . freshwater fishes of virginia . american fisheries society , bethesda , maryland . xxiii + 1079 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nmenhinick , e . f . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of north carolina . north carolina wildlife resources commission . 227 pp .\nsmith , c . l . 1983 . fishes of new york ( maps and printout of a draft section on scarce fishes of new york ) . unpublished draft .\nsmith , c . l . 1985 . the inland fishes of new york state . new york state department of environmental conservation . albany , new york , xi + 522 pp .\nstauffer , j . r . , jr . , j . m . boltz , and l . r . white . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 146 : 1 - 389 .\nwhitworth , w . r . , p . l . berrien , and w . t . keller . 1976 . freshwater fishes of connecticut . bulletin of the connecticut geological and natural history survey 101 . vi + 134 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ninhabits rocky pools and runs of creeks and small to medium rivers . usually found in quiet water near boulders . breeding males build large circular or rectangular nests by piling pebbles carried in the mouth ( ref . 5723 ) . feeds on insects and molluscs ( ref . 54729 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1568, "summary": [{"text": "lutz 's poison frog ( ameerega flavopicta ; formerly epipedobates flavopicta ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae found in bolivia and brazil .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , rivers , intermittent freshwater marshes , and rocky areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "lutz ' s poison frog", "paragraphs": ["the lutz ' s poison frog is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . more\nlutz ' s poison frog is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . manu poison frog - the manu poison frog or rana venenosa is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . more\nthe lutz ' s poison frog ( epipedobates flavopictus ) is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is found in bolivia and brazil . more\nlutz ' s poison frog by reptiles and amphibians on apr 4 , 2010kingdom : animaliaphylum : chordataclass : amphibiaorder : anurafamily : dendrobatidaegenus : epipedobatesspecies : e . flavopictusthe lutz ' s poison frog ( epipedobates flavopictus ) is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is . . . more\nlutz ' s poison frog - 1 reference result poison dart frogs since 1996 - dart frog info , links , supplies , feeder insects and frogs ! urltoken frogs find rhode island frogs rhode island ' s online local search . rhodeisland . local . more\nthe lutz ' s poison frog is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nit is of note that lutz ' s poison dart frog has non - webbed , toad - like feet , but still manages to cruise through the water with surprising ease .\nlutz ' s poison frog , ameerega flavopicta only on the serra , ph , r spot - legged poison frog , ameerega picta only on the new serra , ph , r rough - skinned green treefrog , hypsiboas cinereascens ph by karen on the serra treefrog species , osteocephalus cf . more\nlutz ' s poison dart frog , ( ameerega flavopicta ) , is a species of poison dart frog . it is endemic to brazil . lutz ' s poison dart frog is also the only dendrobatid that is semi - aquatic . a strong swimmer , it can outpace most other small frogs and can stay submerged for up to five minutes . it prefers to remain close to the surface , however . on land , a . flavopicta is shy and reclusive , but in water it is extremely bold .\norder : anura family : dendrobatidae genus : ameerega species : flavopicta authority : ( a . lutz , 1925 )\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthe bolivian population is geographically separated from the main population in brazil , and could be a distinct species .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from southeastern ( minas gerais , goi\u00e1s , and tocant\u00edns ) , northern ( par\u00e1 ) , and northeastern ( maranh\u00e3o ) , brazil . it has also been recorded from five localities in the eastern bolivian mountain ranges . it has been recorded from 400 - 1 , 500m asl .\na diurnal species found in rock crevices at creek margins in rupestrian fields , within the vegetation on a forest waterfall and amidst leaf - litter . eggs are laid on the litter and tadpoles are then carried by their parents to streams where they develop further . it does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance .\nagriculture , both crops and livestock , as well as logging , mining , fires and dam construction are major threats to the species\u2019 habitat . it is in the international pet trade , but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species .\nclaudia azevedo - ramos , rog\u00e9rio bastos , paula cabral eterovick , d\u00e9bora silvano . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known from southeastern ( minas gerais , goi\u00e1s , and tocant\u00edns ) , northern ( par\u00e1 ) , and northeastern ( maranh\u00e3o ) , brazil . it has also been recorded from five localities in the eastern bolivian mountain ranges . it has been recorded from 400 - 1 , 500m asl . a diurnal species found in rock crevices at creek margins in rupestrian fields , within the vegetation on a forest waterfall and amidst leaf - litter . eggs are laid on the litter and tadpoles are then carried by their parents to streams where they develop further . it does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance . agriculture , both crops and livestock , as well as logging , mining , fires and dam construction are major threats to the species\u2019 habitat . it is in the international pet trade , but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n: the principle aim of this site is to provide information useful to improving outcomes for humans suffering from envenoming or poisoning by animals , plants or mushrooms . we make a reasonable attempt to verify accuracy of information listed on this site . however , we cannot access every published paper of potential relevance , either because they are not available to us or are in a language we cannot translate internally . equally , we cannot list knowledge which is not yet reported or known . it should not be assumed that humankind currently knows all there is to know about any species , even for common species . further , we cannot control how users will interpret the information provided on this site . we therefore do not accept legal responsibility for use of the information provided and we require that all users use information from this site at their own risk .\nall rights reserved . best viewed in internet explorer 5 + - 800x600 resolution or higher .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1570, "summary": [{"text": "polypedates colletti ( collett 's tree frog or black-spotted tree frog ) is a species of frog in the family rhacophoridae found in indonesia , malaysia , thailand , and possibly brunei .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "polypedates colletti", "paragraphs": ["larval identities of ansonia hanitschi inger , 1960 ( amphibia bufonidae ) and polypedates colletti ( boulenger , 1890 ) ( amphibia rhacophoridae ) from east malaysia ( borneo ) . pdf\nlarval identities of ansonia hanitschi inger , 1960 ( amphibia : bufonidae ) and polypedates colletti ( boulenger , 1890 ) ( amphibia : rhacophoridae ) from east malaysia ( borneo ) .\npolypedates colletti \u2014 g\u00fcnther , 1895 , novit . zool . , 2 : 501 . dring , 1982 , in anderson et al . ( eds . ) , gunung mulu national park : 293 .\npolypedates colletti is an elegant tree frog with a conspicuously acute snout . most specimens have an hour - glass shaped figure on their backs . coloration is usually shades of brown , but we have also seen more grayish individuals .\nrhacophorus ( rhacophorus ) colletti \u2014 ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 121 . dubois , 1987\n1986\n, alytes , 5 : 77 .\nrhacophorus colletti boulenger , 1890 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1890 : 36 . type ( s ) :\nzurich museum\n( presumably zmz ) . type locality :\nlangkhat\n, sumatra , indonesia .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\ncollett ' s whipping frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 113 ) .\nblack - spotted tree frog ( nutphund , 2001 , amph . thailand : 143 ) .\ncollett ' s tree frog ( nutphund , 2001 , amph . thailand : 143 ) .\ncollett ' s treefrog ( chan - ard , 2003 , photograph . guide amph . thailand : 150 ) .\npeninsular thailand to sumatra , borneo , natuna islands , and islands of the south china sea ; southern vietnam ( minh hai ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthis frog is most often seen at a suitable breeding pond where adults perch in 1 - 2 m height on vegetation . for reproduction this species seems to prefer stagnant pools of water in the forest ( uprooted trees , flooded depressions ) with clear water and leaf litter bottom . size of adults : up to 50 mm in males , 80 mm snout - vent length in females .\ntadpoles have a unique marbled pattern on head , trunk , and tail . the iris rim is red . the tail terminates in a thin flagellum . tadpoles grow up to 33 mm total length .\nwe have seen tadpoles resting motionless on leaf litter or hovering in the water column of black - water ponds . they move slowly by beating their flagellum but can move rapidly when disturbed . during the day they hide under leaf litter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is found from extreme southern thailand ( taylor , 1962 ) throughout peninsular malaysia ( berry , 1975 ) , and from scattered localities across borneo and sumatra and natuna in indonesia . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between known sites . it ranges up to 600m asl .\nit is generally an uncommon to rare species where it occurs in mainland southeast asia and sumatra ( low numbers collected by , for example , grandison , 1972 and dring , 1979 ) . in borneo , it appears to be common in flat , swampy rainforests .\nit lives in lowland marshy evergreen rainforest areas , mainly in flat terrain . it can be found in primary and in mildly disturbed selectively logged forest . it forms breeding aggregations around temporary rain pools .\nit is not known to be specifically threatened , though ongoing deforestation throughout its range is a concern .\nit occurs in a number of protected areas . effective preservation of lowland forests is essential for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nofficial url : file : / / / c : / documents % 20and % 20settings / administrato . . .\nunimas institutional repository is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton . more information and software credits .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nplease note flash is required to use the features of this site . please update your flash player .\nsorry , this item is accessible for uk higher education and further education institutions only . confirm your institution to obtain access\nlog in to add and display this item in your personal list of favourites on the right hand side of this page .\nthe british library board acknowledges the intellectual property rights of those named as contributors to this recording and the rights of those not identified . legal and ethical usage \u00bb\nlog in to add a term that describes this item and help make it easier to find .\ntropical heath forest by a swampy area of kerangas forest vegetation known as ' kerapah ' , on an extensive quartzite plateau , 1 and a1 / 2 metres up on a 4 centimetres of diameter trunk of ' pole ' tree in dry weather .\nrecording of mating calls , 1 male participant visually identified , with the sound of insects in the background .\ncan you tell us more about the context of the recording ? or can you share information on its content - timings of key sections or important details ? please add your notes . uninformative entries may not be retained ."]}
{"id": 1587, "summary": [{"text": "bullockus pseudovarai is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bullockus pseudovarai", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about bullockus pseudovarai ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bullockus pseudovarai ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bullockus pseudovarai w . g . lyons & snyder , 2008 - id : 1972655769\nbelongs to bullockus according to w . g . lyons and m . a . snyder 2008\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . g . lyons and m . a . snyder . 2008 . new genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda . the veliger 50 ( 3 ) : 225 - 240\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell 82 . 3 x 27 . 7\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe newsfeed for this eol taxon page gathers updates associated with items shown on it , including curator actions and comments from eol users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnew genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda veliger 50 225 - 240 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1592, "summary": [{"text": "acompsia is a genus of the twirler moth family ( gelechiidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "though it has once been assigned to the proposed subfamily \" anacampsinae \" ( here included in gelechiinae ) , it is generally placed in the dichomeridinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some authors include telephila here as a subgenus , while others prefer to keep it distinct as its relationships are fairly obscure . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "acompsia", "paragraphs": ["acompsia ( acompsia ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114 , 110\nacompsia ( acompsia ) cinerella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) antirrhinella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) maculosella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 120 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) dimorpha ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 120 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) subpunctella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 121 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) delmastroella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 122 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) muellerrutzi ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 123 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) minorella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 125 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) tripunctella ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 125 , 110 ; [ fe ]\nacompsia ( acompsia ) caucasella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 124 , 110 ; tl : caucasus psysh river\nacompsia ( acompsia ) schepleri huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 129 , 110 ; tl : turkey , erzincan kizildag gecidi , 2100m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) fibigeri huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 130 , 110 ; tl : turkey , g\u00fcm\u00fcshane , kop pass , 2400m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) bidzilyai huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 130 , 110 ; tl : zabajkale sochodnskij zapovednik r . agucakan , 1000m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) pyrenaella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 117 , 110 ; tl : gallia pyren . val . d ' ossoue , 1500m\nacompsia ( acompsia ) ponomarenkoae huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 128 , 110 ; tl : greece , ipiros , katara pass , 1500 - 1700m\nacompsia cinerella ( ash - coloured crest ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nacompsia was treated in the gelechiidae in nye and fletcher , 1991 generic names moths world , 6 : 4 .\nacompsia dimorpha petry , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : pyrenees\ntelephila ( acompsia ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131 , 110\n= acompsia ( telephila ) ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 111 , 110\nacompsia muellerrutzi wehrli , 1925 ; dt . ent . z . iris 39 : 137 ; tl : corsica , monte d ' oro\nacompsia ( telephila ) schmidtiellus ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 110 ; [ fe ]\nhuemer , p . & o . karsholt . a review of the genus acompsia h\u00fcbner , 1825 with description of a new species ( gelechiidae ) . 109\u2014154 .\nacompsia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nacompsia subpunctella svensson , 1966 ; opusc . ent . 31 : 188 , f . 19 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; tl : sweden , norbotten\nacompsia ( telephila ) syriella huemer & karsholt , 2002 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 133 , 110 ; tl : syria , 25km w damascus\nacompsia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] was referred to the anacampsinae from gelechiinae ( within the gelechiidae ) by kuznetzov & stekolnikov , 1984 , trudy zoologicheskogo instituta akademii nauk sssr 122 : 33 .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . , 2002 . a review of the genus acompsia hubner 1825 with descriptions of new species . nota lepidopterologica . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 109 - 151 .\nacompsia delmastroella huemer , 1998 ; linzer biol . beitr . 30 ( 2 ) : 516 , f . 1 - 3 , 10 - 11 ; tl : sw . alps , marmora , colle d ' esischie , 2300m\nan unmarked brownish moth with long upwardly - curved labial palps . the species is widely distributed over all of the british isles except some of the outlying scottish islands .\nthe larva is unknown , but is believed to feed on moss , often at the base of a tree .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 04 09 : 28 : 11 page render time : 0 . 2116s total w / procache : 0 . 2615s\na scarce and local species , occurring on chalk downs or other calcareous soil , and found in the southern counties of england .\nthe ochreous adult moths have two small black dots on the forewing , and fly in july and august .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 09 13 : 13 : 50 page render time : 0 . 2923s total w / procache : 0 . 3509s\nlocally common in some parts of southern england and the central highlands of scotland , otherwise local to very local across much of the rest of the british isles . apparently absent from the outer hebrides and northern isles .\nmosses ( species unspecified ) . the larva is undescribed but has been found in moss at the base of a tree ; may also be associated with mosses away from trees .\namongst grassy areas in woodland , herb rich grassy areas , railway and canal banks and undercliffs .\nlarva : undescribed in the british isles but searches in mosses near or on the base of trees in april or may would be worthwhile . it is documented that a larva was bred through at wicken fen in 1878 ( f . bond ) without description of the larva , feeding signs or foodplant .\nadult : swept from herb rich turf , beaten from scrub and frequent at light .\nthe broad forewing and hindwing with a lack of any prominent markings are distinctive . on a few occasions specimens of this moth have been found in historic museum collections amongst specimens of bryotropha politella .\nsingle brooded from early june to august and occasionally found in very small numbers in late may and through to late september .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbut appears less ochreous lacking the veining within the forewings ; paler in overall colouration . we suspect mis - identification with some records .\nrecorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 177 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 10 ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 111 , 110 ; [ sangmi lee ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 114\nlarva on veronica chamaedrys huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 116\ngelechia antirrhinella milli\u00e8re , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 274 , 280 , pl . 80 , f . 6 - 8\nlarva on asarina procumbens huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 119\ngelechia maculosella stainton , 1851 ; suppl . cat . br . tineidae and pteroph . : 22\nsweden , finland , estonia , nw . poland , kola peninsula , altai , transbaikalia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on veronica longifolia huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 122\nalps ( alpes maritimes , alpi cozie , alpes - de - haute - provence ) . see [ maps ]\naustria , czech republic , france , italy , slovenia , switzerland . see [ maps ]\nbrachycrossata minorella rebel , 1899 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien , 49 : 180\nalps , apennines , carpathians , balkans , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]\ntinea tripunctella denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 319\nlarva on plantago alpina huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 127\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 131\nlarva on origanum vulgare , mentha arvensis , mentha silvestris , m . rotundifolia , calamintha nepeta huemer & karsholt , 2002 , nota lepid . 25 ( 2 / 3 ) : 132\nindicata ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( telephila ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ntenebrosella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 255\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nwestwood , 1840 an introduction to the modern classification of insects ; founded on natural habits and corresponding organization of the different families introd . class . ins . 2 : 1 - 352 ( 1839 ) , : 353 - 587 ( 1840 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\ntype - species : phalaena cinerella clerck , 1759 . icon . insect . rariorum 1 : pl . 11 fig . 6 .\ntype - species designation : by subsequent designation by duponchel , 1838 . hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . papillons fr . 11 : 19 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nthe citation by duponchel is acceptable as a type - species designation as it is contained in the continuation of a layout in which duponchel stated , in the same work 7 ( 2 ) : 102 , that the species so cited were the types of genera .\nsee also : * acampsia westwood , 1840 ; * accompsia bruand , ( 1851 ) ; brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 .\njunior name ( s ) : acampsia ; westwood , 1840 : 110 . accompsia ; bruand , 1851 : 42 . brachicrossata ; hartmann , 1880 : 25 . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 : 323 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nit is found in montane habitats , including subalpine and alpine meadows and shrubs .\nmm for females . the forewings are clay brown , mottled with lighter brown scales . the hindwings are grey . adults are on wing from july to august .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local in a wide range of habitats throughout the british isles , with the exception of the northern isles . in hampshire recorded less than annually from scattered locations , mainly in the north of the county . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 16 - 19 mm . an unmarked , wholly ochreous - brown gelechiid , superficially similar to helcystogramma rufescens , but lacking this species pale veins . larva feeds on various mosses , often at the base of trees .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in between 31 and 100 10km squares of the national grid or , for less - well recorded groups between eight and twenty vice - counties . superseded by nationally scarce , and therefore no longer in use .\nsearch : data resource : lepidoptera ( observations ) - version 2 . 1 | occurrence records | bioatlas sweden\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nthe biodiversity atlas sweden acknowledges sweden ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation\u2019s sami communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe bioatlas is made possible by contributions from its partners , and is based on work financed by the swedish research council through grant no 2017 - 00688 .\nthe leading society for wildlife and geology enthusiasts in essex , england , uk .\npammene aurana find out more . . . essex field club registered charity no 1113963 a - z page index\nreproduction for study and non - profit use permitted , all other rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 essex field club 2006 - 2018 . developed by teknica ltd privacy policy terms of use cookies sales policy\nexperimental evidence for specific distinctness of the two wood white butterfly taxa , leptidea sinapis and l . reali ( pieridae )\ncheck - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries\ntwo new european geometrid moths : xanthorhoe skoui sp . n . and xanthorhoe friedrichi sp . n . ( geometridae )\nbhl ' s existence depends on the support of its patrons . help us keep this free resource alive !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nid : in mbgbi3 this species is keyed from : forewing with markings both paler and darker than ground colour . however , this species is variable and may appear as pale with darker markings - from where one cannot arrive at the correct species using the mbgbi3 key . it appears that only e . albidella , e . utonella & e . eleochariella show an elongate dark mark in the fold near the dorsum , just before 1 / 2 . id best confirmed by genital examination : male - paired gnathos > the former biselachista species ; pointed extension at apex of valva > e . albidella . no other species has a valva quite so rounded on the dorsal edge near the apex .\nmale genitalia paired gnathos > the former biselachista species ; pointed extension at apex of valva > e . albidella . no other species has a valva quite so rounded on the dorsal edge near the apex .\n\u00a71 sutton fen , norfolk ; 12 / 08 / 2010 \u00a72 sutton fen , norfolk ; male ; 13 / 08 / 2009 \u00a73 new forest , hampshire ; 05 / 06 / 2012 ; male ; fw 4 . 2mm \u00a74 foulden common , norfolk ; 14 / 08 / 2016 ; male \u00a75 foulden common , norfolk ; 14 / 08 / 2016 ; male ; fw 4 . 1mm all images \u00a9 chris lewis\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nfor many years , records of the vice - county distributions of uk micro - moths from c . 1800 onwards have been kept on hand - annotated paper maps , first by a . maitland emmet and , more recently , by dr . john langmaid and dr . mark young .\nthe moths count project has now digitised these maps and made them available to moth recorders and the general public for the first time .\na grant from the department for environment , food and rural affairs ( defra ) and the original data supplied by john langmaid and mark young have enabled us to create pdfs of all of the original micro - moth record cards and hand annotated maps . in addition to this , 756 species have been digitised to vice - county level to date . these important maps , which include data up to 31st december 2014 , are available below at vice - county level for the first time . many thanks to david green for his hard work on this project . please note that the maps are provisional and may contain errors .\nbelow is a list of micro - moth species , with numbers and names as per the new checklist of british lepidoptera ( 2013 ) ( referred to as abh in the table ) . bradley and fletcher numbers and former bradley names are also included for users ' convenience .\nto search for a species hold down the ctrl and f keys simultaneously to open up a search box . simply type in the species name , or part of it to be taken to the species . click on the icons to open up a pdf of the species record card and a map of its uk distribution at vice - county level ( nb : the pdfs are large and may take a while to open ) . to return to this page , click your browser ' s back button .\nelhamma diakonoffi is a species of moth of the family hepialidae . it is known from new guinea .\ncalamotropha diakonoffi is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by bleszynski in 1961 . it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from kwazulu - natal .\nhamatina diakonoffi is a moth in the lecithoceridae family . it was described by park in 2011 . it is found in papua new guinea .\nodites diakonoffi is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by kuznetsov and arutjunova in 1991 . it is found in kazakhstan .\noxycanus diakonoffi is a moth of the hepialidae family . it is found in new guinea .\nprochoreutis diakonoffi is a moth of the choreutidae family . it is known from shaanxi , china and from honshu , japan .\nit has been recorded from fergusson island of the d ' entrecasteaux islands archipelago , and the admiralty islands , of papua new guinea ; and from sulawesi of indonesia .\nsycacantha diakonoffi is a moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in thailand and vietnam .\nstagmatophora diakonoffi is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae . it is found in madagascar .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\na catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae klaus sattler . 1973 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 182 .\nannotated taxonomic checklist of the lepidoptera of north america , north of mexico pohl , g . r . , patterson , b . , & pelham , j . p . 2016 . researchgate . net .\na molecular analysis of the gelechiidae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) with an interpretative grouping of its taxa karsholt , o . , m . mutanen , s . lee , & l . kaila . 2013 . systematic entomology . 38 ( 2 ) : 334\u2013348 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nsarto i monteys , v . the discovery , description and taxonomy of paysandisia archon ( burmeister , 1880 ) , a castniid species recently found in southwestern europe ( castniidae ) . 3\u201416 .\nspeidel , w . & l . aarvik . synonyms of european tortricidae and noctuidae , with special reference to the publications of h\u00fcbner , geyer & fr\u00f6lich . 17\u201422 .\nringwood , z . , t . gardiner , a . steiner & j . hill . comparison of factors influencing the habitat characteristics of gortyna borelii ( noctuidae ) and its larval foodplant peucedanum officinale in england and germany . 23\u201438 .\nfreese , a . & k . fiedler . experimental evidence for specific distinctness of the two wood white butterfly taxa , leptidea sinapis and l . reali ( pieridae ) . 39\u201460 .\nbelik , a . g . & d . g . zamolodchikov . notes on systematics of erebia dabanensis species complex , with special consideration of the dabanensis - youngi and anyuica - occulta pairs of sibling species ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . 61\u201480 .\nwagener , s . chazara persephone ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1805 ] ) or chazara anthe ( hoffmansegg , 1806 ) \u2014 what is the valid name ? ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . 81\u201484 .\nnieukerken e . j . van & a . la\u0161tuvka . ectoedemia ( etainae ) obtusa ( puplesis & di\u0161kus , 1996 ) new for europe : taxonomy , distribution and biology ( nepticulidae ) . 87\u201496 .\nkozlov , m . first record of nemophora lapikella kozlov ( adelidae ) from japan . 96 .\nbaran , t . elachista nolckeni \u0161ulcs , 1992 : morphology and bionomics of immature stages ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ) . 97\u2014108 .\nkallies , a . & k . spatenka . four species of brachodidae new to the fauna of europe ( sesioidea ) . 155\u2014160 .\ngarc\u00eda - barros , e . taxonomic patterns in the egg to body size allometry of butterflies and skippers ( papilionoidea & hesperiidae ) . 161\u2014176 .\nkolev , z . the species of maculinea van eecke , 1915 in bulgaria : distribution , state of knowledge and conservation status ( lycaenidae ) . 177\u2014190 .\nsommerer . m . d . opinion . to agree or not to agree \u2014 the question of gender agreement in the international code of zoological nomenclature . 191\u2014204 .\nkarsholt , o . & a . kun . a new species of ethmia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from the greek island of rhodes ( ethmiidae ) . 207\u2014212 .\nlvovsky , a . l . check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries . 213\u2014220 .\nelsner , g . & j . jaro\u0161 . a new species of ceratoxanthis razowski , and distribution records for two species of aethes billberg from the balkan peninsula ( tortricidae : cochylini ) . 221\u2014225 .\nrougerie , r . re - capture of sinobirma malaisei in china : description of the female genitalia and comments on the systematic position of the genus in the tribe urotini ( saturniidae ) . 227\u2014233 .\nwilcockson , a . & t . g . shreeve . the subspecific status of pieris napi ( pieridae ) within the british isles . 235\u2014247 .\nsielezniew , m . , a . stankiewicz & c . bystrowski . first observation of one maculinea arion pupa in a myrmica lobicornis nest in poland . 249\u2014250 .\nwakeham - dawson , a . , r . parker , e . john & r . l . h . dennis . comparison of the male genitalia and androconia of pseudochazara anthelea acamanthis ( rebel , 1916 ) from cyprus , pseudochazara anthelea anthelea ( h\u00fcbner , 1924 ) from mainland turkey and pseudochazara anthelea amalthea ( frivaldsky , 1845 ) from mainland greece ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) . 251\u2014263 .\nfiedler , k . & c . ruf . araschnia levana larvae ( nymphalidae ) do not accept humulus lupulus ( cannabaceae ) as food plant . 265\u2014266 .\ngorbach , v . v . & k . saarinen . the butterfly assemblages of onega lake area in karelia , middle taiga of nw russia ( hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) . 267\u2014279 .\neducalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics . we also share information about the use of the site with our social media , advertising and analytics partners .\nfrom spanish to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb in spanish .\nthe map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb in the different countries .\nof the word \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term \u00abcomplexionado\u00bb appears in digitalised printed sources in spanish between the year 1500 and the present day .\nand brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in spanish literature .\nte , bien complexionado , y robufto aquel hombre , en quien re\u00edplandecen perfectamente claros los rayos de fu luz , \u00f3 elpiritu vital , que perfectamente , y fin eftorvo alguno exercita en \u00e9l las funciones deftinadas por la naturaleza . al contrario . . .\n( \\ ant . ~ ) v . comparar . acompasado , da . adj . lo que est\u00e1 hecho \u00f3 puesto \u00e1 comp\u00e1s . that vihich is jet to jome chara\u00f1er of mujical time . acomplexionado , da . adj . v . g . bien \u00f3 mal complexionado . weli , or / / / complexioned .\nla magna y can\u00f3nica cirujia de guido de cauliac : con la . . .\npira hazcr eftas operaciones , por tanto en vn cuerpo bien complexionado lafo - lu cion es f\u00e1cilmente curada , poique la virtud tiene buen in\u00edtrumento , mas en vn cuerpo mal complexionado , como es vrt hydropico , \u00f3 leproib , por quanto la virtud . . .\nla causa del 78 esta suele irse recogiendo poco \u00e1 poco con el tiern * mal se produ - po , y venir despu\u00e9s la enfermedad de golpe . por tanto si te regular - recayese en sugeto mal complexionado y quebrantado , que mente conlen - tenjj0 un mai . . .\nvenenos ay , de quien el mas bien complexionado > . y elmas robuf1 - toj , tocados5o viftos , no defiende la vida , ni aun por breve tiempo . es cal fu fuer\u00e7a \u00bb y fu opoficion \u00e0 las paites vitales j que fin la dilaci\u00f3n , ni hazer ca fo de los humores , . . .\npor la cual raz\u00f3n han el cuerpo mal complexionado ; y como el alma siga la complexi\u00f3n del cuerpo , do el cuerpo es bien complexionado all\u00ed el alma hace mejor sus obras y ha mejor uso de raz\u00f3n . por la cual cosa las mujeres no pueden . . .\narte de conocer , y de curar las enfermedades por reglas de . . .\npor tanto , fi recaye\u00edfe en fugeto mal complexionado , y quebrantado , que haya tenido un mal govierno de vida , tiene entonces mucho rie\u00edgo , y fuelen perecer los mas * porque tiene la naturaleza que mover , y cocer muchos humores , y faltan . . .\n[ to finish . completar , v . a . to complete , compl\u00e9ta * . \u00bb . / . pi . compline ; the last act of worship at night . [ perfect , finished . completo , ta . u . comp ! , te , complexion , \u00bb . / . complexion . complexionado , da . a . bien a mal complexionado , da . of a good . . .\nacomplexionado , a . adj . complexionado acomplisionado . adj . complexionado . t . acomunalar . n . ant . tener trato y comunicaci\u00f3n . us\u00e1base tambi\u00e9n como rec\u00edproco . comunicarse , tractarse . communico , as , sermones cum aliquo . . .\npara hazer estas op\u00e9raciones , por tanto tn vncuerpo bien complexionado la \u00edb - luc\u00eeon es faciirnente curada , por que la virtud tiene - buen instrumento , masen vu cuerpo mal complexionado , comocsvn hydropico , \u00f2 lcpro\u00ed\u00f2 , por qu\u00e1nto la virtud . . .\ngynnidomorpha vectisana \u00a71 male ; st lawrence , isle of wight ; 31 / 05 / 2014 ; fw 5 . 1mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nid : generally recognisable by the purplish and brown general colouration with ochreous - yellow along the termen . male has some blackish scales and hair - like scales in tornal area of hindwing .\n\u00a74 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 15 / 07 / 2014 ; male ; fw 4 . 6mm\n\u00a75 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 15 / 07 / 2014 ; male ; fw 4 . 5mm\nthe references to papers and notes listed below contain information relating to gelechiidae recorded in the british isles and selected european material although the list is by no means exhaustive . brief summaries of the content of the papers have been added in a few cases . information on any additional peer - reviewed published material is welcomed .\nfor ease of reference the species are listed alphabetically and within each species the papers are listed chronologically starting with the oldest .\nrivete , u . , karsholt , o . mutanen , m . & savenkov n . 2017 . nordic - baltic checklist of lepidoptera . norwegian journal of entomology supplement no . 3 . this includes information that\nbella , s . and karsholt , o . 2015 . the gelechiidae of the longarini salt marsh in the pantani della sicilia sud - orientale nature reserve in southeastern sicily , italy ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revta . lepid . , 43 ( 171 ) , septiembre 2015 : 365 - 375 .\nbidzilya , o . v . & badashkin , y . i . , 2017 . new records of lepidoptera from ukraine ( etc . . . . ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 2 ) 2017 : 145 - 161 . includes details of species within the genera caulastrocecis , metzneria , ornativalva , chionodes , filatima ( a colour plate depicting male and female imago and genitalia of f . djakovica are included ) , scrobipalpa , klimeschiopsis , sophronia and syncopacma .\nclarke , j . f . g . , 1969 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick . glyphipterigidae , gelechiidae ( a - c ) . 6 : 1 - 537 , pls 1 - 267 . trustees of the british museum , london .\ncorley , m . f . v . and goodey , b . , 2014 . a re - examination of the portugese microlepidoptera collected by the reverend a . e . eaton in 1880 . entomologist\u2019s gazette 65 : 15 - 25 . contains a list of a dozen or so gelechiidae , amongst other families , confirmed or corrected and introduces a new species - see below under aroga eatoni sp . n .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1849 - 52 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . transactions of the entomological society of london 5 : 173 - 179 , 195 - 201 ( 1849 ) ; ( n . s . ) . 1 : 14 - 21 , 60 - 68 ( 1850 ) ; 101 - 108 ( 1851 ) ; 241 - 251 ( 1852 ) .\nhaworth , a . h . , 1812 . a brief account of some rare insects announced at various times to the society , as new to britain . trans . ent . soc . london . 1 : 332 - 340 .\nhaworth , a . h . , 1834 - 1835 . illustrations of british entomology . haustellata 4 : 436pp . , pls 33 - 41 .\njunnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j - p . , nupponen , t . and olschwang , v . , 2010 . the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ll : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( leipoptera : gelechiidae ) . contains information on wider species distribution . urltoken\npalmer , s . m . , 2016 . the gelechiid recording scheme - five years in . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 29 : 156 - 162 . details of distributional changes , addtional foodplants and phenology of several gelechiid moths in the british isles .\nparsons , m . , 2015 . possible and potential moth extinctions in england . on - line pdf document only , available at urltoken\nsattler , k . , 1971 . some new synonyms of european gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologist ' s gazette 22 : 103 - 108 .\nsattler , k . , 1992 . new synonyms of european gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologica gallica 3 : 107 - 112 .\nsokoloff , p . a . , 1985 . an introduction to the gelechiidae . proc . trans . br . ent . nat . his . soc . 18 : 99 - 106 .\nstainton , h . t . , 1865 . new british tineina . the entomologist ' s annual 1865 : 128 - 131 .\nstainton , h . t . 1866 . observations on tineina . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 3 : 54 - 57 .\nstainton , h . t . , 1866 . new british tineina . the entomologist ' s annual 1866 : 167 - 171 .\nstainton , h . t . , 1871 . new british tineina in 1870 . the entomologist ' s annual 1871 : 96 - 100 .\nsumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 . new to greece .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 64 - 65 . under gelechia pernigrella stainton .\nparsons , m . , 2015 . possible and potential moth extinctions in england . on - line pdf document only , available at urltoken\ngregerson , k . & karsholt , o . , 2017 . taxonomic confusion around the peach twig borer , anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 , with description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 1 ) 2017 : 65 - 85 .\npalmer , s . m . , 2017 . anarsia lineatella zeller , 1839 and anarsia innoxiella gregersen and karsholt , 2017 ( lep . gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 129 : 117 - 124 .\nheckford , r . j . , 1992 . anarsia lineatella zeller ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : a larval description . entomologist\u2019s gazette 43 : 54 .\nnel , j . & varenne , t . 2012 . description d ' apatetris ( s . l . ) mediterranella sp . n . du littoral mediterraneen de france et d ' italie ( gelechiidae , gelechiinae , apatetrini ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 1 ) : 27 - 32 . new species .\nsokoloff , p . a . & bradford , e . s . , 1990 . the british species of metzneria , paltodora , isophrictis , apodia , eulamprotes and argolamprotes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 3 : 23 - 28 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 66 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 108 .\nkennard , a . 1965 . argolamprotes micella schiff . ( lep . gelechiidae ) taken in britain . proceedings and transactions of the south london entomological and natural history society 1965 : 42 - 43 .\nheckford , r . j . 1972 . argolamprotes micella ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ( lep . , gelechiidae ) in cornwall . entomologist\u2019s gazette 23 : 236 .\nheckford , r . j . 1974 . further records of argolamprotes micella ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ( lep . , gelechiidae ) from cornwall . entomologist\u2019s gazette 25 : 258 .\nheckford , r . j . 1998 . notes on the larvae of four species of microlepidoptera not previously described in the british literature [ glyphipterix thrasonella , argolamprotes micella , crambus pascuella , homoeosoma nimbella ] . entomologist\u2019s gazette 49 : 155 - 160 .\nheckford , r . j . , 2010 . notes on the early stages of four species of oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ( lepidoptera ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 61 : 211 - 213 .\nsmith , m . h . , 2013 . argolamprotes micella ( d . & s . ) ( lep . : gelechiidae ) : new to wiltshire . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 125 : 243 .\nkarsholt , o . & savencov , n . 2009 . beautiful gelechiid moths - aristotelia baltica a . sulcs & i . sulcs , 1983 , stat . n . and related species ( gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica 32 ( 2 ) : 89 - 97 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 244 - 245 .\nsumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 .\ncorley , m . f . v . and goodey , b . , 2014 . a re - examination of the portugese microlepidoptera collected by the reverend a . e . eaton in 1880 . entomologist\u2019s gazette 65 : 15 - 25 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1848 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 195 .\nherrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) new to the british fauna . entomologist ' s record & journal of variation 97 : 20 - 24 .\nsokoloff , p . & chalmers - hunt , j . m . , 1987 . notes on the biology of athrips rancidella h . - s . ( lep . : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 99 : 253 - 254 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 244 . under lita nigricostella ( f . v . r . ) .\nlangmaid , j . r . & young , m . r . , 2002 . larvae on vicia cracca , a previously unrecorded foodplant in britain . heckford , r . j . , in microlepidoptera review 2001 , entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 114 : 277 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 65 . under gelechia gerronella zeller .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2004 . notes on , and descriptions of , some larvae of oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ( lepidoptera ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 55 : 143 - 159 .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2005 . further notes on the larvae of brachmia blandella ( fabr . , 1798 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , catoptria margaritella ( [ d . & s . ] , 1775 ) and scoparia ambigualis ( treits . , 1829 ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 56 : 71 - 74 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 65 .\nsterling , p . h . , wall , m . j . & langmaid , j . r . , 2013 . the discovery of brachmia inornatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lep . : gelechiidae ) in north hampshire , with notes on its life history and a larval description . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 125 : 14 - 17 .\npierce , f . n . & daltry , h . w . , 1938 . mniophaga : a new genus of gelechiadae , with reinstatement of portlandicella rich . as a species . the entomologist 71 : 226 - 227 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 105 .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2002 . the discovery of the larva of bryotropha dryadella ( zeller , 1850 ) and larval descriptions of this species , b . basaltinella ( zeller , 1839 ) , b . umbrosella ( zeller , 1839 ) and b . senectella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 53 : 83 - 91 .\nheckford , r . j . , beavan , s . d . & palmer , s . m . , 2015 . bryotropha boreella ( douglas , 1851 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of larva . entomologist\u2019s gazette 66 : 237 - 243 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 62 .\nheckford , r . j . & agassiz , d . j . l . , 2002 . larvae amongst ctenidium molluscum ( rjh ) and amongst bryum and barbula spp . ( djla , rjh ) \u2013 in microlepidoptera review 2001 , entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 114 : 276 .\nheckford , robert j . & sattler , klaus , 2002 . bryotropha dryadella ( zeller , 1850 ) a newly recognised british species , and the removal of b . figulella ( staudinger , 1859 ) from the british list ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 53 : 69 - 80 .\nbarrett , c . g . , 1893 . occurrence of gelechia ( bryotropha ) figulella , staud . in england . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 29 : 158 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 245 .\nheckford , r . j . & sterling , p . h . , 2003 . the discovery of the larva of bryotropha politella ( staint . , 1851 ) and larval descriptions of this species and b . galbanella ( zell . , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 54 : 223 - 226 .\nkullberg , j . , filippov , b . y . , zubrij , n . a . & kozlov , m . v . , 2013 . faunistic notes on lepidoptera collected from arctic tundra in european russia . nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) : 127 - 136 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 241 - 242 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 68 .\ngregson , c . s . , 1871 . gelechia confinis stainton . the entomologist 5 : 243 .\nbankes , e . r . , 1898 . gelechia confinis , stn . , a northern form of g . similis , stn . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 34 : 196 - 198 .\nheckford , r . j . 1999 . notes on the larvae of seven species of microlepidoptera ( oecophoridae , gelechiidae and pyralidae ) not previously described in the british literature , together with the redescription of one and a further description of another . entomologist\u2019s gazette 50 : 223 - 237 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 64 . relates to f . mundella .\nrichardson , n . m . , 1890 . description of a gelechia ( portlandicella ) new to science from portland . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 26 : 29 - 30 .\nrutten , t . & karsholt , o . , 1998 . bryotropha mundella ( douglas ) : a new synonym of bryotropha umbrosella ( zeller ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . tijdschrift voor entomologie 141 : 109 - 114 .\nhuertas - dionisio , m . , 2012 . immature stages of lepidoptera ( xliv ) . six species of the family gelechiidae stainton , 1854 in huelva , spain ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 40 , 135 - 154 . text in spanish with line drawings of larva , pupa and larval feeding signs . the authoritative date is given as haworth , 1828 in this paper .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 61 - 62 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 18 - 19 .\npalmer , s . m . , the gelechiid recording scheme - five years in . ( includes notes on larval foodplants ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . , 29 : 159 - 160 .\nkarsholt , o . , 1981 . northern european species of the genus caryocolum gregor and povoln\u00fd , 1954 , feeding on cerastium and stellaria , with the description of a new species ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . ent . scand . 12 : 251 - 270 .\nhuemer , p . , 1988 . a taxonomic revision of caryocolum ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology 57 : 439 - 571 .\nhuemer , p . , 1993 . the british species of caryocolum gregor and povoln\u00fd . british journal of entomology and natural history 6 : 145 - 157 .\nhuemer , p . , karsholt , o . & mutanen , m . ( 2014 ) dna bar - codingas a screening tool for cryptic diversity : an example from caryocolum , with a description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . zookeys ( 404 ) : 91 - 111 . urltoken\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 77 .\nhoare , r . j . b . , langmaid , j . r . , simpson , a . n . b . & young , m . r . , 1999 . caryocolum blandelloides karsholt , 1981 ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 50 : 149 - 154 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 101 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 77 - 78 .\nlangmaid , j . r . larvae on stellaria holostea \u2013 in microlepidoptera review 2005 . entomologist\u2019s rec . j . var . 118 : 256 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 103 - 104 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 104 - 105 .\nheckford , r . j . , 2000 . caryocolum marmoreum ( haworth ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : some apparently unrecorded observations on the early larval stages .\nheckford , r . j . , 2012 . caryocolum peregrinella ( herrich - schaffer , 1854 ) new to spain and notes on the biology ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia , 40 , 311 - 314 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 102 - 103 .\nbella , s . , 2008 . caryocolum siculum sp . n . ( gelechiidae ) , feeding on gypsophila ( caryophyllaceae ) in sicily . nota lepidopterologica 31 ( 1 ) : 69 - 75 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . contributions towards the natural history of british microlepidoptera . trans . ent . soc . london 2 : 75 - 77 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1851 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 : 102 .\nhuemer , p . & sattler , k . , 1995 . a taxonomic revision of the palearctic chionodes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 45 : 3 - 108 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1849 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 199 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2014 . chionodes distinctella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of larvae in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 65 : 169 - 174 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2015 . chionodes distinctella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : a further larval record from the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 66 : 52 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 67 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1852 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 243 - 244 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2016 . chionodes fumatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : discovery of the larva in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 67 : 3 - 14 .\nsokoloff , p . a . & bradford , e . , 1993 . the british species of monochroa , chrysoesthia , ptocheuusa and sitotroga ( lepidoptera : glechiidae ) . br . j . ent . nat . hist . 6 : 37 - 44 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1850 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 1 ( new series ) : 61 .\nallen , a . a . , 1961 . the recurrence in britain of recurvaria piceaella kearfott . entomologist ' s record & journal of variation 73 : 40 - 41 .\nmcleod , j . m . , 1966 . notes on the biology of a spruce needle - miner pulicalvaria piceaella ( kearfott ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . can . ent . 98 : 225 - 236 .\nparsons , m . s . & honey , m . r . , 2017 . dichomeris acuminatus ( staudinger , 1876 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) new to the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 68 : 42 - 44 .\ndouglas , j . w . , 1849 . on the british species of the genus gelechia of zeller . trans . ent . soc . london 5 : 200 .\nheckford , r . j . , 2004 . a note on the history and larvae of levipalpus hepatariella ( lien . & zell . , 1846 ) ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) and dichomeris juniperella ( linn . , 1761 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 55 : 1 - 13 .\nsattler , k . 2011 . the original description of ephysteris inustella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( gelechiidae ) . nota lepidopterologica 34 ( 1 ) : 29 - 31 .\nelsner , 2013 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . nota lepi . 40 ( 1 ) 2017 : 119 - 123 .\nsumpich , j . & skyva , j . 2012 . new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) . nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179 . new species - greece .\nheckford , r . j . & langmaid , j . r . , 1988 . eulamprotes phaeella sp . n . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) in the british isles . entomologist\u2019s gazette 39 : 1 - 11 .\nheckford , r . j . , sattler , k . & york , p . v . , 1999 . the taxonomic status of eulamprotes immaculatella ( douglas , 1850 ) ( lepidoptera gelechiidae ) . entomologist\u2019s gazette 50 : 155 - 160 .\nbankes , e . r . , 1899 . aristotelia unicolorella , dp . identified as a british species . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 35 : 33 - 36 .\nbond , k . g . m . , 1991 . eulamprotes wilkella ab . tarquiniella stainton ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) rediscovered in eastern ireland . entomologist ' s gazette 42 : 71 - 74 .\nsterling , p . h . , 2008 . reappraisal of the life history of eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , and its association with sand - hill screw - moss syntrichia ruraliformis ( besch . ) cardot . entomologist\u2019s gazette 59 : 267 - 270 .\nhuemer , p . , elsner , g . & karsholt , o . , 2013 . review of the eulamprotes wilkella species - group based on morphology and dna barcodes , with descriptions of new taxa ( lepidoptera : glelechiidae ) . zootaxa 3746 ( 1 ) : 69 - 100 . urltoken\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2015 . eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : further consideration of the larva and its biology , and of the forms of the adult . entomologist\u2019s gazette 66 : 1 - 12 .\nbeavan , s . d . & heckford , r . j . , 2017 . eulamprotes wilkella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) : further observations on the larva . entomologist\u2019s gazette 68 : 1 - 2 ."]}
{"id": 1597, "summary": [{"text": "bacteridium bermudense is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species remains within the bacteridium genus of gastropods , with the exception of the other three related species being bacteridium carinatum , bacteridium resticulum and bacteridium vittatum . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "bacteridium bermudense", "paragraphs": ["a shell image ( reproduced below as fig . 4 ) putatively ( and incorrectly ) captioned bacteridium resticulum as treated by the world\n* these two genera , ebala and bacteridium , while not very closely related phylogenetically have\nastonishingly similar shells\nand can only be distinguished by the presence of a bizarre\njaw apparatus\ncharacteristic of the murchisonellids ( war\u00e9n , 1994 ) .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nm\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1875 ) . synopsis molluscorum marinorum indiarum occidentalium imprimis insularum danicarum . malakozoologische bl\u00e4tter , 22 : 142 - 184 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 169 [ details ]\ncareliopsis octona sensu jong and coomans , 1988 ( 131 ; sp . no . 680 ; pl . 21 , fig . 680 ) not turbonilla ( eulimella ) [ sect . stylopsis ] octona of guppy in guppy and dall , 1897 ( 317 ; pl . 27 , fig , 6 )\nebala resticula sensu deng , 2011 ( 165 - 166 ; sp . no . 638 ; figs . 638 ) not eulimella ( stylopsis ) resticula of dall , 1889 ( 338 [ unfigured ] ) ; see fig . 2 below .\nsensu redfern , 2013 ( 246 ; sp . no . 693 ; figs . 693a , b ) not\nof dall and bartsch , 1911 ( 279 ; pl . 1 , fig . 4 ) ; see fig 3 below\n, eulimella , stylopsis , or turbonilla to which they ' d been variously assigned over the years .\nhowever , a review of absal\u00e3o and pimenta ( 2001 : 43 ; figs . 1 - 4 ) confirms redfern ' s position as well as the synonymy of turbonilla bartschi aguayo and rehder , 1936 based on figures of their respective holotypes .\nthat ' s not all : while the brazilian workers found no spiral sculpture on the holotypes of these two taxa , they did on the holotype of turbonilla ( stylopsis ) octona guppy in guppy in dall , 1897 and synonymized it with eulimella ( stylopsis ) resticula dall , 1889 refuting two or the three original descriptions above . all the preceding observations demonstrate the folly of total reliance of original descriptions ( and figures ) in proper taxonomy !\nredfern ( loc . cit . , sp . 694 ; 5 figures ) also treats an un - named ebala , which species appears to be identical to pliocene material from the pinecrest beds of the upper tamiami formation , sarasota co . , fl . see <\n> , where the image of a recent specimen of e . resticula is also posted .\ndall , w . h . , 1889 . reports on the results of dredgings , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer ' blake . ' bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40 . 8 june .\ndall , w . h . and p . bartsch . 1911 . new species of shells from bermuda . proceedings of the united states national museum 40 ( 1820 ) : 277 - 288 , pl . 35 . 8 may .\ndejong , k . m . and h . e . coomans , 1988 . marine gastropods from cura\u00e7ao , aruba and bonaire . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands 69 : 1 - 261 , 47 pls deng yan zhang , 2012 . antiguan shallow - water seashells a collection with 18 years study and research of shoreline shells from antigua and west indies . mdm publishing , wellington , fl . xi + 1 - ( 211 ) . + 22 item errata sheet . march .\nguppy , r . j . l and w . h . dall , 1896 descriptions of fossils from the antillean region . proceedings of the united states national museum 19 : 303 - 331 , pls . 27 - 30 .\nm\u00f6rch , 1875 ( gastropoda : pyramidellidae ) from the east coast of south america .\n. bahamianseashells . com , inc : boca raton , fl . 501 pp .\nwar\u00e9n , a . , 1994 systematic position and validity of ebala gray , 1847 ( ebalidae fam . n . , pyramidelloidea , heterobranchia . bollettino malacologico 30 ( 5 - 9 ) : 203 - 210 . 30 nov . <\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fowwowing 22 pages are in dis category , out of 22 totaw . this wist may not refwect recent changes ( wearn more ) .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 16 )\n\u00bb species turbonilla ( dunkeria ) eritima e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as turbonilla eritima e . a . smith , 1890 ( basionym )\nspecies turbonilla abrupta clessin , 1902 accepted as turbonilla nesiotes pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla abrupta bush , 1899 ; t . nesiotes is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla acosta bartsch , 1919 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata ( e . a . smith , 1875 )\nspecies turbonilla albella a . adams , 1861 accepted as turbonilla orientica corgan , 1970 ( non lov\u00e9n , 1846 )\nspecies turbonilla angusta gabb , 1873 \u2020 accepted as turbonilla angustula pilsbry & johnson , 1917 \u2020 accepted as chemnitzia angustula ( pilsbry & johnson , 1917 ) \u2020 ( invalid : treated by pilsbry & johnson as a secondary homonym of turbonilla angusta ( carpenter , 1864 ) ; t . angustula is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla antiqua p . marshall , 1919 \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020\nspecies turbonilla areolata a . e . verrill , 1873 accepted as turbonilla interrupta ( totten , 1835 )\nspecies turbonilla awamoaensis p . marshall & murdoch , 1921 \u2020 accepted as eulimella awamoaensis p . marshall & murdoch , 1921 \u2020\nspecies turbonilla bathyraphe g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 accepted as peristichia bathyraphe ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( original combination )\nspecies turbonilla bella dall & bartsch , 1906 accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla cancellata w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as pyrgiscus altenai van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla cancellata holmes , 1860 ; pyrgiscus altenai is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla candida de folin , 1870 accepted as syrnola etiennei ( dautzenberg , 1912 ) ( preoccupied by turbonilla candida a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla corintoensis [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla corintonis hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 ( misspelling )\nspecies turbonilla cornelliana ( newcomb , 1870 ) accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla decussata pease , 1861 accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla elegans verrill , 1872 accepted as turbonilla elegantula a . e . verrill , 1882 ( preoccupied by turbonilla elegans d ' orbigny , 1841 )\nspecies turbonilla elegantula ( a . adams , 1860 ) accepted as asmunda elegantula ( a . adams , 1860 )\nspecies turbonilla elongata castellanos , 1982 accepted as turbonilla zulmae pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla elongata pease , 1861 ; t . zulmae is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla evermanni baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 accepted as murchisonella evermanni ( baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 ) ( original combination )\nspecies turbonilla formosa verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 accepted as turbonilla bushiana a . e . verrill , 1882 ( preoccupied by chemnitzia formosa klipst , 1856 and turbonilla formosa vincent and rutot , 1879 )\nspecies turbonilla gracillima gabb , 1865 accepted as chemnitzia gabbiana j . g . cooper , 1867 accepted as turbonilla gabbiana ( j . g . cooper , 1867 ) ( junior secondary homonym of chemnitzia gracillima carpenter , 1857 ; chemnitzia gabbiana is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla grossa j . t . marshall , 1894 accepted as turbonilla sinuosa ( jeffreys , 1884 ) ( synonym )\nspecies turbonilla hampdenensis finlay , 1927 \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020\nspecies turbonilla hampdenensis r . s . allan , 1926 \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020 accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) \u2020\nspecies turbonilla helena thiele , 1925 accepted as turbonilla indonesiae van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla helena semper , 1861 and t . helena bartsch , 1915 ; turbonilla indonesiae is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla hemphilli bartsch , 1917 accepted as turbonilla vix pimenta & absal\u00e3o , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla hemphilli bush , 1899 ; t . vix is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla hoecki [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla hoeki dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ( misspelling )\nrisso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe m\u00e9ridionale et particuli\u00e8rement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 224 [ details ]\nrobba e . ( 2013 ) tertiary and quaternary fossil pyramidelloidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 144 : 1 - 191 . [ april 2013 ] [ details ]\n( of turbonilla ( turbonilla ) risso , 1826 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( cylindriturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( cyrtoturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of dunkeria carpenter , 1857 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( graciliturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla ( chemnitzia ) d ' orbigny , 1839 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of chemnitzia d ' orbigny , 1840 ) landau b . m . & lafollette p . i . ( 2015 ) . the pyramidellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the miocene cantaure formation of venezuela . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 13 - 54 . note : genus treated as valid [ details ]\nnew marine mollusks from cuba memorias de la sociedad cubana de historia natural 9 263 - 268 , pl . 24 . [ stated date : 13 jan 1936 . ]\nnew species of shells from bermuda proceedings of the united states national museum 40 ( 1820 ) 277 - 288 , pl . 35 . [ stated date : 08 may 1911 . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 1612, "summary": [{"text": "littorinoidea are a superfamily of both sea snails and land snails which have a gill and an operculum , terrestrial and marine gastropod mollusks in the clade littorinimorpha .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the terrestrial family within this group , the pomatiidae , are sometimes called \" land winkles \" because the group originated in the sea and the closely related family littorinidae are known as \" winkles \" . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "littorinoidea", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30bf\u30de\u30ad\u30d3\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\nlittorinoidea\n.\nno one has contributed data records for littorinoidea yet . learn how to contribute .\nreview of the hispaniolan parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex ( gastropoda : littorinoidea : annulariidae ) .\nreview of the hispaniolan parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex ( gastropoda : littorinoidea : annulariidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nty - jour ti - a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles t2 - the nautilus . vl - 128 is - 3 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists , inc . , etc . cy - melbourne , fla . , etc . , py - 2014 sp - 65 ep - 90 sn - 0028 - 1344 au - watters , g thomas er -\nthe littorinoidea are operculate , gilled snails , both marine and terrestrial . there are five extant families , but only one contains terrestrial species , pomatiidae , with two subfamilies , annulariinae and pomatiinae . some authors consider the annulariinae to be a separate family ( annulariidae ) . the genera with terrestrial species are listed below , by family . distributions were taken from compendium of landshells by r . tucker abbott , the discover life web site , and the malacos . chez web site .\n@ article { bhlpart220910 , title = { a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles } , journal = { the nautilus . } , volume = { 128 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc . } , author = { watters , g thomas } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 65 - - 90 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a preliminary review of the annulariidae ( gastropoda : littorinoidea ) of the lesser antilles < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > watters , g thomas < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 128 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the nautilus . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> melbourne , fla . , etc . , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > american malacologists , inc . , etc . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 128 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 65 < / start > < end > 90 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2014 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30aa\u30ab\u30bf\u30de\u30ad\u30d3\u79d1\nto\npomatiidae newton , 1891\n.\nmaggie whitson set\nfile : pomatiasidae - pomatias elegans - 001 . jpg\nas an exemplar on\npomatias\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\na genus of round mouthed snails\nto\npomatias\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of evolution , ecology , and organismal biology , the ohio state university , 1315 kinnear road , columbus , ohio 43212 usa . ; email : watters . 1 @ osu . edu .\nthe parachondria ( chondropomorus ) complex in hispaniola is reviewed . nineteen species are recognized including eight new species : parachondria anatolensis n . sp . , parachondria arcisensis n . sp . , parachondria daedalus n . sp . , parachondria heatheraikenae n . sp . , parachondria isabellinus n . sp . , parachondria muchai n . sp . , parachondria silvaticus n . sp . , and parachondria stigmosus n . sp . distributional and habitat notes are given for additional taxa . chondropoma marinum\nweinland\nreeve , 1863 , is regarded as a nomen dubium . chondropoma ( chondropomorus ) moroni bartsch , 1946 , is reidentified as crossepoma emilianum ( weinland , 1862 ) . chondropoma simplex pfeiffer , 1852 , regarded by bartsch ( 1946 ) as a chondropomorus , is considered a chondropoma .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njamaica , martinique is . , guyana , guatemala , trinidad , guadeloupe , antigua , barbuda , jamaica\n\u00a9 2012 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\nmelbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also beesley 1998 , bouchet et al . 2005 , harzhauser 2004 , harzhauser 2007 , marquet 1997 , ponder and war\u00e9n 1988 and todd 2001\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0775c000 - 45dc - 4176 - 9811 - 6af5247bed63\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 35b036f9 - 6c06 - 474a - 8020 - f6621c77d9e1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 282983\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nlittoraria glabrata ( philippi , 1846 ) : deuss et al . ( 2013 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] deuss , m . , richard , g . & verneau , n . 2013 . mollusques de mayotte . naturalistes de mayotte , mamoudzou . 380 pp .\nlittorina kraussi rosewater , 1970 : jay et al . ( 2009 ) [ statut pour la r\u00e9union ] jay , m . , bidgrain , p . , drivas , j . , hoareau , g . & martin , j . c . 2009 . site internet ' vie oc\u00e9ane ' : urltoken version du 23 mars 2009 , t\u00e9l\u00e9charg\u00e9e le 15 novembre 2010 . [ urltoken ]\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nen poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l\u2019utilisation de cookies pour vous proposer des contenus et services adapt\u00e9s et r\u00e9aliser des statistiques de visites . en savoir plus \u00e0 propos des cookies .\nadamsiella crenulata martinensis coomans , 1967 : coomans ( 1967 ) : 126 . [ description originale ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of cara\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .\ncoomans ( 1967 ) : fig . 39 - 41 . [ illustration originale ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of cara\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .\ncoomans ( 1967 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] coomans , h . e . 1967 . the non - marine mollusca of st . martin ( lesser antilles ) . studies on the fauna of cara\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 24 ( 94 ) : 118 - 145 .\ndiplopoma crenulatum martinensis ( coomans , 1967 ) : questel ( 2017 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] questel , k . 2017 . les escargots terrestres de saint - barth\u00e9lemy . le bulletin de l\u2019agence territoriale de l ' environnement de saint - barth\u00e9lemy , 1 : 10 - 13 .\nquestel ( 2017 ) [ statut pour saint - barth\u00e9lemy ] questel , k . 2017 . les escargots terrestres de saint - barth\u00e9lemy . le bulletin de l\u2019agence territoriale de l ' environnement de saint - barth\u00e9lemy , 1 : 10 - 13 .\ninventaire national du patrimoine naturel , site web : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nechinolittorina angustior ( m\u00f6rch , 1876 ) : lamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la martinique ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour la guadeloupe ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nlamy & pointier ( 2018 ) [ statut pour saint - martin ] lamy , d . & pointier , j . - p . 2018 . mollusques marins et dul\u00e7aquicoles des antilles fran\u00e7aises . plb editions . 788 pp .\nquestel & le quellec ( 2012 ) [ statut pour saint - barth\u00e9lemy ] questel , k . & le quellec , f . 2012 . la faune terrestre et aquatique de saint - barth\u00e9lemy ( antilles fran\u00e7aises ) . synth\u00e8se bibliographique et quelques donn\u00e9es in\u00e9dites . version 1 . 2 . la r\u00e9serve naturelle de saint - barth\u00e9lemy , alsophis et universit\u00e9 des antilles et de la guyane . 65 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n\u00bb genus cremnobates w . t . blanford , 1863 accepted as cremnoconchus w . t . blanford , 1869 ( invalid : junior homonym of cremnobates swainson , 1855 , and cremnobates gunther , 1861 ; cremnoconchus is a replacement name )\n\u00bb genus lacunaria dall , 1885 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827 ( non conrad , 1866 )\n\u00bb genus lacunitunica golikov & gulbin , 1978 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827\n\u00bb genus bacalia h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as littorina f\u00e9russac , 1822\n\u00bb genus littorina - capsula accepted as peasiella g . nevill , 1885 ( unavailable name : established for the egg capsules of various littorinids )\n\u00bb genus tectarium p . fischer , 1885 accepted as tectarius valenciennes , 1832 ( unjustified emendation )\ngenus tamanella [ sic ] accepted as temanella rovereto , 1899 accepted as lacuna w . turton , 1827\n( of lacunidae gray , 1857 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nthe genus gyraxis in hispaniola is reviewed , currently only known from the area of the bah\u00eda de saman\u00e1 in the dominican republic . it includes three taxa : gyraxis samana ( clench , 1966 ) , g . sericata ( pilsbry , 1903 ) and g . excalibur new species . the radular morphology and isolation from cuban gyraxis suggest they may yet require a new genus\nwatters also , when dealing with the nomen inquirendum cylindrella gouldiana pfeiffer , 1853 , indicated this taxon has never been figured and that crosse subsequently mentioned the first precise locality for the species ( \u201cr\u00e9gion dominicaine : rochers du tablaso , pr\u00e8s san cristobal ( a . sall\u00e9 ) \u201d ) . watters expressed \u201cit is not clear how he knew this\u201d . this answer is simple : crosse always indicated behind his localities the collector of the material , in this case sall\u00e9 . the material which crosse saw may either have been returned to sall\u00e9 or have ended up in the crosse collection . both collections have been dispersed after their owner\u2019s death , and the current depository of the material is unknown .\nreference : watters , g . t . , 2018 . the genus gyraxis pilsbry , 1903 ( gastropoda : urocoptidae ) from bah\u00eda de saman\u00e1 area of the dominican republic . \u2013 journal of conchology , 43 : 103 - 108 .\nsalles et al . just published a paper on the tropical helicarionid snail ovachlamys fulgens ( gude , 1900 ) for which they used brazilian material to redescribe the species .\nthe authors have done a thorough morphological and anatomical study , which will undoubtedly help to identify this species in future .\nreference : salles , a . c . a . , oliveira , c . d . c . & absal\u00e3o , r . s . , 2018 . redescription of the jumping snail ovachlamys fulgens ( gude , 1900 ) ( gastropoda : helicarionoidea : helicarionidae ) : an anatomical and conchological approach . \u2013 the nautilus , 132 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 .\njust published : the revised nomenclator and classification of gastropod families ( and above ) by bouchet et al . , 2017 . it is an update of the first version , now more than 10 years ago , plus an addition of monoplacophoran families .\nj . morris & lycett , 1851 , under art . 70 . 3 ;\ng . o . sars , 1878 , under art . 70 . 3 ;\nchevreux , 1906 ( january ) [ amphipoda ] ; yuopisthonematidae n\u00fctzel , nom . nov . , and\nyu , 1974 , non gill , 1862 [ pisces ] . the new family - group name burnupiidae albrecht is established in this work ; and the names scolodontina and orthalicoidei are first used here to denote , respectively , a suborder containing the family scolodontidae , and an infraorder containing the superfamily orthalicoidea\nthis important work will serve as a guide for the correct classification of higher levels in these groups , and also as a rich source for data . the references contain several collations providing publication dates for different parts of works .\nrevised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . \u2013 malacologia , 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 .\nincidentally i found on the net a very useful document , explaining the use of biological ( i . e . zoological ) names and also of relevant articles in the iczn code .\neven those who are familiar with the code can find bits of information that are enlightening . personally i was happy to see a further explanation of art . 11 . 6 which rules the names published as junior synonym ( p . 68 - 69 ) . as francisco welter - schultes wrote to me , this is especially for malacologists a hot topic and needs further action from the commission . but the 5th edition of the code is only expected in 2020 or later , so in the meantime one has to cope with the situation by trying to keep nomenclature as stabile as possible .\nthe document can be found at http / / www . gbif . org / orc / ? doc _ id = 2784 or at urltoken\njust published : a paper on jousseaume\u2019s tautonyms by leo van gemert and myself .\nwe present a short biography of f\u00e9lix - pierre jousseaume ( 12 april 1835 - 3 november 1921 ) and an addition to his bibliography . he published in total 138 malacological and 21 non - malacological articles or books . in the appendix additional references are listed in comparison with an earlier published preliminary bibliography . jousseaume received many comments from other malacologists , especially for his tautonyms . critical remarks from weinkauff , tryon , woodward and mellvill , and one comment from jousseaume , are cited .\nin total jousseaume published 28 new species - level taxa as primary , absolute taunonyms ( new genus and new species ) and 24 secondary ones ( 22 with a new genus and 2 with a new species name ) . the virtual tautonyms ( with almost identical genus and species names ) are not discussed . however , for four taxa of jousseaume it is unclear if the taxon is a tautonym or a virtual tautonym . in our view the problems were caused by carelessness of jousseaume . these four taxa are discussed extensively and a conclusion is presented on the correct name . the results are shown in the tables with the original name ( invariably the tautonym ) , source of the original name , and the present view on the taxon with the source and ( explanatory ) remarks\nreference : gemert , l . j . van & breure , a . s . h . , 2017 . the tautonyms of jousseaume : a taxonomical studt . \u2013 folia conchyliologica , 42 : 14 - 23 .\nas an advance online publication , recently appeared the paper by sei et al . on the phylogenetic relationships within the sagdoidea .\nthis is a nice piece of research for which the authors did extensive dna research with 3 loci and divergence time analysis . this resulted in a major taxonomical revision of the group , defining the pleurodontidae and erecting the labyrinthidae and zachrysiidae .\nreference : sei , m . , robinson , r . g . , geneva , a . j . & rosenberg , g . , 2017 . doubled helix : sagdoidea is the overlooked sister group of helicoidea ( mollusca : gastropoda : pulmonata ) . \u2013 biological journal of the linnean society , xx : 1 - 32 [ advance online publication , hence the correct reference will be different ] .\ntaxonomy of fossils and recent species sometimes intertwines as demonstrated by a new publication of kadolsky .\nreference : kadolsky , d . , 2017 . on the type species of the genus galactochilus sandberger , 1875 , with a review of the identity of helix cornumilitare linnaeus , 1758 and of its misidentifications ( gastropoda : helicoidea ) . \u2013 archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde , 146 : 97 - 110 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1621, "summary": [{"text": "amphorella melampoides is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family ferussaciidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to madeira , portugal . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "amphorella melampoides", "paragraphs": ["pesi portal - amphorella ( amphorella ) melampoides ( r . t . lowe , 1831 )\ninformation on amphorella melampoides is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella melampoides )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella melampoides )\ntitle =\narkive species - amphorella ( amphorella melampoides )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amphorella melampoides < / i > shell specimen\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nnational museum & galleries of wales biodiversity & systematic biology national museum & galleries of wales cathays park cardiff cf10 3np united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 2920 573244 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 2920 239829 harriet . wood @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 376 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 464 seconds . )\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > ."]}
{"id": 1624, "summary": [{"text": "mandarina luhuana is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family bradybaenidae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this species is endemic to chichi-jima and minami-jima of the bonin islands in japan . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "mandarina luhuana", "paragraphs": ["mollusc specialist group 1996 . mandarina luhuana . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsize : ca . 4 , 3 cm ( shell diameter ) extinction date : ca . 500 a . d . ( ? )\nreferences : - tadashige habe :\nfossil land snails from minami - jima , bonin islands . science reports of the tohoku university , 6 : 51\u201353 . 1973 - isao sarashinaa ; yoshiki kunitomoa ; minoru iijimaa ; satoshi chibab ; kazuyoshi endoa : preservation of the shell matrix protein dermatopontin in 1500 year old land snail fossils from the bonin islands . organic geochemistry , 39 , ( 2008 ) , 1742 - 1746\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\n, you might also need permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nsowerby g . b . ( 1839 ) molluscous animals and their shells ( by gray j . e . , continued by sowerby g . b . ) . in : beechey f . w . ed . the zoology of captain beecheyls voyage to the pacific and behring ' s straits , p . 103 - 155 , h . g . born , london , p . 143 , p . 35 , fig . 4 .\nthis page was last edited on 29 march 2018 , at 00 : 42 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sunmedia < / portalid > < sessionid > tnrpewxzd6jf . x - sunmedia - live - 01 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 188 . 172 . 255 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531159031607 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > recommendtolibrary < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >"]}
{"id": 1628, "summary": [{"text": "sabahtortrix is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , sabahtortrix montana , which is found on sabah in malaysia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the habitat consists of primary montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish , cream along the costa preserved as some spots , otherwise suffused green .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are some black-brown dots and refractive spots and there is subterminal grey suffusion in the dorsosubterminal area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are cream brown with rust-brown hairs and suffusion at the base . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "sabahtortrix", "paragraphs": ["sabahtortrix is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family . it contains only one species , sabahtortrix montana , which is found on sabah in malaysia .\nabstract : ten genera and eighteen species are treated , of which six genera ( shafferograptis tuck & amp ; razowski , gen . n . , merguinia razowski , gen . n . , cordatijuxta razowski , gen . n . , sabahtortrix razowski , gen . n . , spinacleris razowski , gen . n . , curioseboda razowski , gen . n . ) and eighteen species ( shafferograptis michaeli tuck & amp ; razowski , sp . n . , merguinia merguinea razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis alleni razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis katmandana razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis phulchokia razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis viridphantasma razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia tarica razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia solomensis razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia impetigo razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis dipterocarpi razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis cypta razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis engis razowski , sp . n . , cordatijuxta thailandiae razowski , sp . n . , sabahtortrix montana razowski , sp . n . , acleris kerincia razowski , sp . n . , acleris schiasma razowski , sp . n . , spinacleris inthanoni razowski , sp . n . , curioseboda probola razowski , sp . n . ) are described as new .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nebscohost | 82150962 | descriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\ndescriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nsource : shilap revista de lepidopterologia . sep2012 , vol . 40 issue 159 , p315 - 335 . 21p .\ncopyright of shilap revista de lepidopterologia is the property of sociedad hispano - luso - americana de lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .\nfor access to this entire article and additional high quality information , please check with your college / university library , local public library , or affiliated institution .\nimportant user information : remote access to ebsco ' s databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal , non - commercial use . however , remote access to ebsco ' s databases from non - subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non - subscribing institution .\nbrachiolia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npanegyra is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npareboda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\napotoforma kakamegae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family that is endemic to kenya .\nberyllophantis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nelaeodina is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nherotyda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nanameristes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .\npseudocroesia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\naleimma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\napotoforma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\narchigraptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nsanguinograptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1637, "summary": [{"text": "scratch , also known as scratch ii ( foaled 1947 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the prix du jockey club and the classic st leger stakes in 1950 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "scratch won the solario stakes in england as a two-year-old and emerged as one of the best of a very strong generation of french-trained colts in the following year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the prix de guiche and prix greffulhe in the early part of the year and then defeated the year 's outstanding three-year-old colt tantieme in the prix du jockey club .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the autumn of 1950 he won the st leger by defeating vieux manoir , who had beaten him in the grand prix de paris .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the prix jean prat as a four-year-old before being retired to stud where he had an unremarkable record as a sire of winners in europe and south america . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "scratch ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["i give credit to whoever made the outline of this horse and of course scratch .\na scratch in horse racing simply means that a horse that was entered to run in a race will not be running in that race .\nsome people near red lodge thought a horse was in distress and stuck on a pipe . turns out the horse just wanted to scratch her belly .\ncoloured the horse in according to what my dream horse would look like . the background i drew from scratch and was inspired by halloween costume which was a cobweb dress .\ndeclared - in u . s . , a horse withdrawn from a stake in advance of scratch time . in europe , a horse confirmed to start in a race .\ngrandsire - grandfather of a horse , sire of the horse ' s dam .\n\u201criders and handlers should be encouraged to scratch rather than pat their horses as a reward . \u201d\nlearning how to properly scratch your horse is one of the best training tools you can have . a horse is a body oriented animal , so speaking to it through body language is the best way to communicate .\ni think i would have a revolt on my hands if i didn ' t give my horses a good scratch every day .\ndel mar stewards said on thursday that the scratch of smogcutter would be referred to the racing board\u2019s investigators for a possible complaint .\nquarter horse - breed of horse especially fast for a quarter of a mile , from which its name is derived .\nbreak ( a horse ) - to accustom a young horse to racing equipment and methods , and to carry a rider .\nbritish researchers presented findings at the recent international equitation science conference in denmark that a scratch on the wither was more effective as a reward than a pat .\nsometimes a scratch isn\u2019t the decision of the connections of a horse . before each race a horse is inspected - typically by a race official called a steward and a veterinarian . if there is any reason that they believe that the horse will not be able to run his best , that he will potentially create a dangerous situation in a race , or that he is not likely to fairly represent the bettors who back him then they have the ability to scratch any horse . they can do so any time from the day before a race to minutes before the race starts .\nthere are all sorts of reasons that a horse can be scratched from a race . first off is because of a decision by an owner or a trainer . sometimes a trainer will enter a horse in two or more different races at the same time , and then wait until closer to the day of the race to decide which one sets up better for the horse . other times , a trainer will scratch a horse if the conditions of the racing surface aren\u2019t going to be ideal - like if rain has made a turf course too soft for a horse to run his best , for example . a trainer could also scratch a horse if they aren\u2019t happy how the horse has trained leading up to the race , or if they have concerns about his health and readiness .\nrewarding a horse by giving him a good scratch is the best training tool you can use . scratching is how horses communicate happiness and contentment in the wild , and by using this natural body language , you will communicate directly with your horse in a better way than voice or training equipment alone .\ni am also a firm believer in scratching . my horses love it and it is great for bonding . my horse will stop eating to get a neck scratch . he absolutely loves it when i dig my nails in along his crest .\neased - chart caller ' s assessment of a horse that is being deliberately slowed by the jockey to prevent injury or harm to the horse .\nmuzzle - nose and lips of a horse . also a guard placed over a horse ' s mouth to prevent him from biting or eating .\nit\u2019s rare to find an acreage property of this size so close to everything and it\u2019s a fantastic opportunity to develop a truly unique retirement village from scratch , \u201d mr bentley said .\nlead pony - horse or pony who heads parade of field from paddock to starting gate . also a horse or pony who accompanies a starter to post .\nleg up - to help a jockey mount his horse . also a jockey having a mount . also to strengthen a horse ' s legs through exercise .\nschooling - accustoming a horse to starting from the gate and to teach him racing practices . in steeplechasing , more particularly to teach a horse to jump .\nthis studio is dedicated to creating and sharing fun , horse - themed games .\nall win / place / show bets involving a scratched horse will be refunded .\nbreeze - working a horse at a moderate speed ; less effort than handily .\nhand ride - urging a horse with the hands and not using the whip .\npost position - position of stall in starting gate from which a horse starts .\nsilks - jacket and cap worn by riders which designate owner of the horse .\nspit box - receptacle for urine and blood taken from a horse for testing .\nstall walker - horse that moves about his stall and frets rather than rests .\nthe best place to scratch your horse is where the withers meet the neck . naturally , this is an area a horse cannot reach itself , so it is an area that is like the middle of the human back . anything that can access it and give it a good scratching is welcome and will be sought after . so using this area as a training tool by giving the horse a reward scratching is just good sense .\nno websites or painting apps or whatever aloud it has to be all done on scratch . ( sorry but it just isn ' t fair to those who can ' t do it . )\nscratch ( fr ) ch . h , 1947 { 14 - f } dp = 20 - 8 - 8 - 14 - 2 ( 52 ) di = 1 . 60 cd = 0 . 58\nthe trio concluded : \u201cwe found that patting was less effective than wither scratching , with the latter resulting in responses similar to those found in positive horse - horse interaction .\nbit - bar in horse ' s mouth by which he is guided and controlled .\nbottom - stamina in a horse . also , sub - surface of racing strip .\nexercise rider - male or female rider who is aboard a horse in the mornings .\nnear side - left side of a horse , side on which he is mounted .\nshort - a horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form .\ntimber topper - jumper or steeplechase horse . more properly horses jumping over timber fences .\ngraduate - winning first time , horse or rider . also , graduate of the claiming ranks - a horse , that has moved up to allowance , stakes or handicap racing .\neach portion of an exacta / trifecta / superfecta involving a scratched horse will be refunded .\nblack type - designation for a stakes winner or stakes - placed horse in sales catalogues .\ncuppy ( track ) - a surface which breaks away under a horse ' s hoof .\ndropdown - a horse meeting a lower class of rival than he had been running against .\nequipment - whip , blinkers , etc . gear carried by a horse in a race .\nnose - smallest advantage a horse can win by . in england called a short head .\noverweight - surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight .\nshow bet - wager on a horse to finish in the money ; third or better .\nstrip - markings of a horse . white hairs running part - way down the face .\nhe was the last horse to be named a champion at 2 , 3 and 4 .\nit took me about 3 years to learn to canter my horse correctly ! just because someone owns a horse , it doesn ' t mean that they are a perfect rider . don ' t make the assumption that all horse owners are fantastic riders , they really are not .\nbleeder - horse who bleeds during or after a workout or race due to ruptured blood vessel .\ncalk - projection bottom of shoe to give horse greater traction , especially on a wet track .\nhead - a margin between horses . one horse leading another by the length of his head .\nlug ( in or out ) - action of a tiring horse , bearing in or out .\nshank - rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led .\nstar - small patch of white hair on a horse ' s forehead . also a credit a horse receives from being forced out of an overcrowded race , giving him priority in future races .\nstickers - calks on shoes which give a horse better traction in mud or on soft tracks .\ntaken up - a horse pulled up sharply by his rider because of being in close quarters .\nspectacular bid was the last horse to be named a champion at 2 , 3 and 4 .\nfrank zanzuccki , executive director of the new jersey racing commission , advised the meadowlands via email that the \u201ccommission does not have the legal authority to scratch a horse ( s ) already entered based on conditions imposed solely on one trainer by a racetrack operator . therefore , your request to have these horses scratched must be denied . \u201d\nupdate : according to a report at urltoken , the new jersey racing commission notified the meadowlands late tuesday afternoon that the track \u201cdoes not have the legal authority\u201d to scratch the two horses trained by chris oakes from the breeders ' crown .\nhey everyone ! i was bored , so i decided to try doing a galloping horse run cycle .\nbrace ( or bracer ) - rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or a workout .\ncenter of distribution - the balance point of speed and stamina influences in a horse ' s pedigree .\nconformation - a horse ' s build and general physical structure ; the way he is put together .\nmaiden - a horse who has not won a race . also applied to non - winning rider .\nmorning glory - horse who performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races .\npinhooker ; pinhook - to buy a horse at auction fo r the purpose of reselling him later .\nstripe - a white marking running down a horse ' s face to bridge of nose or below .\nhe was ranked 10th in a blood - horse poll of the top horses of the 20th century .\nanother spot is along the backbone , but be cautious . the backbone can be sensitive , so scratch more gently and watch your horses reaction . if he stretches out and wiggles his upper lip , he is enjoying it and you should continue .\nall art by me ! ( except for the running horse in the background from google images which i edited ) i credit urltoken for the horse neigh ( when about to run ) , and the user\naudio productions\non youtube for the horse gallop sound effect . all other sound effects by me .\nin order to be able to post messages on the the horse forum forums , you must first register .\nbred - a horse is bred at the place of his birth . also , the mating of horses .\nfalse favorite - horse who is bet down to favoritism when others would appear to outclass him on form .\nflatten out - when a horse drops his head almost on straight line with body . may indicate exhaustion .\nridden out - refers to a horse that wins under a vigorous hand ride but is not being whipped .\nsteadied - a horse being taken in hand by his rider , usually because of being in close quarters .\nof course , the connections of uncle mo dismiss any claims the horse doesn ' t have the distance .\nim pretty sure that any horse owner who happily offers you the chance to ride really isnt going to be judgemental about your confidence at canter . . heck it takes years as a part time rider to get the hang of it and even then you can be back to scratch with a change of horse . as long as you are safe on board , not aggressive or hard on the mouth , i would think most owners are happy to see someone having the pleasure of a ride .\nplease choose a username you will be satisfied with using for the duration of your membership at the horse forum .\n\u201canecdotal evidence and opinion suggest that patting is meaningless or even aversive to the horse , \u201d they told delegates .\n\u201cwither scratching could potentially increase horse / human bonding and act as a more effective reward , \u201d they said .\nthe horse , colors background etc . are all by me . so if you use anything please credit me !\ncloser - a horse who runs best in the latter part of the race , coming from off the pace .\ngallop - a type of gait , a fast canter . also , to ride a horse at that gait .\nicing - standing a horse in a bucket of ice or applying ice packs to the legs to encourage circulation .\nmare - female horse 5 years old or older . also , female of any age who has been bred .\noverlay - a horse going off at a higher price than he appears to warrant based on his past performances .\nprep ( or prep race ) - a workout or a race to prepare a horse for a future engagement .\nrefuse - when a horse will not break from the gate . in jumping races , balking at the jump .\ni haven ' t found a place yet that both horses don ' t like to be scratched . t ' s eyes close and walka moves towards me if i stop as if to say\nhey don ' t stop\n. i think scratching and rubbing are ways to help build a relationship with a horse and show affection . wish someone would scratch and rub me ! ! ! !\nbald ( or bald face ) - white face of horse , including eyes , nostrils or part of the latter .\nchecked - a horse pulled up by his jockey for an instant because he is cut off or in tight quarters .\ncolors - racing silks - jacket and cap - worn by riders to denote the owner ( s ) of horse .\nfees - amount paid to rider or the cost of nominating , entering or starting a horse in a stakes race .\nhorse - broadly , in any thoroughbred regardless of sex . specifically , an entire male 5 years old or older .\nneck - unit of measurement , about the length of a horse ' s neck ; a quarter of a length .\nrun - out bit - a special type of bit to prevent a horse from bearing out ( or in ) .\nsubscription - fee paid by owner to nominate horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race .\navila said masochistic was plagued by knee and tibia injuries as a young horse , which postponed the start of his career . thursday , avila said that masochistic was given the sedative because the horse has a tendency to try to bite stable staff .\nafter all , you don ' t have to canter your friend ' s horse if you don ' t want to .\nbandage - strips of cloth wound around the lower part of a horse ' s legs for support or protection against injury .\ncooling out - restoring a horse , usually by walking , to normal temperature after becoming overheated in a race or workout .\ncribber ( a wind sucker ) - a horse who clings to objects with his teeth and sucks air into his stomach .\ndosage diagram - a diagram showing the number and placement of chefs - de - race in a horse ' s pedigree .\ndosage index - mathematical reduction of the dosage diagram to a number reflecting a horse ' s potential for speed or stamina .\ngait - the ways in which a horse can move - walk , trot , canter , gallop , run , etc .\nlength - length of a horse from nose to tail , about 8 feet . also distance between horses in a race .\nif you have multiple selections in your pick 3 or pick 4 , each combination will be scored according to the ' top pick scratch rules ' . the host track / authority governs the settlement rules for scratched horses in pick wagers , operating in accordance with one of two different settlement rules :\n3 . if the host track doesn\u2019t offer a consolation payout , you will be refunded if a horse is scratched in one leg of your ticket , or if the first leg of your ticket wins and a horse is scratched in the second leg .\nacross the board - a bet on a horse to win , place and show . if the horse wins , the player collects three ways ; if second , two ways ; and if third , one way , losing the win and place bets .\na duck , a goose , a goat , and a horse all entered the barn at different times one day last week .\nclimbing - a fault in a horse ' s stride in which , instead of reaching out , his action is abnormally high .\nfront - runner - a horse who usually leads ( or tries to lead ) the field for as far as he can .\nsaddle cloth - cloth under the saddle on which number ( and sometimes horse ' s name ) denoting post position is displayed .\nwhip - instrument , usually of leather , with which rider strikes horse to increase his speed . also called bat and gad .\nnz connemara soc . nz farriers assn . aust / nz friesian soc . nz hanoverian soc . irish draught horse soc . advertising options\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nstate - bred - a horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in special races restricted to state - breds .\noh no ! we ' re having trouble displaying this scratch project . if you are on a mobile phone or tablet , try visiting this project on a computer . if you ' re on a computer , your flash player might be disabled , missing , or out of date . visit this page to update flash .\nscratching down on the chest , between the front legs , is another great spot . again , be cautious , as in the wild , a horse will nip at another horse in the chest when he wants to play , so make sure your horse knows you are going to touch him there for scratching purposes . watch his reaction and make sure you are ready to move if he nips at you .\ni don ' t\nsmack\n, but i do pet , kinda like petting a dog . more of a pat , with me saying\nthank you\n. when my kids get off the horses , they go to the head , fuss them & say\nthank you\n. i try to scratch at the withers , but my mustang usually backs away . if i get him along the mane behind the ear , he ' s like putty in my hands . if i actually scratch in the ear . . . . . that ' s all she wrote ! he ' d stand there for hours if i had the strength ! lol\nwhen riding , you can use the arrow keys to move the horse around . ( i drew all the sprites and background myself ) tell me if there are any glitches and if i should add anything new ! ( i havent finished the costumes for the riding horse yet )\nalso - eligible - a horse officially entered , but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number .\nblinkers - device to limit a horse ' s vision to prevent him from swerving from objects or other horses on either side of him .\nblowout - a short , final workout , usually a day or two before a race , designed to sharpen a horse ' s speed .\nbreather - restraining or easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit him to conserve or renew his strength .\nit was really exciting to see him ,\nbaffert said .\nhe ' s still the sweet , kind horse he is .\nthree riders interacted with their horses during the test and 15 patted their horse on test completion , with 12 continuing patting for over a minute .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\npast performances - a compilation in daily racing form of a horse ' s record , including all pertinent data , as a basis for handicapping .\nrundown - of a horse , to suffer abrasions on the heels as a result of contact with the dirt and sand of the track surface .\nshadow roll - usually a lamb ' s wool roll half way up the horse ' s face to keep him from seeing his own shadow .\ntongue strap - strap or tape bandage used to tie down a horse ' s tongue to prevent it from choking in a race or workout .\nyou can remix if you want , pls just say who originally made it and get rid of the logo ( horse gif at the start ) .\nif you have bet on a horse that has been scratched then , in most cases , your ticket will be void and your money will be returned . there is an exception , though . in multi - race bets - like a pick four or pick six , for example - they will not cancel your entire ticket because one horse is scratched . instead , they will turn your bet on the scratched horse into a bet on the favorite .\nthe horse ' s mental maturity . they ' re all different . again , if breaking means riding to you then add in physical maturity too .\ntry to enjoy riding your friend ' s horse , you can just take it easy and have a plod around . i don ' t know if it ' s an option to have lessons on this horse if you get on ? either way i hope it goes well for you , keep us posted !\nlead ( or lead pad ) - weights carried to make up the difference when a rider weighs less than the poundage a horse is assigned to carry .\non the very face of it , the introduction of a synoptic end - point - assessment may look like a retrograde step , a shift away from the idea that modular assessment , particularly via coursework , offers a fairer evaluation of performance over time . however , it takes only a light scratch of the surface to reveal that the situation is far less reactionary than it appears .\n1 . if the first leg of your ticket loses , the entire ticket is considered a loss , even if a horse is scratched in the second leg .\nnot having a perfect canter wouldn ' t prevent me from letting you ride my horse . i own him and i don ' t have a perfect canter .\n1 . if one of the coupled horses gets scratched and the rest of the entry runs , your wager will have action on the running horse ( s ) .\nmembers are allowed only one account per person at the horse forum , so if you ' ve made an account here in the past you ' ll need to continue using that account . please do not create a new account or you may lose access to the horse forum . if you need help recovering your existing account , please\ndaniel deusser and cornet d\u2019amour . a pat may not be all it\u2019s cracked up to be in the eyes of a horse . \u00a9 paul harding / lewis harding photography\nriders patted more on the right side of the horse ( 59 percent ) than the left ( 22 percent ) , or both sides simultaneously ( 19 percent ) .\nfaltered - used for a horse that was in contention early and drops back in the late stages . it is more drastic than weakened but less drastic than stopped .\nan iconic central coast horse stud farm is set to become a beachside green haven for retirees after fetching a regional record - making sale price of $ 12 million .\nwhen a horse is scratched , it means that it has been taken out of the race before the start of the race . a horse may be scratched in the days leading up to a race or the day of , right up until post time . our system marks scratches in the race pane so that you can ' t wager on them . however , if you wager on a horse prior to it being scratched from the race , we follow the official payout results posted by the host track .\ngive the horse food and water by feeding ( apple ) and watering ( puddle ) him . try to keep his ' thirst ' and ' hunger ' meter at 0 ( if your horse ' s thirst or hunger meter says - 1 , he ' s eaten more then he needs ! ) ! thirst goes up faster then hunger .\nspit the bit - when a horse quits running against the bit , usually because of fatigue ; often said disdainfully :\nluck lady really spit out the bit\n.\njust be careful , about ur health . to clarify , your horse will die , if you don ' t feed it heaps and heaps and heaps . ( just saying )\n2 . you will receive a consolation payout , provided the host track offers one , if a horse is scratched in one leg of your ticket and the other leg wins .\nfield horse ( or mutuel field ) - two or more starters running as a single betting unit , when there are more entrants than positions on the totalisator board can accommodate .\nprop - refusing to break with field from gate . standing flat - footed . also , when a horse suddenly stops running a full speed by extending his forefeet as\nbrakes .\nrundown bandages ( or wraps ) - bandages on the hind legs , usually with a pad inside , to keep a horse from\nburning\nor scraping his heels when he races .\nallowances - weight permitted to be reduced because of the conditions of the race or because an apprentice is on a horse . also , a weight females are entitled to when racing against males .\nbar shoe - a horse shoe with a rear bar to protect an injured foot ; bar shoes may be worn with aluminum pads to protect a bruised frog , or my be worn alone .\ntwitch - a device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope at one end , which is placed around a horse ' s nose and upper lip and twisted to curb fractiousness .\nhe was losing weight and had little appetite , bad signs for a horse .\nwhen you talk about surviving versus racing , i was worried about surviving ,\nrepole said last week .\nhello fellow turtles , humans , and horses ! i re - did ominouscat ' s horse animation and added color and a background to it ! i might have overdone the clouds tho . . .\nbefore i bought my own horse i shared various horses for about 10 years . the most successful shares were the ones where i go on well with the owner and communicated well with them . if you are honest and straightforward , you will hopefully find a successful share pretty easily . but also be warned that some horsey people are pretty nutty and not everyone will be 100 % honest . always see the owner ride the horse before you do , and trust your gut instinct . if you don ' t feel comfortable riding the horse then there is no shame in getting off and walking away . privately owned horses vary hugely in their training and experience , and for a rider wanting to gain confidence and experience you need to ensure the horse you share is well trained and well mannered .\nuncle mo , with jockey john r . velazquez , captures the kelso horse race at belmont park in new york on oct . 1 , 2011 . ( new york racing association / associated press )\nthat would be spectacular bid ' s last defeat , as he won the 1979 meadowlands cup and then all nine of his starts at four . the end came on sept . 20 , 1980 , in the woodward , when the scratch of marlboro cup winner winter ' s tale prompted the connections of temperence hill and dr . patches to also pull out of the race , giving spectacular bid a walkover in the final race of a career that was quite fittingly , spectacular .\nthe horse with a misspelled name finally did what racing fans were waiting 37 years for , won the triple crown . now american pharoah can settle down to a life of leisure on the kentucky bluegrass .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nbobble - a bad step away from the starting gate , usually caused by the track breaking away from under a horse ' s hoof and causing him to duck his head or nearly go to his knees .\nodds - on - odds of less than even money . in england it is simply called\non ,\nthus a horse\n5 - 4 on\nis actually at odds of 4 - 5 .\nwhat age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? summer of 3rd year - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? she was strong enough to take a saddle - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . very difficult here , my girl was a homebred so had 3 years of correct handling / prep so putting on saddle and backing took 3 days unknown horse you have to play it as you go along - what is the first step you take ? my homebred could already lunge / long line . so introduce saddle on lunge , then hop on - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? teach the horse respect and able to move the horse around and control - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? yes , but these were\nfailed\nattempts so where more of a re - backing or attempt 2 , 3 , 4 . . . . . . . incorrect prep and not ensuring the horse had accepted the stages as you go . - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? yes i back in the summer prior to starting ridden work - gives them time to grow and mature further , before coming in at 4 ready to start work\ngo for it & be yourself . watch how the owner handles & rides the horse , that should give you a fair idea of what to do , and don ' t be afraid to ask the owner how her & her horse prefer things done - the majority of owners like their horses how they are & don ' t want someone trying to change things . relax & enjoy , what have you got to lose ?\nrepole isn ' t shy about which uncle mo horse he will be cheering for on saturday \u2014 the one he owns . outwork is out of a mare , nonna mia , that repole named after his grandmother .\nhancock and her colleagues , as part of their study , also looked at the use of patting in a ridden situation , assessed footage of 16 horse - rider pairs at the 2012 london olympics games competing in dressage .\ncondition race - an event with conditions limiting it to a certain class of horse . such as : fillies , 3 - year - olds , non - winners of two races other than maiden or claiming , etc .\nwe do not change members ' usernames upon request because that would make it difficult for everyone to keep track of who is who on the forum . for that reason , please do not incorporate your horse ' s name into your username so that you are not stuck with a username related to a horse you may no longer have some day , or use any other username you may no longer identify with or care for in the future .\nso , i just kinda need some confirmation . i know how to look after a horse - grooming etc , as well as mucking out if need be , and the owner agreed to teach me how to tack up and check if i got it right if i needed . would you let me look after / ride your horse ? i really want to know what to expect as a response , since i hate going into things blind .\n- what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? end of 3yo year or beginning of 4yo - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? generally when i buy them i don ' t have my own land and can ' t afford to keep anything younger - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . depends on the horse , but i tend to hack them alone from the start . so 3 - 5 weeks depending on horse - what is the first step you take ? once they are happy being handled then saddle cloth and then roller , firstly in the stable then walking - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? really simplified otherwise would be really long saddle cloth , roller then bit led in above and short lunge in trot swap roller for saddle and repeat , then add dangling stirrups and repeat long rein including out and about all through the above jump about and bang / jiggle the saddle on occasion and stand on something high next to them lay over and lead in walk swing leg over and get on lead in walk lunge in trot off lunge make sure i can turn / stop then hack for at least a month - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? only when i have had horses others have tried to break first , never if i have done from scratch - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? not a fan of turning away myself , but they don ' t work that hard . 3 - 4 days a week of gentle hacking . obviously it depends on the horse , but this is the basic plan i use . how long each stage takes will depend on the horse though . don ' t like schooling breakers so do tend to hack earlier than some . i am lucky we have good , safe hacking and so many horses about drivers tend to be pretty good .\nit matters a lot\nif outwork wins , repole said .\ni ' ve got to root for my own horse . losing to a son of uncle mo is not going to make me feel any better .\nwhat age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? three or four . - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? how well grown is the horse , mentally and physically , and what plans do i have for it going forward . - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . as long as it takes - but normally 6 - 8 weeks . - what is the first step you take ? teach the horse to lunge . - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? lunge , saddle , rider . bit / bridle normally much later , if at all . - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? no , but then i have only done 9 or 10 . - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? i have done with endurance horses - start as a four year old , then turn out for say 3 months and then start legging up for their first season at five . however the three year old that has just been started is not an endurance horse , so she will just keep pottering along three or four days a week . read more at urltoken\ni have been riding professionally at the highest levels for 43 years and i would be one of the 15 riders patting . the rider that was stroking probably did not finish well and was telling their horse \u201ci love you anyway ! \u201d\nrabbit - a horse that is considered to have little chance of winning a race but is entered purely to ensure a fat pace and tire out the other front - runners , softening up the competition for the benefit of an entrymate .\nfunny , many of the places she said to scratch , a mare would be upset if you scratched them there . i notice she says\nhe\nso maybe its a gelding / stallion itchy spots article . my mare hates getting scratched at the wither / neck area . she also hates the chest area being scratched . every mare i own wants to have their butts scratched . its so embarrassing to be out with them in the pasture . every one of them will walk up and after the initial greeting , turn their butts to me for a good scratching .\nthe horse the connections of smogcutter scratched to avoid running against , masochistic , won thursday ' s first race by 2 1 / 2 lengths over passing game , with minimal urging from jockey victor espinoza . he paid $ 2 . 80 .\nthe colt had won his first four races , before a disappointing third in the wood memorial . something was going on with the horse but no one quite knew what . still , he was installed as the favorite for the kentucky derby .\n, one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event for three - year - old colts and fillies , it is run annually in september at\ncast - a horse is a cast when he lies down in the stall in such a way that he is too close to the wall , and there is a danger that he may not be able to get up by himself without injury .\ngrab a quarter - to strike the side of a front foot with a hind foot . this is racetrack jargon that would be expressed more clearly by saying that the horse overstepped or overreached and cut himself ; reserve grabbed a quarater for direct quotes .\nowners david frankham and brian carmody withdrew smogcutter from thursday\u2019s first race at del mar to protest the presence of a rival horse that tested positive for a sedative in march , but whose trainer , a . c . avila , has yet to be sanctioned .\nbay - color of horse varying from yellowish tan ( light bay ) to brown or dark , rich shade of mahogany ( sometimes listed as dark bay or brown ) with black points - black mane , tail and shadings of black low on the legs .\nthe decision to scratch and retire i\u2019ll have another with swelling in his left front leg on the day before the belmont stakes cost him a shot to become the 12th triple crown winner , but owner j . paul reddam still stands to make millions in stud fees . while the three - year - old colt would likely have commanded an even greater fee had he raced and won saturday , most bloodstock agents and other experts expect him to garner $ 5 million to $ 10 million as a sire . here\u2019s a look at the post - belmont careers \u2013 both on and off the track \u2013 of the 11 triple crown winners .\nminus pool - a mutuel pool caused when one horse is so heavily played that , after deductions of state tax and commission , there is not enough money left to pay the legally prescribed minimum on each winning bet . the racing association usually makes up the difference .\nsuper red , as fans knew him , ran his final race at the canadian championship in toronto in october 1973 . he went to stud under the terms of a then - record $ 6 . 08 million syndication deal , which helped pay off the estate taxes of his owner\u2019s father . ( syndication deals spread the inherent gamble associated with high - stakes breeding across multiple buyers , who purchase shares in the horse . each share grants the owner the right to breed a mare of his or her choosing with the syndicated horse once a year for as long as the horse lives . ) secretariat retired as the sixth - leading money winner of all - time , but had mixed success as a stallion . he was put down on oct . 5 , 1989 , after suffering from laminitis , an incurable hoof condition .\na horse can be scratched leading up to the race if there is an accident of some sort . horses can be scratched because they flip when they are getting saddled , because they throw their rider on the way to the gate , or they are unruly in the gate .\nin a phone interview on wednesday evening , frankham said that he and carmody were protesting a lack of action beyond the redistribution of the purse by the california horse racing board regarding masochistic\u2019s positive for the tranquilizer acepromazine , found in a post - race test conducted on march 15 .\nthe following tracks apply to the ' substitute favorite scratch rules ' : arlington park , australia a , australia b , australia c , australia d , balmoral park , belterra park , beulah park , calder race course , canterbury park , delta downs , dubai meydan , emerald downs , fairmount park , fort erie , gulfstream park , hastings park , hoosier park , indiana downs , laurel park , lone star park , maywood park , meadows , northfield park , oaklawn park , parx racing , penn national , pimlico , plainridge , portland meadows , prairie meadows , remington park , retama park , ruidoso downs , sam houston race park , suffolk downs , sunland park , thistledown , and woodbine .\nthe star of uncle mo ' s first crop is nyquist , the undefeated 3 - year - old and presumptive favorite for saturday ' s race , followed by outwork , who won the wood memorial at aqueduct . the third horse is mo tom , who has won three of seven races .\nmike watchmaker , national handicapper for the daily racing form , has nyquist ranked first but has continually mentioned the horse ' s distance capability . his comment in the latest derbywatch was :\nimposing record , has now won at 9 furlongs , if not quickly . ten furlongs remains the question .\nin her study , hancock and her fellow researchers observed 16 horse / rider combinations in the grand prix special dressage test of the 2012 olympic games in london . overall , pats dominated any other type of non - aid contact : riders issued 350 pats throughout the grand prix competition and only three strokes .\ntriple crown , in british horse racing , championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas , the derby , and the saint leger . in britain the term triple crown is also applied\u2014though far less commonly\u2014to a filly that in a single season\u2026\ngainsborough , ( foaled 1915 ) , english racehorse ( thoroughbred ) who won the british triple crown , consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket , the derby at epsom downs , and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918 . the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance , being the sire of the\u2026\nthe following tracks apply to the ' void scratch rules ' : albuquerque , aqueduct racetrack , arapahoe park , belmont park , california expo , charles town , churchill downs , del mar , delaware park , dover downs , ellis park , evangeline downs , evangeline quarter , fair grounds , finger lakes , fonner park , freehold raceway , golden gate fields , harrington raceway , hawthorne , hazel park , keenland , kentucky downs , los alamitos , louisiana downs , meadowlands , monmouth , monticello raceway , mountaineer park , northville , pleasenton , pocono downs , presque isle downs , red mile , santa anita park , santa rosa , saratoga , solano , tampa bay downs , turf paradise , turfway park , yavapai downs , yonkers , and zia park .\nlunging , first in a rope halter , then free lunge . they need to walk , trot , canter on command and be paying attention to me throughout . ground driving with and with out saddle , over poles and bending . then we work under saddle in the arena for a couple months until i ' m sure they will listen to aids and give to pressure . again , depends on the horse . also , i typically had only two days a week to work with them . if you can work them more often , and if they ' re ready maybe it ' s weeks rather than months . but i base it on the horse .\ni am currently studying for my degree in equitation science and need to do some research for an assignment on a chosen area of interest . i want to find out people ' s different approaches and experiences when dealing with youngsters ? i would be very grateful for some feedback on these questions below . thank you very much for your time . - what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . - what is the first step you take ? - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ?"]}
{"id": 1646, "summary": [{"text": "ki ming ( 1948 \u2013 1957 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic 2000 guineas in 1951 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a two-year-old he showed promise to win at royal ascot but his season was disrupted when his trainer was banned for a doping offence .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at three , he recorded an upset win over a large field to win the guineas but failed when favourite for the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in autumn he returned to sprint distances and won the diadem stakes at ascot .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his record as a breeding stallion was very disappointing . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "ki ming", "paragraphs": ["contribute to imdb . add a bio , trivia , and more . update information for ki ming \u00bb\nabstract london , may 29 . \u2014australian jockey\nscobie\nbreasley thinks that ki ming will win the english derby on\nin only his second english season breasley rode his first classic winner , the 2 , 000 guineas on ki ming .\ndepartment of biomedical imaging and radiological sciences , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan .\nwed 30 may 1951 - the courier - mail ( brisbane , qld . : 1933 - 1954 ) page 7 - ki ming is derby fancy\nthe courier - mail ( brisbane , qld . : 1933 - 1954 ) , wed 30 may 1951 , page 7 - ki ming is derby fancy\ndepartment of biomedical imaging and radiological sciences , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan ; biophotonics and molecular imaging research center , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan . electronic address : fyyang @ ym . edu . tw .\nki ming joint favourite ttwo thoiisand guineas winner . xi ming , became ioim ten to one favourite with american - owned turco . ii foe the epsom derby at victoria club & # 39 ; . london & amp ; gt ; - over last night . but the big money was for zucchero . which was backed down to 100 - 7 . zucchero is owned by\ndepartment of biomedical imaging and radiological sciences , national yang - ming university , taipei , taiwan . electronic address : jcchen @ ym . edu . tw .\nming wai lau centre for reparative medicine is established to further accelerate research in stem cell biology , biomedical engineering , biotechnology , and regenerative medicine at karolinska institutet .\nchhodo kal ki baatein ( 2012 ) \u2013 urltoken ( 128 kbps ) . zip\nchhodo kal ki baatein ( 2012 ) \u2013 urltoken ( 320 kbps ) . zip\n[ m17 ] ming - yam alvin lo , design and implementation of analog continuous - time min - sum iterative decoders , mphil thesis , hkust , aug . 24 , 2010 .\nchief investigator : dr . hao zhidong ; co - investigators : dr . shun - hing chan , dr . kuo wen - ban , dr . ming jing and dr . tam yik - fai\n\u201cthe umbrella movement and christians : implications for democratic movement . \u201d ( chinese language ) pp . 135 - 157 in democracy and governance in hong kong , edited by sing ming . hong kong : step forward multi media .\nchief investigator : dr . shun - hing chan ; co - investigator : dr . anthony lam sui - ki\ngovernance crisis and social mobilization of the christian churches in hong kong .\npp . 58 - 84 in politics and government in hong kong : crisis under chinese sovereignty , edited by ming sing . new york : routledge .\nhe arrived in england in 1950 with a contract to ride for noel cannon , private trainer to the flour mill millionaire jimmy rank . his first mount in england , promotion , won at liverpool on march 23 . the next year breasley won his first classic , the 2 , 000 guineas , on ki ming , and in the autumn he won the cambridgeshire on fleeting moment .\nthe inauguration of ming wai lau centre for reparative medicine took place on 7 october 2016 at charles k . kao auditorium , hong kong science park , shatin , new territories and a traditional ribbon - cutting ceremony was officiated by representatives of the chinese and hong kong governments , the consul general of sweden in hong kong and macao , senior management of ki and steering group and management team of mwlc .\nmichael beary , a natural horseman , rode with great style and dash . he was born in co . tipperary in ireland and came to england at the age of 18 to be apprenticed to henry persse . in addition to four classics gained as a jockey , michael beary trained the 2000 guineas winner ki ming , originally in the care of his brother john , whose license to train had been withdrawn .\n\u00eb the incredible first running saw supreme court beat a terrific field that included the winner of the french derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe ( tantieme ) , epsom derby victor ( arctic prince ) , french derby and st leger winner ( scratch ii ) , 1 , 000 guineas heroine ( belle of all ) , 2 , 000 guineas scorer ( ki ming ) and washington international stakes winner ( wilwyn ) .\n[ tk01 ] w . h . ki ,\npower factor basics ,\nir \u03bcpfc tm technical seminar , shenzhen , june 9 , 2006 .\n[ tk02 ] w . h . ki ,\ndesign issues of switching converters ,\nadi technology forum , sanya , dec . 27 , 2007 .\n[ tk04 ] w . h . ki ,\nsmall signal analysis of switching converters ,\nzhejiang university , hangzhou , sept . 25 , 2009 .\nming wai lau centre for reparative medicine ( mwlc ) aims to contribute to the improvement of human health by conducting cutting - edge research in reparative medicine and related subjects , by creating a new platform for synergies between academia and innovation in sweden and hong kong as well as china , and fostering future leaders in both academia and industry .\nanyone aware of what passed for a rule in those days would have shied away from ki ming in 1951 ; how could a son of ballyogan ( whose five successes had all been over five furlongs ) start favourite at epsom ? the very idea ! that was a little before my time , and just when it was that i became conversant with the theory i don\u2019t recall , but it must have been after 1958 , or i would not have been able to convince myself \u2013 as i did \u2013 that hard ridden was going to win .\n[ tk03 ] w . h . ki ,\ndevelopment of integrated switched - capacitor power converters ,\njoint university workshop on power electronics , hong kong , jan . 9 , 2009 .\nthe 2017 gossiper retreat took place on 23 august , where lau faculty and fellows met with many other researchers at ki to get knowledge about each other ' s research and find potential new collaborations .\n[ p01 ] w . h . ki ,\ncurrent sensing technique using mos transistors scaling with matched bipolar current sources\n, u . s . patent 5 , 757 , 174 , may 26 , 1998 .\n[ p02 ] j . hwang and w . h . ki ,\ninput current modulation for power factor correction\n, u . s . patent 5 , 804 , 950 , sept . 8 , 1998 .\n[ p05 ] m . chan , c . xu and w . h . ki ,\nultra low voltage cmos image sensor architecture ,\nus patent 7 , 005 , 626 , feb 28 , 2006 .\nexons 5 - 8 in one lesion ( case 9 ) , and we failed to show any mutation . ki - 67 - li in these lesions was quite variable , ranging from 1 % to 40 % .\npang , m . f . , and ki , w . w . ( 2016 ) . revisiting the idea of \u2018critical aspects\u2019 . scandinavian journal of educational research , 60 ( 3 ) , 323 - 336 .\nthe 5th edition of the ki conference \u201cdeveloping brains\ngathers some of the leading scientists working on critical questions ranging from transcriptional heterogeneity of neural cell types , their specification , to myelination and creation of mature neural circuits .\n[ j02 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\nswitched - capacitor modulator circuits ,\nelec . lett . , vol . 25 , pp . 379 - 380 , march 1989 .\n[ p03 ] w . h . ki , p . mok , and j . sin ,\ndimmable electronic ballast with phase control\n, us patent 6 , 172 , 466 , jan . 9 , 2001 .\n[ p11 ] m . chan , c . xu and w . h . ki ,\nultra low voltage cmos image sensor architecture ,\nus patent 7 , 858 , 912 , dec . 28 , 2010 .\n[ p12 ] m . chan , c . xu and w . h . ki ,\nultra low voltage cmos image sensor architecture ,\nus patent 7 , 897 , 901 , mar . 1 , 2011 .\n[ j01 ] g . c . temes and w . h . ki ,\nfast cmos current amplifier and buffer stage ,\nelec . lett . , vol . 23 , pp . 696 - 697 , june 1987 .\n[ p06 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nsymmetrically matched voltage mirrors and applications therefor ,\nus patent 7 , 215 , 187 , may 8 , 2007 .\n[ c024 ] w . h . ki and d . ma ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , vancouver , canada , pp . 226 - 231 , june 2001 .\n[ c001 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\noffset - compensated switched - capacitor integrators ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 2829 - 2832 , 1990 .\n[ c011 ] k . s . fung , w . h . ki and p . mok ,\nanalysis and measurement of dcm power factor correctors ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , pp . 709 - 714 , june 1999 .\n[ j03 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\nlow - phase - error offset - compensated switched - capacitor integrator ,\nelec . lett . , vol . 26 , pp . 957 - 959 , june 1990 .\nforbes e , murase t , yang m , matthaei ki , lee jj , lee na , et al . , ' immunopathogenesis of experimental ulcerative colitis is mediated by eosinophil peroxidase1 ' , j immunol , 172 5664 - 5675 ( 2004 ) [ c1 ]\n[ j10 ] w . h . ki ,\nsignal flow graph analysis of feedback amplifiers ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 47 , no . 6 , pp . 926 - 933 , june 2000 .\n[ c002 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\ngain - and offset - compensated switched - capacitor filters ,\nint ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 1561 - 1564 , 1991 .\n[ c092 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan adaptively biased low - dropout regulator with transient enhancement ,\nasia and south pacific design automation conf . , yokohama , japan , pp . 117 - 118 , jan . 2011 .\n[ p04 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nfrequency compensation techniques for low - power multistage amplifiers\n, us patent 6 , 208 , 206 , march 27 , 2001 .\n[ c018 ] a . ng , w . h . ki , p . mok , and j . sin ,\nlamp modeling for design of dimmable electronic ballast ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , pp . 1358 - 1363 , june 2000 .\n[ c029 ] s . lam , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\ncharacteristics of rf power amplifiers by 0 . 5um sos cmos process ,\nsoi conf . , colorado , usa , pp . 141 - 142 , oct . 2001 .\n[ c081 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nloop bandwidth extension technique for pwm voltage mode switching converters ,\nieee asian solid - state circ . conf . , taipei , taiwan , pp . 325 - 328 , nov . 2009 .\n[ p09 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , and c . y . tsui ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters in pccm with freewheel switching ,\nus patent 7 , 432 , 614 , oct . 7 , 2008 .\nthe expression levels were evaluated semiquantitatively according to the reaction intensities and percentages of immunoreactive cells , and expressed as strong ( 3 + ) , moderate ( 2 + ) , weak ( + ) and negative ( - ) . ki - 67 antigen expression levels were assessed based on the number of positive cells / 1000 nucleated tumor cells from randomly selected 5 high - power fields , and expressed as ki - 67 antigen - labeling indices ( ki - 67 - li ) in percentages . the p53 protein expression levels were evaluated by percentages of positive cells as described previously [ 18 ] and expressed as high ( 3 + , > 30 % ) , moderate ( 2 + , 5 % - 30 % ) , low ( 1 + , < 5 % ) and absent ( - , 0 % ) .\n( co - authored with anthony lam sui - ki )\nthe transformation and development of church - state relations in contemporary china : a case study of the catholic church .\nching feng ( new series ) 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 93 - 128 .\npang , m . f . and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . is there cultural limitation in interpreting the space of learning ? , the 16th european association for research on learning and instruction conference , limassol , cyprus , august 25 - 29 , 2015\n[ p07 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - input multiple - output switching converter and method of use ,\nus patent 7 , 256 , 568 , aug 14 , 2007 .\n[ c006 ] j . hwang , a . chee , and w . h . ki ,\nnew universal control methods for power factor correction / dc - dc applications ,\nieee appl . power elec . conf . , pp . 59 - 65 , feb . 1997 .\npang , m . f . and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . differentiation and integration of phenomenographic research : dialogue between two faces of variation , the 16th european association for research on learning and instruction conference , limassol , cyprus , august 25 - 29 , 2015\npang , m . f . and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . what is a \u201ccritical aspect\u201d in the variation theory of learning ? , earli sig 9 conference \u201cdisciplinary knowledge and necessary conditions of learning\u201d , oxford , united kingdom , september 1 - 3 , 2014\n[ c012 ] w . h . ki , j . shi , e . yau , p . mok and j . sin ,\nphase - controlled dimmable electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , pp . 1121 - 1125 , june 1999 .\n[ c068 ] t . f . kwok and w . h . ki ,\na stable compensation scheme for low dropout regulator in the absence of esr ,\neuropean solid - state circ . conf . , munich , germany , pp . 416 - 419 , sept . 2007 .\nyang m , rangasamy d , matthaei ki , frew aj , zimmmermann n , mahalingam s , et al . , ' inhibition of arginase i activity by rna interference attenuates il - 13 - induced airways hyperresponsiveness ' , journal of immunology , 177 5595 - 5603 ( 2006 ) [ c1 ]\nsupporting secondary schools in the teaching and learning of chinese for non - native learners ( 2008 ) . co - investigator . ( pi : dr w . w . ki ) funded by education development fund , university - school support programmes , completed . hk $ 16 , 169 , 111 .\n[ j05 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\noptimal capacitance assignment of switched - capacitor biquads\n, ieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 42 , no . 6 , pp . 334 - 342 , june 1995 .\n[ c025 ] e . yau , w . h . ki , p . mok and j . sin ,\nphase - controlled dimmable cfl with ppfc and switching frequency modulation ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , vancouver , canada , pp . 951 - 956 , june 2001 .\n[ c026 ] w . chen , w . h . ki , p . mok and m . s . chan ,\ndual - loop feedback for fast low dropout regulators ,\nieee power elec . specialists conf . , vancouver , canada , pp . 1265 - 1269 , june 2001 .\n[ c074 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\nan integrated reconfigurable sc power converter with hybrid gate control scheme for mobile display driver applications ,\nieee asian solid - state circ . conf . , fukuoka , japan , pp . 169 - 172 , nov . 2008 .\n[ c094 ] y . lu , w . h . ki , and j . yi ,\na 13 . 56mhz cmos rectifier with switched - offset for reversion current control ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 246 - 247 , june 2011 .\n[ p08 ] w . h . ki , f . su , y . h . lam and c . y . tsui ,\nn - stage exponential charge pumps , charging stages therefor and methods of operation therefor ,\nus patent 7 , 397 , 299 , july 8 , 2008 .\n[ j07 ] w . h . ki ,\nanalysis of subharmonic oscillation of fixed frequency current - programming switching mode power converters ,\nieee trans . on circ . & syst . , part i , vol . 45 , no . 1 , pp . 104 - 108 , jan . 1998 .\n[ j08 ] w . h . ki ,\nsignal flow graph in loop gain analysis of dc - dc pwm ccm switching converters ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 45 , no . 6 , pp . 644 - 655 , june 1998 .\n[ j28 ] d . ma and w . h . ki ,\nfast - transient pccm switching converter with freewheel switching control ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 54 , no . 9 , pp . 825 - 829 , sept . 2007 .\n[ c045 ] y . k . chui , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\na dual - band switching digital controller for a buck converter ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , yokohoma , japan , pp . 561 - 562 , jan . 2004 .\n[ c053 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\ngate control strategies for high efficiency charge pumps ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , kobe , japan , pp . 1907 - 1910 , may 2005 .\n[ c065 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui\nan ultra fast fixed frequency buck converter with maximum charging current control and adaptive delay compensation for dvs applications ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , pp . 28 - 29 , june 2007 .\n[ p10 ] w . h . ki , f . su , y . h . lam and c . y . tsui ,\nn - stage exponential charge pumps , charging stages therefor and methods of operation therefor ,\nus patent 7 , 605 , 640 , oct . 20 , 2009 .\nforbes e , smart v , d & apos ; aprile a , henry p , yang m , matthaei ki , et al . , ' t helper - 2 immunity regulates bronchial hyperresponsiveness in eosinophil - associated gastrointestinal disease in mice ' , gastroenterology , 127 105 - 118 ( 2004 ) [ c1 ]\n[ c028 ] s . lam , w . h . ki , k . c . kwok and m . chan ,\nrealization of compact mosfet structure by waffle - layout ,\neuropean solid - state device research conf . , nuremberg , germany , pp . 119 - 122 , sept . 2001 .\n[ c052 ] w . h . ki , f . su and c . y . tsui ,\ncharge redistribution loss consideration in optimal charge pump design ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , kobe , japan , pp . 1895 - 1898 , may 2005 .\n[ c078 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\na high - precision low - voltage low dropout regulator for soc with adaptive biasing ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , taipei , taiwan , pp . 2521 - 2524 , may 2009 .\n[ c084 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nmaximizing the harvested energy for micro - power applications through efficient mppt and pmu design ,\nieee asia south pacific design automation conf . , taipei , pp . 75 - 80 , jan . 2010 .\n[ j27 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\ndesign strategy for step - up charge pumps with variable integer conversion ratios ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 54 , no . 5 , pp . 417 - 421 , may 2007 .\n[ c004 ] w . h . ki and g . c . temes ,\narea - efficient gain - and offset - compensated very - large - time - constant sc biquads ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 1187 - 1190 , may 1992 .\n[ c060 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nhigh efficiency cross - coupled doubler with no reversion loss ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , koa , greece , pp . 2761 - 2764 , may 2006 .\n[ c076 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\ndigitally assisted quasi v 2 hysteretic buck converter with fixed frequency and without using large - esr capacitor ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , pp . 446 - 447 , feb . 2009 .\n[ c086 ] k . t . kwan and w . h . ki ,\nfreewheel duration adjustment circuits for charge - control single - inductor dual - output switching converters ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , paris , pp . 2722 - 2725 , may 2010 .\n[ j19 ] t . r . ying , w . h . ki , and m . chan ,\narea - efficient cmos charge pumps for lcd drivers ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 10 , pp . 1721 - 1725 , oct . 2003 .\n[ c033 ] t . r . ying and w . h . ki and m . chan ,\narea - efficient cmos integrated charge pumps ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . & syst . , scottsdale , usa , pp . iii . 831 - iii . 834 , may 2002 .\n[ c036 ] v . cheung , h . luong , m . chan and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 3 . 5 - mw cmos switched - opamp quadrature if circuitry for bluetooth receivers ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , pp . 140 - 143 , june 2002 .\n[ c041 ] y . k . chui , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan integrated digital controller for dc - dc switching converter with dual - band switching ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 45 - 48 , june 2003 .\n[ c056 ] c . y . tsui , h . shao , w . h . ki and f . su ,\nultra - low voltage power management and computation methodology for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 316 - 319 , june 2005 .\n[ c066 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\na micro power management system and maximum output power control for solar energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l symp . on low power elec . devices , pp . 298 - 303 , aug . 2007 .\n[ c070 ] y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\na 0 . 9v 0 . 35mm adaptively biased cmos ldo with fast transient response ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , pp . 442 - 443 + 626 , feb . 2008 .\n[ c075 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nan inductor - less mppt design for light energy harvesting systems ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , yokohama , japan , pp . 101 - 102 , jan . 2009 .\n[ c091 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\noutput - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulators ,\nieee int ' l conf . on electron devices and solid - state circ . , hong kong , china , dec . 2010 . ( student paper contest , third prize )\nthe thing that frustrates me about you tiki - ming , is that there is more than one of you ; it doesn ' t make sense . i had the lemon chicken and fried rice with spring roll special . i got fresh rice , loads of chicken and i thought it was gonna be legendary . i wish it tasted bad but it had no flavor at all . i gave up on the rice and chicken ; twas , too disappointing . . oh and there was so much blubbery fat and cartilage in the chicken ! so disturbing ! i bit into the spring roll , and i knew immediately that this place did not give a fudge .\n[ j18 ] d . ma , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\na pseudo - ccm / dcm simo switching converter with freewheel switching ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 6 , pp . 1007 - 1014 , june 2003 .\n[ c007 ] z . li , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\na simple method to design resonant circuits of electronic ballast for fluorescent lamp ,\nieee in t ' l symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 1744 - 1747 , june 1997 .\n[ c027 ] s . lam , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\nthe silicon - on - sapphire technology for rf integrated circuits : potential and limitations ,\nieee region 10 int ' l conf . on electrical and electronics technology , singapore , pp . 483 - 486 , aug . 2001 .\n[ c032 ] c . s . chan , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nbi - directional integrated charge pumps ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , scottsdale , usa , pp . iii . 827 - iii . 830 , may 2002 .\n[ c042 ] z . q . hu , w . h . mow and w . h . ki ,\nanalog integrated circuit design of a hypertrellis decoder ,\nint ' l conf . on parallel and distributed computing , applications and technologies , chengdu , china , pp . 552 - 556 , aug . 2003 .\njohn sullivan practised as a solicitor for 25 years in navan before he went in for thoroughbred breeding . he did not live to see his only classic success as a breeder when ki ming won the 2000 guineas although his winkfield ' s fortune was runner up in the irish derby . this horse was own brother to winkfield ' s pride , john sullivan ' s pride and joy , winner of the lincolnshire and cambridgeshire handicaps and the doncaster cup . john sullivan won a further cambridgeshire in 1900 with his colt berrill who , when mated with winkfield ' s pride ' s sister , produced the 1913 lincolnshire handicap winner berrilldon . others bred by john sullivan included guinea gap ( royal hunt cup ) and niantic ( dead heat for the 1927 cambridgeshire ) . early in the century john sullivan started training on his own in calne in wiltshire and won back to back ebor handicaps with war wolf and the page . the stallions at his stud included zria , sire of the grand national winner troytown .\nthe 2018 scientific symposium gave our researchers at mwlc in hong kong and sweden the possibility of sharing their research with other scientists in hong kong . the 20 researchers presenting were from ki , aarhus , bgi and several of the universities in hong kong . intensive discussions took place during breaks which hopefully will lead to new exciting collaborations .\nthe symposium \u201creparative medicine and beyond\u201d was the first opportunity for our researchers in hong kong and sweden to explore possibilities of collaboration between mwlc and local universities in hong kong . as many as 25 junior researchers from ki as well as universities in hk presented their current research . many fruitful discussions took place during panel discussions and breaks .\n[ j12 ] c . xu , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\na low voltage cmos complementary active pixel sensor ( caps ) fabricated using a 0 . 25mm cmos technology ,\nieee electron device lett . , vol . 23 , no . 7 , pp . 398 - 400 , july 2002 .\n[ j31 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nregulated switched - capacitor doubler with interleaving control for continuous output regulation ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 44 , no . 4 , pp . 1112 - 1120 , apr . 2009 .\n[ j39 ] c . lu , c . y . tsui , w . h . ki ,\nmicro power vibration energy scavenging system with maximum harvested power tracking for ubiquitous applications ,\nieee trans . on vlsi syst . , vol . 19 , no . 11 , pp . 2109 - 2119 , nov . 2011 .\n[ c030 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , and c . y . tsui ,\na pseudo - ccm / dcm simo switching converter with freewheel switching ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , pp . 390 - 391 + 476 . feb . 2002 .\n[ c061 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\na novel charge based computation system and control strategy for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , koa , greece , pp . 2933 - 2936 , may 2006 .\n[ c095 ] w . h . ki , y . lu , f . su and c . y . tsui ,\ndesign and analysis of on - chip charge pumps for micro - power energy harvesting applications ,\nifip / ieee vlsi - soc , hong kong , pp . 374 - 379 , oct . 2011 .\n[ j34 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\noutput - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulator for system - on - chips ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 57 , no . 5 , pp . 1017 - 1028 , may 2010 .\n[ j35 ] y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\ncmos bandgap references with self - biased symmetrically matched current - voltage mirror and extension of sub - 1v design ,\nieee trans . on vlsi syst . , vol . 18 , no . 6 , pp . 857 - 865 , june 2010 .\n[ c005 ] j . f . lin , w . h . ki , k . thompson , and s . shamma ,\ncochlear filters design using a parallel dilating - biquads switched - capacitor filter bank ,\nieee int ' l symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . 2053 - 2056 , may 1992 .\n[ c009 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\noptimum nested miller compensation for low - voltage low - power cmos amplifier ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . ii . 616 - ii . 619 , may 1999 .\n[ c010 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\na novel frequency compensation technique for low - voltage low - dropout regulator ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . v . 102 - v . 105 , may 1999 .\n[ c023 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\na 1 . 8v single - inductor dual - output switching converter for power reduction techniques ,\nieee symp . on vlsi circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 137 - 140 , june 2001 .\n[ c055 ] e . au , w . h . mow and w . h . ki ,\nhypergraph : an alternative graphical model for computing transfer functions in circuits and systems ,\nieee int ' l conf . on comm . circ . and syst . , hong kong , pp . 1353 - 1357 , may 2005 .\n[ c089 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan output - capacitor - free cascode low - dropout regulator with low quiescent current and high power supply rejection ,\nieee asia pacific conf . on circ . and syst . , kuala lumper , malaysia , pp . 220 - 223 , dec . 2010 .\n[ c063 ] c . lu , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\na batteryless vibration - based energy harvesting system for ultra low power ubiquitous applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , new orleans , usa , pp . 1349 - 1352 , may 2007 .\n[ c064 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nan inductor - less micro solar power management system design for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , new orleans , usa , pp . 1353 - 1356 , may 2007 .\n[ c073 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan sc voltage regulator with novel area - efficient continuous output regulation by a dual - branch interleaving control scheme ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , honolulu , usa , pp . 136 - 137 , june , 2008 .\n[ c079 ] j . yi , w . h . ki , p . mok and c . y . tsui ,\ndual - power - path rf - dc multi - output power management unit for rfid tags ,\nieee vlsi symp . on circ . , kyoto , japan , pp . 200 - 201 , june 2009 .\n[ c090 ] m . y . lo , w . h . ki , and w . h . mow ,\na 25mhz sign and magnitude converter for analog current mode iterative decoders ,\nieee asia pacific conf . on circ . and syst . , kuala lumper , malaysia , pp . 472 - 475 , dec . 2010 .\n[ j06 ] w . h . ki , l . der , and s . lam ,\nre - examination of pole - splitting of a generic single stage amplifier ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 44 , no . 1 , pp . 70 - 74 , jan . 1997 .\n[ j11 ] v . cheung , h . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v cmos switched - opamp switched - capacitor pseudo - 2 - path filter ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 36 , no . 1 , pp . 14 - 22 , jan . 2001 .\n[ j17 ] s . lam , p . mok , w . h . ki , p . ko and m . chan ,\nan enhanced compact waffle mosfet with low drain capacitance from a standard submicron cmos technology ,\nsolid state elec . , vol . 47 , no . 5 , pp . 785 - 789 , may 2003 .\n[ j21 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\na novel current - mode sensing scheme for magnetic tunnel junction mram ,\nieee trans . on magnetics , vol . 40 , no . 2 , pp . 483 - 488 , march 2004 .\n[ c021 ] w . chen , w . h . ki , p . mok and m . s . chan ,\nswitched - capacitor power converters with integrated low dropout regulators ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . iii - 293 - iii - 296 , sydney , may 2001 .\n[ c038 ] d . ma , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\na fast response adaptive dc - dc switching converter using on - chip dual - loop one - cycle control ,\neuropean solid - state circ . conf . , firenze , italy , pp . 379 - 382 , sept . 2002 .\n[ c046 ] l . f . leung , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nminimizing energy consumption of multiple - processor - core systems with simultaneous task allocation , scheduling and voltage assignment ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , yokohoma , japan , pp . 647 - 652 , jan . 2004 .\n[ c047 ] l . f . leung , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nminimizing energy consumption of hard real - time systems with simultaneous tasks scheduling and voltage assignment using statistical data ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , yokohoma , japan , pp . 663 - 665 , jan . 2004 .\n[ c088 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui , and w . h . ki ,\na single inductor dido dc - dc converter for solar energy harvesting applications using band - band control ,\nieee / ifip vlsi - syst . on chip , madrid , spain , pp . 167 - 172 , sept . 2010 .\npang m . f . , marton f . , bao j . and ki w . w . ( 2016 ) . teaching to add three - digit numbers in hong kong and shanghai : illustration of differences in the systematic use of variation and invariance , zdm the international journal on mathematics education , 48 ( 4 ) , 455 - 470 .\n[ j25 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nintegrated low - loss cmos active rectifier for wirelessly powered devices ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 53 , no . 12 , pp . 1378 - 1382 , dec . 2006 .\n[ j37 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\na low dropout regulator with low quiescent current and high power supply rejection over wide range of frequency for soc ,\nj . of circ . , syst . and comp . , vol . 20 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 13 , jan . 2011 .\n[ j38 ] w . h . ki , k . m . lai , and c . zhan ,\ncharge balance analysis and state transition analysis of hysteretic voltage mode switching converters ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 50 , no . 5 , pp . 1142 - 1153 , may 2011 .\n[ c014 ] v . cheung , h . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v cmos switched - opamp switched - capacitor pseudo - 2 - path filter ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , usa , pp . 154 - 155 + 453 , feb . 2000 .\n[ c015 ] h . lee , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\na novel voltage - control scheme for low - voltage dc - dc converters with fast transient recovery ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . i . 256 - i . 259 , may 2000 .\n[ c022 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , p . mok and c . y . tsui ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters with bipolar outputs\n, ieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . iii - 301 - iii - 304 , sydney , may 2001 .\n[ c031 ] c . xu , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\na highly integrated cmos image sensor architecture for low voltage applications with deep submicron process ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , scottsdale , usa , pp . iii . 699 - iii . 702 , may 2002 .\n[ c048 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\na binary - search switched - current sensing scheme for 4 - state mram ,\nacm great lakes symp . on vlsi , boston , usa , pp . 304 - 307 , apr . 2004 .\n[ c050 ] d . ma , v . tam , w . h . ki and h . lam ,\na cad simulator based on loop gain measurement for switching converters ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , vancouver , canada , pp . v . 940 - v . 943 , may 2004 .\n[ c057 ] c . y . tsui , h . shao , w . h . ki and f . su ,\nultra - low voltage power management and computation methodology for energy harvesting applications ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , yokohoma , japan , pp . 96 - 97 , jan . 2006 .\n[ c083 ] m . y . lo , w . h . ki and w . h . mow ,\na 20mhz switched - current input sample - and - hold circuit for current mode analog iterative decoders ,\nieee int ' l symp . on int . circ . , singapore , pp . 283 - 286 , dec . 2009 .\n[ j30 ] f . su and w . h . ki ,\ncomponent - efficient multi - phase switched capacitor dc - dc converter with configurable conversion ratios for lcd driver applications ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 55 , no . 8 , pp . 753 - 757 , aug . 2008 .\n[ j32 ] h . shao , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nthe design of a micro power management system for applications using photovoltaic cells with the maximum output power control ,\nieee trans . on vlsi syst . , vol . 17 , no . 8 , pp . 1138 - 1142 , aug . 2009 .\n[ j40 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan output - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulator with sub - threshold undershoot - reduction for soc ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 59 , no . 5 , pp . 1119 - 1131 , may 2012 .\n[ c017 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nanalysis on an alternative structure of damping - factor - control frequency compensation ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . ii . 545 - ii . 548 , may 2000 .\n[ c034 ] s . lam , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\nhigh - isolation bonding pad with depletion - insulation structure for rf / microwave integrated circuits on bulk silicon cmos ,\nieee mtt - s int ' l microwave symp . digest , seattle , washington , usa , pp . 677 - 680 , june 2002 .\nki , w . , marton , f . , and pang , m . f . ( 2010 ) learning tones , in f . marton , s . k . tse & and w . m . cheung ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) on the learning of chinese ( pp . 31 - 52 ) . rotterdam , the netherlands : sense publishers\n[ j04 ] j . f . lin , w . h . ki , k . thompson , and s . shamma ,\nrealization of cochlear filter by vlt switched - capacitor biquads ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 41 , no . 9 , pp . 572 - 583 , sept . 1994 .\n[ j20 ] d . ma , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan integrated one - cycle control buck converter with adaptive output and dual loops for output error correction ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 39 , no . 1 , pp . 140 - 149 , jan . 2004 .\n[ j29 ] f . su , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nultra fast fixed frequency hysteretic buck converter with maximum charging current control and adaptive delay compensation for dvs applications ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 43 , no . 4 , pp . 815 - 822 , april 2008 .\n[ c008 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\ndamping - factor - control frequency compensation technique for low - voltage low - power large capacitive load applications ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , pp . 158 - 159 , feb . 1999 .\n[ c049 ] h . lam , w . h . ki and d . ma ,\nloop gain analysis and development of high - speed high - accuracy current sensors for switching converters ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , vancouver , canada , pp . v . 828 - v . 831 , may 2004 .\npang , m . f . ( 2005 ) . bringing learning about in economics classroom : a learning study ( in chinese ) . in w . w . ki , s . k . tse & s . k . shum ( eds . ) . variation theory and the space of learning . hong kong : hong kong university press , 51 - 63 .\n[ j23 ] m . chui , w . h . ki , and c . y . tsui ,\na programmable integrated digital controller for switching converters with dual - band switching and complex pole - zero compensation ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 40 , no . 3 , pp . 772 - 780 , march 2005 .\n[ c003 ] j . f . lin , w . h . ki , k . thompson , and s . shamma ,\nrealization of cochlear filter by vlt switched - capacitor biquads ,\nieee int ' l conf . of acou . , speech , and sig . proc . , pp . ii . 245 - ii . 248 , march , 1992 .\n[ c016 ] w . s . chan , p . mok , a . ng , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nic controller for dimmable electronic ballasts with closed - loop control ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , pp . i . 503 - i . 506 , may 2000 .\n[ c019 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\na single - inductor dual - output integrated dc / dc boost converter for variable voltage scheduling ,\nieee / acm asia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , pp . 19 - 20 , jan . 2001 .\n[ c054 ] s . c . koon , y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\nintegrated charge - control single - inductor dual - output step - up / step - down converter ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , kobe , japan , pp . 3071 - 3074 , may 2005 .\n[ j09 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , w . h . ki , and j . sin ,\nthree - stage large capacitive load amplifier with damping - factor - control frequency compensation ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 35 , no . 2 , pp . 221 - 230 , feb . 2000 .\n[ j16 ] v . cheung , h . luong , m . chan and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 3 . 5 - mw cmos switched - opamp quadrature if circuitry for bluetooth receivers ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 5 , pp . 805 - 816 , may 2003 .\n[ c062 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan integrated 1 . 8v to 3 . 3v regulated voltage doubler using active diodes and dual - loop voltage follower for switch - capacitive load ,\nvlsi symp . on circ . , honolulu , usa , pp . 104 - 105 , june 2006 .\n[ c087 ] y . ling , j . yi , c . y . tsui , and w . h . ki ,\nsystem level power optimizations for epc rfid tags to improve sensitivity using load power shaping and operation scheduling ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , paris , pp . 3012 - 3015 , may 2010 .\nyang m , hogan sp , henry p , matthaei ki , mckenzie anj , young ig , et al . , ' interleukin - ( il ) - 13 mediates biphasic airways hyperreactivity through the il - 4 receptor - alpha chain and stat - 6 independently of il - 5 and eotaxin ' , journal of allergy and clinical immunology , 109 s360 - s360 ( 2002 )\n[ j15 ] d . ma , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\nsingle - inductor multiple - output switching converters with time - multiplexing control in discontinuous conduction mode ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 38 , no . 1 , pp . 89 - 100 , jan . 2003 .\n[ j26 ] j . yi , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nanalysis and design strategy of uhf micro - power cmos rectifiers for micro - sensor and rfid applications ,\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 54 , no . 1 , pp . 153 - 166 , jan . 2007 .\n[ c043 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\nhigh - sensitivity switched - current sensing circuit for magnetic tunnel junction mram ,\nieee int ' l midwest symp . on circ . and syst . , cairo , egypt , pp . 269 - 271 , dec . 2003 .\n[ c051 ] h . lam , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and d . ma ,\nintegrated 0 . 9v charge - control switching converter with self - biased current sensor ,\nieee int ' l midwest symp . on circ . and syst . , hiroshima , japan , pp . ii . 305 - ii . 308 , july 2004 .\n[ c093 ] c . zhan and w . h . ki ,\nan output - capacitor - free adaptively biased low - dropout regulator with sub - threshold undershoot - reduction ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , rio de janeiro , brazil , pp . 45 - 48 , may 2011 . ( student paper contest : first prize )\n, the former four were found to be decisive and regarded as major factors for the grading . the lesions with typical architectural and cellular phenotypes , mitotic counts below 5 / 10 hpf and ki - 67 - li below 10 % , as in cases 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 , were classified as low - grade tumors , and those with anaplastic morphology , mitotic counts up to 5 / 10 hpf and / or ki - 67 - li up to 10 % , as in cases 2 , 4 , 7 - 9 , as high - grade tumors . the rest two parameters , including necrosis and loss or reduction of infiltrating lymphocytes , were found to be useful adjuvant factors , but not prerequisites for establishing a diagnosis of the high - grade lesion .\nwing - hung ki received the b . sc . degree from the university of california , san diego , in 1984 , the m . sc . degree from the california institute of technology , pasadena , in 1985 , and the engineer degree and the ph . d . degree from the university of california , los angeles , in 1990 and 1995 , respectively , all in electrical engineering .\n[ j26a ] j . yi , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\ncorrections to ' analysis and design strategy of uhf micro - power cmos rectifiers for micro - sensor and rfid applications , '\nieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part i , vol . 54 , no . 6 , pp . 1406 , jun . 2007 .\n[ c013 ] k . n . leung , p . mok , and w . h . ki ,\nright - half - plane zero removal technique for low - voltage low - power nested miller compensation cmos amplifiers ,\nieee int ' l conf . on elec . , circ . and syst . , paphos , cyprus , pp . 599 - 603 , sept . 1999 .\n[ c058 ] y . h . lam , s . c . koon , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nintegrated direct output current control switching converter using symmetrically - matched self - biased current sensors ,\nasia south pacific design automation conf . , lsi university design contest , yokohoma , japan , pp . 102 - 103 , jan . 2006 .\n[ c072 ] j . yi , f . su , y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nan energy - adaptive mppt power management unit for micro - power vibration energy harvesting ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , seattle , usa , pp . 2570 - 2573 , may 2008 .\n[ j24 ] m . siu , p . mok , k . n . leung , y . h . lam , and w . h . ki ,\na voltage - mode pwm buck regulator with end - point prediction\n, ieee trans . on circ . and syst . , part ii , vol . 53 , no . 4 , pp . 294 - 298 , april 2006 .\n[ c040 ] l . f . leung , c . y . tsui and w . h . ki ,\nsimultaneous task allocation , scheduling and voltage assignment for multiple - processors - core systems using mixed integer nonlinear programming ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , bangkok , thailand , pp . v . 309 - v . 312 , may 2003 .\n[ j13 ] v . cheung , h . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 10 . 7 - mhz switched - opamp bandpass sigma - delta modulator using double - sampling - finite - gain - compensation technique ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 37 , no . 10 , pp . 1215 - 1225 , oct . 2002 .\n[ c039 ] y . h . lam , w . h . ki , c . y . tsui and p . mok ,\nsingle - inductor dual - input dual - output switching converter for integrated battery charging and power regulation ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , bangkok , thailand , pp . iii . 447 - iii . 450 , may 2003 .\n[ c071 ] n . m . sze , f . su , y . h . lam , w . h . ki and c . y . tsui ,\nintegrated single - inductor dual - input dual - output boost converter for energy harvesting applications ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , seattle , usa , pp . 2218 - 2221 , may 2008 .\n[ j22 ] e . au , w . h . ki , w . h . mow , s . hung and c . wong ,\na switched - current sensing architecture for a 4 - state per cell magnetic tunnel junction mram ,\nieee trans . on circ . , and syst . , part i , vol . 51 , no . 11 , pp . 2113 - 2122 , nov . 2004 .\npang , m . f . , marton , f . , cong , l . , and ki , w . w . ( 2015 ) . learning theory as a teaching resource : enhancing students ' understanding . in burnard , p ; apelgren , bm & cabaroglu , n ( eds . ) , transformative teacher research : theory and practice for the c21st ( pp . 13 - 24 ) . rotterdam : sense publishers\n[ c020 ] v . cheung , h . c . luong and w . h . ki ,\na 1 - v 10 . 7 - mhz switched - opamp bandpass sigma - delta modulator using double - sampling - finite - gain - compensation technique ,\nieee int ' l solid - state circ . conf . , san francisco , usa , pp . 52 - 53 + 428 - 429 , feb . 2001 .\n[ j14 ] c . xu , w . zhang , w . h . ki and m . chan ,\na 1 . 0 - v v dd cmos active - pixel sensor with complementary pixel architecture and pulsewidth modulation fabricated with a 0 . 25 - mm cmos process ,\nieee j . of solid - state circ . , vol . 37 , no . 12 , pp . 1853 - 1859 , dec . 2002 .\n[ c077 ] y . t . wong , c . w . ng , h . m . wan , k . k . kwong , y . h . lam and w . h . ki ,\nnear - threshold startup integrated boost converter with slew rate enhanced error amplifier ,\nieee int ' l . symp . on circ . and syst . , taipei , taiwan , pp . 2409 - 2412 , may 2009 .\npang , m . f . , bao , j . , and ki , w . w . ( 2017 ) . \u2018bianshi\u2019 and the variation theory of learning : illustrating two frameworks of variation and invariance in the teaching of mathematics . in : r . huang & y . li ( eds . ) . teaching and learning mathematics through variation : confucian heritage meets western theories ( pp . 43 - 67 ) . rotterdam : sense publishers\nki w . w . , cheung w . m . , ng p . k . , wong , w . y . , pang m . f . , lam h . c . and marton f . ( 2014 ) . open software to enhance learners ' discernment and connection of features of chinese characters , special interest group on writing & reading , international association for the improvement of mother tongue education international conference , hong kong sar , china , june 2014\n] identified five high - grade lesions from 14 fdc sarcomas based on cellular atypia , but they failed to show its relevance of statistical significance to clinical outcomes . in this study , we examined nine new cases from northern china , extracted and reviewed data of 97 cases from literatures , and established histological criteria for low - grade and high - grade fdc sarcomas according to four major parameters including architectural alteration , cellular atypia , mitoactivity and / or ki - 67 - li ( table\n[ j33 ] y . y . chan , d . hui , a . r . dickinson , d . chu , d . cheng , e . cheung , w . h . ki , w . h . lau , j . wong and e . lo ,\nengineering outreach : initiative success with science and technology gifted students in hong kong ,\nieee trans . on ed . , vol . 53 , no . 1 , pp . 158 - 171 , jan . 2010 .\nisland club cup golf islarli } clues men v . wod challenge cup golf will be played on monl tnree - quarters of the dif - - 1 m handicap will be and the women pluv - . rt one holeup . d times arv : w & # 171 ; ki & # 171 ; t & # 187 ; v . w . f . j 4 mrs i moftet & # 187 ; 11 & amp ; gt ; \\ & amp ; gt ; . 2 tt mrs .\nreviewing fast food counters always feels a bit redundant to me as if it ' s bad , then the obvious answer is ' it ' s fast food in a food court , what do you expect ? ' but if it ' s good it just gets interpreted as ' it ' s good enough ' . in reviewing tiki - ming , i ' d say that it fits the latter . the food court it ' s in is exceptionally clean . that ' s a rarity and while tiki has nothing to do with that , it ' s appreciated . the food is pretty good . it ' s food court , but if you go between 12 - 1 : 30 , it ' s at its freshest and some of the non fried options are actually fairly tasty ( see : salt and pepper beef , chicken ) . staff is pretty friendly and they will offer you samples if you ' re trying to decide what to get . the chow mein noodles are boring but for some reason i really like them . don ' t know what that says about me three items : $ 10 . not bad !\nthe position comes with a generous package for three years with a possible extension of two years . the successful candidate will join a vibrant research environment and develop his / her independent research activities at the centre in hong kong . an important aim is to provide collaborate leadership within the centre and also with ki in sweden and chinese scientific communities . salary and benefits will be competitive and according to qualifications and experience . the employee assigned to the position will have his / her workplace in hong kong science park and be employed under local labour laws in hong kong ."]}
{"id": 1654, "summary": [{"text": "arbacia dufresnii is a species of sea urchin of the family arbaciidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its armour is covered with spines .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "a. dufresnii was first scientifically described in 1825 by blainville . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "arbacia dufresnii", "paragraphs": ["( of arbacia dufresnei ) larrain , a . p . 1975 . los equinoideos regulares fosiles y rec\u00edentes de chile . gayana zoolgia 35 , 5 - 189 . [ details ]\n( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) david , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 [ details ]\n( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris dufresnii ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) dufresnii ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of arbacia schythei philippi , 1857 ) philippi a . ( 1857 ) . vier neue echinodermen des chilenischen meeres . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 23 : 130 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 131 - 132 [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1941 ) . echinoderms of tristan de cunha . results norwegian scientific expedition tristan da cunha 1937 - 38 . 7 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 7 - 8 [ details ] available for editors\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1941 ) . echinoderms of tristan de cunha . results norwegian scientific expedition tristan da cunha 1937 - 38 . 7 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 7 - 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of arbacia dufresni ) lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 580 [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 140 [ details ]\n( of arbacia alternans ( troschel , 1872 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of arbacia dufresnei ) larrain , a . p . ( 1982 ) . implications of two fossil arbaciids ( echinoidea , arbaciidae ) from the pliocene of northern chile . in : lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) : echinoderms : proceedings of the international conference / tampa bay / 14 - 17 september 1981 . p . 99 . page ( s ) : 99 [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . 1910 . the echinoidea of the swedish south polar expedition . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen s\u00fcdpolar expedition 6 / 4 , 1 - 114 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 32 - 36 ; pl . 5 : figs . 1 - 3 , pl . 15 : figs 1 , 4 - 5 , 7 , 11 , 14 [ details ]\nlessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .\n( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) alternans troschel , 1872 ) troschel , f . h . ( 1872 ) . die familie der echinocidariden ( 1 ) . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 38 : 293 - 356 . page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris schythei philippi , 1857 ) philippi a . ( 1857 ) . vier neue echinodermen des chilenischen meeres . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 23 : 130 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 131 - 132 [ details ]\ndavid , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris schythei philippi , 1857 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) alternans troschel , 1872 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\naf030828 genomic dna translation : aac38902 . 1 af030854 \ufeff , af030853 genomic dna translation : aac38915 . 1 af030856 \ufeff , af030855 genomic dna translation : aac38916 . 1 af030858 \ufeff , af030857 genomic dna translation : aac38917 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1655, "summary": [{"text": "epipomponia multipunctata is a moth in the epipyropidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the foprewings are deep black , with bands of small dark blue spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniform smoky-black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epipomponia multipunctata", "paragraphs": ["part 6 / 8 . richards , a . g . , jr . the noctuoid moths of the galapagos islands from the collections of the allan hancock foundation . the genus bulia walker in mexico and central america . ( lepidoptera , phalaenidae ) . the male genitalia of epipomponia multipunctata ( druce ) ( lepidoptera , epipyropidae ) . pp . 233 - 276 , plates 28 - 34 . 1941 .\nh i allan hancock pacific expeditions volume s numbers 6 , 7 , 8 the noctuoid moths of the galapagos islands from the collections of the allan hancock foundation ( plates 28 - 31 ) the genus bulia walker in mexico and central america ( lepidoptera , phalaenidae ) ( plates 32 , 33 ) the male genitalia of epipomponia multipunctata ( druce ) ( lepidoptera , epipyropidae ) ( plate 34 ) by a . glenn richards , jr . zoological laboratory university of pennsylvania\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nvolume 1 fraser , c . mcl . general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931 - 41 . 1943 .\npart 1 . historical introduction , velero iii , personnel , pp 1 - 48 , plates 1 - 16 .\npart 2 . geographical and biological associations , pp 49 - 258 , plates 17 - 128 .\npart 3 . a ten year list of the velero iii collecting stations , pp . 259 - 432 , charts 1 - 115 .\npart 1 . ziesenhenne , f . c . a new brittle star from the galapagos islands , pp 1 - 6 , plate 1 . 1935 .\npart 2 . myers , g . s . , and e . d . reid . description of a new blennioid fish of the genus acanthemblemaria from the pacific coast of panama . pp 7 - 10 , 1936 .\npart 3 . manter , h . w . a new genus of distomes ( trematoda ) with lymphatic vessels , pp . 11 - 22 , plate 2 . 1937 .\npart 4 . wilson , c . b . parasitic copepods taken during the third hancock expedition to the galapagos islands . pp 23 - 30 , plate 3 . 1937 .\npart 5 . meserve , f . g . some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific . pp 31 - 90 , plates 4 - 10 . 1938 .\npart 6 . gilbert , p . t . three new trematodes from the galapagos marine iguana amblyrhynchus cristatus . pp . 91 - 108 , plates 11 - 12 . 1938 .\npart 7 . ginsburg , isaac . eight new species of gobioid fishes from the american pacific coast . pp . 109 - 122 . 1938 .\npart 8 . hanna , g . d . , and l . g . hertlein . land and brackish water mollusca of cocos island . pp . 123 - 136 . 1938 .\npart 9 . cuckler , a . c . nematode parasites of the galapagos land iguana . pp . 137 - 166 , plates 13 - 15 . 1938 .\npart 10 . scott , hugh . a new species of nycteribiidae ( diptera , pupipara ) from islands in the gulf of california . pp . 167 - 172 , plate 16 . 1939 .\npart 11 . clark , h . l . a remarkable new genus of sea urchin ( spatangidae ) . pp . 173 - 176 , plate 17 . 1939 .\npart 12 . strong , a . m . , and l . g . hertlein . marine mollusks from panama collected by the allan hancock expedition to the galapagos islands , 1931 - 1932 . pp . 177 - 246 , plates 18 - 23 . 1939 .\npart 13 . coe , w . r . revision of the nemertean fauna of the pacific coasts of north , central and northern south america . pp . 247 - 324 , plates 24 - 31 . 1940 .\npart 14 . manter , h . w . digenetic trematodes of fishes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific . pp 325 - 498 , plates 32 - 50 . 1940 .\npart 15 . van cleave , h . j . the acanthocephala collected by the allan hancock pacific expedition , 1934 . pp . 499 - 530 , plates 51 - 55 1940\npart 16 . manter , h . w . the geographical distribution of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of the tropical american pacific . pp . 531 - 548 . 1940 .\npart 1 . steere , w . c . mosses of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor . pp . 1 - 14 , plate 1 . 1936 .\npart 2 . drouet , francis . myxophyceae of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor , pp . 15 - 32 , plates 2 - 3 , 1936 .\npart 3 . dodge , c . w . lichens of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor , pp . 33 - 46 . 1936 .\npart 4 . allan , w . e . plankton diatoms of the gulf of california obtained by the g . allan hancock expedition of 1936 . pp . 47 - 60 , fig . 1 . 1937 .\npart 5 . cupp , e . e . , and w . e . allen . plankton diatoms of the gulf of california obtained by allan hancock pacific expedition of 1937 . pp . 61 - 100 , plates 4 - 15 , 1 map . 1938 .\npart 6 . sparrow , f . k . jr . , phycomycetes recovered from soil samples collected by w . r . taylor on the allan hancock 1939 expedition . pp . 101 - 114 , plates 16 - 17 . 1940 .\npart 7 / 8 . dawson , e . y . field observations on the algae of the gulf of california . a review of the genus rhodymenia with descriptions of new species . pp . 115 - 182 , plates 18 - 30 . 1941 .\npart 9 . hedrick , joyce . some lichens from the american tropics collected by r . w . taylor . pp . 183 - 188 . 1942\npart 10 . dawson , e . y . the marine algae of the gulf of california . pp . 189 - 454 , plates 31 - 77 . 1944 .\npart 1 . hydroids of the 1934 allan hancock pacific expedition . pp . 1 - 106 , plates 1 - 15 . 1938 .\npart 2 . hydroids of the 1936 and 1937 allan hancock pacific expeditions . pp . 107 - 128 , plates 16 - 18 . 1938 .\npart 3 . hydroids of the 1932 , 1933 , 1935 and 1938 allan hancock pacific expeditions . pp . 129 - 154 , plates 19 - 21 . 1938 .\npart 4 . distribution of the hydroids in the collections of the allan hancock expeditions . pp . 155 - 178 . 1939 .\npart 5 . hydroids of the allan hancock pacific expeditions since march , 1938 . pp . 179 - 336 , plates 22 - 42 . 1948 .\npart 1 . glassell , s . a . three new anomuran crabs from the gulf of california . pp . 1 - 6 . 1938 .\npart 2 . garth , j . s . new brachyuran crabs from the galapagos islands . pp . 7 - 50 , plates 1 - 10 . 1939 .\npart 3 . garth , j . s . some new species of brachyuran crabs from mexico and the central and south american mainland . pp . 51 - 128 , plates 11 - 26 . 1940 .\npart 4 . schmitt , w . l . the stomatopods of the west coast of america based on collections made by the allan hancock expeditions , 1933 - 38 . pp . 129 - 226 , 33 text - figs . 1940 .\npart 5 . cornwall , i . e . a new genus and species of barnacle from ecuador . pp . 227 - 232 , plate 27 . 1941 .\npart 9 . hilton , w . a . pycnogonids from allan hancock expeditions . pp . 277 - 340 , plates 35 - 48 . 1942 .\npart 10 . garth , j . s . the littoral brachyuran fauna of the galapagos archipelago . pp . 341 - 602 , plates 49 - 87 , 1 text fig . 1946 .\npart 11 . garth , j . s . distribution studies of galapagos brachyura . pp . 603 - 638 , charts 1 - 10 . 1946 .\npart 1 . cushman , j . a . and irene mcculloch . a report on some arenaceous foraminifera , pp . 1 - 114 , plates 1 - 12 . 1939 .\npart 2 . lalicker , c . g . , and irene mcculloch . some textulariidae of the pacific ocean . pp . 115 - 144 , plates 13 - 16 . 1940 .\npart 3 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some noniondae in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 145 - 178 , plates 17 - 20 . 1946 .\npart 4 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some virgulininae in the collections of the allen hancock foundation . pp . 179 - 230 , plates 21 - 28 . 1942 .\npart 5 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . the species of bulimina and related genera in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 231 - 294 , plates 29 - 36 . 1948 .\npart 6 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some lagendae in the collections of the allen hancock foundation . pp . 295 - 364 , plates 37 - 48 . 1950 .\npart 1 / 2 . aphroditidae to pisionidae . pp . 1 - 156 , plates 1 - 28 . new species of polychaetous annelids from southern california . pp . 157 - 172 , plates 29 - 30 . 1939 .\npart 3 . chrysopetalidae to goniadidae , pp . 173 - 288 , plates 31 - 44 . 1940 .\npart 4 . spionidae . some contributions to the biology and life history of spionidae from california , with keys to species and genera and descriptions of two new forms . pp . 289 - 324 , plates 45 - 48 . 1941 .\npart 5 . pectinariidae with a review of all species from the western hemisphere . pp . 325 - 346 , plates 49 - 52 . 1941 .\npart 1 . hill , alex . a new genus of brittle stars , amphicontus . pp . 1 - 6 , plate 1 . 1940 .\npart 2 . ziesenhenne , f . c . new ophiurans of the allan hancock pacific expeditions , pp . 7 - 60 , plates 2 - 9 . 1940 .\npart 3 . deichmann , elisabeth . the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii during the years 1932 to 1938 . part i . dendrochirota . pp . 61 - 196 , plates 10 - 30 . 1941 .\npart 4 . ziesenhenne , f . c . new eastern pacific sea stars . pp . 197 - 224 , plates 31 - 34 . 1942 .\npart 5 . clark , h . l . a report on the echini of the warmer eastern pacific , based on the collections of the velero iii . pp . 225 - 352 , plates 35 - 71 , text - figs . 1 - 3 . 1948 .\npart 1 . seale , alvin . report on fishes from allan hancock expeditions in the california academy of sciences . pp . 1 - 46 , plates 1 - 5 . 1940 .\npart 2 . reid , e . d . a new genus and species of pearl fish , family carapidae , from off gorgona island , colombia . pp . 47 - 50 , plate 6 . 1940 .\npart 3 . herald , e . s . a key to the pipefishes of the pacific american coasts with descriptions of new genera and species . pp . 51 - 64 . 1940 .\npart 4 . myers , g . s . , and c . b . wade . four new genera and ten new species of eels from the pacific coast of tropical america . pp . 65 - 112 , plates 7 - 16 . 1941 .\npart 5 . myers , g . s . and c . b . wade . the pacific american atherinid fishes of the genera eurystole , nectarges , coleotropis , and melanorhinus . pp . 113 - 150 , plates 17 - 19 . 1942 .\npart 6 . myers , g . s . and c . b . wade . new fishes of the families dactyloscopidae , microdesmidae , and antennariidae from the west coast of mexico and the galapagos islands with a brief account of the use of rotenone fish poisons in ichthyological collecting . pp . 151 - 180 , plates 20 - 23 . 1946 .\npart 7 / 8 . wade , c . b . two new genera and five new species of apodal fishes from the eastern pacific . new fishes in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 181 - 238 , plates 24 - 32 . 1946 .\npart 2 / 3 . polychaetous annelids from california , including the descriptions of two new genera and nine new species . pp . 239 - 310 , plates 19 - 26 . paraonidae , magelonidae , longosomidae , ctenodrilidae , and sabellariidae . pp . 311 - 390 , plates 27 - 42 . 1944 .\npart 1 . dickinson , m . g . sponges of the gulf of california . pp . 1 - 252 , plates 1 - 97 . 1945 .\npart 2 . deichmann , elisabeth . the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii and iv during the years 1932 to 1954 . part ii . aspidochirota . pp . 253 - 352 , 9 plates . 1958 .\ntaylor , w . r . pacific marine algae of the allan hancock expeditions to the galapagos islands . 528 p . , 100 plates . 1945 .\npart 1 . steere , w . c . the bryophyta of the allan hancock expedition of 1939 . pp . 1 - 4 . 1946 .\npart 2 . gentry , h . s . land plants collected by the velero iii . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1937 - 1941 . pp . 5 - 245 , 15 plates , 3 maps . 1949 .\npart 3 . dunkle , m . b . plant ecology of the channel islands of california . pp . 247 - 386 , 6 plates , 12 figs . 1950 .\nvolume 14 . osburn , r . c . bryozoa of the pacific coast of america .\npart 3 . cyclostomata , ctenostomata , entoprocta , and addenda . pp . 612 - 841 , plates 65 - 82 . 1953 .\npart 1 . hartman , olga . goniadidae , glyceridae and nephytidae . pp 1 - 181 , plates 1 - 19 , text - figs . 1 - 3 . 1950 .\npart 2 . hyman , libbie h . some polyclad flatworms from the galapagos islands . pp . 183 - 210 . 1953 .\npart 3 . hartman , olga . orbiniidae , apistobranchidae , paraonidae and longosmidae . pp . 211 - 394 , plates 20 - 44 , 1 map . 1957 .\npart 1 . durham , j . w . , and j . l . barnard . stony corals of the eastern pacific collected by the velero iii and velero iv . pp . 1 - 110 , plates 1 - 16 . 1952 .\nvolume 17 . dawson , e . y . marine red algae of pacific mexico .\npart 1 . bangiales to corallinaceae subf . corallinoideae . pp . 1 - 240 , 33 plates . 1953 .\npart 1 . barnard , j . l . amphipoda of the family ampeliscidae collected in the eastern pacific by the velero iii and velero iv . pp . 1 - 138 , plates 1 - 38 . 1954 .\npart 2 . walton , b . c . the genus pylopagurus ( crustacea : anomura ) in the pacific with descriptions of two new species . pp . 139 - 173 , plates 39 - 43 . 1954 .\npart 3 . barnard , j . l . the amphipod family phoxocephalidae in the eastern pacific ocean , with analyses of other species and notes for a revision of the family . pp . 175 - 375 , plates 1 - 75 , chart 1 . 1960 .\npart 1 . hartman , olga . quantitative survey of the benthos of san pedro basin , southern california . 1 preliminary results . pp 1 - 202 , plates 1 - 7 , 2 charts . 1955 .\npart 1 . soot - ryen , tron . a report on the family mytilidae ( pelecypoda ) . pp . 1 - 176 , plates 1 - 10 , text - figs . 1 - 78 . 1955 .\npart 2 . rost , helen . a report on the family arcidae ( pelecypoda ) . pp . 177 - 250 , plates 11 - 16 , text - figs . 79 - 95 . 1955 .\ngarth , j . s . brachyura of the pacific coast of america ; oxyrhyncha : majidae . 2 vols . ( 854 p . , 85 plates , 9 text - figs . ) . 1958 .\nvolume 22 hartman , olga , and j . l . barnard . the benthic fauna of the deep basins off southern california .\npart l . introduction and preliminary report . pp . 1 - 68 , plates 1 - 2 , chart 1 . 1958 .\npart 2 . systematics , summaries and results . pp . 69 - 297 , plates 1 - 19 , map . 1960 .\ngrau , gilbert . pectinidae of the eastern pacific . 308 pp . , 57 plates . 1959 .\nhaig , janet . the porcellanidae ( crustacea anomura ) of the eastern pacific . 440 p . , 41 plates , col . front . , 12 text - figs . 1960 .\nhartman , olga . polychaetous annelids from california . 226 p . , 34 plates , col . front . 1961 .\nvolume 26 . dawson , e . y . marine red algae of pacific mexico .\npart 1 . cerimiales : ceramiaceae , delesseriaceae . pp . 1 - 207 , plates 1 - 50 . 1962 .\npart 1 . topography , water , and sediments , by k . o . emery and jobst hulsemann . 80 p . , 22 figs . , tables . 1963 .\npart 2 . biology , by olga hartman . 424 p . , 27 figs . , tables . 1963 .\npart 3 . systematics : polychaetes , by olga hartman . 93 p . 45 figs . 1963 .\npart 4 . systematics : isopoda , by g . schultz . 56 p . , 15 plates . 1966 .\npart 5 . systematics : amphipoda , by j . l . barnard . 166 p . , 46 plates . 1966 .\nimage from page 294 of\nallan hancock pacific expeditions . [ reports ]\n( 1938 )\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nimage from page 700 of\nallan hancock pacific expeditions . [ reports ]\n( 1938 )\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about epipogium aphyllum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epipogium aphyllum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1663, "summary": [{"text": "hilarographa gunongana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sarawak .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 8.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is pale , dirty orange in the form of three lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "hilarographa gunongana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for gunongana definition . you find here gunongana meaning , synonyms of gunongana and images for gunongana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word gunongana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word gunongana and , of course , gunongana synonyms and on the right images related to the word gunongana .\ngunongana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : sarawak , gunong mulu national park , r . g . s . expedition base camp . holotype : bmnh . male .\n101 . gogana 102 . gorgana 103 . government of telangana 104 . governor of telangana 105 . grapholita tristrigana 106 . guillermo blest gana 107 . hagana 108 . haifa zangana 109 . harungana 110 . hentaigana 111 . hilarographa gunongana 112 . hilarographa marangana 113 . hilarographa pahangana 114 . hilarographa quinquestrigana 115 . hiragana 116 . hirigana 117 . history of telangana 118 . house in fata morgana 119 . hurigana 120 . igana 121 . jai bolo telangana 122 . jaya jaya he telangana 123 . jean - louis magana 124 . jean louis magana 125 . jean tigana\nhilarographa jonesi , the psychedelic jones moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .\ndulciana meyrick , in wagner , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , lepid . cat . ( 13 ) : 24 . no type\nbryonota meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nburuana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : buru , holotype : bmnh . male .\neriglypta meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 478 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmethystis meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nthaliarcha meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , par . lectotype : bmnh . male .\neuphronica meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , r trombetas . lectotype : bmnh . male .\niquitosana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 213 . tl : peru , iquitos . holotype : bmnh . male .\nparambae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : ecuador , paramba . holotype : bmnh . male .\nplectanodes meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 480 . tl : peru , ro napo . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nbaliana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , bali . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncharagnotorna razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 210 . tl : bolivia , cuatro ojos . holotype : bmnh . male .\nperakana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , perak . holotype : bmnh . female .\nxanthotoxa meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 329 . tl : brazil , amazonas , teffe . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbelizeae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : belize , upper raspacula valley . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmariannae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 212 . tl : brazil , parana , castro . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntemburonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nuluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbellica meyrick , 1912 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 37 . tl : suriname , dutch guiana ( paramaribo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhainanica razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : china , hainan , porten . holotype : bmnh . male .\njohnibradleyi razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : thailand , doi suthep pui . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmarangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : sw . sumatra , marang . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrampayoha razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrobinsoni razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . female .\nsipiroca razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : sumatra , utara , sipirok . holotype : bmnh . female .\nancilla razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : india , bombay , castle rock . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncalyx razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , kanshirei . holotype : bmnh . female .\nobinana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : moluccas islands , obi major island . holotype : bmnh . female .\northochrysa meyrick , 1932 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 274 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , neu - bremen . holotype : nhmv . female .\nsoleana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : indonesia , seram , operation releigh . holotype : bmnh . male .\nauroscripta razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : amboyna [ indonesia , maluku islands ] , holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhaoyai razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : thailand , khao yai nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrenonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : siam , renong , low country forest . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbosavina razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : papua new guinea , southern highlands , bosavi . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncelebesiana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : s . celebes ,\nlow country\n. holotype : bmnh . male .\nhexapeda meyrick , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 99 . tl : guyana , british guiana [ guyana ] ( bartica ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nmuluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : sarawak , guanong , mulu nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .\npahangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : malaysia , west pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .\ngentinga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : malaysia , w . pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntasekia razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : malaysia , perak , tasek , temenggor , sungei halong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nfergussonana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 268 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux islands , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . male .\nodontia razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 113 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmeekana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux is . , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncastanea razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 157 . tl : ecuador , prov . pichincha , pacto , r ? o mashpi . holotype : mzuj . male .\nuthaithani razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : w . thailand , uthai thani , huai kha khaeng , khao nang ram . holotype : bmnh . male .\nshehkonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : hong kong , kadoorie agric . research centre , shek kong n . t . . holotype : bmnh . male .\npyranthis meyrick , 1907 ( hilarographa ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 32 : 91 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( st . aignan island ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nsepidmarginata razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 112 . tl : colombia , cauca department , western cordillera , pasto - tumaco rd . , cerro cuesbi forest res . , nambi . holotype : mzuj . female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbathychtra razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 20 km e baos , san francisco . holotype : smfl . male .\ncladara diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 33 . tl : indonesia , east borneo , balikpapan , mentavir river . holotype : ncb . female .\ncrocochorista diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 479 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar , mt . toenggangan . holotype : ncb . male .\ncymatodes diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 482 . tl : indonesia , lesser sunda islands ( sumba island , mao marroe ) . holotype : ncb . female .\ndolichosticha diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 32 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar . holotype : ncb . female .\ndulcisana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 415 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . male .\nexcellens pagenstecher , 1900 ( thaumatographa ) , zoologica 29 : 230 tl : papua new guinea , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngrapholithana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proano - inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .\nmacaria diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 46 . tl : indonesia , west java , gede - panggrango mountains , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . female .\nmesostigmatis diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 42 . tl : taiwan , rantasian . holotype : usnm . male .\noenobapta diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 28 . tl : indonesia , west java , buitenzorg . holotype : ncb . male .\nphlox diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 40 . tl : indonesia , southeast java , mt . smeroe , ranoe daroengan . holotype : ncb . female .\nplurimana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . female .\nquinquestrigana walker , 1866 ( carpocapsa ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 35 : 1796 . tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .\nfirmana felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( carpocapsa ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 10 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrefluxana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro . holotype : bmnh . female .\nribbei zeller , 1877 ( setiostoma ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 189 . tl : panama , chiriqui . holotype : bmnh . female .\nswederiana stoll , in cramer , 1791 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , papillons exotiques s ( suppl . ) : 75 . tl : surinam , holotype : unknown . unknown .\ntrabaena felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( grapholitha ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 9 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . unknown . [ lost ]\ntornoxena diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 50 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . ged panggrango , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . male .\nundosa diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 45 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( sorong ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\n126 . jerry gana 127 . joe vagana 128 . jogentagana 129 . john sparagana 130 . jorge huneeus gana 131 . joseph lagana 132 . karangana 133 . katagana 134 . kingdom of fergana 135 . lagana 136 . legana 137 . legislature of telangana 138 . leia organa 139 . lingana 140 . list of airports in telangana 141 . list of birds of telangana 142 . list of cabinet ministers of telangana 143 . list of chief ministers of telangana 144 . list of cities in telangana 145 . list of dams and reservoirs in telangana 146 . list of districts in telangana 147 . list of governors of telangana 148 . list of mandals in telangana 149 . list of municipalities in telangana 150 . list of national highways in telangana\n151 . list of people from telangana 152 . list of power stations in telangana 153 . list of revenue divisions in telangana 154 . list of self - immolations in telangana 155 . list of self immolations in telangana 156 . list of state highways in telangana 157 . longana 158 . lugana 159 . luis magana 160 . madragana 161 . magana 162 . mahiyangana 163 . makashule gana 164 . malagana 165 . man ' y\u014dgana 166 . mana telangana 167 . mangana 168 . manyogana 169 . manyougana 170 . many\u014d - gana 171 . many\u014d gana 172 . mardonio magana 173 . margana 174 . margaret singana 175 . mashugana\n176 . meconella oregana 177 . megana 178 . meri doli tere angana 179 . meshugana 180 . meshuggana 181 . michel thierry atangana 182 . mohammed abba gana 183 . monastery of mangana 184 . morgana 185 . mourgana 186 . moussa diagana 187 . mungana 188 . muthiyangana 189 . n ' gana 190 . nagana 191 . namaste telangana 192 . namasthe telangana 193 . naringana 194 . nasi bogana 195 . nava telangana 196 . naval air station agana 197 . nebelat el hagana 198 . neeta dhungana 199 . nehale lya mpingana 200 . nehale mpingana\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1666, "summary": [{"text": "nomada lusca , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india and philippines . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nomada lusca", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about nomada lusca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nomada lusca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphor robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada integra robertson , 1893 ( not brull\u00e9 , 1832 ) = nomada integrrima dalla torre , 1896 , by original designation .\ncentrias robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada erigeronis robertson , 1897 , by original designation .\ncephen robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 176 ; type species : nomada texana cresson , 1872 , by original designation .\ngnathias robertson , 1903 : p . 173 , 174 , 175 ; type species : nomada bella cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nholonomada robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 176 ; type species : nomada superba cresson , 1863 , by original designation .\nnomada scopoli , 1770 : p . 44 ; type species : apis ruficornis linnaeus , 1758 , by designation of curtis , 1832 : pl . 419 .\nwith over 850 species , the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae , and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic\ncuckoo bees\n. they occur worldwide , and use many different types of bees as hosts , primarily the genus andrena .\nxanthidium robertson , 1903 : p . 174 , 175 , 177 ( not ehrenberg , 1833 ) ; type species : nomada luteola olivier , 1811 , by original designation . [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym , has not been replaced - mich . 2000 : p . 625 ] .\nthe species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz , 1994 [ univ . sci . kans . sci . , bull . 55 ( 7 ) : 239 - 270 ] . these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener ( 2000 : p . 625 ) .\nhypochrotaenia holmberg , 1886 : p . 234 , 273 ; type species : hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg , 1886 , monobasic .\nnomadita mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 : p . 37 ; type species : nomadita montana mocs\u00e1ry , 1894 , monobasic .\nlamproapis cameron , 1902 : p . 419 ; type species : lamproapis maculipennis cameron , 1902 , monobasic .\nnomadosoma rohwer , 1911 : p . 24 ; type species : pasites pilipes cresson , 1865 , by original designation .\npolybiapis cockerell , 1916 en 27 : p . 208 ; type species : polybiapis minus cockerell , 1916 , by original designation .\ncameron , 1897 mms 41 ( 4 ) : p . 123 ( furva group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 543 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nnurse , 1903 amnh ( 7 ) xi : p . 544 ( ruficornis group )\nmorawitz , 1877 hser 14 : p . 107 ; ( ruficornis group ) [ coxalis only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1874 hser 10 : p . 181 ; ( furva group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\npanzer , 1798 fig , heft 55 : p . 23 ; ( furva group ) [ furva only ? in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmorawitz , 1872 vzbgw 22 : p . 380 [ = cincta lepeletier , 1841 : p . 484 ; = olympica schmeideknecht , 1882 : p . 176 ] ( ruficornis group ) [ in nurse , 1904 jbnhs xv : p . 572 , from quetta ]\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 98 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 99 ( furva group )\nmeade - waldo , 1913 amnh ( 8 ) 12 : p . 100 ( furva group )\n[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .\nby the same author for the authors ' linked references mentioned in this document .\ninaugural release 26 sept . , 2003 revised and continued up to 26 nov . 2009 on url : urltoken . redesigned and released on url : urltoken on 08 february 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 19 march 2018 , at 14 : 17 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1670, "summary": [{"text": "stegastes pelicieri , commonly known as the mauritian gregory , is a damselfish of the family pomacentridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to the islands of mauritius and r\u00e9union in the western indian ocean where it is found at depths between two and twenty metres ( seven to sixty-five feet ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it lives on rocky reefs in areas with little coral but plenty of holes and crevices . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "stegastes pelicieri", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : stegastes pelicieri [ orgn ] .\nallen , g . r . and a . r . emery , 1985 . a review of the pomacentrid fishes of the genus stegastes from the indo - pacific , with descriptions of two new species . indo - pac . fish . ( 3 ) : 31 . ( ref . 510 )\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , stegastos , - e , - on = covered ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 2 - 20 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 15\u00b0s - 25\u00b0s\nwestern indian ocean : mauritius ( ref . 510 ) and reunion ( ref . 53568 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 14 - 15 . generally brown to charcoal or blackish . dusky gray lips ; narrow golden margin on pupil . blackish scale margins ; scales with bluish centers on suborbital series and opercular bones ; small sheath scales with bluish centers on basal portion of anal fin . pectoral fins translucent with brown rays , base of uppermost ray bright blue . scales on ventral surface of head cycloid , the rest ctenoid .\nadults inhabit rocky reefs with little coral and found near crevices and holes ( ref . 9710 ) . they occur singly ( ref . 510 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 25 . 4 - 26 . 8 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 28 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00939 - 0 . 04240 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nadults inhabit rocky reefs with little coral and found near crevices and holes ( ref . 9710 ) . they occur singly ( ref . 510 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 1671, "summary": [{"text": "louise 's underwing ( catocala louiseae ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the epithet , louiseae , is in honor of \" the late louise ( mrs. e.p. ) mellon \" who funded the carnegie museum of natural history expedition on which the type specimen was collected . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "catocala louiseae", "paragraphs": ["catocala louiseae ( more likely bastropi ) , male , louisiana , courtesy of vernon a . brou .\nthe specimen to the right , likely from georgia courtesy of james adams , is probably catocala louiseae .\ncatocala louiseae kah - tock - uh - lah mm lew - ees - ay j . bauer , 1965\nunless location is known , dna analysis is probably necessary to distinguish bastropi from louiseae .\nfrom texas , louisiana , arkansas , oklahoma and missouri . specimens originally identified as louiseae from those four states are more likely\ncatocala staudingeri beutenm\u00fcller , 1907 ; ( repl . catocala aspasia staudinger , 1897 )\nthere is also another unnamed phenotype with a wider range from massachusetts to texas . it seems more coastal in the various collecting locales which include states with either louiseae or bastropi . identifying catocala just got a little more difficult !\neine neue catocala - art aus dem ussurigebiete . catocala kotshubeji ( spec . nov . )\ncatocala dilecta ( hubner , 1808 ) = noctua dilecta h\u00fcbner , [ 1808 ] = catocala dilecta dayremi oberth\u00fcr , 1907 = catocala dilecta powelli oberth\u00fcr , 1907 = catocala dilecta laetita schawerda , 1931 .\n930820 \u2013 8837 . 1 \u00a9 canadian nat ' l . coll . catocala benjamini\ncatocala fraxini yunnanensis mell , 1936 ; ; tl : nw . yunnan , likian\ncatocala tapestrina forresti mell , 1939 ; ; tl : w . yunnan , likiang\ncatocala timur richteri wiltshire , 1961 ; ; tl : s . iran , transhahar\ncatocala pataloides mell , 1931 ; ; tl : n . kwangtung , lung tao shan\ncatocala permanans hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 50\n= catocala delilah desdemona h . edwards , 1882 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835a\ncatocala blandula hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 35\ncatocala xarippe butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 243 ; tl : japan , hakodate\ncatocala szechuena hampson , 1913 ; ; tl : w . china , ta - chien - lu\ndescription d ' une nouvelle sous - esp\u00e8ce fran\u00e7aise de catocala conjuncta esper ( lep . noctuidae )\nis a blueberry feeder , not a celtis feeder . the following catocala species are only blueberry feeders :\ncatocala adultera m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1856 ; etud . ent . 5 : 47 ; tl : st . petersburg\ncatocala deuteronympha kuangtungensis mell , 1931 ; ; tl : china , n . kwangtung , tsha yuen shan\ncatocala badia grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 22\ncatocala jair strecker , 1897 ; ent . news 8 ( 5 ) : 116 ; tl : florida\nnotes and additions to barnes ' and mcdunnough ' s illustrations of n . a . species of catocala\ncatocala zalmunna butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 241 ; tl : japan , yokohama , hakodate\ncatocala jezoensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 775 ; tl : japan\ncatocala nupta obscurata oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ; \u00e9tud . d ' ent . 5 : 86 ; tl : askold\ncatocala texanae french , 1902 ; can . ent . 34 ( 4 ) : 98 ; tl : texas\ncatocala sinuosa grote , 1879 ; can . ent . 11 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : florida\ncatocala mira grote , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 12 ) : 230 ; tl : usa\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur fauna sinica . xi . zur biologie und systematik der chinesischen catocala ( lep . heter . )\ncatocala pacta deserta kozhanchikov , 1925 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 6 : 81 ; tl : minusinsk\ncatocala vestalis boisduval , 1829 ; eur . lepid . index meth . : errata et addena , p . 7\ncatocala ulalume strecker , 1878 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 14 ) : 132 ; tl : texas\ncatocala frederici grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas\ncatocala herodias strecker , 1876 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 121 ; tl : texas\ncatocala orba kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 166 , f . 2 ; tl : texas\ncatocala manitoba beutenm\u00fcller , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 2 ) : 54 ; tl : manitoba , cartwright\ncatocala nupta japonica mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 67 ; tl : japan ?\ncatocala piatrix dionyza h . edwards , 1884 ; papilio 4 ( 7 / 8 ) : 124 ; tl : arizona\ncatocala badia coelebs ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245\ncatocala elda behrens , 1887 ; can . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 199 ; tl : oregon , portland\ncatocala dotata walker , [ 1858 ] ; ( preocc . herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1851 ) ; tl : n . hindostan\ncatocala lupina kastshenkoi sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : transcaucasia , jelisavetpol\ncatocala dejecta strecker , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 97 ; tl : [ north america ]\ncatocala elizabeth cassino , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 7 ) : 53 , f . 4 ; tl : california , truckee\ncatocala abbreviatella grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas , usa\ncatocala adultera ; [ ne10 ] : 97 , pl . 6 , f . 4 - 5 , gen . 49 , 147\ncatocala conjuncta perrettei seyer , 1976 ; bull . soc . ent . mulhouse , 1976 : 24 ; tl : france , donzere\ncatocala conversa ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 3 , gen . 42 , 140\ncatocala lupina detrita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 311 , pl . 56 e ; tl : uralsk\ncatocala detrita ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 17 - 19 , gen . 61 , 159\ncatocala deuteronympha tschiliensis bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : [ china ] chingan mts . , lin si hein , tschili\ncatocala dilecta ; [ ne10 ] : 104 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 8 , gen . 58 , 156\ncatocala disjuncta ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 45 - 48 , gen . 40 , 138\ncatocala diversa ; [ ne10 ] : 93 , pl . 5 , f . 15 - 18 , gen . 45 , 144\ncatocala electa ; [ ne10 ] : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 8 - 9 , gen . 52 , 150\ncatocala elocata ; [ ne10 ] : 100 , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 11 , gen . 53 , 151\ncatocala eutychea ; [ ne10 ] : 87 , pl . 4 , f . 37 - 40 , gen . 38 , 136\ncatocala fraxini ; [ ne10 ] : 95 , pl . 5 , f . 23 - 26 , gen . 48 , 146\ncatocala fulminea ; [ ne10 ] : 85 , pl . 4 , f . 31 - 33 , gen . 36 , 134\ncatocala hymenaea ; [ ne10 ] : 94 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 22 , gen . 47 , 145\ncatocala kotschubeyi sheljuzhko , 1927 ; lep . rdsch . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : s . ussuri , shutshan\ncatocala lupina ; [ ne10 ] : 107 , pl . 7 , f . 14 - 16 , gen . 60 , 158\ncatocala mariana ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 44 , gen . 39 , 137\ncatocala neonympha ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 4 - 6 , gen . 43 , 141\ncatocala nupta clara osthelder , 1933 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 23 : 93 ; tl : turkey , marasch\ncatocala nymphaea ; [ ne10 ] : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 34 - 36 , gen . 37 , 137\ncatocala nymphagoga ; [ ne10 ] : 91 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 10 , gen . 44 , 142\ncatocala nymphagoga albimixta warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 312 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia\ncatocala nymphagoga grisea warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 313 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia\ncatocala oberthueri ; [ ne10 ] : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 12 - 13 , gen . 54 , 152\ncatocala optata ; [ ne10 ] : 109 , pl . 7 , f . 23 - 25 , gen . 63 , 161\ncatocala pacta ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 20 - 22 , gen . 62 , 160\ncatocala promissa ; [ ne10 ] : 106 , pl . 7 , f . 11 - 13 , gen . 64 , 162\ncatocala proxeneta sutschana sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : ussuri region , sutshan\ncatocala sponsa ; [ ne10 ] : 105 , pl . 7 , f . 9 - 10 , gen . 59 , 157\ncatocala piatrix grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 88 ; tl : new york , usa\ncatocala serena edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 510 ; tl : philadelphia\ncatocala beutenmuelleri barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 251 ; tl : utah , provo\ncatocala miranda h . edwards , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 7 ) : 118 ; tl : washington , d . c .\ncatocala fraxini var . latefasciata warnecke , 1919 ; int . ent . z . 13 : 25 ; tl : amur region , ussuri\ncatocala mariana rambur , 1858 ; cat . syst . l\u00e9pid . andalousie : pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : spain\ncatocala nupta likiangensis mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 69 ; tl : nw . yunnan , likiang\ncatocala disjuncta var . fumigata kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 76 ( repl . disjuncta var . luctuosa staudinger )\ncatocala retecta grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 4 ; tl : middle states [ usa ]\ncatocala luctuosa hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 53 ; tl :\nmiddle and western states\ncatocala chelidonia grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 159 ; tl : prescott , [ yavapai co . ] , arizona\ncatocala clintoni grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 89 ; tl : eastern states [ usa ]\ncatocala lineella ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3f\ncatocala sordida , july 29 , 2006 , peterborough , ontario , courtesy of tim dyson ; id by tim , confirmed by bill oehlke .\ncatocala caerulea beutenm\u00fcller , 1907 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 23 ( 36 ) : 938 ; tl : oregon\ncatocala stretchii var . margherita beutenm\u00fcller , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 9 - 10 ) : 65 ; tl : california , mendocino co .\ncatocala praeclara grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 25 ; tl : new york , usa\ncatocala grisatra brower , 1936 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 31 : 96 , f . 1 ; tl : georgia , athens\nspecies status : described as full species by brou ( 2002a ) . previously , it had been treated as a form of catocala ilia .\ncatocala dilecta laetita schawerda , 1931 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 16 ( fortsetzung ) : 35 ; tl : corsica , vizzavona , evisa\ncatocala fraxini legionensis g\u00f3mez bustillo & vega escandon , 1975 ; shilap rev . lepid . 3 : 224 ; tl : leon , villanueva de carrizo\ncatocala nupta alticola mell , 1942 ; mitt . dt . ent . ges . 11 : 55 ; tl : batang , atuntse [ china ]\ncatocala lincolnana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 3 ; tl : lincoln co . , arkansas\ncatocala dulciola grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : vicinity of dayton , [ montgomery co . ] , ohio\nthe reason why catocala eggs are occasionally deposited on plants upon which the larva cannot survive ; and a new variation ( lepid . , noctuidae )\ncatocala flebilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8782 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246\ncatocala vidua ; guen\u00e9e , 1852 , hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 7 ( noct . 3 ) : 94\ncatocala minerva cassino , 1917 ; lepidopterist 1 ( 8 ) : 63 , pl . f . ; tl : utah , provo canyon , deer creek\ncatocala jessica h . edwards , 1877 ; proc . cal . acad . sc . : 1 ; tl : california , kern co . , havilah\ncatocala messalina ; [ nacl ] , # 8845 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260\ncatocala clintoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8872 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245\ncatocala consors ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8772\ncatocala epione ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8773\ncatocala antinympha ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8775\ncatocala judith ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8781\ncatocala obscura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8784\ncatocala sappho ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8786\ncatocala agrippina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8787\ncatocala dejecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8790\ncatocala vidua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8792\ncatocala neogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8798\ncatocala aholibah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8800\ncatocala ilia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801\ncatocala relicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8803\ncatocala unijuga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8805\ncatocala irene ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807\ncatocala luciana ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8808\ncatocala faustina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8811\ncatocala hermia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8812\ncatocala pura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8819\ncatocala hippolyta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8823\ncatocala babayaga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8824\ncatocala jessica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8825\ncatocala junctura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8829\ncatocala texanae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8830\ncatocala concumbens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8833\ncatocala delilah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835\ncatocala andromache ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8836\ncatocala andromache wellsi johnson , 1981 ; j . research lepid . 20 : 245 , f . 1 ; tl : california , amador co . , jackson\ncatocala illecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8840\ncatocala nuptialis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8842\ncatocala amestris ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8844\ncatocala gerhardi barnes & benjamin , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 8 ; tl : n [ ew ] , j [ ersey ] , lakehurst\ncatocala violenta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8853\ncatocala verrilliana var . ophelia h . edwards , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 95 ; tl : california , mendocino co .\ncatocala ultronia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8857\ncatocala crataegi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8858\ncatocala johnsoniana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 6 ; tl : kernville , kern co . , california\ncatocala grynea ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8864\ncatocala titania ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8868\ncatocala olivia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8870\ncatocala amica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8878\ncatocala jair ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8879\ncatocala brandtii hacker & kaut , 1999 ; esperiana 7 : 430 - 431 , pl . 23 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : iran , esfahan\ncatocala unicuba walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan\ncatocala concubia walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan\ncatocala nozawae matsumura , 1911 ; thous . ins . japan ( suppl . ) 3 : 88 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : japan\ncatocala puerpera ; [ ne10 ] : 103 , pl . 7 , f . 1 - 4 , gen . 56 , 154 ; [ ne12 ] , 234\ncatocala residua grote , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 242 ; tl :\nwest farms / new york city\n?\ncatocala retecta luctuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788a\ncatocala ilia zoe ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801a\ncatocala marmorata edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 508 ; tl : ? [ error yreka , california ]\ncatocala irene valeria ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807a\ncatocala cara carissima ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832a\ncatocala andromache r . benjaminii brower , 1937 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 32 ( 5 ) : 185 ; tl : arizona , mojave co .\ncatocala californiensis brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 5 ; tl : valyermo , los angeles co . , california\ncatocala jansseni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 453 , pl . 22 , f . 2 ; tl : china , ichang\ncatocala consors sorsconi barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 174 ; tl : maine\ncatocala deducta ; [ ne10 ] : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 , pl . 11 , f . 32 , gen . 32 , 153\ncatocala elocata var . locata staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 327 ; tl : uzbek , taschkend , margelan\ncatocala nupta kansuensis o . bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 88 ; tl : w . liang - tschou , ricthofen mts , kansu\ncatocala robinsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8780 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4d\ncatocala erichi brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 4 ; tl : green valley creek , san bernardino mts . , california\ncatocala sordida ; [ nacl ] , # 8846 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5c\ncatocala andromedae ; [ nacl ] , # 8849 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 256 , f . 6a\ncatocala verrilliana ; [ nacl ] , # 8852 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 5d\ncatocala mira ; [ nacl ] , # 8863 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3g\ncatocala micronympha ; [ nacl ] , # 8876 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6g\ncatocala connubialis ; [ nacl ] , # 8877 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 258 , f . 6c\ncatocala remissa staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : ashabad\ncatocala thomsoni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 452 , pl . 22 , f . 1 ; tl : n . china , tientsin\ncatocala alabamae grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 427 ; tl : demopolis [ marengo co . ] , ala [ bama ]\ncatocala shirozui sugi , 1982 ; ty\u00f4 to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 155 , f . 14 - 15 ; tl : taiwan , lishan , nantou - hsien\ncatocala nupta ; [ ne10 ] : 98 , pl . 6 , f . 6 - 7 , pl . 11 , f . 29 - 31 , gen . 50 , 148\ncatocala atocala brou , 1985 ; proc . entomol . soc . wash . 87 ( 4 ) : 889 - 892 ; tl : edgard , st . john the baptist parish , louisiana\ncatocala optata atlantica le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 164 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , oed beni bou n ' sor\ncatocala puerpera centralasiae sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 56 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : trans - caspia , kyzl - anvat\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8864 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6h ( = catocala alabamae ? )\ncatocala ixion druce , 1890 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 360 , 3 pl . 31 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , xucumanatlan\ncatocala aestimabilis staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 330 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : xinjiang , kaschgar , kysil jart\ncatocala sultana a . bang - haas , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 3 ) : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : tunis , ain draham\ncatocala contemnenda staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 329 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : [ xinjiang ] kashgar , kysil jart\ncatocala atocala ; gall , peacock & slotten , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 , f . 1a - b ( larva ) , c ( ova )\ncatocala callinympha duponchel , [ 1842 ] ; in godart , hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 546 , pl . 46 , f . 4 ; tl : provence and dalmatia\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\n? catocala nagansi sugi , 1982 ; ty\u00f4 to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 150 , f . 5 - 6 , gen . 12 ; tl : taiwan , between tachi and wenshan , taoyuan hsien\ncatocala lupina herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 2 ( 47 ) : 409 , ( 19 ) ( ix ) pl . 46 , f . 234 - 235 ; tl : sarepta\ncatocala nupta nuptialis staudinger , 1901 ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 248 ( preocc . walker , [ 1858 ) ) ; tl : altai , ala tau , ili , issyk kul\nboth values are about as small as seems plausible for any catocala and they are chosen on the basis of lack of any real knowledge for this species . the suitable habitat distance is moot at present since nobody has any idea what suitable habitat is .\ncatocala innubens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala muliercula ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8774 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260\ncatocala serena ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8779 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala angusi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8783 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244\ncatocala insolabilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8791 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala lacrymosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8794 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala nebulosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8796 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala marmorata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8804 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239\ncatocala cara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257\ncatocala whitneyi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8843 ; metzler , 1987 , j . lep . soc . 41 ( 4 ) : 212 - 213\ncatocala similis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8873 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\nadult structural features : in males , the end of the valves is more truncated and process of the sacculus is shorter than in catocala ilia ( see brou , 2002a , for a description and illustrations ) . differences in the female genitalia have not been described .\ncatocala coccinata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245 , 2e\ncatocala briseis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8817 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 235 , f 1a\nmuch more detailed information and many images are available in\na new species of catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from the south central united states\nby hugo l . kons , jr . and robert j . borth . i am pretty sure this is a 2017 publication .\ncatocala piatrix ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8771 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3j\ncatocala badia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8777 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2d\ncatocala habilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8778 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3d\ncatocala residua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8785 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4b\ncatocala retecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4c\ncatocala palaeogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8795 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6i\ncatocala subnata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8797 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5b\ncatocala umbrosa ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 48 - 50 ) ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : 3 , insert c ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 85 - 86 )\ncatocala cerogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8802 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257 , f . 6d\ncatocala parta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8806 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6j\ncatocala californica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8814 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1b\ncatocala semirelicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8821 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4f\ncatocala meskei ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8822 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3e\ncatocala frederici ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8837 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3b\ncatocala chelidonia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8838 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2f\ncatocala abbreviatella ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8841 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 243 , f . 2a\ncatocala gracilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8847 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1c\ncatocala praeclara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8865 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3h\ncatocala dulciola ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8871 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 2g\ncatocala minuta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8874 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1d\ncatocala coccinata sinuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851a ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4h\nthe magnitude of this problem can be appreciated when one realizes that there are at least 200 catocala species worldwide . the genus is predominantly north temperate ( holarctic ) , and its metropolis is clearly north america ( nearctic ) . mcdunnough ( 1938 ) lists 104 north american species ( and 136 additional named varieties ) , while some 80 to 90 species are known from europe and asia ( palearctic ) ( seitz , 1914 ) . even in the restricted area covered in the present book ( north america east of the mississippi river ) , there are at least 71 catocala species and nearly 100 more named varieties .\ncomments : our records are too sparse to determine its status in north carolina . more needs to be learned about its host plant and habitat associations in north carolina before an accurate assessment can be made about its conservation needs . more determinations also need to be made via dissection to clearly eliminate possible confusion with catocala ilia .\nsince the color - plates will provide the initial guide to identification , some remarks concerning them are appropriate . first , most catocala exhibit considerable variation and no one specimen will be entirely representative of its species . the sex of a specimen is a factor that must be considered , for females are often more boldly and heavily marked than males (\ni got a chuckle , however , when tim wrote\na nice warm night here , and the banana beer is flowing , ( and so , of course are the catocala ) . had this little beauty a couple of hours ago , ( and another a lot like it , though the first one flew from bait and hit me in the corner of my mouth ) .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\ncatocala alabamae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8869 ; brou , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 117 , f . 3 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2b\nthe catocala comprise an exceedingly complex assemblage of closely related moths . the simple theme of somber forewings and striking hindwings has yielded a seemingly infinite array of variations . one ' s initial response to this profusion is astonishment . but if one ' s interest is aroused , astonishment turns quickly to despair at the matter of names . species after species , form after form , and subspecies , and aberrations . . . and each one has a name !\nhere is a tally of caterpillars species i saw while removing the burlap over the past two days on red and white oaks . red oak : dasychira obliquata ( 5 ) , glaea sp ( 2 ) , hypoprepia sp . ( 2 ) , lithophane sp . ( 2 ) , lymantria dispar ( 51 ) , malacosoma americana ( 3 ) , malacosoma disstria ( 10 ) , malacosoma cocoons ( 1 ) , orthosia hibisci ( 1 ) , orthosia rubescens ( 3 ) , phoberia atomaris ( 7 ) , satyrium ? calanus ( 1 ) . white oak : catocala ilia ( 1 ) , catocala sp . ( 1 ) , dasychira obliquata ( 8 ) , glaea sp ( 5 ) , hypoprepia sp . ( 8 ) , lithophane sp . ( 1 ) , lymantria dispar ( 60 ) , malacosoma americana ( 18 ) , malacosoma disstria ( 17 ) , malacosoma cocoons ( 10 ) , orthosia hibisci ( 3 ) , orthosia rubescens ( 13 ) , phigalia titea ( 1 ) , phoberia atomaris ( 18 ) , satyrium ? ontario favonius ( 4 ) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a suitable habitat with larval foodplant where the species has been documented by a specimen or positively identifiable photograph of an adult and for some species larvae are also identifiable .\noccasionally , especially with species feeding on aronia , the habitat may be very clear , for example around the edges of a midwestern bog or a palustrine forest in new jersey . adults of most of these species wander some distance from foodplants in forests , especially swamp species seem to often move into immediately adjacent upland forsts probably to feed . in such cases use the habitat where the foodplant occurs plus 100 meter wooded buffer ( if available ) as the eo .\nthese species often occur in well defined natural communities such as bogs , riparian forests , barrens or savannas on a generally wooded landscape . in such cases apply the suitable habitat distance across suboptimal wooded or brushy habitat if the larval foodplant is not completely absent over distances of > half the suitable habitat distance , except if the habitat is demonstrably unsuitable in some way for the adults . females of this group do move around and both sexes rest in the woods even if the breeding habitat is open .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nis probably limited to north carolina , south carolina ( unconfirmed ) , georgia , florida and alabama .\nthere is a distinct white\nsmile\n( in spread specimens ) between the reniform and subreniform spots . there is also a narrow but distinct white line immediately following the black postmedial line .\nthe hindwing is a deep yellow orange and the outer black band is interrupted and then followed by a dot , ending before the inner margin .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n, louise ' s underwing , ( wingspan : 40mm ) flies in north carolina south to florida and west to arkansas and texas .\nthe forewing is lighter along the costa and darker along the inner margin . dark medial lines are especially evident through the lighter shades near the costa . the outer black band of the hindwing is broken near the anal angle .\nfurther assessment might be possible based on this ventral image of the same moth .\ntim makes good use of a banana / beer mash to attract the moths . he also has amazing patience .\nit made me wonder if tim has also been sampling the bait or a portion thereof .\nflies as a single generation with moths on the wing from may to september .\neggs are deposited on bush bark in the summer and fall and hatch the following spring .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndenmark , latvia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside , mid - amur , average - volzhsky , mid - ural , sredneobskaya , tuva , south west siberian , south ural .\nbelarus , denmark ( mainland ) , latvia , russia , ukraine , finland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nandreusia hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 12 : 206 ( emend . andrewsia grote )\nneu , siberia - far easts , altai , mongolia , ussuri , amurland . see [ maps ]\n1400x915 ( ~ 229kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 3 . 8 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nnoctua agamos h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 122 , f . 525 ; tl : europe\n900x564 ( ~ 83kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 11 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1400x1006 ( ~ 219kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 28 . 6 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1400x928 ( ~ 237kb ) female greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1400m , n 39\u00b046 ' 15\n, e 20\u00b048 ' 20\n) , 8 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1400x996 ( ~ 233kb ) male greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , 7 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1000x574 ( ~ 81kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo \u00a9 dylan lloyd leg .\n1100x834 ( ~ 118kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1100x834 ( ~ 121kb ) underside hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1200x695 ( ~ 178kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 30 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nnoctua disjuncta geyer , [ 1828 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 159 , f . 741 - 742 ; tl : europe , fiume [ rijeka ]\nceu , seu , s . siberia - korea , n . china , japan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua electa vieweg , 1790 ; tabl . verz . brand . schmett . 2 : 33 ; tl : brandenburg region\n900x564 ( ~ 86kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 12 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1200x787 ( ~ 190kb ) italy : canero , 12 . 8 . 1986 e . o , mayr leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nceu , seu , kazakhstan , n . africa , asia minor - uzbekistan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua nurus h\u00fcbner , [ 1822 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 143 , f . 655 - 656 ; tl : europe\n1100x834 ( ~ 116kb ) hungary , hajd\u00fa - bihar county , debrecen , belter\u00fclet , poroszlay \u00fat 103 , 02 . viii . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n1100x646 ( ~ 148kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 9 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1300x793 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1300x893 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\neu - kazakhstan , siberia - far east , japan . see [ maps ]\n900x438 ( ~ 117kb ) russia : moscow area , september , 2000 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n1100x833 ( ~ 134kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , bask\u00f3 , belter\u00fclet , 13 . viii . 1999 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n1011x721 ( ~ 139kb ) upperside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b023 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n974x540 ( ~ 108kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b023 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nlarva on populus tremula , betula sp . , fraxinus excelsior [ sprk ] , fraxinus , quercus , q . robur , tilia cordata , fagus , alnus , acer , ulmus , salix [ ne10 ] , 96 ( beck , anikin et al . )\nseu , ceu , siberia - far east , korea , n . china . see [ maps ]"]}
{"id": 1677, "summary": [{"text": "platytroctes apus is a species of fish in the family platytroctidae , the tubeshoulders .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known commonly as the legless searsid and legless tubeshoulder .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is native to tropical and temperate oceans around the world .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has been found at depths between 385 and 5393 meters , but it generally remains between 1000 and 2000 meters .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "little is known about this rarely-collected deepsea fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it reaches up to 18 centimeters in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its body is laterally compressed and is described as \" leaf-like \" and \" flabby \" .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is dark brown in color with luminous patches . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "platytroctes apus", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nvelttovalokuore\nto\nplatytroctes apus g\u00fcnther , 1878\n.\na legless tubeshoulder , platytroctes apus , from seamounts in the tasman sea . source : robin mcphee & mark mcgrouther / norfanz founding parties . license : all rights reserved\nplatytroctes apus g\u00fcnther 1878 , ann . mag . nat . hist . 5 2 ( 2 , 22 , 28 ) : 249 . type locality : atlantic ocean [ 01\u00b0n , 26\u00b0w ] . depth 1500 fathoms\nscientific synonyms and common names platytroctes apus g\u00fcnther , 1878 synonyms : platytroctes apus g\u00fcnther , 1878 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 5 ) 2 : 249 ( abt . 01\u00b0n . , 26\u00b0 w . , 274 m ) . holotype : bmnh no . 1887 . 12 . 7 . 235 . platytroctes apus : g\u00fcnther , 1887 : 229 - 230 , pl . lviii ( fig . a ) alcock , 1890 : 307 goode & bean , 1896 : 46 , pl . xv ( fig . 53 ) zugmayer , l911b : 8 - 9 roule , 1916 : 12 ; 1919 : 1416 , pl . i ( fig . 4 , 4a - c ) koefoed , 1927 : 58 fowler , 1936 : 191 - 192 , fig . 80 lozano rey , 1947 : 85 - 87 , fig . 15 - 16 grey , 1956 : 116 - 117 parr , 1960 : 34 - 37 , fig . 22 - 26 krefft , 1963 : 83 . platytroctes procerus brauer , 1906 , wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' valdivia ' , 15 ( 1 ) : 23 - 24 , fig . 3 ( 14\u00b039 ' 05\nn . , 21\u00b051 ' 08\nw . , 2500 m ) . holotype : zmhu no . 17427 . common names : legless searsid [ en ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\noccurs in the atlantic , pacific and indian oceans . this is a rarely captured , deep - dwelling species . current threats to this species are unknown and ecological information is limited . this species is listed as least concern .\noccurs circumglobally in temperate and tropical waters ( carter 2002 ) . this species occurs tropical western atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and in the eastern atlantic from iceland to south of the equator at the sierra leone rise ( pakhorukov 1999 , quero\nit is equatorial in the indian ocean , extends to about 66\u00b0n in the eastern atlantic and is absent in the southern atlantic ( matsui and rosenblatt 1987 ) . there are scattered records from denmark strait and bay of biscay to gabon ( qu\u00e9ro\n2008 ) but it has been reported from 385 m to 5 , 393 m ( randall and farrell 1997 ) . it is known to occur in the low - oxygen waters off the bay of bengal and the arabian sea ( matsui and rosenblatt 1987 ) .\nanguilla ; aruba ; australia ; bangladesh ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; british indian ocean territory ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; comoros ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominican republic ; ecuador ( ecuador ( mainland ) ) ; equatorial guinea ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greenland ; grenada ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; iceland ; india ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; ireland ; jamaica ; kenya ; liberia ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; mauritania ; mauritius ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; norfolk island ; oman ; pakistan ; panama ; philippines ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; puerto rico ; r\u00e9union ; saint pierre and miquelon ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ( principe , s\u00e2o tom\u00e9 ) ; senegal ; seychelles ; sierra leone ; somalia ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sri lanka ; suriname ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; united kingdom ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; western sahara ; yemen\n( froese and pauly 2011 , fishnet2 2012 ) . this species is rarely captured ( iwamoto pers . comm . 2013 ) .\ncan reach a size of 18 cm standard length ( carter 2002 ) . this species inhabits low - oxygen waters and have poorly developed gill filaments ( matsui and rosenblatt 1987 ) .\nare unknown . if any threats do exist , for they are probably limited by the depth range of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , platys = flat + greek , troktes , - ou = that eats ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 385 - 5393 m ( ref . 40846 ) . deep - water ; 67\u00b0n - 21\u00b0s , 57\u00b0w - 119\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : scattered records from denmark strait and bay of biscay ( ref . 6682 ) to gabon ( ref . 4461 ) . indian , pacific and western atlantic : in tropical waters .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4461 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 17 . body highly compressed and flabby ; body leaf - like in appearance ; no nodular luminous organ on body , upper and lower edges of caudal peduncle fringed by black presumably luminous tissue ; pectoral fin tiny ; body dark brown ; opercular region , shoulder luminous organ , and anus black ( ref . 13608 ) .\nreported to reach the depth of 5 , 393 m ( r . e . pohl , pers . comm . , 28 / 11 / 01 ) .\nqu\u00e9ro , j . - c . , t . matsui , r . h . rosenblatt and y . i . sazonov , 1984 . searsiidae . p . 256 - 267 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 6682 )\n) : 1 . 9 - 4 . 9 , mean 3 ( based on 5566 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tmax > 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\ntusks . gillrakers ( 29 ) 33 - 40 ( 8 - 11 on upper limb ) .\n, with 15 - 19 finrays . no light organs . most scales bearing a\n: scattered records from west of morocco , off portugal , bay of biscay and denmark strait . elsewhere , southward to about 9\u00b0 25 ' n , also\nalcock , a . w . 1890b . natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . no . 18 . on the bathybia fishes of the arabian sea , obtained during the season 1889 - 1890 . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 6 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 295 - 311 .\nbrauer , a . 1906 . die tiefseefische . 1 . systematischer teil . wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' valdivia ' , iena , 15 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 432 , 18 pl . , 176 fig .\nfowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1878 . preliminary notices of deep - sea fishes collected during the voyage of h . m . s . challenger . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 5 ) 2 : pp . 17 - 28 , pp . 179 - 187 , pp . 248 - 251 .\ngoode , g . b . ; bean , t . h . 1896 . oceanic ichthyology , a treatise on the deep - sea and pelagic fishes of the world , based chiefly upon the collections made by steamers blake , albatross and fish hawk in the northwestern atlantic . smithson . contrib . knowl . , 30 and spec . bull u . s . natn . mus . , 1895 [ 1896 ] and mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 1 ( text ) : pp . xxxv + 1 - 553 ; 2 ( atlas ) : pp . xxiii + 1 - 26 , 123 pl . , 417 fig .\ngrey , m . 1956 . the distribution of fishes found below a depth of 2000 meters . fieldiana , zool . , 36 ( 2 ) : 75 - 337 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1887 . report on the deep - sea fishes collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . challenger reports , zool . , 22 : ixv + 268 pp . , 7 fig . , 66 pl .\nkoefoed , e . 1927 . fishes from the sea - bottom . rep . scient . results michael sars n . atlant . deep sea exped . , [ tittle page : 1927 , 1932 ] , 4 ( 1 ) : 148 pp . , 55 fig . , 6 pl .\nlozano y rey , l . 1947 . peces ganoideos y fisostomos , mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cienc . nat . , 11 : xv + 839 p . , 190 fig . , 20 pl .\nparr , a . e . 1960 . the fishes of the family searsidae . dana rep . , ( 51 ) : pp . 1 - 109 , fig . 1 - 73 .\nroule , l . 1916a . notice pr\u00e9liminaire sur quelques esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ou rares des poissons provenant des croisieres de s . a . s . ie prince de monaco . bull . inst . oc\u00e9anogr . , monaco , ( 320 ) : 1 - 32 .\nroule , l . 1919 . poissons provenant des campagnes du yacht ' princesse alice ' ( 1891 - 1913 ) et du yacht ' hirondelle ii ' ( 1914 ) . r\u00e9sult . camp . scient . prince albert 1 , 52 : 191 pp . , 7 pl .\nzugmayer , e . 1911b . poissons provenant des campagnes du yacht ' princesse alice ' . r\u00e9sult . camp . scient . prince albert 1 , 35 : 174 pp . , 6 pl .\na deep - bodied dark brown tubeshoulder with a black opercular region , shoulder luminous organ , and anus , tiny pectoral fins , and luminous glands along the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the caudal peduncle .\nnorthwest of port hedland , western australia , and on the norfolk ridge , north and south of norfolk island . elsewhere the species is circumglobal in tropical to temperate waters .\ndorsal fin 20 ; anal fin 17 . body highly compressed , flabby , leaf - like in appearance ; upper and lower edges of caudal peduncle fringed by black luminous tissue ; pectoral fin tiny .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1878 . preliminary notices of deep - sea fishes collected during the voyage of h . m . s . challenger .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1887 . report on the deep - sea fishes collected by h . m . s challenger during the years 1873\u20131876 .\nreport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger 1873\u20131876 , zoology\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t190217a21908841 . urltoken downloaded on 16 july 2017 .\nhartel , k . e . , kenaley , c . p . , galbraith , j . k . & sutton , t . t . 2008 . additional records of deep - sea fishes from off the greater new england .\nmatsui , t . & rosenblatt , r . h . 1987 . review of the deep - sea fish family platytroctidae ( pisces : salmoniformes ) .\npakhorukov , n . p . 1999 . underwater observations on deepwater fish of the atlantic ocean in the region of the sierra leone rise .\nparr , a . e . 1960 . the fishes of the family searsidae .\nqu\u00e9ro , j . - c . , matsui , t . , rosenblatt , r . h . & sazonov , yu . i . 1984 . searsiidae , pp . 256 - 267 . in : whitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielsen , j . & tortonese , e . ( eds ) 1984 .\nsazonov , yu . i . 1986 : morphology and classification of the fishes of the family platytroctidae ( salmoniformes , alepocephaloidei ) .\nsazonov , yu . i . 1996 . morphology and significance of the luminous organs in alepocephaloid fishes , pp . 151 - 163 . in : uiblein , f . , ott , j . , stachowitsch , m . ( eds ) deep - sea and extreme shallow - water habitats : affinities and adaptations .\nsazonov , y . i . 1999 . family platytroctidae . pp . 1894 - 1895 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .\nwilliams , a . & stewart , a . l . 2015 . family platytroctidae . pp . 346 - 353 in roberts , c . d . , stewart , a . l . & struthers , c . d .\n. wellington : te papa press vol . 2 pp . 1 - 576 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4a21abe5 - 5c3d - 45b6 - 9476 - bd340b45caf4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92e094f2 - 94c6 - 4226 - 9167 - 5a1b294d827f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : efef03cd - 1cab - 4c4a - a2d7 - 973ad085221b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f02d8f5d - 1d9c - 45d1 - 8c63 - dc6046012477\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f587d0a9 - 1ee7 - 4075 - 92a1 - 3f6416b3f69d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 332303\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1679, "summary": [{"text": "percopsidae is a family of fish in the order percopsiformes , with one extant genus with two species , both endemic to north america , and two known fossil genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are small fish with weak fin spines , and an adipose fin similar to those of trout .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they feed on insects and small crustaceans . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "percopsidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b5\u30b1\u30b9\u30ba\u30ad\u79d1\nto\npercopsidae\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : northern north america . scales ctenoid and cycloid . naked head . dorsal fin spines 1 or 2 ; soft rays 9 - 12 . anal fin spines 1 or 2 ; soft rays 6 or 7 . pelvic fin insertion subthoracic ; pelvic rays 8 . attains a maximum length of 20 cm .\ngreek , perke = perch + greek , ops = similar ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nmecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npikkulohiahven\nto\npercopsis transmontana ( eigenmann & eigenmann , 1892 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from\npercopsis omiscomaycus ( walbaum , 1792 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\npercopsis omiscomaycus ( walbaum , 1792 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : percopsiformes according to r . betancur - r et al . 2013"]}
{"id": 1681, "summary": [{"text": "vellonifer is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , vellonifer doncasteri , which is found in india ( assam ) and china . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "vellonifer", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nyou just need to enter the word you are looking for a rhyme in the field . in order to find a more original version you can resort to fuzzy search . practically in no time you will be provided with a list of rhyming words according to your request . they will be presented in blocks depending on the number of letters .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about vellore institute of technology ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for vellore institute of technology ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1691, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia tenuiscripta is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brownish fuscous tinged with greenish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey , with traces of darker grey curved lines . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia tenuiscripta", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder eupithecia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av eupithecia sj\u00e4lv\neupithecia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ing\u00e5r i familjen m\u00e4tare .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\neupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide mey 63 / 09\u2642 , lacking head and right forewing ( see mey 2011 : 195 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , samc ( dissected by slide not found , see kallies 2016 : 30 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10352\u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny , bmnh ; paralectotypes 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10238\u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7486\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 23\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 8017\u2642 , 7262\u2640 , 7263 , 7692\u2642 , 8022\u2642 , tmsa , samc , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide bassi 3439\u2640 , tmsa ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides bassi 3381 , 3445 , 3618 , 3930 , pyralidae 16425 , tmsa , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 19\u2642 , 24\u2640 , genitalia slides bassi 3578\u2642 , 3771\u2642 , 3753\u2640 , 5193 , 5210 , tmsa , samc , zmhb , coll . kroon , bassi .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 14\u2642 , 17\u2640 , genitalia slides bmnh pyralidae 21453 , 21454 , tmsa , samc , zmhb , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 62 ) , genitalia slide 150\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 6\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nparalectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 62 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 64 ) , genitalia slide 154\u2642 , wing slide 40 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 192\u2642 , wing slide 44 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10301 , bmnh [ in original description 3 specimens cited ] .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 89 ) , genitalia slide janse 189\u2642 , wing slide 29 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , abdomen missing , designated by janse ( 1968 : 89 ) , genitalia slide 3214\u2642 , wing slide 3403 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10235\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 143\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10151\u2642 , bmnh [ in the original description 4 specimens were mentioned ] .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10152 , bmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10151 , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 190\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10236\u2640 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 144\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 6\u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 208\u2642 , samc , gozm\u00e1ny 10150\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 146\u2642 , wing slide 13 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10237 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 109 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 194\u2642 , wing slide 46 , samc ; paralectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10300\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 ( not \u2642 as mentioned in the original description , see janse 1950 : 114 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; 3 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype , abdomen missing ( see janse 1960 : 170 ) , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratypes 3\u2642 , bmnh , not traced ( see kr\u00fcger 2001a : 235 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratypes ( number not stated , see kr\u00fcger 2001a : 136 ) , genitalia slide 1395 , 10881 , tmsa , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 34 - 08 , samc ; paratypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide 14238 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 9732 , tmsa ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 6\u2640 , genitalia slides 9733 , 9734 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc [ not found , kr\u00fcger 2002 : 44 ] ; paratype \u2642 , genitalia slide 1386 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2640 , samc ( probably lost , see kr\u00fcger 2002 : 78 ) .\nholotype \u2640 , not \u2642 as stated in the orginal description ( see janse 1933 : 45 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 10401\u2642 , type no 7898 , tmsa ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide 10402\u2640 , type no 7899 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 31b6 , 217 , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 31b8\u2642 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , samc or bmnh ( see kr\u00fcger 1998a : 336 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 850\u2642 , type no 7981 , tmsa ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 11\u2640 , genitalia slides sam 31b7 , 9685 , 10408 , 11296 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 10443\u2640 , type no 7900 , tmsa ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide sam 31b4 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen eaten ( see janse 1933 : 107 ) , samc ; paratypes \u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by kr\u00fcger ( 2001a : 96 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen lost ( see kr\u00fcger 2001a : 58 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1933\u20131935 : 309 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , samc , not found ( see janse 1933\u20131935 : 263 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sam109\u2642 , samc ; metallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g7646\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sam127\u2642 , samc ; metallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g7297\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sam106\u2642 , samc ; metallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g7190\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2640 [ not \u2642 as stated in original description ] , genitalia slide sam108\u2640 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by janse ( 1942 : 26 ) , genitalia slide bmnh 20477\u2642 , bmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , much worn ( see warren 1914 : 508 , janse 1942 : 40 ) , samc .\nsyntypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , samc ( not found , see zolotuhin & gurkovich 2009a : 36 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , in bad condition , destroyed by museum beetle ( see janse 1948 : 174 , scoble 1978b : 110 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , destroyed ( see scoble 1978b : 110 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; allotype \u2640 , tmsa ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 5\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; allotype \u2640 , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide 5353\u2642 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , type no 1658 , genitalia slide 11191\u2642 , tmsa ( see kiriakoff 1964b : 214 ) ; paratype 1\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type no 1690 , genitalia slide 2394\u2642 , tmsa ( see kiriakoff 1964b : 220 ) ; allotype \u2640 , type no 1691 , tmsa ; paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 [ number not stated ] , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratype \u2640 , genitalia slide 1664\u2640 , tmsa ( see kiriakoff 1964b : 215 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by janse ( 1942 : 74 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , usnm ; paratypes 8\u2642 , genitalia slide usnm 20954\u2642 , usnm , anic , samc , tmsa .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by v\u00e1ri ( 1962 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as type by janse ( 1942 : 72 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide bmnh 2210 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 28 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 176\u2642 , wing slide 43 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 178\u2642 , wing slide 37 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 74 ) , genitalia slide 163\u2642 , wing slide 32 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide 164\u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , disgnated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 60 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 142\u2642 , wing slide 18 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10241\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 82 ) , genitalia slide janse 166\u2642 , wing slide 27 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 188\u2642 , wing slide 21 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 87 ) , genitalia slide janse 168\u2642 , wing slide 22 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 47 ) , genitalia slide janse 147\u2642 , wing slide 8 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 189 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 145\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide janse 152\u2642 , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide janse 153\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 151\u2642 , wing slide 39 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 66 ) , genitalia slide janse 156\u2642 , wing slide 41 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 67 ) , genitalia slide janse 157\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 69 ) , genitalia slide janse 159\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 70 ) , genitalia slide janse 161\u2642 , wing slide 42 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 81 ) , genitalia slide janse 162\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing , samc ( see mey 2011 : 191 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 22886 , bmnh ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides 22887 , 16016 , 16017 , bmnh , tmsa , samc , coll . kovtunovich , ustjuzhanin .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 17065 , bmnh ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nsyntypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , in bad condition ( see meyrick , 1912c : 53 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; allotype \u2640 , tmsa ; paratypes 42\u2642 , 36\u2640 , tmsa , bmnh , samc , mnhn , usnm , sanc , nmb .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bengtsson ( 2014 : 67 ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1472x\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see bengtsson 2014 : 197 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bengtsson ( 2014 : 203 ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1496x\u2642 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 ( not \u2640 as stated in the original description ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1476x\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bengtsson ( 2014 : 143 ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1474x\u2642 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , smns ; paratypes 71\u2642 , 32\u2640 , genitalia slides bartsch 2010 - 14\u2642 , 2011 - 15\u2642 , smns , tmsa , samc , coll . riefenstahl .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides som 018 , som 019\u2642 , wing venation slide som 034 , tmsa , samc , sans , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides janse 1223\u2642 , 1369\u2642 , glyc 008\u2640 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 62\u2642 , tmsa , samc , sanc , bmnh , usnm , mnhn , rmca , deus .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 205\u2642 , wing slide 2 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 135 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide bradley 4672\u2642 , bmnh , samc [ in the original description 5\u2642 were mentioned ] . .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated a sholotype by janse ( 1968 : 37 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 141\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10230\u2640 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated a sholotype by janse ( 1968 : 27 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 139\u2642 , wing slide 56 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10156\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 43 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 180\u2642 , wing slide 12 , samc ; paralectotypes 5\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10297\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 81 ) , samc .\nlectotype , worn , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 48 ) , wing slide 14 , samc ; paralectotype , samc ; the second paralectotype could not be found in the meyrick collection , bmnh ( see gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri 1973 : 181 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type no . 4714 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 98 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 8124\u2642 , wing slide 3481 , tmsa ; paralectotype \u2642 , type no . 4715 , wing slide 3406 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 51 ) , genitala slide v\u00e1ri 183\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10204 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 52 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 140\u2642 , wing slide 15 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 29 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 177\u2642 , wing slide 4 , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10161\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 55 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 184\u2642 , wing slide 17 , samc ; paralectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10233\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 80 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 80 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 83 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 167\u2642 , wing slide 10 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10260\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 84 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 120\u2642 , wing slide 19 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 86 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 187\u2642 , wing slide 20 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10231\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 84 ) , wing slide 28 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 91 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 191\u2642 , wing slide 23 , samc ; paralectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10239\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 107 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 193\u2642 , wing slide 45 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10268\u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 119 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 200\u2642 , wing slide 53 , samc ; paralectotype \u2640 , could not be located ( gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri 1973 : 55 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 93 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10242\u2642 , wing slide 30 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 94 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 170\u2642 , wing slide 35 , samc ; 11 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 117 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 203\u2642 , wing slide 51 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 118 ) , wing slide 52 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 174\u2642 , wing slide 3 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10155\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 118 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 207\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , genitalia slides gozm\u00e1ny 10173\u2642 , 10174\u2642 , wing slide 31 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 7187 , samc ; paratypes 18 ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 146 , samc ; paratype 1\u2640 , not dissected , 1\u2642 , genitalia slide 147 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017189 , abdomen missing ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 222 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016921 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 215 ) , genitalia slide 241\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 215 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 218 ) , genitalia slide 259\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , abdomen missing , samc ; 6 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , of which 4 in bmnh , 2 remaining not found ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 219 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016858 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 215 ) , genitalia slide 243\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016976 , genitalia slide 242\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016981 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 220 ) , abdomen damaged , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2640 , samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 220 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep a017199 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 221 ) , genitalia slide 2857 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 221 ) ; neallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 3022\u2640 , bmnh ( see diakonoff 1959a : 41 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 ( not \u2642 as stated in the original description ) , type sam - lep - a017400 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 223 ) , genitalia slide 244\u2640 , samc ; paralectotypes 5\u2640 , samc , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 223 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016891 , genitalia slide 262\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a017025 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 221 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 222 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017065 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 221 ) , genitalia slide 240\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , samc , bmnh ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 221 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016856 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 216 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016937 , genitalia slide 245\u2642 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , abdomen missing ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216 ) , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016870 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 217 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 217 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016938 , genitalia slide 247\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016956 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 216 ) , genitalia slide 264\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016939 , genitalia slide 248\u2642 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016943 , genitalia slide 249\u2642 , samc ; paratypes 2\u2640 , bmnh ; a \u2640 labeled as paratype in samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216\u2013217 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017097 , abdomen missing , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 ( not \u2640 as stated in the original description ) , type sam - lep - a017112 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 223 ) , genitalia slide 253\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 ( not 1 as stated in the orig . description , see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 224 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017117 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 224 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , not dissected , bmnh , 1\u2642 samc not found ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 224 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017136 , genitalia slide 254\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017138 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 224 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2640 , abdomen missing , samc ; 1 specimen , undissected , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 224 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - 017063 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 222 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paratype 1\u2640 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide a9 , samc ; paratypes 3\u2642 and 1\u2640 and 1 specimen , isea .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016903 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 214 ) , genitalia slide 257\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 215 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017156 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 225 ) , genitalia slide 255\u2642 , samc ; 1 paralectotype , bmnh ; 1 paralectotype , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 225 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017168 , genitalia slide 256\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016877 , genitalia slide 260\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016890 , genitalia slide 261\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016841 , genitalia slide 246\u2640 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 223 ) , genitalia slide 4632\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 223 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016989 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 219 ) , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 219 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016986 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 219 ) , genitalia slide 251\u2642 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes 2\u2642 , bmnh , samc ; 1\u2640 , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 219 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 141 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , not dissected , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a017143 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 225 ) , genitalia slide 258\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 225 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 3008 , samc ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 3009 , samc . paratypes 2\u2640 , samc .\n3 syntypes ( gender not stated ) , type sam - lep - a016836 , samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 220 ) .\n4 syntypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh ; not found ( see gershenson & ulenberg 1998 : 92 ) .\nholotype \u2640 , samc ; not found ( see gershenson & ulenberg 1998 : 107 ) .\nholotype \u2640 , bmnh , not retrieved ( see lewis & sohn 2015 : 121 ) ; \u2642 , samc ( see mey 2015b : 94 ) ."]}
{"id": 1692, "summary": [{"text": "the deep-dwelling moray ( gymnothorax bathyphilus ) is a deepwater moray eel found in the south pacific ocean , around easter island .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum length of about 76 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the type specimen was taken at a depth of 250 m.", "topic": 18}], "title": "deep - dwelling moray", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about deep - dwelling moray ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for deep - dwelling moray ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngreek , gymnos = naked + greek , thorax , - akos = breast ( ref . 45335 )\nsoutheast pacific : easter i . and desventuradas is . ( ref . 89357 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 76 . 4 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 28618 )\nlight yellowish - gray background with irregularly - placed roundish dark blotches . visible , small black dots of lateral line pores around and behind head .\ntype specimen taken from a depth of 250 m ( ref . 33021 ) .\npeque\u00f1o , g . , 1989 . peces de chile . lista sistematica revisada y comentada . rev . biol . mar . , valparaiso 24 ( 2 ) : 1 - 132 . ( ref . 9068 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00095 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00197 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; demersal . subtropical , preferred ? ; 25\u00b0s - 28\u00b0s , 110\u00b0w - 76\u00b0w ( ref . 89357 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis article has been rated as stub - class on the project ' s quality scale .\nthis article has been rated as low - importance on the project ' s importance scale .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization ."]}
{"id": 1699, "summary": [{"text": "dance partner , ( japanese : \u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc , foaled 25 may 1992 ) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "from the first crop of foals sired by sunday silence she won four of her twenty-five races and finished second nine times in a racing career which lasted from january 1995 until december 1997 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was unraced as a juvenile , but in 1995 she won the yushun himba and won the jra award for best three-year-old filly .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a four-year-old she won the keian hai and the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup and won the jra award for best older filly or mare .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she failed to win as a five-year-old and was retired from racing at the end of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "apart from her victories she was placed in the oka sho , prix de la nonette kyoto daishoten and takarazuka kinen ( twice ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she has had success as a broodmare , producing several good winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "dance partner", "paragraphs": ["dance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins\nand nicol ' s first nicoldancechallenge dance partner is . . . miguel rodriguez !\n\u201cso it\u2019s nice that i get people who have tweeted me since eastenders and are now watching me on dance dance dance .\ndance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins - youtube\nmix - dance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins\ndance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins | reaction\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dance partner . dance partner is a filly born in 2005 november 14 by danehill dancer out of add tinsel\nin 2012 , westerman co - founded spoke n motion dance , a nonprofit integrated dance company .\nthe actor , who played paul coker on the bbc soap , and his real - life partner are performing some of the most iconic dance routines ever on itv sunday night talent show dance dance dance . and he says it has made the couple stronger .\nand nicol ' s first nicoldancechallenge dance partner is . . . miguel rodriguez ! - videos | the star online\nfocuses on the dance and secretly \u201cgifts\u201d you one of the greatest partner dances in the world , west coast swing .\nwill young has been accused of giving his strictly dance partner the runaround after failing to show up for a rehearsal in cornwall .\nnoah galloway and dance partner sharna burgess dazzled audiences on the most recent season of \u201cdancing with the stars . \u201d courtesy abc / adam taylor\nphamaly and fiorino ' s company ballet arts theatre collaborated to perform at\ndance event 2000 .\nit was there that westerman met and was paired with her long - term dance partner , david mineo . the connection was instant .\nto be teri ' s dance partner has been quite an interesting , unique experience ,\nmineo says .\nshe ' s just a beautiful spirit .\nhowever , it is important to remember that ( almost ) every partner you encounter has something very , very valuable to teach you on the dance floor . this can either be from a habit they have , or the level they are dancing at . today , we endeavor to discern what you stand to gain from every social dance partner .\ntheir romance ended in 2010 , and a few weeks later flavia admitted she was dating her latest dance partner , actor jimi mistry , who she went on to marry .\nno one is holding me hostage in this room , making me wear a dress and dance with a man . i want to learn how to dance .\n' it happens as people get close . it is the bond you have with your partner . '\n\u201cthere is still all to play \u2013 or dance \u2013 for , \u201d jonny teases .\nthese are things you can focus on in a dance to get the most out of the dance \u2013 but not about what you can give to the dance . if you can focus on a positive that you can gain from the dance , it sometimes helps you also give back in positive energy to create a fun and constructive experience for yourself .\nbut pro dance janette manrara is clearly having none of it \u2013 delivering what could be seen as a reminder to celebrity hoofer gemma atkinson that her pro partner aljaz skorjanec is very much married .\nflavia cacace , 35 , was in a long - term relationship with her dance partner vincent simone when she was partnered with matt di angela in 2007 . he was eight years her junior .\nsome contestants have ended relationships to engage in a romance with their dance partner on the show , but the source noted that in caroline ' s case , this wasn ' t the reason .\nwesterman started dancing with an all - wheelchair square dance team called the colorado wheelers . the feelings of flying and being free are two of the reasons she loves to dance .\nsearch 55 , 978 dancers by dance style , age , height , proficiency , etc .\nsusan was dance captain and understudy for the leads , while ryan was a troupe dancer .\nshe met her former partner on set of bbc drama hotel babylon , and the couple married in december 2012 .\nwhen she was 11 , she decided she wanted to dance , and her parents were supportive .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nyou will not use the service for any purpose outside of the intended purpose of this site which is personal person - to - person contact for the purpose of finding a dance partner and that such relationship shall be on equal grounds such that neither partner shall be paying the other partner for partnering . some forbidden uses of this site include : offering dance instruction or other services for pay , advertising or soliciting products for pay , soliciting contributions , distributing articles , newsletters , announcements , conducting surveys or polls , or any large scale mailings to our members ;\n\u201cseeing her take on that dance i couldn\u2019t be more proud to have her as my girlfriend . \u201d\nml drunk in street and had taken an overdose because partner had left her . police report contains no reference to the children .\ncoronation street actor sean ward had to hit back at rumours on wednesday that he ' d had a ' series of rows ' with actress girlfriend georgia may foote after her dance routine involved her pecking her professional partner on the lips .\nthe 29th annual international conference and festival of blacks in dance is honoring dance industry trailblazer robert battle , the artistic director of alvin ailey american dance theater , when it meets in dallas , texas on january 25 - 29 , 2017 . robert battle is the conference luncheon keynote speaker and will participate in a panel discussion .\nhowever shortly after the show ended , the 44 - year - old tv host split from her long - term partner dominic cotton .\nthe new los angeles dance film festival has announced the lineup and event details for its inaugural screening . the festival will feature a diverse range of fictional and non - fictional short dance films from filmmakers from around the world .\nincident with new partner mr kresolek , who was arrested for assault . ml had broken finger from being shut in the door . children present\nshe said she had spent years campaigning in favour of gay and lesbian rights and was now just happy to dance .\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding\nif you are still in the process of learning to dance at an average level , don\u2019t worry ; it\u2019s normal . when you are engaging in learning , it\u2019s really hard to try to be creative . it\u2019s more important at this point to keep your partner comfortable .\nkatya jones is one of strictly ' s newest dance professionals , having joined the show in 2016 during its fourteenth season .\ndisco partner scorched the inner turf course in the jaipur invitational stakes ( g3t ) in a world - record 1 : 05 . 67 for six furlongs\nthe move follows a backlash by lgbt activists against the lesbian writer and comic susan calman for agreeing to dance with a man .\nthe dance council of north texas ( dcnt ) recently announced that its scholarship application site is open for 2017 . student dancers aged\nbbc presenter natasha , 43 , soon split from long - term partner mike barnard while brendan , 39 , dumped his fianc\u00e9e and fellow dancer camilla dallerup .\nspoleto festival usa has announced the program for its 41st annual event , taking place may 26 - june 11 , 2017 , in charleston , south carolina . dance highlights include a range of innovative contemporary dance companies from around the globe , including france\u2019s ballet - meets - hip - hop duo wang ramirez , israel\u2019s l - e - v , and the new york - based gallim dance .\nstill , final claim did run out a resounding winner of her first start beyond sprints , and she clearly has to be considered very useful , even if time alone will show how she compares with such leading female classic hopefuls as ahmatir or dance every dance .\ned balls was katya ' s first partner and they had a good run , making it through to week ten thanks to their comedy performances before being eliminated .\nas well as staging ballets by robbins , peter martins , and christopher wheeldon , among others , millepied has choreographed eighteen ballets for a wide range of companies , from abt to the dutch national ballet . in 2010 , he amplified his profile exponentially\u2014and the reach of classical dance\u2014when he choreographed the dance sequences and appeared as an exacting dance partner in darren aronofsky\u2019s feverish ballet drama black swan , through which he met its star , natalie portman . the couple were soon romantically involved . they married in 2012 and have a three - year - old son , aleph .\n\u2018i\u2019m just hoping not to fall at the end of the dance ! \u2019 she explained ahead of the series opener earlier this month .\nperidance capezio center , one of new york city\u2019s leading dance organizations , has carefully selected a dynamic roster of 21 innovative dance companies and choreographers for its presentation at apap 2017 , the association of performing arts presenters conference . performances are set for january 7 and 8 .\nthat\u2019s all on my mind at the minute . but no , i guess that\u2019s what it is about the curse \u2013 you have to dance sexually and that . it\u2019s so mortifying actually \u2013 they got us in a room together and we had to dance with the partners , every single one , and you have to just dance with them , have body contact with them , and you\u2019ve only just met .\ncoles , a former member of the pop duo the communards , said he would be more than happy to dance with a male partner on the show , adding :\ni think it ' s a good year to do it actually , with the 50th anniversary of the sexual offences decriminalisation act .\n\u201crun the night\u201d is back on monday , january 30 ! as one of new york city ' s most explosive dance competitions , you won\u2019t want to miss it ! choreographers will present movement in various dance styles , including hip - hop , contemporary , jazz , tap and more .\nstrictly hit the headlines for all the wrong reasons during season one . viewers were transfixed by the apparent close bond between newsreader natasha kaplinsky and her hunky partner brendan cole .\nfrom the most scandalous affairs to shock marriage splits and jaw - dropping break - ups , femail looks back at the top dance floor dramas .\nthe following is a selective list of summer dance festivals and events . it is national in scope but concentrates on the northeast . new york city\nandrea studied during her time in ' riverdance ' and now lectures in computer science at dit . the couple run brennan irish dance in newbridge .\nblazed through a quarter - mile in : 21 . 43 and a half - mile in : 43 . 04 while disco partner raced off the pace in eighth . turning for home , disco partner and irad ortiz jr . rallied along the hedge then split horses to surge past pure sensation on their way to a half - length victory over favorite\nkristina \u2013 who has also dated vincent simone and ex partner joe calzaghe \u2013 said there have been other couples , yet she is the only one to be ' attacked ' .\nms luczak drunk and claimed she had been assaulted by her ' ex - partner ' \u2013 would not cooperate with ; olice . referral to social services and health visitor notified .\npure sensation ' s win last year had been the north american record for six furlongs on turf . disco partner finished second by a neck in last year ' s jaipur .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter .\nlike millions of other tv viewers , i had watched noah and his partner dance on \u201cdancing with the stars\u201d and had heard about some of the adversities he had overcome . i told him i would like to interview him and do a story for alabama living . \u201csure , ask me anything you want , \u201d he replied .\nyes . connection to music and musicality is closely related . musicality in your dance comes after you learn how to hear and connect to music . \ud83d\ude42\nhe was the first person who saw me as a dancer , not a person with a disability who wanted to dance ,\nwesterman says .\nkristina rihanoff was recently forced to defend her romance with strictly partner ben cohen insisting that their relationship only began once his 11 year marriage to wife abby had come to an end .\n\u201cthe beauty of this show is that , yes , we do all have dance backgrounds but we\u2019re not all the same . chrissy and i went to musical theatre school but give us a hip hop number or street dance and we will struggle . chrissy never feels cool enough for those types of songs . \u201d\nnuvo dance convention has entered its 10th year of touring , firmly establishing its influence on the dance industry . directed by ray leeper and produced by break the floor productions , it officially launched its 2016 - 17 season back in september . after a holiday break , nuvo resumed its season last weekend in orlando .\nproject dance has announced it will host its new york city signature event in nine major cities in 2017 . the event , which occurs over a three - day weekend , includes dance classes , motivational forums , networking and a free all - day dance concert held in a prominent downtown location . this year\u2019s cities include houston , orlando , paris , san francisco , oklahoma city , new york city , bogota ( colombia ) , lima ( peru ) and greenville .\nwith subject\nremove _ partner _ wanted _ ad\nand quote your red ad reference no . in it . and please tell us if your search was successful ! thank you .\nthe most exciting point in the race came near mid - stretch as pure sensation began to tire and disco partner was tipped out by ortiz where he fired between his stablemate and green mask .\noles says he will not be wearing his reverend\u2019s dog collar every week , with some of the routines requiring him to dance spray tanned and \u201cbare - chested\u201d .\nelite performance challenge ( epc ) is heading into its 7th year of hosting enjoyable and efficient dance competition experiences . its 2017 season launches in nashville , tn on\nmr pelka reported that ml had arrived at his home with the children because she had been arguing with her new partner mr a , who had been drinking heavily and had smashed up the home .\nwe ' re a community of dancers of all ages with a passion for dance . members use urltoken to connect with others for social and / or competitive dancing .\nloved alfonso & witney , sadie & mark and jonathan & allison . it was hard to watch lolo ' s dance . . . and everything that followed that .\nthe vail dance festival kicks off its 29th year with a season of new collaborations , artist debuts , and world premieres on july 29 , 2017 . directed by former new york city ballet star damian woetzel , the season will run through august 12 and will feature the tap dance innovator michelle dorrance as artist - in - residence .\n\u201csharna burgess came to birmingham and taught me how to dance . she did all the choreographing , selected music , and sharna remained my dance partner all through the \u2018dancing with the stars\u2019 contest . sharna and jamie kept encouraging me ; both were great motivators . i thought we would be out after the first show but we made it all the way to the finals . this is when i asked jamie to marry me on the show . it was a complete surprise to jamie and even to some of the \u2018dancing with the stars\u2019 staff .\nalman added : \u201ci have protested , i have picketed , i have fought , i have been spat on , i have been punched - and i want to dance . \u201d\ndirectors paula dell - beasley and jill s . reeves are excited to launch their 5th anniversary season of fusion national dance competition this month ! kicking off january 28 in birmingham , al , the competition will be touring to 16 cities total in 2017 , culminating with the stars of fusion dance challenge in daytona beach , fl on june 22 - 25 .\neveryone has their favourite social dance partners \u2013 which is awesome . sometimes we just get those oh - so - sweet , buttery smooth dances that make us feel amazing all over .\nif you can enjoy any of these dances without thinking and breaking it down , do it \u2013 that\u2019s the most fun way to social dance . however , if you are someone who feels \u2018trapped\u2019 in less than ideal dances , this is a good way to re - invent the way you are thinking about the dance to really turn it into a positive experience .\n) to the dance team , which featured a young , unknown jennifer lopez . as a launching pad alone , it remains one of the most significant sketch shows of the \u201990s .\nthe chen dance center , located in the heart of new york city ' s chinatown , continues its mission of offering arts education , artistic creation , and presentations to educate and engage people in asian american culture , history and social issues . in 2017 , the chen dance center company , h . t . chen and dancers , will go on another tour .\nthe casualty actress , who plays dr zoe hanna in the bbc medical drama , is now said to be dating business partner scott carey , 42 . together , the pair set up the food firm keep me fresh .\nit was hard when i had to give out to him for not doing something right , or being out of line . sometimes you go harder on your partner , to make an example ,\nsays susan .\ndirected by president and founder steve wappel , starquest performing arts competition will soon launch its 24th year of dance events with its first regionals on january 26 - 29 in long island , ny and lancaster , pa . in total , starquest will host more than 60 dance competitions in 2017 , including the open world finals set for texas , ohio and virginia this summer .\nthis registry will prospectively collect data from patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease to observe the restenosis rates in peripheral arteries compared with subjects enrolled in the dance trial ( mercator medsystems tsp0149 ) .\nthe key is to try new things slowly and see where you can go with it , rather than trying to rush through . this keeps you and your partner safe . also , hang out in the awkward place of \u2018how do i get out of this ? \u2019 and see if you can find a new way to continue the movement . essentially , re - wire your brain away from feeling uncomfortable with the unknown in dance .\nshake the ground : the ultimate dance competition is preparing to kick off its 2017 regionals this month . stg will launch its new tour in west palm beach , fl on january 20 and 21 .\nkaren and anthony met in the courtly setting of the ucd sports hall when their company was rehearsing . it was 1999 and karen remembers being taken aback by the suntanned dance captain in the tracksuit .\nthe new york city dance alliance foundation ( nycdaf ) , a forward - thinking charity committed to shaping the future lives and training of young dancers , returns to the joyce theater in nyc on january 30 with destiny rising . a yearly fundraising performance benefiting nycdaf\u2019s college scholarship program , the evening will present 2016\u2019s scholarship beneficiaries , a commission by nycda\u2019s rachel kreiling , and guests from prominent professional dance companies .\n\u201cthe video is very sexy , \u201d jonny reveals . \u201cthe dance is harder than you think . chrissy was incredibly nervous and it was already a stressful week with the scoreboard now going back to nothing .\nthis is the follow who already knows where they want to go \u2013 and they\u2019re going to go there . not pleasant , but also gives you a valuable opportunity to work on how to care for your partner \u2013 and perhaps discover something new .\nthe humane society has been among the critics , and joining me today are the president of seaworld , joel manby , and his new partner in seaworld ' s transition wayne pacelle , president of the humane society . welcome to both of you .\ni say ( almost ) every partner to account for the handsy or mean dancers that occasionally find their way onto our precious social dance floors . when someone is disrespecting you or hurting you ( emotionally or physically ) , there isn\u2019t much to learn \u2013 aside from how to stand your ground . here , i would say feel free to use your voice and do whatever you need to in order to keep the social floor a pleasurable and safe place .\nin march 1996 , mayano top gun was matched against the 1993 japanese horse of the year narita brian in the hanshin daishoten and was beaten into second place . in june at kyoto he recorded his biggest success as a four - year - old when he won the takarazuka kinen over 2200 metres , beating sunday branch and the mare dance partner . later in the year he finished second to bubble gum fellow in the autumn edition of the tenno sho .\nto provide a comparator dataset to the investigational dance trial , which has the same enrollment criteria as this observational trial but includes the investigational use of a local drug therapy to limit inflammation caused by mechanical revascularization .\nthe daughter of golden thatch had won both the ascot fillies nursery and the kenilworth fillies futurity for jockey robert sweetman , and stable rider weichong mawing made way for sweetman to partner the filly again at gosforth park . why tamper with a winning combination ?\noleg vladimirovich ovsyannikov ( russian : \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 ; born 23 january 1970 ) is a russian former competitive ice dancer . with partner anjelika krylova , he is the 1998 olympic silver medalist and two - time ( 1998 , 1999 ) world champion .\nin one incident in 2008 , luczak , 27 , was reported as being in the street having taken an overdose ' because her partner had left her ' , although no reference was made to daniel who would have been six months old at the time .\nthey still dance occasionally , if requested to .\nwe normally would get up and do a set together \u2013 bits and pieces of steps from the show . that ' s what people like to see .\nco - created by kellese key and lacey simmons , swankfit\u2122 focuses on the amazing dance cardio workout . it\u2019s different , it\u2019s fun and it opens your eyes to a different world if you choose to seek it .\nok , so maybe this isn\u2019t exactly the best interpretation of what your dance style is . maybe this is more contact improv , or a little too much solo dancing . maybe you love that , maybe you don\u2019t .\nthis is the happy place . both of you share the same level of dance , so it\u2019s not intimidating . both of you will likely have a similar level of proficiency , so you\u2019ll generally understand the same concepts .\nif i ' m dancing with a partner , they can take me by the hand and propel me across the floor or stage ,\nshe explains .\nand my hands , my arms , are completely free to do whatever i want to do .\nseaworld announced it will end it ' s orca breeding program , phase out orca performances and partner with the humane society of the u . s . npr ' s robert siegel speaks with seaworld president and ceo joel manby and humane society president and ceo wayne pacelle .\ndiane , several weeks overdue , finally goes into labor . wilkes tries to keep an abusive man away from his family by admitting him for back pain and doping him up . jack and lisa take a ballroom dance class .\nbut , the bottom line is there\u2019s nothing like a musical partner to get you to hear the music . see if you can understand what they\u2019re hitting in the music . what are they hearing ? why are they accenting it ? are they hitting it smoothly or sharply ?\nhi , my name is kellese key , and i am about to share with you the greatest fitness program on earth ! welcome to swank university , the only university of it\u2019s kind , breeding fitness & partner dancing as one . we have built an incredible program just for you ! two intensely fun - filled days of swanking to get you sharing the swanklife with everyone in your area ! it\u2019s fun and it\u2019s different ! different for dance , different for fitness\u2026 a marriage that creates a fitness phenomenon !\nhaving danced in more than 6 , 000 shows , niamh retired from dancing last year and became dance director and production coordinator . padraic still plays the lead , with other beautiful young females . how does that feel for niamh ?\nwe did some insane dance lifts with our friends d - trix & matt steffanina ! tell us who you think won and which dance lift was your favorite ! : ) watch the videos we did on their channels & subscribe ! \u25b6 d - trix ' s video : urltoken \u25b6 matt ' s video : urltoken \u25b6subscribe to merrell twins : urltoken shoutout to : urltoken for the dance lift videos ! snapchat : @ merrelltwins twitter : urltoken twitter : urltoken twitter : urltoken instagram : urltoken instagram : urltoken instagram : urltoken facebook : urltoken weheartit urltoken urltoken check out our other videos : real food vs . gummy urltoken our first fight urltoken what ' s worse than that urltoken get merrell twins merch : urltoken\nthe following year they started stealing breaks between the dance numbers .\nyou ' d sit backstage and have a chat and that developed into something . relationships move very quickly \u2013 it ' s an intense environment ,\nadds karen .\nassistant chief constable garry forsyth , of west midlands police , said the force had improved its safeguarding children processes and information - sharing with partner agencies and accepted there needed to be ' a more holistic approach when dealing with multiple incidents involving domestic abuse , in particular where children reside ' .\ndisco partner had a great trip ,\nclement said .\nirad had him placed in a good position , and he was able to take advantage and move forward to finish in the end . irad has been riding great and he did a good job again here today .\npro\u2019s make us feel like we can literally . do . anything . i mean , who even thought we could do that many spins or lead that super - cool pattern ? this is obviously a good marker of how well i dance !\nespecially if it\u2019s a dance existing outside the normal confines of the \u2018rules\u2019 , just go with the musicality . it\u2019s the best way to have fun \u2013 and learn something awesome . these kinds of dances are very often my favourite ( within reason ) .\nso , have fun with it ! these have the potential to be your best dances : you feel like you can dance , without feeling terrified of messing up . here is where you remind yourself that social dancing is about connecting and having fun !\nof course , then you get to the seventh dam , a daughter of case ace by the name of raise you , and it hits you over the head that maybe the dam of raise a native sent a zygote or two to the dance .\nall six swan species perform this sort of mating dance , albeit with some variations . australian black swans have special feathers for attracting a mate . the eurasian bewick ' s , whooper and whistling swans call softly to each other after they have mated .\nindeed , but when did this young handsome man get to show off to his clever , beautiful girl ?\nthe first number in the second half was a big ceili number and we were partners in the dance , so that was very close quarters .\nbut despite their name , mute swans are anything but silent . their courtship\ndance\nis accompanied by a range of hissing and grunting sounds . the idea that swans only sing when they are dying , the so - called swan song , is a myth .\nlauren hunter , a 15 - year - old from california , was named one of the eight prizewinners of the 2017 prix de lausanne international ballet competition over the weekend . along with seven other competitors , she was awarded a scholarship that will allow her to choose among the 68 prestigious partner schools and companies of the competition .\nwere all bred by patricia generazio , who patronized disco rico heavily over the years and contributes mightily to the regional influence of the stallion : at the disco and pure disco were conceived in maryland and foaled in new jersey while disco partner was conceived and foaled in new york . that\u2019s a lot of breeder and stallion awards .\nseaworld to end orca breeding program in partnership with humane society seaworld announced it will end it ' s orca breeding program , phase out orca performances and partner with the humane society of the u . s . npr ' s robert siegel speaks with seaworld president and ceo joel manby and humane society president and ceo wayne pacelle .\nwe had crossed paths \u2013 irish dancing is a small world . i was assistant dance captain . i was very serious about it . he was more outgoing , in the middle of everything , not as serious about the dancing , he knuckled down later ,\nrecalls andrea .\ntrained by christophe clement , disco partner completed six furlongs in 1 : 05 . 67 on the firm turf , which lowers by more than a second the previous course record set in last year ' s jaipur when pure sensation won in 1 : 06 . 76 . equibase reports the time also is a world record for six furlongs on turf .\nas well as divorcing , swans do occasionally\ncheat\n. but it ' s really only female australian black swans that are regularly unfaithful . around 1 in 7 eggs reared by a black swan male will not be his , almost always because the female has copulated with a different male just in case she cannot have offspring with her partner .\nas a four - year - old , ovsyannikov fell ill with pneumonia . after he recovered , doctors recommended to his parents that he enroll in some kind of sport , preferably in a fresh air environment . initially a singles skater , he switched to ice dance at the age of 10 .\n\u201cafter i appeared in men\u2019s health i started getting calls from tv shows . \u2018dancing with the stars\u2019 asked me to come to los angeles . i told them i couldn\u2019t leave my kids that long . they said , \u2018fine , we\u2019ll send a dancer to birmingham to teach you how to dance . \u2019\nthey may be a little off - time , and they may be a bit rough - around - the - edges . those are definitely not dance shoes , and no seasoned dancer would ever wear that outfit for a night of heavy dancing . perhaps they\u2019re terrified , or perhaps they\u2019re really really excited .\nfly on a wall is an atlanta - based multidisciplinary group of artists that produces work that includes elements of dance , acting , music , design and visual art . the collective will soon present prism 2 , an intimate evening of open research and development centered around a floating floor suspended by harp string and monofilament .\naaron announces he ' s leaving chicago hope for a teaching position at harvard . shortly thereafter he begins to suffer from a brain aneurysm . the aneurysm sends him into a trance state where he hallucinates several strange fantastical experiences , including chicago hope doctors in song and dance sketches and jeffrey geiger ' s advice on life .\nwell , that means you know what to expect . which means you can work on refining your technique and style \u2013 while trying not to backlead . if you aren\u2019t having fun with this dance but want to take something away from it , refine yourself . it makes it fun for you , and gives you something back .\nfor the 2017 - 18 season , ballet bc is looking for full - time artists and apprentices , as well as young dancers to participate in the company\u2019s summer dance intensive . to fill these spots , the 30 - year - old ballet company based in vancouver , canada , will hold auditions in new york city and montr\u00e9al , qc .\nsunday silence flourished in japan and became one of their leading sires over the last decade , topping their sire list from 1995 through 2001 . out of nine crops so far , he has sired 934 foals with 822 starters and 517 winners . of these , 75 are stakes winners and 10 were champions . five of his progeny have earned over $ 5 million with the top earner being special week who retired in 1999 with earnings of $ 9 , 346 , 435 , while his total progeny earnings are over $ 323 million so far . his champion offspring include dance partner ( twice japanese champion ) and to the victory ( who finished second in the 2001 dubai world cup ) , and stay gold ( winner of the 2001 hong kong vase ) .\nhowever , the distaff side of disco partner would seem to be less than first - class when it comes to extraordinary achievements . his broodmare sire , numerous , was a graded winner by mr . prospector , and concorde\u2019s tune was a serious sprint sire up and down the east coast , and the next four dams ( by silver buck , secretariat , tompion , and native dancer ) produced little of note .\nthus began an 11 - year on - off - on - off relationship . susan moved home to dublin in 2005 and ryan became a musical hit , and eventually followed her . the couple got married in 2011 and have a six - month - old baby , toby . susan teaches adult irish dance classes and ryan is recording his second album .\nnew york city ' s famed doug varone and dancers has had a lot to celebrate recently . in addition to kicking off its 30th anniversary season , which will include numerous home performances and intensives , the company was recently named as a recipient of a national dance project ( ndp ) touring award from the new england foundation for the arts ( nefa ) .\nanybody from any level of dance background or any level of physical ability is more than welcome in the company ,\nshe says , beaming .\ni don ' t believe in auditions . i think auditions are necessary in some instances , but i choose not to use them for spoke n motion because i feel like people with disabilities are judged enough .\nthis registry will prospectively collect data from patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease to observe the correlation between the levels of mcp - 1 , c - reactive protein and mmp - 9 after angioplasty or atherectomy procedures in peripheral arteries compared with subjects enrolled in the dance trial ( mercator medsystems tsp0149 ) . objective measurement of biomarkers will be performed by a contract laboratory to avoid bias .\nrussell hobby , general secretary of the national association of head teachers , said : ' naht firmly believes that the leaders and staff of little heath acted properly on the information available and within the limits of the powers they had been given . it is extremely important to remember that no amount of vigilance by a school can compensate for the wilful misdirection of a deceptive and manipulative individual . daniel was murdered by his mother and her partner , not by his school . '\nwhen you ' re on tour it ' s like one big happy family , and suddenly romance blossoms ,\nshe says .\nwhen he joined , he was always the kidder , cracking the jokes , full of life . i just loved the way he made me laugh . he would dance up beside me in the line and under his breath , he would try to tell me stories .\nfox has renewed its emmy award - winning so you think you can dance for a 14th season . from 19 entertainment and dick clark productions , sytycd will return this summer , back to its original system of featuring adult dancers between the ages of 18 - 30 . auditions are set for new york ( march 4 - 6 ) and los angeles ( march 17 - 19 ) . all potential contestants must register online .\nin the meantime , he has been getting his new house in order , installing sprung dance floors in the studios and nurturing in - house collaborators . \u201cit\u2019s very exciting for an organization that you hear is so tough to change , \u201d he tells me . \u201cbut i found people who had a real desire to move forward . we have a lot to do , but i\u2019m putting the bar as high as i can . \u201d\nthis prodigious rate of coupling - off is hardly surprising . twenty million people in 46 countries have seen the music and dance spectacular . a lot of boys have danced with a lot of girls and lots of girls with girls and boys with boys ( though so far , all the marriages are between opposite sexes ) . many buses have been slept on , many minibars cracked open and many weary nights spent in strange lands .\n\u201crio continues to give his racing owner , christopher trakas , trainer / jockey jacqueline falk and breeder duchess views farms , great enjoyment and pride as they remain part of \u2018team rio , ' \u201d said seamonds . \u201ci was very proud that the jockey club used his story to inspire others at last year ' s ownerview national thoroughbred ownership conference and i know that he has inspired others to look at thoroughbreds as their equine dance partners . \u201d\ndr . wilkes treats identical teenagers with the same rare heart ailment , losing one in the process . kate treats a 10 - year - old who nearly died after sniffing glue , and learns her daughter does the same . aaron interviews a man for inclusion in a study by dr . frank . diane debates taking maternity leave . mcneil isn ' t sure whether a man has sentiment or politics at heart when he insists life - saving surgery be taken on his sister , over her same - gender partner ' s wishes .\n[ chuck lutsky ] , carol huston [ marianne lutsky ] , robert cicchini [ tony mangelli ] , angela paton [ irene ] , lesli margherita [ antoinette mangelli ] , robert d . vito [ kurtis lutsky ] , aaron spann [ davey lutsky ] , kenny ortega [ ellston mccool ] , ariel felix [ dr . raoul chammora ] , jonathan nichols [ cop ] , tim mcfadyen [ nurse juan numero ] , alx goldfarb [ nurse jodi ] , jane clark [ nurse ] , miranda garrison [ dance instructor ]\nin many ways it was a surprise appointment\u2014an internal promotion was expected\u2014and millepied has confessed that the very possibility initially made his \u201chead spin . \u201d he does have a history with the place , having created three ballets for the company ( including amoveo , with music by philip glass ) , but , he says , \u201ci didn\u2019t go to the school , so i\u2019m essentially an outsider . \u201d daunted by the old - fashioned rigor of the french ballet school system , millepied opted instead to train at the school of american ballet in new york . he joined the corps de ballet of new york city ballet in 1995 , and , mentored by jerome robbins , rose swiftly through the ranks to become a soloist three years later , and a principal dancer in 2001 . he retired from the company in 2011 to create the l . a . dance project with composer nico muhly and three others . \u201che was a lovely dancer , with a wonderful stage personality , \u201d _ the new york times\u2019 _ s roslyn sulcas tells me , \u201ca wonderful partner , and something of a virtuoso himself . but i\u2019m not sure he entirely fulfilled his promise as a dancer\u2014he had many different kinds of focuses . \u201d\nabc press release : it\u0092s # myjammonday on \u0093dancing with the stars\u0094 the 12 celebrity couples will perform to their favorite song tuesday\u0092s results show to feature a special dance performance with julianne hough and musical performances by sia and nico & vinz \u0093episode 1902\u0094 \u0096 it\u0092s # myjammonday this week on \u0093dancing with the stars . \u0094 the 12 remaining celebrities dance to their favorite songs on monday , september 22 ( 8 : 00 - 10 : 01 p . m . , et ) on the abc television network . monday\u0092s show kicks - off with a spectacular opening number featuring the full cast and judges dancing to a medley of the judges\u0092 favorite songs . each couple will then perform a variety of dances , including the cha cha , foxtrot , jive and rumba , to their favorite jam . each couple\u0092s pick for # myjammonday is : jonathan bennett & allison holker : \u0093sing\u0094 by ed sheeran tommy chong & peta murgatroyd : \u0093higher\u0094 by gloria estefan randy couture & karina smirnoff : \u0093satisfaction ( i can\u0092t get no ) \u0094 by otis redding betsey johnson & tony dovolani : \u0093girls just wanna have fun\u0094 by cyndi lauper bethany mota & derek hough \u0093all about that bass\u0094 by meghan trainor janel parrish & valentin chmerkovskiy : \u0093call me maybe\u0094 by carly rae jepsen alfonso ribeiro & witney carson : \u0093gettin\u0092 jiggy wit it\u0094 by will smith sadie robertson & mark ballas : \u0093she\u0092s country\u0094 by jason aldean antonio sabato jr . & cheryl burke : \u0093adorn\u0094 by miguel tavis smiley & sharna burgess : \u0093boogie wonderland\u0094 by earth , wind & fire lea thompson & artem chigvintsev : \u0093land of 1000 dances\u0094 by wilson pickett michael waltrip & emma slater : \u0093girls in bikinis\u0094 by lee brice \u0093episode 1902a\u0094 - - \u0093dancing with the stars : the results\u0094 two - night event continues on tuesday , september 23 ( 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 p . m . , et ) where one couple will be eliminated by combining the judges\u0092 scores from monday night\u0092s performance with the public votes . judge julianne hough takes to the ballroom floor and will dance in a number featuring derek hough and the male pros . the show will feature pop star sia performing her hit single \u0093chandelier , \u0094 accompanied by a dance performance by maddie ziegler and pro allison holker . later in the show nico & vinz will perform their hit \u0093am i wrong . \u0094 urltoken\n27 . the practice years : 1996 - 2004 in the courtroom , the practice bears a bit more similarity to the staid presence of law & order than the often wacky hijinks of l . a . law , except it likely had more genuine heart than either of those shows . the practice succeeded because it truly liked to dive into the motivations of its characters as they attempted to operate their exceedingly busy and challenging boston law firm . the series made dylan mcdermott a tv star as the idealistic senior partner , bobby donnell , a complex character who was simultaneously the show\u2019s moral center while often being forced to make contradictory decisions for the sake of the firm . it was the finest pure legal drama of the \u201990s .\nif your issue is you\u2019re not able to hear or connect to the music , you need to spend some time thinking about music , listening to music , and educating yourself about the music . depending on what style you dance , there are some good resources out there . you may want to even look at learning about music theory or speaking with a music teacher . this will allow you to more readily understand how to be \u2018musical\u2019 . when you are musical , you don\u2019t require a lot of moves because you can use what you have already in a creative and interesting way to \u2018hit\u2019 the music .\n' riverdance ' is , like any travelling tribe , self - sustaining , a reversion to that which kept us going since before civilisation began . but there is something special about this social experiment . we saw it from the moment michael flatley ( a self - confessed playboy ) skidded on stage at the interval of the 1994 eurovision , leaping with a maniacal desire ireland didn ' t hitherto associate with its rigid native dance ; in the body language between he and the luscious jean butler , who glares at him while he rends her by the waist . bill whelan ' s music had a goosepimpling quality . that and the intoxication of its success created a frisson that couldn ' t but percolate around cast and crew .\nabc press release : pitbull to guest judge and perform on \u0093dancing with the stars , \u0094 monday , october 20 the nine remaining couples will perform to pitbull\u0092s hits and favorite songs \u0093episode 1906\u0094 \u0096 international superstar pitbull returns to the ballroom and for the first time joins julianne hough , carrie ann inaba and bruno tonioli as a guest judge monday , october 20 ( 8 : 00 - 10 : 01 p . m . , et ) on \u0093dancing with the stars . \u0094 pitbull will kick - off the night with a steamy performance of his hit single \u0093fireball\u0094 followed by the nine remaining celebrities performing to a mix of his hits and personal favorite songs . dance styles will include salsa , rumba , foxtrot , tango and jazz . at the end of the night , one couple will face elimination . urltoken\n82 . full house years : 1987 - 1995 full house is probably the quintessential sappy family sitcom of the \u201990s , the kind of show that was the butt of jokes from every late - night comedian who thought he was somehow skewering polite society by making fun of its cheesiness or adorable kid actors . the story of a widowed father raising his three daughters in san francisco with the help of his brother - in - law and goofy best friend , it was pure sap , but a guilty pleasure for plenty of viewers who wouldn\u2019t have watched anything else in the same genre . it offered a little something for everyone\u2014kids liked the silly voices and characters of joey , women liked the beefcake that was john stamos , and families liked the cute kids , especially michelle , who was turned into a marketing empire by mary - kate and ashley olsen . but even more than michelle , what says \u201c\u201990s\u201d more than stephanie tanner leading a dance party to marky mark and the funky bunch ?\nlord walpole ' s miss slamerkin ( b f 1729 ) , bred by general philip honeywood , won her only start , the 100 guineas prince ' s cup at newmarket in april of 1735 , defeating lord weymouth ' s\nhambleton mare ,\notherwise called jenny - come - tye - me , who had won the king ' s plate at black hambleton , yorkshire , in 1734 [ pick 1 : 98 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1701, "summary": [{"text": "archaeomanta is an extinct genus of eagle ray that lived from the cretaceous to the middle neogene .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is one of the oldest known manta ray relatives .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is known from north africa , the middle east , the u.k. , the u.s. , and uzbekistan . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "archaeomanta", "paragraphs": ["additions to the eocene fishfauna of belgium . 4 . archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgium and north african palaeogene .\nfig . 1 archaeomanta melenhorsti hgt = 3 . 0 , wid = 1 . 0 , dep = 1 . 8 mm nanjemoy formation , virginia\nfull reference : j . herman . 1979 . additions to the eocene fish fauna of belgium ; 4 , archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgian and and north african palaeogene . tertiary research 2 ( 2 ) : 61 - 67\nherman , j . , 1979 , additions to the eocene fish fauna of belgium . 4 . archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgian and north african palaeogene . tertiary research , 2 ( 2 ) , p . 61 - 67 .\nherman , j . , 1979 . additions to the eocene fish fauna of belgium . 4 . archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgian and north african palaeogene . tertiary res . , 2 ( 2 ) , p . 61 - 67 .\nthese teeth are easily recognized by their peg - like design and bulbous root . unlike the living manta ray , the crown rises directly from the root , bears a median ridge and is fully covered with enameloid . two species have been assigned to the genus , archaeomanta priemi herman 1979 which appears to be relegated to the upper paleocene of morocco , and the more widely distributed eocene species , a . melenhorsti herman 1979 . noubhani & cappetta ( 1997 ) note an undescribed archaeomanta species from the danian ( lower paleocene ) of morocco .\nthis species was only found in the upper , sandy part of the quarry . described with specimens found in layer 13 ( herman , 1979 ) ; this specimen was found in layer 5 , the boundary between clay and sand . in more than 10 years we never found a single archaeomanta tooth in the clay itself . the species is common in the upper ypresian of the ouled abdoun basin in morocco , but is in belgium only very occasionally found .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nknown only from isolated teeth , this genus was erected to accommodate fossil teeth similar in design ( outwardly at least ) to the extant species manta birostris . these teeth have been reported from upper paleocene through middle eocene sediments of europe , africa and north america . if attention is given to smaller teeth , those from this genus appear to be abundant when present .\ntertiary research , 2 ( 2 ) : 61\u201367 , 5 fig . , 1 pl .\nherman , 1979 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n* * mouse over a fossil for a slightly enlarged view of the specimen and to show collector info . click on an image to have it open full size in a new window ."]}
{"id": 1705, "summary": [{"text": "the flammulated bamboo tyrant ( hemitriccus flammulatus ) , also called flammulated pygmy tyrant is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in amazonian peru and bolivia , and the bordering states of brazil 's northwest , the north region .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this tyrant is a small brown bird , with darker brown wings and a short tail ; it has a whitish breast , black legs and eyes , and a short , sharp-pointed bill , for hawking insects in flight . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "flammulated bamboo tyrant", "paragraphs": ["the flammulated pygmy - tyrant is also commonly known as the flammulated bamboo - tyrant ( ridgely and tudor 1994 , clements and shany 2001 , valqui 2004 ) . the name \u201cbamboo - tyrant\u201d has not yet been accepted by the south american classification committee , but potentially could be , once the taxonomic relationships of species in the tody - tyrant clade ( which includes hemitriccus , myiornis , lophotriccus , atalotriccus , poecilotriccus , and todirostrum ) are more fully understood .\nforest ( fragment ) with bamboo ( parque zoobot\u00e2nico / universidade federal do acre ) .\nspurts of notes . 1 km from the lodge grounds in mixed guadua bamboo and advanced secondary forest growth .\nclock , b . ( 2018 ) . flammulated bamboo - tyrant ( hemitriccus flammulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nabout half a km from the lodge grounds in guadua bamboo growth . occasional wing - whirr can be heard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 16 - 17 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nformerly considered conspecific with h . diops and h . obsoletus . two subspecies recognized .\nberlepsch , 1901 \u2013 e peru ( san mart\u00edn s to madre de dios ) , nw brazil ( acre , and r mequ\u00e9ns in rond\u00f4nia ) and n bolivia ( e to e beni , s to cochabamba ) .\n( todd , 1915 ) \u2013 e bolivia ( r surut\u00fa , in w santa cruz ) .\n11 cm ; 8\u00b78\u201311\u00b77 g . nominate race has crown and upperparts plain olive - green , dull whitish to buff - white supraloral spot and narrow eyering ; wings and tail plain olive ; . . .\nsharp \u201ctic\u201d notes and fast rising trill , \u201ctik - trrrrrr\u00edp\u201d , remarkably similar in tone to , but . . .\narthropods . stomach contents in se peru contained 19 prey items , of which beetles ( coleoptera ) 33 % , hemipterans 18 % , homopteran bugs ( . . .\nnot globally threatened . fairly common but local . fairly common in tambopata - candamo reserved zone and manu national park and biosphere reserve , in peru ; and beni and pil\u00f3n . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nvaried assemblage of genera , most of which have traditionally been grouped together , but detailed sequence now modified on basis of genetic findings # r # r # r . type genus currently subsumed into mionectes .\nname based on triccus , a junior synonym of todirostrum , whereas todirostrini is a junior synonym of triccini # r .\nincorporates snethlagea , idioptilon , microcochlearius , euscarthmornis and ceratotriccus , in recent times all most commonly used as subgenera . moreover , genetic data suggest that , as currently defined , present genus is not monophyletic # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 156 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 154 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 546 side a track 8 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 153 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 150 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 148 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 147 seq . a )\ndistance to mike : 7 m . series of two calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a270\nseries of two calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc6b768\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 014 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hemitriccus flammulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1708, "summary": [{"text": "benthesicymus is a genus of prawns , containing the following species : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus armatus macgilchrist , 1905 benthesicymus bartletti smith , 1882 benthesicymus brasiliensis spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus cereus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus crenatus spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus howensis dall , 2001 benthesicymus investigatoris alcock & anderson , 1899 benthesicymus iridescens spence bate , 1881 benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 benthesicymus seymouri tirmizi , 1960 benthesicymus strabus burkenroad , 1936 benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 benthesicymus tirmiziae crosnier , 1978 benthesicymus urinator burkenroad , 1936 a single fossil species , formerly included in the genus benthesicymus , is now placed in a separate genus , palaeobenthesicymus .", "topic": 26}], "title": "benthesicymus", "paragraphs": ["the status of benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun ( decapoda , penaeoidea , benthesicymidae ) in the northeastern pacific .\ndeep - sea shrimps of the genus benthesicymus ( decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) from the western north pacific .\ncarapace length distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 , by sex . white , juveniles ; grey , males ; black , females .\nnew record of benthesicymus carinatus smith , 1884 ( decapoda : benthesicymidae ) , with some notes on its morphology deduced from sem observations .\ncharacters used by kikuchi and nemoto ( 1991 ) in their definition of group i and ii included the position of the branchiostegal spine , the shape of the second maxilliped and of the dactylus of third maxilliped , and the relative size of pereiopods\u2019 exopod . their group ii includes five species , two of which have been recorded in deep waters of the mexican pacific : benthesicymus altus spence bate , 1881 , and benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( see hendrickx 1996 ) . although similar in their general shape , benthesicymus altus and benthesicymus tanneri are easy to separate based on the structure of the thelycum and petasma . kikuchi and nemoto\u2019s ( 1991 ) group i included 10 species , one of them also reported off western mexico , benthesicymus laciniatus rathbun , 1906 , which distinctively features small spines on the posterolateral margin of the fifth abdominal somite .\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a dorsal view of one of the syntypes used by faxon ( 1893 ) ( from faxon 1895 ) b fresh specimen female , cl 30 mm , lateral view ( emu - 8904 ) .\nlocalities in the mexican pacific where benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 has been collected , including the talud project sampling stations and the localities corresponding to the type material collected during the \u201calbatross\u201d cruises and used by faxon ( 1893 ) .\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . petasma of a fully mature male ( cl 35 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 8147 ) a posterior view b same , detail of ventral margin c anterior view d same , detail of ventral margin .\n( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) bouvier , e . - l . , 1906a . suite aux observations sur les gennadas ou p\u00e9n\u00e9ides bathyp\u00e9lagiques . \u2014 comptes rendus hebdomadaires des s\u00e9ances de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie des sciences 142 : 746 - 750 . [ details ]\nhendrickx me , papiol v ( 2015 ) distribution of benthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 ( dendrobranchiata , benthesicymidae ) off the west coast of mexico and notes on its morphology . zookeys 473 : 119\u2013136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 473 . 8956\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . a lateral view of syntypic specimen ( mcz - 4662 ) b lateral view of female ( cl 40 . 6 mm ) ( emu - 10436 ) . circles indicate area where a hepatic spine is observed in some species of the genus .\ncurrently known distribution , depth range and maximum size for the species of benthesicymus worldwide . species list updated according to fransen and de grave ( 2014 ) . mw , midwater trawl ; bt , benthic trawl ; ik , isaac kid midwater trawl ; at , agassiz ( benthic ) trawl .\n( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201dchallenger\u201d during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201dchallenger\u201d during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) t\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) smith , s . i . , 1886a . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states during the summer and autumn of 1884 . \u2014 report of the commissioner for 1885 , united states commission of fish and fisheries 13 : 605 - 705 , plates 1 - 20 . [ preprint issued in 1886 , published in journal in 1887 ] [ details ]\nbenthesicymus tanneri faxon , 1893 . anterior view of petasma ( a\u2013e ) of males of different carapace length ( a\u2013d emu - 10498 ; e emu - 6004 - a ) and thelycum ( f ) of a mature female ( emu - 10441 ) . a cl 29 . 9 mm ; b cl 22 . 3 mm ; c cl 17 . 5 mm ; d cl 16 . 4 mm ; e cl 11 . 2 mm ; f cl 36 . 6 mm .\n( of benthesicymus longipes bouvier , 1906 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of benthesicymus moratus smith , 1886 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of benthesicymus mollis spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of benthesicymus pleocanthus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmaterial collected in mexican waters during the talud cruises iii - vii ( 1991\u20132001 ) in the se gulf of california was reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) and hendrickx ( 2004 ; distribution maps ) , adding many new records and increasing the known distribution range of this species . a large series of specimens , however , was collected during subsequent research cruises off the pacific coast of mexico and has not yet been reported . this series is included herein . this contribution provides and updated distribution of benthesicymus tanneri for the mexican pacific and new data related to the petasma and thelycum of this species . additionally , a taxonomic key for the species occurring in the american pacific is provided .\nthe material on which this study is based was collected by the r / v \u201cel puma\u201d of the universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico ( unam ) , between 1991 and 2014 . specimens of benthesicymus tanneri were captured during sampling operations off the west coast of the baja california peninsula ( talud xv , july - august 2012 ; talud xvi - b , may - june 2014 ) , in the gulf of california ( a total of nine cruises : talud iii , september 1991 ; talud iv , august 2000 ; talud v , december 2000 ; talud vi , march 2001 ; talud vii , june 2001 ; talud viii , april 2005 ; talud ix , november 2005 ; talud x , february 2007 ) , and off the sw coast of mexico , from jalisco to guerrero ( talud xii , march - april 2009 ) . during these cruises , a total of 228 localities were sampled , from 377 to 2394 m depth . positional coordinates for each sampling station were obtained using a gps navigation system . depth was measured with an edowestern analogic recorder ( talud iii - viii ) or a digital recorder ( talud ix - xvi - b ) . all the specimens were captured with benthic gear , including an agassiz dredge ( 2 . 5 m width , 1 m high ) and a standard benthic sledge ( 2 . 35 m width , 0 . 9 m high ) , both equipped with a modified shrimp net ( ca 5 . 5 cm stretched mesh size ) with a ca 2 . 0 cm ( 3 / 4\u201d ) internal lining net . the material collected during this survey is deposited in the regional collection of marine invertebrates ( emu ) , at unam in mazatl\u00e1n , mexico . the size ( carapace length , cl ) of all the specimens was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm and size distributions of benthesicymus tanneri were explored by sex for the entire population sample in the mexican pacific . sexual differences in cl were tested using a mann - whitney u test ( mann and whitney 1947 ) . abbreviations are : st . , sampling station ; cl , carapace length ; m , male ; f , female ; ad , agassiz dredge ; bs , benthic sledge .\nspence bate , c . ( 1881 ) . on the penaeidae . the annals and magazine of natural history . ( 5 ) 8 : 169 - 196 , plates 11 - 12 . [ details ]\n( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) smith , s . i . , 1884 . report on the decapod crustacea of the albatross dredgings off the east coast of the united states in 1883 . \u2014 reports of the united states fisheries commission 10 : 345 - 426 , plates 1 - 10 . [ details ]\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of bentheocetes smith , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncrosnier , a . ( 1985 ) . crevettes p\u00e9n\u00e9ides r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans l ' oc\u00e9an indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / r\u00e9union . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris vol . 4 , ser . 7 p . 839 - 877 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\np\u00e9rez farfante , i . ; kensley , b . ( 1997 ) . penaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . 175 : 1 - 233 . [ details ]\nfelder , d . l . , \u00e1lvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019\u20131104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfaxon , w . ( 1893 ) . reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201dalbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 24 : 149 - 220 . [ details ]\nsmith , s . i . , 1882 . reports on the results of dredging under the supervisi\u00f3n of alexander agassiz , on the east coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 108 , plates 1 - 16 . [ details ]\npohle , g . w . 1988 . a guide to the deep - sea shrimp and shrimp - like decapod crustacea of atlantic canada . canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic science 1657 , 29 p . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 laboratorio de invertebrados bent\u00f3nicos , unidad acad\u00e9mica mazatl\u00e1n , instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico , p . o . box 811 , mazatl\u00e1n , sinaloa , 82000 , mexico\ncorresponding author : michel e . hendrickx ( xm . manu . lymci . alo @ lehcim )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ntalud iii . material reported by hendrickx ( 2001 ) . additional material . st . 14a ( 24\u00b038 ' 48\nn ; 108\u00b026 ' 54\nw ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , ad , 1016\u20131020 ( emu - 4418 ) ; st . 14b ( 24\u00b039 ' 12\nn ; 108\u00b037 ' 48\nw ) , aug . 19 , 1991 , 1f ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , ad , 1188\u20131208 m ( emu - 2609 ) ; st . 17 ( 24\u00b033 ' 0\nn ; 108\u00b050 ' 54\nw ) , aug 19 , 1991 , 1m ( cl 22 . 1 mm ) , ad , 770 m ( emu - 4417 ) ; st . 24a ( 25\u00b045 ' 12\nn ; 109\u00b046 ' 48\nw ) , aug 24 , 1991 , 2m ( cl 29 . 0\u201330 . 8 mm ) , ad , 1027\u20131060 m ( emu - 100 ) .\ntalud v , st . 5 ( 22\u00b00 ' 57\nn ; 106\u00b040 ' 0\nw ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 36 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1515\u20131620 m ( emu - 5540 - a ) ; st . 6 ( 22\u00b0n ; 106\u00b048 ' 5\nw ) , dec 13 , 2000 , 1f ( cl 41 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1950\u20132010 m ( emu - 5540 - b ) ; st . 19 ( 23\u00b017 ' 30\nn ; 107\u00b029 ' 51\nw ) , dec 15 , 2000 , 1m ( cl 31 . 1 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 1\u201336 mm ) , bs , 1180\u20131200 m ( emu - 5523 - a ) ; st . 26 ( 24\u00b015 ' 18\nn ; 108\u00b024 ' 6\nw ) , dec 16 , 2000 , 2m ( cl 29\u201330 . 7 mm ) , 2f ( cl 32\u201334 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1280\u20131310 m ( emu - 5523 - b ) .\ntalud vi , st . 12 ( 23\u00b018 ' 36\nn ; 107\u00b026 ' 56\nw ) , mar 14 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 32 . 5 mm ) , 1f ( cl 34 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1050\u20131160 m ( emu - 5539 - a ) ; st . 19 ( 24\u00b016 ' 24\nn ; 108\u00b024 ' 18\nw ) , mar 15 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 50 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1160\u20131200 m ( emu - 5539 - b ) ; st . 26 ( 24\u00b056 ' 18\nn ; 109\u00b06 ' 42\nw ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 33 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 25 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1190\u20131270 m ( emu - 5997 - a ) ; st . 27 ( 25\u00b01 ' 12\nn ; 109\u00b011 ' 36\nw ) , mar 16 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1580\u20131600 m ( emu - 5539 - c ) ; st . 34 ( 25\u00b043 ' 50\nn ; 109\u00b053 ' 59\nw ) , mar 17 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 31 . 9 mm ) , 2f ( cl 3025\u201333 . 6 mm ) , bs , 1240\u20131270 m ( emu - 5997 - b ) , and 7m ( cl 31 . 4\u201334 . 8 mm ) , 12f ( cl 30 . 5\u201342 . 5 mm ) , and 3 unsexed specimens ( 14 . 5\u201321 . 4 mm ) .\ntalud vii , st . 4 ( 22\u00b03 ' 18\nn ; 106\u00b034 ' 42\nw ) , jun 5 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 37 . 8 mm ) , bs , 1190 m ( emu - 5541 ) ; st . 19 ( 24\u00b016 ' 12\nn ; 108\u00b023 ' 42\nw ) , jun 7 , 2001 , 1m ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) and 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1160\u20131180 m ( emu - 6004 - a ) ; st . 33b ( 26\u00b06 ' 30\nn ; 110\u00b06 ' 42\nw ) , jun 9 , 2001 , 1f ( cl 23 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1260\u20131300 m ( emu - 6004 - b ) .\ntalud viii , st . 10 ( 24\u00b058 ' 12\nn ; 110\u00b016 ' 6\nw ) , apr 17 , 2005 , 1m ( cl 30 . 4 mm ) , and 1f ( cl 11 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1500 m ( emu - 8143 ) ; st . 3 ( 24\u00b032 ' 36\nn ; 109\u00b030 ' 30\nw ) , apr 16 , 2005 , 2m ( cl 31 . 9\u201334 . 7 mm ) , 3f ( cl 29 . 2\u201335 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1100 m ( emu - 8147 ) .\ntalud ix , st . 20b ( 25\u00b058 ' 7\nn ; 110\u00b040 ' 4\nw ) , nov 14 , 2005 , 2f ( cl 33 . 7\u201336 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1229\u20131343 m ( emu - 8236 ) .\ntalud x , st . 10 ( 27\u00b050 ' 5\nn ; 112\u00b010 ' 7\nw ) , feb 10 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 32 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1399\u20131422 m ( emu - 8030 ) ; st . 18 ( 27\u00b09 ' 6\nn ; 111\u00b046 ' 54\nw ) , feb 12 , 2007 , 1f ( cl 31 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1526 m ( emu - 8118 ) ; st . 30 ( 26\u00b036 ' 50\nn ; 110\u00b021 ' 10\nw ) , feb 15 , 2007 , 1m ( cl 29 . 9 mm ) , bs , 1203\u20131213 m ( emu - 8203 ) .\ntalud xii , st . 5 ( 16\u00b058 ' 28\nn ; 100\u00b055 ' 20\nw ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 53 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1925\u20131977 m ( emu - 8872 ) ; st . 9 ( 17\u00b010 ' 15\nn ; 101\u00b037 ' 23\nw ) , mar 28 , 2008 , 6f ( cl 30 . 1\u201335 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1392\u20131420 m ( emu - 8874 ) ; st . 10 ( 17\u00b011 ' 18\nn ; 101\u00b028 ' 30\nw ) , mar 29 , 2008 , 3f ( cl 21 . 1\u201338 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1180\u20131299 m ( emu - 10500 ) ; st . 13 ( 17\u00b045 ' 16\nn ; 102\u00b00 ' 29\nw ) , mar 30 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 30 mm ) , bs , 1198 m ( emu - 8904 ) ; st . 28 ( 18\u00b050 ' 19\nn ; 104\u00b034 ' 14\nw ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl , 38 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1101\u20131106 m ( emu - 10499 ) ; st . 29 ( 19\u00b019 ' 37\nn ; 105\u00b026 ' 20\nw ) , apr 2 , 2008 , 1f ( cl 44 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1609\u20131643 m ( emu - 8873 ) .\ntalud xv , st . 1 ( 23\u00b018 ' 40\nn ; 111\u00b019 ' 37\nw ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 40 . 2 mm ) , bs , 750\u2013850 m ( emu - 10435 ) ; same station , 5m ( cl 17 . 9\u201329 . 1 mm ) and 7f ( cl 25 . 3\u201341 . 1 mm ) , bs , 750\u2013850 m ( emu - 10434 ) ; st . 2 ( 23\u00b012 ' 2\nn ; 111\u00b020 ' 50\nw ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 4m ( cl 32\u201333 . 9 mm ) , 5f ( cl 23 . 2\u201340 . 6 mm ) and 1juv . ( cl 12 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1118\u20131150 m ( emu - 10436 ) ; st . 3 ( 23\u00b09 ' n ; 111\u00b020 ' w ) , aug 4 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 36 . 4 mm ) , bs , 1395\u20131465 m ( emu - 10433 ) ; st . 5c ( 23\u00b016 ' 42\nn ; 110\u00b054 ' 55\nw ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 8m ( cl 20 . 5\u201335 . 5 mm ) , bs , 980\u20131036 m ( emu - 10496 - a ) ; same station 25f ( cl 20 . 3\u201340 . 5 mm ) , 1m ( cl 13 . 4 mm ) , bs , 980\u20131036 m ( emu - 10496 - b ) ; st . 5f ( 22\u00b058 ' 15\nn ; 110\u00b040 ' 17\nw ) , aug 5 , 2012 , 1f ( cl 39 . 3 mm ) , bs , 1035\u20131108 m ( emu - 10432 ) ; st . 8 ( 24\u00b025 ' 48\nn ; 112\u00b038 ' 6\nw ) , jul 30 , 2012 , 1m ( cl 29 . 8 mm ) , 3f ( cl 23 . 2\u201341 . 1 mm ) , bs , 1212\u20131235 m ( emu - 10431 ) ; st . 24 ( 27\u00b05 ' 42\nn ; 114\u00b035 ' 30\nw ) , aug 1 , 2012 , 2f ( cl 25\u201332 . 6 mm ) , bs , 772\u2013786 m ( emu - 10430 ) .\ntalud xvi - b , st . 3 ( 28\u00b042 ' 36\nn ; 115\u00b050 ' 42\nw ) , may 23 , 2014 , 2f ( cl 30 . 1\u201331 . 0 mm ) , bs , 1350\u20131365 m ( emu - 10623 ) st . 6 ( 29\u00b008 ' 9\nn ; 115\u00b033 ' 25\nw ) , may 24 , 2014 , 10m ( cl 16 . 4\u201329 . 9 mm ) and 9f ( cl 16 . 7\u201329 . 5 mm ) , bs , 1004\u20131102 m ( emu - 10498 ) ; st . 8 ( 29\u00b023 ' 28\nn ; 115\u00b045 ' w ) , may 31 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 35 . 4 mm ) , 1f ( cl 27 mm ) , bs , 1416\u20131480 m ( emu - 10438 ) ; st . 16 ( 29\u00b051 ' n ; 116\u00b09 ' w ) , may 29 , 2014 , 4f ( cl 23 . 2\u201337 . 2 mm ) , bs , 1425\u20131360 m ( emu - 10441 ) ; st . 23 ( 30\u00b056 ' n ; 116\u00b040 ' 33\nw ) , may 27 , 2014 , 1m ( cl 33 . 3 mm ) , 2f ( cl 30 . 1\u201332 . 7 mm ) , bs , 1296\u20131340 m ( emu - 10439 ) ; st . 26 ( 31\u00b046 ' 3\nn ; 116\u00b058 ' 12\nw ) , may 26 , 2014 , 1f ( cl 31 . 4 mm ) , bs , 982\u2013989 m ( emu - 10437 ) ; st . 27 ( 31\u00b042 ' 21\nn ; 117\u00b013 ' w ) , may 27 , 2014 , bs , 1394\u20131397 m , 1f ( cl 34 . 7 mm ) ( emu - 10440 ) and 1 f ( cl 30 . 5 mm ) ( emu - 10497 ) .\nwith 187 specimens available ( 61 males , cl 11 . 2\u201335 . 5 mm ; 122 females , cl 16 . 7\u201353 . 3 mm ; 3 unsexed ; and 1 juvenile , cl 12 . 4 ) ( m : f = 1 : 2 ) , the collection of\n) . the largest specimens measured 103 mm ( male ; talud xv , st . 5c ) and 116 mm ( female ; talud xii , st . 5 ) total length , the latter constituting the largest specimen collected to date . the size of individuals differed across sexes ( mann - whitney\nis known from san diego , california , usa , to chile . the material currently examined slightly increases the distributional range of\n) . in the mexican pacific it is a widely distributed and frequently captured species .\nthe material examined herein was collected between 750 and 2010 m depth with bottom sampling gear . one specimen ( talud iii , st . 17 ) was collected with a mid - water trawl hauled from surface to 770 m depth , in a locality where total depth was 1560 m . all species of\npossesses a hepatic spine , a character that separates this species from the other four species of their group ii .\ndoes ( p . 437 ) , which is an error due to the illustration process in the editorial office . in his preliminary description of\n: 205 ) repeats essentially the same statement as in 1893 , and his lateral illustration of the carapace ( plate h 1a ) does not indicate the presence of a hepatic spine , although the lower extension of the cervical carina could easily be confused with a strong spine . besides , this drawing does not include the presence of the pterygostomial spine either , which is definitively present in\n: 52 ) . revision by dr . rafael lemaitre of part of the material used by\n) in his syntypic series and deposited at the national museum of natural history , washington , dc ( usnm 21214 ; syntypes from the gulf of california , mexico ) confirms the fact that there is no trace of a hepatic spine on the specimens examined . another revision by adam baldinger of one of the syntypes of\nhave to be altered because all species of group ii as defined by these authors in their key lack the hepatic spine which is otherwise present in seven of the ten species of their group i . moreover , the identification key proposed by\n) . the smallest male with visible petasma was 11 . 2 mm cl , in which a small bud without any elaborated structure could be seen . a slightly larger male ( cl 16 . 4 mm ) had a similar petasma ( figure\n) . however , another young male from station 19 of talud vii cruise with cl 11 . 2 mm ( i . e . , smaller than the male of figure\n, is not yet developed in males of cl 17 . 5 mm ( figure\n) . in a male of cl 29 . 9 mm the two sections ( left and right ) of the petasma are well developed ( figure\n( cl \u2265 35 mm ) is clearly distinct from known petasma of mature males of nine species of the genus in the presence of the lateral crescent - shape process . in\nburkenroad , 1936 , probably a juvenile . this figure lacks a lateral crescent - shape process but , as in the case of\n) , this process may appear later during the growth of the species . of the remaining three species of\n) is known only from the two females of the type material . we were not able to locate an illustration of the petasma of\nmacgilchrist , 1905 . another question remains open as far as illustrations of petasma in literature are concerned .\n; however , the figure caption is the same as the one inserted in figure 25 of the same monograph ( i . e . for\n( spence bate , 1888 ) ) and it was therefore difficult to assess to which species of the genus this figure actually belongs to . a search by rose gulledge , museum specialist at the us national history museum , smithsonian institution crustacean department , maryland , usa , was successful in finding the original plates prepared by the illustrator of\n, and that \u201cspecies in book is wrong [ . . . ] must say\n) . a small tuft of setae is clearly observed arising from each minute pit of the thelycum middle plate ( sternite xiii ) . of the two groups of species considered by\n, group i possesses a \u201cthelycum without well - defined receptacles between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the twelfth and thirteenth sternites being simple and unexpanded\u201d . group ii posseses \u201cwell - defined cavities between the twelfth and the thirteenth sternites , the scutes of the thirteenth sternites being broadly expanded to overlap the sternal surface proper\u201d . based on these criteria\n. the large patch of bright blue color on the back of the abdominal somites 2\u20134 mentioned by faxon ( op . cit . ) and also observed by\nactually corresponds to the gonads of mature specimens that extend backward from the thoracic area ( pers . observ . ) .\nalthough it reaches a size ( i . e . , over 115 mm total length ) comparable with other species of\nis not currently subject to any commercial exploitation . it has been considered a potential fisheries resource for the area ( see\n) to a large extent because it occurs together with other species of established potential for deep - water fisheries ( e . g . ,\nin this area , but none was considered of importance to fishery , even as a potential resource , probably because this genus has nowhere been reported to be abundant . the 15 species of\n) but are all from deep - water , thus rending any exploitation attempt very complex .\npetasma ventral margin strongly convex , without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate smooth , without small pits and setae\npetasma ventral margin straight to slightly concave , with or without lateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate bearing small pits\npetasma with strong ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate longer than wide , shallow anterior notch\npetasma without ventrolateral crescent - shape process . thelycum sternite xiii plate wider than long , deep anterior notch\nship time was provided by the instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam ( talud iii ) , by the coordinaci\u00f3n de la investigaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica , unam ( talud iv - xvi - b ) , and partly supported by conacyt ( project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) . the talud project has received laboratory and field work support from the dgapa ( papiit in - 217306\u20133 and papiit in - 203013\u20132 ) and from conacyt ( project 31805 - n for the talud iv - vii cruises ; project 179467 for the talud xv and xvi - b cruises ) , mexico . the authors thank all scientists , students and crew members who took an active part in the talud cruises . we also thank dr . rafael lemaitre , national museum of natural history , maryland , usa , for revising type material of\nand the final version of the manuscript . we also thank ana k . barrag\u00e1n ( sni iii assistant , conacyt ) for her help with laboratory work during this study and jos\u00e9 salgado b . for photograph of figure\n. work by vanesa papiol was supported by a dgapa , universidad nacional aut\u00f3noma de m\u00e9xico , postdoctoral grant .\nbarriga e , salazar c , palacios j , romero m , rodr\u00edguez a . ( 2009 )\ndistribuci\u00f3n , abundancia y estructura poblacional del langostino rojo de profundidad haliporoides diomedeae ( crustacea : decapoda : solenoceridae ) frente a la zona norte de per\u00fa ( 2007\u20132008 ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . vol . 2 . cephalopods , crustaceans , holothurians and sharks\n. master thesis , universidad de guayaquil , facultad de ciencias naturales , guayaquil , ecuador .\ncrustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes p\u00e9n\u00e9ides aristeidae ( benthesicyminae , aristeinae , solenocerinae ) . faune de madagascar .\ncrosnier a . ( 1985 ) crevettes p\u00e9n\u00e9ides d\u2019eaux profondes r\u00e9colt\u00e9es dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an indien lors des campagnes benthedi , safari i et ii , md 32 / reunion .\ncarideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps .\nthe brazilian species of the family aristeidae wood - mason ( crustacea : decapoda ) .\nreports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galapagos , to the west coast of mexico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . vi . preliminary descriptions of new species of crustacea .\nreports on an exploration off the west coast of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission steamer \u201calbatross\u201d , during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . the stalk - eyed crustacea .\nthe subfamily benthesicyminae bouvier , 1908 ( decapoda , dendrobranchiata ) in northern chile ( 18\u00b0 to 22\u00b0s ) .\nin : fischer w , krupp f , schneider w , sommer c , carpenter ke , niem vh . ( eds )\ngu\u00eda fao para la identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . pac\u00edfico centro - oriental . vol . i . plantas e invertebrados\nlos camarones penaeoidea bent\u00f3nicos ( crustacea : decapoda : dendrobranchiata ) del pac\u00edfico mexicano .\ncomisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 148 pp .\noccurrence of a continental slope decapod crustacean community along the edge of the minimum oxygen zone in the southeastern gulf of california , mexico .\ndistribution and estimation of body size and weight of four species of deep water shrimps in the se gulf of california , mexico .\n. comisi\u00f3n nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad e inst . cienc . mar y limnol . , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 157 pp .\njamieson aj , fujii t , solan m , matsumoto ak , bagley pm , priede ig . ( 2009 )\nkameya a , castillo r , escudero l , tello e , blaskovic v , c\u00f3rdova j , hooker y , guti\u00e9rrez m , mayor s . ( 1997 )\nlocalizaci\u00f3n , distribuci\u00f3n y concentraci\u00f3n de langostinos rojos de profundidad crucero bic humboldt 9607\u201308 . 18 de julio a 06 de agosto de 1996 .\nthe south african museum\u2019s meiring naude cruises . part 5 . crustacea , decapoda , reptantia & natantia .\ndeep - sea shrimps and lobsters ( crustacea : decapoda ) from northern japan collected during the project \u201cresearch on deep - sea fauna and pollutants off pacific coast of northern japan\u201d .\nxxvii . natural history notes from the r . i . m . s . \u2018investigator , \u2019 capt . t . h . henning , r . n . ( retired ) , commanding . series iii . , no . 6 . an account of the new and some of the rarer decapod crustacea obtained during the surveying seasons 1901\u20131904 .\non a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other .\nclaves de identificaci\u00f3n y distribuci\u00f3n de los langostinos y camarones ( crustacea : decapoda ) del mar y r\u00edos de la costa del per\u00fa .\nreports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877\u201378 ) , in the caribbean sea ( 1878\u201379 ) , and along the atlantic coast of the united states ( 1880 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer \u201cblake\u201d , lieut . - com . c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . 44 . les p\u00e9n\u00e9ides et st\u00e9nopides .\npenaeoid and sergestoid shrimps and prawns of the world . keys and diagnoses for the families and genera .\nin : hendrickx me . ( ed . ) contributions to the study of east pacific crustaceans\n] . instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 195\u2013208 .\nthe marine decapod crustacea of california with special reference to the decapod crustacea collected by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer \u201calbatross\u201d in connection with the biological survey of san francisco bay during the years 1912\u20131913 .\nrecent samples of mainly rare decapod crustacea taken from the deep - sea floor of the southern west europe basin .\nchecklist of penaeoid and caridean shrimps ( decapoda : penaeoidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .\nan updated checklist of benthic marine and brackish water shrimps ( decapoda : penaoidea , stenopodidea , caridea ) from the eastern tropical pacific .\n] instituto de ciencias del mar y limnolog\u00eda , unam , m\u00e9xico , df , 49\u201376 ."]}
{"id": 1715, "summary": [{"text": "amphitorna brunhyala is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by shen and chen in 1990 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( guangdong and fujian ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "amphitorna brunhyala", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for brunhyala definition . you find here brunhyala meaning , synonyms of brunhyala and images for brunhyala copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word brunhyala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word brunhyala and , of course , brunhyala synonyms and on the right images related to the word brunhyala .\nneoreta brunhyala song , xue & han , 2012 , comb . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nfigures 90 \u2013 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .\nfigures 116 \u2013 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .\nfigures 33 \u2013 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 \u2013 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 \u2013 43 , o . angularis ; 44 \u2013 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , o . bilineata ; 50 , spectroreta hyalodisca ( holotype of s . fenestra ) ; 51 , neoreta olga ; 52 , n . purpureofascia ; 53 , n . brunhyala , paratype .\nfigures 131 \u2013 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbeccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february 2005 ) .\n2011 : notes on the genus spectroreta warren ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) from china with description of a new species .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nsong , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 33\n, contr . shanghai inst . entomol . , 9 : 167 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , figs 2 : a - c ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : fujian ( siecas ) .\n. , 21 ( 5 ) : 252 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , 4 ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : guangdong , nankunshan ( scau ) , syn . nov .\nmaterial examined . china , fujian : jian\u2019ou , wanmulin , viii . 1988 , coll . shen shuigen , 132 \u01a5 ( holotype , allotype and 1 paratype ) ( siecas ) .\n( borneo , sumatra , peninsular malaysia ) in the following characters : the forewing apex is distinctly falcate , and the outer margin under the apex is straight in the male , and slightly expanded in the female ; a shallow excavation is present on the tornal angle ; the apex of the hind wing is notched . the wing pattern has similar transparent patches to those found in\nin recognition of the similar socii , gnathos , and the bilobed signum . the valva is broad and blunt at apex , and bears a hooked basal process ; the sacculus is well developed , and tapering ; the saccus is distinct from those of other species of\n, being well developed , and the aedeagus has a developed cornutus . sternite 8 is protruding and well sclerotized medially . the female genitalia have a large bilobed signum in the corpus bursae .\n, though they have a similar uncus , socii and pair of median processes of the gnathos . the saccus of\n, and find that in both cases it is only slightly convex . while recognising these differences we leave\nfor the present , since it does not seem to fit any other presently established genus , but this point may need revisiting in the future .\nfigures 171 \u2013 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1740, "summary": [{"text": "cavariella konoi is a species of aphid in the family aphididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a small , soft-bodied insect growing to about 2.5 mm ( 0.1 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the body is oval , pale yellowish green , sometimes with a pair of darker green , longitudinal bands .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "wingless females are found on the leaves of willow salix spp. during the summer where they reproduce parthogenetically and form large populations .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it also feeds on the perennial plant great angelica ( angelica atropurpurea ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "this species has a holarctic distribution . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "cavariella konoi", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis perennial wildflower is 3 - 8 ' tall , branching sparingly . the large hollow stems are pale purple to dark purple , terete , glabrous , and often glaucous . alternate compound leaves occur along the stems , primarily along the lower - half of each plant . the compound leaves are \u00bd - 2 ' long , \u00bd - 2 ' across , and widest at their bases . the structure of the compound leaves is bipinnate with 3 - 5 leaflets or subleaflets per division . the subleaflets are \u00be - 4\u00bd\nlong and \u00bd - 2\u00bd\nacross ; they are more or less ovate in shape and their margins are serrated . some subleaflets are shallowly to deeply cleft into lobes . the upper surface of the subleaflets is medium to dark green and glabrous , while the lower surface is pale or whitish green and glabrous . the subleaflets are either sessile or they have short petioles ; they often have winged extensions at their bases that join the branches of the rachis . the petioles are long , stout , and conspicuously sheathed at their bases ; both the petioles and their sheaths are green to light purple to dark purple , glabrous , and often glaucous .\nthe upper stems terminate in one or more compound umbels of flowers spanning 3 - 9\nacross ; they are globoid in shape . sometimes the peduncle of a compound umbel will branch and terminate in another compound umbel . each compound umbel has 15 - 40 rays ( floral branches ) that terminate in small umbellets . each umbellet has numerous greenish white to pale yellow flowers on pedicels about \u00bd\nin length . each flower is up to \u00bc\nacross , consisting of 5 petals with incurved tips , a light green calyx without significant lobes , 5 stamens , and a pistil with a divided style . the blooming period occurs from late spring to early summer and lasts about 3 weeks . afterwards , the flowers are replaced by dry seed - like fruits ( consisting of double achenes ) . the fruits are 5 - 8 mm . in length , oblongoid - ovoid in shape , and slightly flattened ; each side of the fruit has 3 longitudinal ridges . immature fruits are greenish yellow , turning brown at maturity . each achene has a pair of lateral wings along its main body ; it is convex and ridged on one side , while the other side is flat . the root system consists of a short stout taproot .\nthe preference is full or partial sun , consistently wet to moist conditions , and loamy or sandy soil with decaying organic matter . soil ph should be mildly acidic to alkaline . standing water is well - tolerated . individual plants can vary considerably in size depending on environmental conditions .\n) . habitats include openings in bottomland woodlands , swamps , soggy thickets , edges of woodlands adjoining wetlands , marshes , fens , and seeps , including the lower slopes of hillside seeps . this robust wildflower is typically found in calcareous habitats with a stable supply of moisture .\nthe flowers attract syrphid flies , bee flies , andrenid bees , and other small bees . these visitors are attracted primarily to the nectar of the flowers . a relatively small number of insects are known to feed on great angelica . these species include the aphids\na woodland border near a fen at the indiana dunes national lakeshore in nw indiana .\ngreat angelica can be distinguished from similar species in the carrot family by its large size , hollow purplish stems , and spherical compound umbels . sometimes an aromatic eurasia species ,\n( garden angelica ) , is cultivated in gardens . it differs from great angelica by its biennial habit and greenish stems . so far , there are no records of garden angelica naturalizing in illinois . a native perennial species ,\n( wood angelica ) , is found in southern illinois , where it occurs in dry rocky habitats . wood angelica has more narrow sheaths at the bases of its petioles than great angelica , and their are fine hairs on its fruits . another common name of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice ."]}
{"id": 1743, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena subunicolor is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by p\u00edc in 1937 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena subunicolor", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for subunicolor definition . you find here subunicolor meaning , synonyms of subunicolor and images for subunicolor copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\n\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subunicolor . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subunicolor and , of course , subunicolor synonyms and on the right images related to the word subunicolor .\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nmordellistena l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng trong h\u1ecd mordellidae . [ 1 ] chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1854 b\u1edfi costa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nv\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh theo gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p creative commons ghi c\u00f4ng\u2013chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung . v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trang web n\u00e0y , b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 . wikipedia\u00ae l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a wikimedia foundation , inc . , m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1759, "summary": [{"text": "dardanus gemmatus , the jeweled anemone hermit crab , is a species of hermit crab native to tropical reefs surrounding the indo-pacific , typically at depths of 2 \u2013 100 metres ( 10 \u2013 330 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "dardanus gemmatus", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - dardanus gemmatus ( h . milne edwards , 1848 )\nto barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 16 records ) to itis\n( of pagurus gemmatus h . milne edwards , 1848 ) mclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlemaitre , r . ; mclaughlin , p . ( 2018 ) . world paguroidea & lomisoidea database .\nreay , p . j . & j . haig ( 1990 ) . coastal hermit crabs ( decapoda : anomura ) from kenya , with a review and key to east african species . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 578 - 589 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmclaughlin , p . a . ; komai , t . ; lemaitre , r . ; listyo , r . ( 2010 ) . annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world ( exclusive of the kiwaoidea and families chirostylidae and galatheidae of the galatheoidea . part i \u2013 lithodoidea , lomisoidea and paguroidea . the raffles bulletin of zoology . supplement no 23 , 5 - 107 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ntoday we are going to talk about a marine creature that is seriously resourceful when it comes to real estate : the hermit crab ! you may already know that hermit crabs are well known swapping their shell homes for newer , bigger ones . like all crabs , the hermit crab possesses an exoskeleton that protects their body and maintains their form . however , hermit crabs take self - protection one step further by finding snail shells and coil their body inside , protecting their softer body parts from predators and environmental elements . when they grow too large for their shell home they will crawl out and find a new snail shell that fits perfectly . anemone hermit crabs go one step further to make their home safe .\njeweled anemone hermit crabs benefit by having extra protection due to the stinging anemone tentacles . the anemones also can be placed on top of cracks or weak spots in the hermit crab\u2019s shell . plus , anemones make for amazing camouflage among the rocks and corals . in return the sea anemone gets scraps from the food that the hermit eats and gets to piggyback to areas that are productive in nutrients . anemones aren\u2019t the only ones hitching a ride . the jeweled hermit crab will also carry flatworms and amphipods , unwittingly housing an entire traveling community on its back !\nposted in zooplankton . tags : creature feature , garden eel cove , jeweled anemone hermit crab , kona airport , mutualistic , symbiosis . 1 comment \u00bb\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis average sized hermit is reasonably common when we are out diving during the day on the sand outside the reef at mae haad , koh phangan .\nchaloklum diving , 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7 , chaloklum village , koh phangan , suratthani 84280 . thailand .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 1761, "summary": [{"text": "cardiaspina fiscella , the brown basket lerp or brown lace lerp , is a jumping plant louse species in the genus cardiaspina originally found in australia .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it spread to new zealand where it was found in 1996 near the auckland airport .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it feeds on eucalyptus , especially swamp mahogany , and is found in victoria , eastern new south wales , and southeastern queensland , as well as the capital territory ( act ) around canberra and on norfolk island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "cardiaspina fiscella has five nymphal instars , and as the instars moult they add a layer to their outside covering ( casing ) , known as the \" lerp \" . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "cardiaspina fiscella", "paragraphs": ["cardiaspina fiscella spreads from forest health news 64 , june 1997 . port environs inspections in auckland have shown the rapid spread of cardiaspina fiscella since first reported in auckland in may 1996 . severe infestations are noted\u2026\npossible control for cardiaspina fiscella from forest health news 62 , april 1997 . another major event during my visit to australia was the identification of a possible biological control for cardiaspina fiscella , ( the recently introduced lerp making\u2026\nbrown lace lerp cardiaspina fiscella recorded in new zealand from forest health news 53 , june 1996 . the brown lace lerp , cardiaspina fiscella , was collected from eucalyptus botryoides close to auckland airport on 14 . 5 . 96 and later in papatoetoe in south\u2026\ncardiaspina fiscella ( a - adult , b - larva , c - lerp , d , e - damage on . . . | download scientific diagram\nparasitoid on cardiaspina fiscella from forest health news no . 95 , april 2000 . the health of eucalyptus saligna and eucalyptus botryoides trees in the northern half of the north island can be expected to improve as\u2026\nfig . 3 . cardiaspina fiscella ( a - adult , b - larva , c - lerp , d , e - damage on leaves ) ; eucalyptolyma maideni ( f - adult , g - lerp on leaf ) .\ncardiaspina resistant eucalypts from forest health news 87 , july 1999 . eucalypts form a distinctive part of our landscape , so it ' s always sad to see stag - headed or dying trees . dead ones are good for\u2026\nv . 113 = no . 493 - 496 ( 1991 ) - proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . - biodiversity heritage library\nlist of contributors v . 1 - v . 10 ( 1 . . .\nthe lichens of norfolk island . 2 : the genera cladonia , pertusaria , pseudocyphellaria and ramalina\nfossil flowers of ceratopetalum sm . ( family cunoniaceae ) from the tertiary of eastern australia\nnotes and discussion . occurrence of a neosilurid catfish ( neosilurus sp . ) in the paroo river , murray - darling basin\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\neucalypt psyllids in california from forest health news 113 , november 2001 . like their counterparts in new zealand , eucalypt growers in california continue to experience problems with recurring introductions of australian eucalyptus psyllids . the blue gum psyllid , ctenarytaina\u2026\nbrown lace lerp hyperparasitoid found in new zealand from biosecurity new zealand issue 68 , june 2006 . a parasitic microwasp associated with brown lace lerp , a pest of some eucalypts , has been newly recorded from new zealand . the new\u2026\nprotecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday , june 20 , 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle . eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand\u2019s diversified forestry industry . they provide pulp and\u2026\nforest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday , may 27 , 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association . merrill and ring has been fined $ 39 , 000 and ordered\u2026\nbiosecurity levy proposal tuesday , may 15 , 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners . consultation document : the new zealand forest owners association ( foa ) and the nz farm forestry association ( ffa ) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest\u2026\nforest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday , april 23 , 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors . the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid\u2026\nnew free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday , march 25 , 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available , free of charge . the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests , who\u2026\nconsultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday , february 27 , 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber . the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval\u2026\nbillion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday , february 21 , 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government\u2019s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition . the forestry minister\u2026\ncutting rights proposal jeopardising government\u2019s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday , february 03 , 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights . the foa says it would jeopardise the government\u2019s ambitions\u2026\njim anderton\u2019s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday , january 07 , 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry . president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance\u2026\ngovernment recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday , november 29 , 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn\u2019t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office . the\u2026\nfarm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday , november 27 , 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots . nzffa , \u2026\nscion is the leading provider of forest - related knowledge in new zealand formerly known as the forest research institute , scion has been a leader in research relating to forest health for over 50 years . the rotorua - based crown research institute continues to provide science that will protect all forests from damage caused by insect pests , pathogens and weeds . the information presented below arises from these research activities .\nclose to auckland airport on 14 . 5 . 96 and later in papatoetoe in south auckland . in australia it has been recorded on\neucalyptus botryoides , e . robusta , e . saligna , e . grandis , e . tereticomis\nin south - east queensland . adults of this australian psyllid species are 3 . 4 mm in length , from head to wing tip . they possess a short robust body with head at right angles to plane of body . antennae are about equal to width of the head . legs are stout with 2 very small claws . general colour is light brown ; head straw coloured ; thorax with several medium brown patches ; abdomen brownish black , with yellow or red caudal margin on each segment ; forewings transparent ; veins uniformly light brown . the nymphs produce attractive lattice - like , shell shaped lerps , found on the underside of leaves . dimensions c . 4 . 1 mm from hinge to apex , c . 5 . 4 mm across . general colour is light brown , darker near hinge with a darker band where the ribs begin to fan out ; and is moderately convex . nymphs can move freely underneath the lerp and can sometimes be seen moving on the undersides of leaves outside of the lerp .\na survey to delimit the extent of the infestation is underway . ( geoff ridley , editor )\nthis information is intended for general interest only . it is not intended to be a substitute for specific specialist advice on any matter and should not be relied on for that purpose . scion will not be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , consequential or exemplary damages , loss of profits , or any other intangible losses that result from using the information provided on this site . ( scion is the trading name of the new zealand forest research institute limited . )\n. last month ( fhnews 94 : 1 ) we reported the discovery of this parasitoid , identified for forest research by dr jo berry ( hymenopterist at nzac , landcare research , auckland ) , in the northland and auckland bioregions . parasitised nymphs have now been located between whangarei in the north and waihi ( coromandel bioregion ) in the south . further collections of\nby entomologists funded by the new zealand farm forestry association . the project reached the stage of applying to the environmental risk management authority for permission to import into containment at mt albert research centre , auckland . in may 1999 , erma granted this permission as long as strict controls , designed to minimise the likelihood of accidental release from the secure containment facility , were followed . however it was never imported and instead has become another accidental introduction . at this stage the risk posed by\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1771, "summary": [{"text": "bore head was one of queensland \u2019s best staying thoroughbred racehorses with wins in five cups , the ipswich , queensland , caulfield , australian and doomben .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "he was a bay colt foaled in 1959 by double bore ( gb ) , his dam , mauna kea was by brimstone ( gb ) .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "bore head 's half brother hillside , by todman , was another useful galloper .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "brother and sister robert chaplain and carmel burke owned hillside and bore head , trained by d. judd and ron dillon .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "bore head won the 1963 queensland cup with fred clarke in the saddle , carrying just 7 stone 1 pound , defeating booberanna , 1964 ipswich cup ( dead-heat with isaacson ) , 1965 caulfield cup , 1965 qtc moreton handicap , 1965 qtc sir winston churchill stakes and in 1967 the australian cup and the doomben cup .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "he was placed in several other top staying races including the brisbane cup and moonee valley cup ( twice ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning the doomben cup bore head had a further 31 race starts without a victory .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning the 1965 caulfield cup , many thought he stood a good chance in the melbourne cup of that year ( won by light fingers , trained by bart cummings ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "but he lost his chance when the horse in front of him fell , taking bore head and another horse down in a three-horse tumble .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "jockey fred clarke was convinced that bore head was on his way to winning the cup that day .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the following year he placed twelfth in the race behind another cummings trained horse , red handed . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "bore head", "paragraphs": ["the diamond bore head is a component from the railcraft mod . this component is used to operate the tunnel bore properly . it is the piece that allows the bore to break blocks , like the iron bore head and the steel bore head . this bore head has a durability of 6000 , and allows the tunnel bore to mine obsidian . this head mines blocks 40 % faster than the iron bore head .\ndiamond bore head is an item added by the railcraft mod . it is a type of bore head , and each tunnel bore needs one of these to properly function . the diamond bore head has a durability of 6 , 000 ( enough for a tunnel bore to mine a 700 block - long passageway ) and can mine obsidian . the diamond bore head mines 40 % faster than the iron bore head .\nthe steel bore head is the next greatest bore head . it has 3000 uses , twice as many as the iron bore head , and breaks blocks 20 % faster . it can dig a tunnel more than 330 blocks long .\nthe diamond bore head is the best bore head available , costing 9 diamonds due to the diamond block in the crafting recipe . with 6000 uses , it can dig a tunnel more than 660 blocks long . also , it is 40 % faster than the iron bore head . this is the only bore head that can mine obsidian .\nthe iron bore head is the first tier of bore heads . it is the cheapest , yet the slowest and with the least durability . an iron bore head can dig 1500 blocks before breaking , enough to dig a tunnel more than 160 blocks long .\noops . . . there aren ' t any events involving bore head . you can help by contributing .\nit goes in the head slot of the tunnel bore ' s gui . it will begin mining as soon as it has a head , tracks , fuel , and ballast .\noops . . . we don ' t have any stories , photos or videos about bore head . you can help by contributing .\n. they are the components that allow the tunnel bore to dig . there are 3 types of bore heads : iron , steel , and diamond .\n3 - point bore gaging system . . . for accurate and precise measurement of internal diameters .\nthroughout my childhood my mom packed boar ' s head sandwiches in my lunchbox . now , i am creating wonderful memories for my family by serving the same delicious boar ' s head sandwiches . it ' s a tradition built with love .\ns head is proud to now be served in select supermarkets , gourmet stores and delicatessens throughout the usa and puerto rico .\nby clicking sign up i agree to receive news , promotions and information from boar ' s head . see our privacy policy\nsign up for our dish worthy newsletter to stay up to date on the latest boar ' s head products , recipes , and entertaining ideas .\ntriga - bore is the result of over 30 years of design and manufacture of 3 - point bore gaging systems . ideal for solving internal diameter measurement problems on the shop floor and inspection areas , the system is available in a large measuring range for specific applications . mechanical and electronic dial gages as well as linear probes can be used as specified .\n- true - bore heads have a large measuring range and are supplied with fixed anvils eliminating operator error . 24 heads cover . 236\n- 7 . 87\n( 6 - 200mm ) range .\nwe ' re a boar ' s head household . although i do all the grocery shopping for the family and all the cooking yet don ' t eat meat . i still buy the best for my family !\naustralia . title reads ' bore head wins in exciting finish ' . gv . crowded stands at caulfield racecourse , australia . various shots of racecourse crowds , boards , bookies . various shots from the starting stalls , the caulfield cup race gets under way . a close finish of the race showing bore head winning the race . ms . winner receiving the trophy . ( comb . f . g . ) date found in the old record 29 / 10 / 1965 . film id : 3140 . 27 a video from british path\u00e9 . explore our online channel , british path\u00e9 tv . it ' s full of great documentaries , fascinating interviews , and classic movies . urltoken for licensing enquiries visit urltoken british path\u00e9 also represents the reuters historical collection , which includes more than 120 , 000 items from the news agencies gaumont graphic ( 1910 - 1932 ) , empire news bulletin ( 1926 - 1930 ) , british paramount ( 1931 - 1957 ) , and gaumont british ( 1934 - 1959 ) , as well as visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1979 . all footage can be viewed on the british path\u00e9 website . urltoken\nboar ' s head meats are the bomb ! i ' ve been eating them since i was a teenager . i love the roast beef and cajun turkey ! all of them actually . and their cheeses are equally good especially pepper jack and sharp cheddar ! huge fan . . .\nregarded as the best handicap stayer produced in queensland winning five cups - ipswich , queensland , caulfield , australian and doomben . his overall record is unfair because he had 31 starts after taking the 1967 doomben cup without winning . he was placed in several other top staying races including the brisbane cup and moonee valley cup ( twice ) . however , his best effort was winning the 1965 caulfield cup when he spanked the ultimate melbourne cup runner - up ziema . his jockey fred clarke went to his grave swearing he would have won the 1965 melbourne cup had he not fallen . throughout bore head ' s career he was trained by r . dillon and d . judd .\n/ home / queensla / public _ html / system / plugins / pi . linkage . php\nham embodies the american epicurean spirit and honors the bourbon - making legacy this region is known for .\nmasterfully crafted and patiently smoked with reclaimed charred oak bourbon barrel wood chips for a refined bourbon flavor . view all recipes\nuncured smoked ham pairs perfectly with a mildly sweet fig jam and sharp wisconsin cheddar for an unexpected twist on a breakfast classic .\nuncured smoked ham is paired with grilled vegetables and a light vinaigrette for the perfect summer pasta salad .\nuncured smoked ham . the subtle notes of sweet and savory are sure to make it an instant favorite .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\n- unique system design requires only two handles to accommodate the entire range of 24 heads .\n- accurate calibration and linearity checks can also be made using flexbar ' s calibrated ring gages .\ncart contains ( { { shoppingcart . totalquantity } } item ( s ) :\nwould you like to receive emails from flexbar about new products , special offers and events ? of course you do ! use this simple form to submit your email address today .\nfor ieee to continue sending you helpful information on our products and services , please consent to our updated privacy policy .\na not - for - profit organization , ieee is the world ' s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity . \u00a9 copyright 2018 ieee - all rights reserved . use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions .\nthis page was last edited on 8 march 2016 , at 00 : 02 .\ncontent is available under cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . game content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of their respective publisher and its licensors . all rights reserved . this site is a part of curse , inc . and is not affiliated with the game publisher .\n9 jul - ftb continuum v1 . 4 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n5 jul - ftb revelation v2 . 2 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n20 jun - ftb horizons iii v1 . 8 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n20 jun - ftb revelation v1 . 2 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n14 jun - back in march , the ftb team travelled to los angeles to take part in the minefaire convention . there we showed off\u2026 urltoken\nthis page was last modified on 1 january 2017 , at 04 : 19 . content is available under creative commons by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nsteve , i know you are not resting in peace . i know you ' re with us . support hr - 200 groundswell - opposing catch share embezzlements for the gulf of alaska\nsupport small boat fishermen . support hr - 200 - book review - rough waters : our north pacific small fishermen ' s battle\nliberals heads are going to explode ! happening now : nunes wants president trump to declassify all documents on the fisa warrants used to spy on trump\u2019s campaign . he believes the warrants were \u2018100 percent fraudulent\u2019 ! thank you \u2066\nmesothelioma victims center urges any commercial fisherman with mesothelioma due to asbestos exposure to call .\nsorry , andy , i am absolutely * not * buying that graph . it ' s fraudulent . it shows lots of recent years warmer than 1998 , which is wildly different than uah satellite data . also , there is * no * way that the last 2 decades were that much warmer than 1930 - 1950 .\ndirty cops andrew weissmann and robert mueller hacked the code and broke into paul manafort ' s storage locker . they then gave 2 ap reporters the code to manafort ' s locker . ap reporters broke in , reported on the contents in a news story , thus giving mueller goods to get a warrant\n\u201cboth memos say the ap revealed a code number to access the unit . \u201d hahahah holy shit , reporters view themselves as deputies of the fbi .\nhundreds of men working tirelessly in risky conditions to save these boys . humanity at its very best .\nalexandria ocasio - cortez just changed bio on campaign website after most politicians will lie , cheat and steal to further their political aspirations . she is just another in the herd\nlet your friends , family and co - workers know . if trump nominates a right - wing reactionary to the supreme court , as is widely expected , we must mobilize the american people to defeat that nomination .\n/ trump - has - outsourced - his - supreme - court - 13056987 . php\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? 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{"id": 1778, "summary": [{"text": "the blue korhaan or blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) is a species of bird in the otididae family , found in lesotho and south africa .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its call is a series of frog-like croaks , usually uttered in flight .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "its natural habitat is plateau grassland , dry shrubland , arable land and pastureland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "blue korhaan", "paragraphs": ["the rare blue korhaan is exceptionally lovely because of its exquisite blue feathers and pretty black and white striped head .\nblue korhaan , mpumalanga , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg \u00a9 ]\nblue korhaan at its nest with eggs , wakkerstroom , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton \u00a9 ]\nthis beuatiful endemic can be distinguished from other korhaans by its blue neck and belly and contrasting chestnut back .\ndistribution of blue korhaan in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\n55 cm ; 1120\u20131612 g . only bustard with blue - grey neck and underparts . female has duller grey neck and buff ear - \u00adcoverts . immature has black and buff crown , black on . . .\nwe first recorded this near - threatened korhaan in march 2010 while investigating wakkerstroom . we located them at fickland pan , where they were flushed from the thick roadside grass . i am still waiting to get decent photographs of them but am hoping that more early morning trips to devon in south east gauteng will provide just this .\ncollar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\no ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .\nthis species is listed as near threatened , as it is suspected to have undergone a moderate decline over the past 3 generations and is expected to undergo a moderately rapid population decline owing to habitat loss to intensive agriculture . further data may show that the species qualifies for a higher threat category .\n. the total south african population has been estimated at 1 , 500 - 5 , 000 individuals , but this may be an underestimate as the population in the former transvaal alone has been estimated to exceed 10 , 000 individuals , with between 1 , 000 and 3 , 000 in the proposed grassland biosphere reserve centred around volksrust and wakkerstroom .\nthe population is estimated to number 12 , 000 - 15 , 000 individuals in total , roughly equivalent to 8 , 000 - 10 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : surveys in the eastern karoo suggest the population has declined there since the 1980s ( shaw et al . 2016 , j . shaw in litt . 2016 ) . declines in its range have also been implied from southern african bird atlas project data , particularly in the north - east of its range ( hofmeyr 2012 , lee et al . 2017 ) , though it has been suggested to be stable elsewhere , and the overall population may still be stable ( hofmeyr 2012 ) . ongoing habitat destruction may lead to future declines .\n. it feeds on insects , scorpions , small lizards and vegetable matter . it apparently benefits from small - scale agriculture , as it regularly forages in crop fields and planted pastures . breeding occurs from august to april , mainly in october and november ( del hoyo\nmonitor rates of habitat loss within its range . protect additional areas of the species ' s habitat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin the past , this species sometimes isolated in a monotypic genus , trachelotis . monotypic .\ne south africa from mpumalanga s to free state and eastern cape ; also w lesotho .\ncalls mainly at dawn . gives a deep , throaty , two - syllabled '\nhigh grassveld , usually above 1500 m , with short - grazed grassland and termite mounds but no or few . . .\ncaterpillars , grasshoppers , beetles , scorpions and small reptiles ; also grass seeds , flowers and green leaves of various plants . in winter . . .\naug\u2013apr , chiefly oct\u2013nov . nest situated on bare open ground , often in short , thick grass , also in old cropland . eggs 1\u20133 . . .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . currently considered near threatened . reported decline in s and w of range unfounded , although now fairly scarce in lowland lesotho owing . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrelationships uncertain ; further research required . one study suggested that this genus is sister to afrotis # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nendemic to southern africa , occurring in the highveld of south africa surrounding and extending into lesotho . it generally prefers flat or undulating ground in grassland and nama karoo .\nit mainly eats insects , lizards and plant matter , doing most of its foraging by walking along and pecking the ground , often in cultivated fields . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nits breeding system is complex , as it can be either monogamous or polygamous , usually in trios with either two males or two females . however it may also breed cooperatively in groups of up to five , together raising a brood and defending the nest against predators .\nthe nest is a simple scrape in the ground , usually between grass tufts tall enough to conceal the incubating bird .\negg - laying season is from september - february , peaking from october - november .\nit lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs , which are solely incubated by a single female or multiple females ( depending on the size of the family group ) for about 24 - 28 days .\nthe chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest soon after hatching to join the family group , who vigorously defend them by chasing away or distracting predators . the young take their first flight at about five weeks old .\nnear - threatened globally and regionally , although its population is decreasing , probably due to habitat loss caused by cultivation , human settlement and afforestation .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eupodotis caerulescens . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\n- this is an old template for this website . please visit the home page for more : birds in sa\n\u00a9 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .\nall content \u00a9 copyright 2017 nightjar travel ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved .\nwelcome to our website . south africa is awesome and you ' ve come to the right place to help you explore it !"]}
{"id": 1785, "summary": [{"text": "pinctada longisquamosa is a species of pearl oyster , a saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pteriidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species occurs in the tropical western atlantic , from florida to the virgin islands , including the gulf of mexico and the bahamas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the species was originally described as being from the eastern pacific ocean , but this appears to have been due to an error in the locality data .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "partly because of this confusion , the species has in the past fairly frequently been misidentified as pteria colymbus or as pinctada radiata . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "pinctada longisquamosa", "paragraphs": ["pinctada longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . \u2013 mikkelsen & bieler , 2000 : 376 ( table 1 ) .\npinctada sp . \u2013 brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 [ \u201cimportant florida bay faunal constituent\u201d ] .\npinctada xanthia ( schwengel , 1942 ) . \u2013 mcginty & nelson , 1972 : 11 [ \u201crare\u201d ; name only ] .\nmeleagrina longisquamosa \u201cd\u2019orbigny . \u201d \u2013 arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 : 268 [ name only ] .\navicula longisqvamosa dunker [ error pro longisquamosa ] . \u2013 krebs , 1864 : 131 - 132 [ name only , citing beau , 1858 ] .\navicula ( meleagrina ) longisquamosa dunker , 1852 : 76 - 77 ; \u2013 dunker , 1872 : 12 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 .\navicula longisquamosa dunker . \u2013 s . petit , 1856 : 151 [ name only ] ; \u2013 beau , 1858 : 21 [ name only ] ; \u2013 dall , 1885 : 34 [ name only , citing dunker ( 1852 ) , s . petit ( 1856 ) , beau ( 1858 ) and krebs ( 1864 ) ] .\npinctada radiata [ non pinctada radiata ( leach , 1814 ) ] . \u2013 smith , 1937 : pl . 5 , fig . 6 ; \u2013 pulley , 1952b : pl . 4 , fig . 14 ; \u2013 ? voss & voss , 1955 : 226 ; \u2013 ? abbott , 1958 : 115 ; \u2013 hudson et al . , 1970 : 7 ; \u2013 turney & perkins , 1972 : 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 - 16 , 30 , 31 , figs . 6 , 8 , table 3 ; \u2013 wingard et al . , 1995 : 7 ; \u2013 ishman et al . , 1996 : table 2 ; \u2013 brewster - wingard et al . , 1996 : 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , tables 3 , 4 ; 1997 : 9 , 11 , table 2 ; 1998a : 164 , 166 ; 1998b : 6 , 9 , 12 , 14 , table 2 , figs . 5 , 6 ; \u2013 brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 - 376 , fig . 4 .\npteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . \u2013 hayes , 1972 [ unpubl . ] : 52 - 58 , pl . 2 , fig . 2 , pls . 6 - 8 , 11f ; \u2013 abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5121 ; \u2013 abbott & dance , 1982 : 301 , fig . ; \u2013 espinosa et al . , 1994 : 114 [ \u201crare\u201d , name only , citing arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 ] ; \u2013 camp et al . , 1998 : 9 [ name only ] ; \u2013 brewster - wingard et al . , 2001 : 210 - 212 , 214 - 216 , 218 , 220 , 223 - 225 , 227 , 228 , 230 ; trappe & brewster - wingard , 2001 : fig . 3 , table 1 .\n( of pteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]\nmalacolog is a database for research on the systematics , biogeography and diversity of mollusks . malacolog attempts to document all names that have ever been applied to marine mollusks in the western atlantic from greenland to antarctica . the database was described in rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . malacolog also includes dictionaries for gender of names , a bibliography and browse lists for families and geographic ranges , as well as search help and an information model .\nif you use data from malacolog in a scientific paper , please use this citation : rosenberg , g . 2009 . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url urltoken it is not necessary to cite the date on which malacolog was queried , as a new version number is assigned each time the data are updated .\nmalacolog was first described in : rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 .\nto cite the search interface or information model , please use this citation : morris , p . j . and g . rosenberg , 2005 . search interface and documentation for malacolog , an online database of western atlantic marine mollusks . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url http : / / www . malacolog . org .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php , moved to www . malacolog . org , with version 4 . 0 . 2 remaining on urltoken includes 18912 names , of which 6949 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . significant revision of the scheme used to code the status of names and display of information about the status of names .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . added some dynamic html using walter zorn ' s tooltip library .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17287 names , of which 6174 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods added for the first time , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 14505 names , of which 4894 are names in current use .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . display of parent / child lists in geographic name lists altered to remove repeating references to parent region . added experimental search . php ? nameid = url\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . display of family heirarchy revised .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . substantial revision of familial placements . display of family heirarchy revised , with superfamily , family , and subfamily included . fixed outdated link on another search button . added description page for map drawing url .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised . unlocalized within country added as a geographic region so that complete fauna for countries can be tallied . family assignments revised . format of references occuring in larger works fixed . changed counts of included entries in search results from names to species . added mapping url .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised ( cuba in particular ) .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of authorship link for names by an author in another authors publication . corrected authorship and added missing synonyms for extralimital synonyms .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . no web interface changes from version 3 . 2 . 2\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . minor changes to format of search results . fixed bugs in bibliography search and added more explanatory text to bibliography search form\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . range and size summary added to result details . form added to search both generic and trivial gender dictionaries from one point . version history table shown on home page .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . made new simplified search interface the standard interface with link to old web interface , uploaded new set of data to web .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . linked new simplified and accessable search page ( on web and in development since early 2002 , but not linked ) to wasp home page .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of commas in author , year and fixed several other display problems on web including display of original literal combination , display of partialy blank ranges . display of previous combinations only as combining genera list .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . added parent / child relations of localities . corrected errors in locality abbreviations . fixed display of original combinations , type locality , and maximum size in details .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . removed subgenera ( not maintained ) from full current name .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses problem fixed . 4974 names currently regarded as valid\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses displayed incorrectly , format problems with display of taxon records .\nwais indexed gopher search . more than 9000 names treated , with about 4240 currently regarded as representing valid species . described in rosenberg ( 1993 )\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]\nt\u00ebmkin i . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives ( mollusca , bivalvia , pterioidea ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\ndistribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys , dry tortugas ; usa : texas ; mexico : quintana roo ; colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : carabobo ; bermuda , bahamas : bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera , long island ; cuba : pinar del rio , golfo de batabano , north matanzas ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas\nreferences : mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) llddnsewm ; temkin ( 2009 ) t\nreferences : coan et al . ( 2000 ) s ; mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) s\ncomments : described from the eastern pacific , but type material appears to be mislocalized ( coan , valentich scott & bernard 2000 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthis site is moderated by ilya t\u00ebmkin on behalf of the contributors who retain copyright . content can be used in accordance with a cc license .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nbiology and ecology of this species were described by mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) .\nsmall western atlantic pteriid , with radial rows of narrow shell lamellae , generally bright coloration ( commonly green to yellow ) , thin nacre ( allowing external color and ornamentation to show through shell ) , a relatively strong ridge interiorly delimiting anterior auricle of lv , and anterior dentition with tooth in rv and corresponding socket in lv ; intestine with twisted loop within visceral mass and passing dorsal to heart ; pallial tentacles simple .\nbermuda , peninsular florida ( from st . augustine to the florida keys to the panhandle ) , ? texas , bahamas , greater and lesser antilles , caribbean coast of mexico , colombia , and venezuela .\npteria viridizona dall , 1916b : 403 ; 1916a : 15 [ nomen nudum ] ; \u2013 abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5119 ; \u2013 keen , 1937 : 25 [ \u201cextralimital\u201d to eastern pacific fauna ] .\npteria viridozona [ error pro viridizona ] dall , 1916 . \u2013 dall , 1921 : 17 ; \u2013 oldroyd , 1924 : 48 ; \u2013 burch , 1944 : 8 [ \u201cspecimens in the golisch collection taken from the backs of deep sea crabs off san pedro \u2026 a very questionable species with no member of the club sure of what it is\u201d ] ; \u2013 burch , 1945 : 5 [ name only ; \u201cquestionable member of our [ eastern pacific ] fauna\u201d ] .\npteria xanthia schwengel , 1942 : pl . 3 , figs . 1 - 1a [ july , nomen nudum ] , 64 [ october ] ; \u2013 aguayo & jaume , 1948a : 1 ; \u2013 fischer - piette , 1982 : 174 .\npteria colymbus [ non pteria colymbus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ] . \u2013 tabb & manning , 1961 : 584 .\ntype material and repository : zmb 101 . 674 , 1 pair with byssus attached to rv ; rv 27 . 6 mm h , 35 . 9 mm l ; lv 34 . 0 mm h , 40 . 2 mm l . kind of type and mode of designation : holotype by monotypy . figured by : dunker , 1872 : pl . 2 , fig . 6 ."]}
{"id": 1787, "summary": [{"text": "the two-barred crossbill ( loxia leucoptera ) , known as the white-winged crossbill in north america , is a small passerine bird in the finch family fringillidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it has two subspecies , white-winged crossbill loxia leucoptera leucoptera in north america , and two-barred crossbill loxia leucoptera bifasciata in ne europe and n asia .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the scientific name is from ancient greek .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "loxia is from loxos , \" crosswise \" , and leucoptera means \" white-winged \" from leukos , \" white \" and pteron , \" wing \" .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this bird breeds in the coniferous forests of alaska , canada , northernmost united states and across asia extending into northeast europe .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it nests in conifers , laying 3 \u2013 5 eggs .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this crossbill is mainly resident , but will irregularly irrupt south if its food source fails .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the american race seems to wander more frequently than the eurasian subspecies .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this species will form flocks outside the breeding season , often mixed with other crossbills .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is a rare visitor to western europe , usually arriving with an irruption of red crossbills .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the crossbills are characterised by the mandibles crossing at their tips , which gives the group its english name .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are specialist feeders on conifer cones , and the unusual bill shape is an adaptation to assist the extraction of the seeds from the cone .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "two-barred crossbill has a strong preference for larch ( larix ) , in eurasia using siberian larch ( larix sibirica ) and dahurian larch ( l. gmelinii ) , and in north america tamarack larch ( l. laricina ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it will also take rowan sorbus berries , and in north america , also eastern hemlock ( tsuga canadensis ) and white spruce ( picea glauca ) cones .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "adult males tend to be red or pinkish in colour , and females green or yellow , but there is much variation .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "two-barred is easier to identify than other crossbills , especially in north america , where only red crossbill and this species occur , but some care is still needed .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "within its eurasian range , this species is smaller-headed and smaller-billed than parrot crossbill and scottish crossbill , so the main confusion species both there and in north america is common or red crossbill .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the main plumage distinction from common crossbills is the white wingbars which give this species its english and scientific names .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "there are also white tips to the tertials .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the adult male is also a somewhat brighter ( pinker ) red than other male crossbills .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "some common crossbills occasionally show weak white wingbars , so care is needed with the correct identification of this species .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the chip call is weaker and higher than that of common crossbill .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "another crossbill on hispaniola was previously treated as a subspecies , loxia leucoptera megaplaga , but is now treated as a distinct species , hispaniolan crossbill , loxia megaplaga .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is associated with the hispaniolan pine pinus occidentalis , and differs from two-barred crossbill in darker plumage and a stouter bill . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "two - barred crossbill", "paragraphs": ["the latest sighting details and map for two - barred crossbill are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\ntwo - barred crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( \u00a9 keith bilverstone ) . this bird is not the controversial one and clearly is a genuine two - barred . it has replaced most of its greater coverts , resulting in a much better marked wingbar than the controversial bird . however , its tertials similarly lack obvious white spots , and this is perfectly consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill at this time of year .\nit isn ' t impossible for the two barred seen in the area to be a misidentification . has happened locally recently .\nharrop , a . h . j . , mcgowan , r . y . & knox , a . j . , 2007 . britain\u2019s first two - barred crossbill . british birds 100 : 650 - 657 .\nuppertail coverts \u2013 one feature which may prove to be diagnostic in the identification of two - barred crossbill is the colour and pattern of the uppertail coverts . svensson states \u201cother features to note which separate l . leucoptera from l . curvirostra are darker , blackish centres to the upperparts ( esp . scap . , mantle and longest upper tc\u2026 ) \u2026 . and fine whitish tips to upper tc . \u201d bwp also describes adult male two - barred as having \u201cblack upper tail - coverts tipped pink - white\u201d . in contrast , common crossbill appears to have greyer uppertail coverts , with rather diffuse paler fringes , either similar to the colour of the upperparts or rather dull buffy . the upper tail coverts also appear to me to be slightly longer in two - barred crossbill than common crossbill , perhaps corresponding to the longer tail overall of two - barred . the lynford bird appears consistent with two - barred crossbill in this regard \u2013 the uppertail coverts are distinctly blackish with comparatively broad , contrasting paler tips ; some of the shorter feathers have rather reddish tips , but the longer feathers are tipped rather strikingly just off white .\ntwo - barred crossbill , finland , dec 2008 \u00a9robert pekkarinen . rather like the controversial crossbill , this bird has retained most of its juvenile greater coverts , and shows only a small number of more extensively white - tipped replaced inner feathers . the tertials are also all worn retained juvenile feathers lacking large white tips .\ncontroversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , december 2013 ( \u00a9 jonathan theobald ) . in this photo at least , the bird looks rather small - billed and round - headed . however , there is actually a large degree of overlap in biometrics between two - barred and common crossbill , so size and structure may be little help .\nhybrid two - barred x common crossbill \u2013 this is perhaps the most convenient place to park the lynford bird , as has undoubtedly been the case for other controversial individuals in the past . these difficult birds often seem to occur in invasion years , alongside other two - barred crossbills . however , though hybrids have been reported in captivity , there is no documented instance of hybridisation in the wild . if they do occur very rarely , what is the likelihood of one arriving with such a small invasion of two - barreds ? as discussed above , there is not necessarily any need to invoke the hybrid option to explain the plumage of the lynford bird , which is consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill after a more limited post - juvenile wing moult .\ncontroversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , november 2013 ( \u00a9 dave astins ) . again , the uppertail coverts are long and conspicuously pale - tipped , with redder tones to the shorter feathers and whiter tips to the longer ones . the pattern of the tertial tips / edges is perfectly consistent with the pattern of worn juvenile two - barred crossbill feathers .\ntertial tips \u2013 the lynford crossbill lacks the obvious pale tips to the tertials usually quoted as diagnostic of two - barred , and this has led some to condemn it out of hand . however , it appears these are only rarely replaced in the post - juvenile moult , so a 1st winter two - barred would most likely have retained all its juvenile tertials . the white tips of juvenile two - barred tertials are also much smaller than the equivalent adult feathers or just a thin white fringe round the end of the feather and , by this time of year , these would be heavily abraded . indeed , the other three two - barred crossbills at lynford recently have also lacked white tertial tips and both the controversial bird and those three show very worn feathers . in addition , in photographs taken of the controversial bird back in november , it appears to show slightly more white here . so the lack of white tertial tips is entirely consistent with a 1st winter two - barred .\nfischer , s . , g . mauersberger , h . schielzeth & k . witt ( 1992 ) : first breeding record of two - barred crossbill ( loxia leucoptera ) in central europe . j . ornithol . 133 : 197 - 202 . ( in germ . )\ni have quite a few crossbill pictures and there is a variance between those showing a white fringe and those not . i was quite lucky to catch a two barred male in 2013 and they are clearly bars , not fringes . light was awful but you can see the difference\ntwo - barred crossbills and controversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( \u00a9 sean nixon ) . the uppermost bird in this photo is the one which has caused all the debate . here , it doesn\u2019t appear to be particularly larger than the other two - barred crossbills . the only question is why it has not chosen to remain with these birds , rather than return to the group of common crossbills with which it has probably been associating all winter .\nlewis thomson had a bit of a shock when he sparked the discovery of the third - largest flock of two - barred crossbills ever recorded in britain on his forest of dean patch .\ncongeners \u2013 the lynford crossbill seems to associate most closely with a small group of common crossbills . partly , this may have been forced upon it \u2013 over the winter , there were no other two - barred crossbills on site . however , in recent weeks , the lynford bird has remained faithful to its small group , despite other two - barreds being present . indeed , on at least one occasion it has even been seen in the same tree as the other two - barreds , and i have seen it in a neighbouring larch . if it is a two - barred , why has it not decided to join other members of the same species ?\nit would perhaps be too ambitious for me to state categorically that the lynford bird is a 1st winter two - barred crossbill , but it does show a number of features which appear to point strongly towards that species . all the apparently anomalous plumage features can be explained in terms of age and moult . certainly , it seems difficult to argue that it is just a wing - barred common . it could perhaps be a hybrid , which might explain the lack of diagnostic vocalisations or its choice of flock , but would this be any more likely than a silent two - barred ? there is also nothing specific about it which points to a hybrid origin rather than a relatively retarded 1st winter two - barred . unless it actually calls , we may never know for sure . in the meantime , together with the other 1st winter two - barred crossbills at lynford , it can potentially teach us a lot about the variation in post - juvenile moult and appearance of 1st year birds .\nbiometrics \u2013 two - barred crossbill is generally deemed to be a bit smaller than common crossbills and with a slightly smaller bill . van duivendijk ( 2010 ) states \u201cgenerally more slender and less strongly curved mandibles than other crossbills , making bill look longer ( but variable as in all crossbills ) \u201d . some observers have suggested that the controversial bird is as big as a common and that the bill looks too heavy . to my eye , the bill of this bird did look slim or weak compared to a common bill . whilst i didn\u2019t see it together with the other two - barred crossbills , photographs of all the birds together suggest that it is similar in size . however , looking at published biometrics , there is actually a very large amount of overlap both in size and bill size between two - barred and common , suggesting that these are not diagnostic . harrop et al . ( 2007 ) also states that \u201cthe bill of bifasciata [ the eurasian race of two - barred crossbill ] is heavy and often indistinguishable from that of common crossbill\u201d . measurements from svensson are shown in the table below .\nwing - barred common crossbill \u2013 these were historically considered to be a separate form , \u2018rubrifasciata\u2019 ( latin for red banded or barred ) . as the name suggests , these often have red or pink colour bleeding into the wing bar , which is not as well defined as in two - barred . the wingbar of the controversial bird appears consistently to be pure white . the width of the wingbar in \u2018rubrifasciata\u2019 is \u201cclosely similar\u201d to juvenile two - barred , according to bwp . however , 1st year male common crossbill has \u201corange but rarely any pure red tones\u201d to the body plumage \u201cuntil the first complete moult\u201d . so the reddish body plumage of the lynford bird would be at odds with a 1st winter common crossbill . as well as this , the pattern of the uppertail coverts and the apparently moulted inner greater covert would not be consistent with that species either . this seems like the least likely explanation for the identity of the lynford bird .\nif you ' ve got collins birdguide 2nd edition take a look at page 387 . under the two - barred illustrations you will see it shows a common crossbill variant with similar white fringing to the wings on your bird . admittedly , the example shown is a female but perhaps it can also occur in males .\nbody plumage / colour \u2013 male two - barred crossbill is generally assumed to have pinkier - red body tones than the more brick - red of common . in the field , the lynford bird appeared to me to have some raspberry red tones , especially to crown and flanks . however , other observers have questioned that it is not pink enough and it is true that it looks rather red overall . again , this may not be the issue it first appears . bwp actually states \u201chead and body of advanced 1st adult male orange - or rosy - red , less bright and less deep rosy than in adult male\u201d . in addition , two - barred crossbill has scapulars and some mantle feathers with very dark bases , and this certainly seems to be the case with the lynford bird . bwp also states that male two - barred shows \u201cdusky grey cast on mantle & round shoulder\u201d and this is shows well in the attached photos of the bird in question . so the body plumage of the lynford bird is actually more consistent with a 1st winter male two - barred .\nexcited trumpet calls when two birds flew in and joined the feeding flock . ( 6 + birds altogether ) .\nprobably the most important thing to do with a bird such as this , is to establish its correct age . on close examination , the lynford crossbill shows an apparent moult contrast in the greater coverts and retained juvenile tertials , both discussed in more detail below . the colour of crossbill body plumage can vary with diet , more particularly lacking red colour if it is deficient in certain carotenoid pigments , but the majority of birds still show particular colours or combinations which are related to age and sex . for example , van duivendijk ( 2010 ) states about 1st winter two - barred crossbill \u201csome 1w male completely orange , others nearly still complete juv at same time with mix of green - yellow and red - orange underparts and upperparts\u201d and even for 1st summer \u201crest of plumage very variable , some males already entirely red\u201d which implies that some are not yet totally red . the lynford crossbill shows a mixture of red - toned adult body plumage mixed with patches of yellow , particularly around the face and upper breast , as well as more strikingly in a band across the lower rump , which would seem to be most consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill . interestingly , the other two 1st winter male two - barred crossbills currently at lynford also show a similar mix of red and yellow body feathering , to a greater or lesser extent . this all points to the controversial crossbill being a 1st winter . once correctly aged , it is then important to look at the individual features in more detail .\npreviously treated as conspecific with l . megaplaga , but differs in plumage details ; recent genetic analysis indicates that the two are better treated as separate species . furthermore , vocal and genetic differences have been employed to suggest that present species might be separated into two , eurasian and north american , species # r # r # r . two subspecies recognized .\ni ' ll confess i ' ve never seen a two - barred although i remember trying ( unsuccessfully ) to see them in lynford arboretum , norfolk a few years ago when they turned up there . they are pretty rare in the uk .\ncontroversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , february 2014 ( \u00a9 neil rendall ) . this photo shows all the features which suggest that this bird may in fact be a two - barred crossbill \u2013 the distinctive uppertail coverts , the moulted inner greater coverts with well defined white tips , the extensively dark - centred scapulars and upper mantle and some pinkish tones to the red body feathers . interestingly , the tertial tips appear more worn than in the picture taken by dave astins 3 months earlier , above .\nsame bird as on xc89063 , later being joined by more two - barreds and commons that came flying in from the baltic .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . two - barred crossbill ( loxia leucoptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\non first glance , it looks distinctly underwhelming . initially reported as a male two - barred crossbill , it has subsequently been put down variously as either a wing - barred common , 1st year two - barred or even a hybrid . unfortunately , it has been rather elusive through much of its stay , being reported at lynford only sporadically . given questions over its identity and the difficulty over seeing it , i had made no effort to find it myself over the winter . as better photos emerged , i became more and more intrigued . it appeared to be a very interesting bird and potentially rather educational , and i wondered whether it was being dismissed unfairly . however , despite trying several times to see it , i had failed consistently . on 23rd march , another group of three more obvious two - barred crossbills appeared at lynford , and this prompted me to try again . whilst we failed to see the obvious birds , those present on 25th were rewarded with prolonged and at times very close views of the controversial bird , as it fed in deciduous trees and came down to drink . i returned again on 27th , and this time saw the three clear - cut 1st winter two - barred crossbills ( 2 males & 1 female ) as well as the bird in question . following discussion with those around me , particularly james mccallum and dick filby , i was prompted to put pen to paper to try to dispel a few myths and narrow down the debate .\nwingbars \u2013 the other feature which immediately seems at odds with two - barred is the greater covert wingbar , which is rather thin and does not appear to bulge significantly towards the innerwing . however , as with the tertial tips , all may not be as simple as it seems . two - barred crossbill has a very protracted breeding season and therefore very variable timing , and correspondingly also extent , of the post - juvenile moult . consequently , the appearance of 1st winter birds can vary substantially between individuals . bwp ( cramp et al , 1998 ) states \u201cadvanced birds similar to adult , but juvenile flight feathers , tail , usually all tertials and often at least outer greater upper - wing coverts retained . in more retarded birds , many juvenile wing coverts retained , as well as scattered juvenile feathering on body . \u201d this is evident on the other 1st winter two - barred crossbills currently at lynford \u2013 one male has seemingly replaced all its greater coverts , whereas the other appears to have retained a number of outer greater coverts , resulting in a clear moult contrast and a \u2018step\u2019 in the greater covert wingbar . bwp goes on to say \u201cin 1st adults\u2026 when coverts and tertials all juvenile , white tips partly wear off\u201d , suggesting that it is not impossible to find some 1st winter two - barred crossbills with completely retained juvenile greater coverts .\ntwo - barred crossbill , cley , norfolk , july 2013 ( \u00a9 julian bhalerao ) . this bird has a similarly poorly - marked greater covert wingbar , with a large number of very worn juvenile feathers . the pattern of some of these feathers is similar to the older greater coverts on the controversial lynford bird , with the small white tip bleeding up the outer edge . thankfully , this bird showed white tertial tips and was heard to call .\ncalls \u2013 the trumpet call of two - barred crossbill is generally deemed to be diagnostic . in addition , the flight call is slightly more clipped , even \u2018clicky\u2019 than common\u2019s \u2018glip\u2019 , though the difference is subtle . as far as i am aware , the lynford bird has not been conclusively heard to call . however , at no point has the distinctive \u2018toot\u2019 been heard from the group it hangs out with . in addition , we didn\u2019t hear two - barred flight calls from that group , despite listening hard . the other group of two - barred has generally been very vocal . even watching a lone juvenile in north norfolk last summer , it would regularly \u2018toot\u2019 , particularly on take - off or when coming in to land , despite no other members of the species being present . could the lynford bird just be a silent individual ? i have struggled to tell whether any single birds seen previously in the uk have been silent , but it is interesting that many observers report never having heard the trumpet call in this country prior to this most recent invasion .\ndetails , including photos and sound recordings , of the western palearctic ' s first ' white - winged crossbill ' , found in south - west iceland .\ni profess not to be an expert so you might want to wait for someone more knowledgeable than me but at the moment i would go for common crossbill .\n) . this photo shows the uppertail coverts particularly well , with deep blackish centres and very contrasting and rather wide pale tips . it appears that this feature alone may exclude common crossbill\ncontroversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( \u00a9 sean nixon ) . in this photo , the inner two greater coverts on the left wing are more spread out , given the way the wing is held , particularly highlighting the moult contrast . the more extensive white tips to these feathers are clearly shown , contrasting with the much narrower white tips to the outer greater coverts . the retained yellow in the lower rump also stands out here .\nplease if someone can help me , i saw 7 common crossbills last week and this one in the photo was the only one that had white on the wings . . . . could it be a juvenile 2 - barred ? thank you\non close examination of the controversial bird , it would indeed appear that most of the greater coverts are actually retained juvenile feathers , with a very restricted white tip and slightly more white extending a short way up the outer web , consistent with the illustration in svensson ( 1992 ) . in addition , when seen well , it would appear that one or two of the innermost greater coverts have a much more extensive white tip , with a more squared off border to the dark base , consistent with adult - type feathers . this is visible in some photographs as a slight bulge in the greater covert wingbar where it meets the tertials , but can be difficult to see in the field , especially when viewing from below . this would appear to be entirely consistent with a 1st winter two - barred crossbill which has retained the majority of its juvenile greater coverts . a similar bird with substantially retained juvenile greater coverts was photographed in helsinki , finland in december 2008 and is shown below .\nlynford arboretum , in the norfolk brecks , seems particularly attractive to two - barred crossbill . i remember seeing my first there , a female , way back in 1990 . admittedly , none were reported there from then until february 2012 , when a pair appeared briefly one morning . however , as the latest invasion started last summer , a group very quickly appeared at lynford , with up to 4 birds reported from 21st july until 29th . whether it was any of these same birds which remained in the area is unclear , but a juvenile was reported erratically through august and the first half of september , then up to 4 birds again through the second half of the month and october . at some point during this period , a rather controversial bird turned up at the site . certainly seen from november 2013 , it has remained throughout the winter .\ncontroversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( \u00a9 keith bilverstone ) . the first impression of this bird is always rather underwhelming , given a rather narrow greater covert wingbar and no white tertial tips . however , there are clues here to its age and state of moult and on closer examination there are some much more encouraging signs .\ncontroversial crossbill , lynford , norfolk , march 2014 ( \u00a9 jake gearty ) . raspberry - red tones are visible in the crown / face , mantle and flanks . the blackish - centred feathers to the scapulars , upper mantle and across the shoulders also stand out . the tertials are clearly worn , retained juvenile feathers and the squared - off white tips to the new inner greater coverts are very different pattern of the older outer feathers\nthank you tony , thank you robbo , crossbills are difficult as of the 7 i saw , there were no 2 alike . . . . . . . all different colours . . . . . this one was the only one with white fringing . another reason why i questioned it is because 2 - barred had been seen in the same area . i shall go back over the weekend to see if i see one . many thanks again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe european population is estimated at 1 , 500 , 000 - 4 , 260 , 000 pairs , which equates to 3 , 000 , 000 - 8 , 510 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms approximately 10 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 30 , 000 , 000 - 85 , 100 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : this species has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( - 67 . 8 % decline over 40 years , equating to a - 24 . 7 % decline per decade ; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) . the european population size is estimated to be fluctuating ( birdlife international 2015 ) .\nthis species occupies dense conifer forests and plantations , mainly larch and larch - pine ( larix - pinus ) forests . it is found predominantly with siberian pine ( pinus sibirica ) in central siberia and also uses fir ( abies ) and spruce ( picea ) , and occasionally resorts to deciduous trees in absence of preferred conifers . in eastern russia it is mostly found in larches and mainly in spruce and in north - west russia and scandinavia mostly in spruce ( clement 2016 ) . the breeding season is from february to mid - may in years of a good seed crop of pine and spruce , but in poor crop years it is delayed to from june to august ( snow and perrins 1998 ) . it breeds from january to august in north america with timing largely determined by availability of seed crop ( clement 2016 ) . the nest is constructed mostly of conifer twigs , plant stalks , grass stems , lichens , moss , plant fibres and down , animal hair or fur and feathers . it is set 2\u201320 m above ground against the trunk of a conifer , typically spruce . on occasion it is placed at the end of a branch . clutches are three to four eggs . the diet consists mainly of conifer seeds , buds , berries and shoots , chiefly of larch and spruce but it also takes a range of invertebrates and larvae ( clement 2016 ) . the species is resident and dispersive but also irruptive in years of poor seed crops ( snow and perrins 1998 ) .\nconservation actions underway bern convention appendix ii . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its european range .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22728944a111144194 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsecond male featured in xc192150 singing from the top of a tree . habitat : mature coniferous forest .\nfirst male featured in xc192150 singing from the top of a tree . habitat : mature coniferous forest .\none adult male calling from different perches with a female nearby . habitat : mature coniferous forest .\none adult male calling with a female nearby . habitat : mature coniferous forest .\nduring a spell of unusually warm weather ( 8 to 9\u00b0 c in january . ) these birds were foraging on white spruce , especially in sunny spots .\none juvenile calling from the top of a black spruce tree in the first part , then flying ( 1 : 15 ) and perching much closer in a young white birch tree .\nfemale - type bird , giving excitement calls non - stop ( with a few flight calls at the very end of the recording ) . it seemed to interact vocally with the trumpet - calling bullfinch that can be heard in the background . note that towards the end , there are a few calls that are clearly higher - pitched than most of the calls .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na front view of a female extracting seed from a berry then eating it .\n\u00e9ric roualet , mkennewell , robert schaefer , erkki lehtovirta , bruce steger , dani\u00eal jimenez , ken simonite , malcolmmarkswan .\nmarvinhyett , \u00e9ric roualet , lars petersson , tom dudones , david cooper , hal and kirsten snyder , morten venas , guy poisson , brian kuebel , manakin , will hayward , ken havard , guenther karmann , erkki lehtovirta , laurent demongin , ahvenainen , ken simonite , pascal christe , ivan sj\u00f6gren .\n\u2013 n fennoscandia , nw & n russia ( kola peninsula e in broad band through siberia to sea of okhotsk , s to c urals , l baikal area , yablonovy mts and w amurland ) , probably also extreme ne china ( n heilongjiang ) ; winters also s to ne europe ( irregular ) , ne china ( liaoning and hebei ) and s siberia .\n\u2013 alaska and c & s canada e to c & e quebec , newfoundland and nova scotia , s in usa to n washington , n wisconsin and s maine ; also c oregon and rocky mts s to w wyoming , n utah and even s colorado and n new mexico ; in winter also s to s minnesota , n ohio , pennsylvania and massachusetts , occasionally further south .\n14\u00b75\u201317 cm ; 25\u201340 g . medium - large , short - legged and fork - tailed finch with broad white wingbars and distinctive crossed mandibles . male nominate race has . . .\nsong , usually from treetop or in display - flight , in north america a long , rapid series of rich and . . .\nseason feb to mid - may or jun\u2013aug in europe and russia , jan\u2013aug in north america , timing largely determined by availability of . . .\nresident , migratory and irruptively nomadic . occasionally present throughout entire winter n to . . .\nnot globally threatened . common to locally abundant . estimated european breeding population between 1000 and 10 , 000 pairs , and up to a further 100 , 000 pairs in russia . in se . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nforms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nwe ' re about more than just birds ( though obviously we like them a lot ) .\nyou have posted to a forum that requires a moderator to approve posts before they are publicly available .\nmy understanding is that the bars are much more prominent than the white shown on the bird in your photo . i think it ' s way too early for any juveniles to be about .\npaul , i was told by birding experts on a recent trip to mallorca where we saw crossbills that the males get redder as they mature . they were high up in the canopy so didn ' t really get a view of their wing plumage . my photo isn ' t as good as yours but there was no evidence of white fringing on the wings as far as i could see .\nthe opinion was that this was a young ( ish ) male so i guess there ' s a good deal of colour variation . good luck in seeking them out a again . you never know your luck .\n\u00a9 the royal society for the protection of birds . charity registered in england and wales no 207076 , in scotland no sc037654 . contact us terms & conditions\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni would like to thank james mccallum and dick filby in particular , for the interesting discussion about this bird before , during and after we saw it , and for their help in the preparation of this article . i would also like to thank all those photographers who very kindly allowed me to use their images .\ncramp , s . , ( ed . ) , 1998 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and north africa .\nsvensson , l . , 1992 . identification guide to european passerines , 4th edition .\njon dunn brings you a comprehensive roundup of the week ' s best birds from around britain , ireland and the western palearctic , including pacific golden plover and squacco heron . more here >\nhen harrier has bred on the national trust ' s high peak moors , in the peak district national park , for the first time in four years . more here >\nresearch has found that young turtle doves raised on a diet of seeds foraged from arable plants rather than food provided in people ' s gardens are more likely to survive after fledging . more here >\ncopyright rare bird alert 2018 . rare bird alert - 17 keswick close , norwich , norfolk nr4 6uw enquiries : admin @ urltoken or call 01603 457016"]}
{"id": 1796, "summary": [{"text": "malacoctenus zonogaster , the belted blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of the americas from baja california to peru including the galapagos islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is an inhabitant of tide pools and rocky shores being found from near the surface to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "malacoctenus zonogaster", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : malacoctenus zonogaster [ orgn ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\n) has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion d2 . this species is only known from a single location ( galapagos islands ) . major threats to this shallow water species are oceanographic environmental changes from enso events and global warming .\nthe belted blenny is the second most common blenny in the galapagos islands ( allen and robertson 1994 ) .\nthe belted blenny is a reef - associated species , found in shallow rocky and coral reef areas to depths of 10 m , as well as in tidepools .\nthere are no known major threats to the belted blenny . however , given its shallow reef habitat and restricted range it may be negatively impacted by localized stochastic events , such as oceanographic environmental changes from current or future enso events and climate change ( soto\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the belted blenny . however , this species is present in the galapagos marine reserve , the galapagos archipelago particularly sensitive sea area , the galapagos island world heritage site , and the galapagos island man and biosphere reserve ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , malakos = soft + greek , kteis , ktenos = comb ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5227 )\nlives in tide pools , shallow , rocky , boulder strewn areas and walls . prefers deeper water habitats ( ref . 5227 ) .\nallen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )\n) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nradios dorsales xx a xxii , 10 - 12 ( usualmente xxi , 11 ) ; radios anales ii , 20 - 22 ( usualmente 21 ) ; radios pectorales 14 ; escamas de la l\u00ednea lateral 57 - 64 ; escamas presentes o ausentes en la l\u00ednea media enfrente de la aleta dorsal , presente en el torso , ausentes en la regi\u00f3n prepectoral ; mand\u00edbulas con una sola fila de dientes c\u00f3nicos grandes ; con dientes vomerinos ; dientes palatinos ausentes ; con cirros en las aberturas nasales , arriba del ojo y en la nuca .\nverdusco en la mitad superior y blanco abajo , con 5 - 6 barras oscuras de forma irregular en el costado ; una mancha oscura grande ( del tama\u00f1o del ojo ) en la mitad superior del op\u00e9rculo , y bandas caf\u00e9 verduscas en la parte inferior de la cabeza y del pecho .\nattributes abundance : com\u00fan . cites : no listado . climate zone : ecuatorial ( costa rica hasta ecuador + gal\u00e1pagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 10 m . depth range min : 1 m . diet : gusanos m\u00f3viles bent\u00f3nicos ; crust\u00e1ceos m\u00f3viles bent\u00f3nicos ( camarones / cangrejos ) . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : b\u00e9ntico ; larva pel\u00e1gica . feeding group : carn\u00edvoro . fishbase habitat : asociado a arrecifes . global endemism : pac\u00edfico oriental tropical ( pot ) end\u00e9mico ; pac\u00edfico este end\u00e9mico ; todas las especies . habitat : asociado a arrecife ( arrecife + bordes - columna de agua y fondo suave ) ; rocas ; arrecife ( rocoso y / o coralino ) ; arrecife solamente . inshore offshore : costeros ; solamente costeros . iucn red list : no evaluado / listado . length max : 8 . 5 cm . regional endemism : solo islas ; isla ( s ) ; pot end\u00e9mico ; pot isla ( s ) oce\u00e1nica ( s ) end\u00e9mico ; islas gal\u00e1pagos end\u00e9mico ; todas las especies . residency : residente . salinity : marino ; solo marino . water column position : fondo ; fondo solamente ;\nheller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .\nhumann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .\nkendall , w . c . and radcliffe , l . , 1912 . , the shore fishes . reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , . . . by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , from october , 1904 , to march , 1905 , lieut . commander l . m . garret , u . s . n . , commanding . xxv . , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 35 ( 3 ) : 75 - 171 .\nsnodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .\n) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nhead slender , snout pointed ; a close - set pair of heavily branched nape cirri , a branched cirrus over eye ; 3 - 8 ( 1 - 14 ) pores behind chin , between bases of operculae ; upper part of rear end of top jaw covered by bone under eye ; no small teeth behind outer row of large teeth on upper jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; gill rakers 10 - 13 ; dorsal fin xxi , 11 , ( xx - xxii , 10 - 12 ) , notch between spines and rays ; anal ii , 21 ( 20 - 22 ) ; pectoral 14 ; 3 pelvic soft rays ; 57 - 64 lateral line scales ; belly scales smaller than flank scales ; scales present or absent on midline in front of dorsal fin , present on breast , absent from prepectoral region .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical , preferred ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 1822, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes permacta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from western alaska , southern yukon and alberta to idaho , wyoming , montana , washington , colorado and southern oregon . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chionodes permacta", "paragraphs": ["chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius , 1794 ) = chionodes lugubrellus = gelechia luctificella h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 = lita lunatella zetterstedt 1839 .\nhodges , r . w . 1999 . gelechiodea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes ) . in dominick , r . b . , et al . , moths of america , north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 6 . the wedge entomological research foundation , washington , 339 pp .\nchionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .\npohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .\npoole , robert w . and patricia gentili ( eds . ) . 1997 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 4 ( non - holometabolous orders ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online at : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\naustria , hungary , germany , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , norway , poland , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , mid - volzhsky .\naustria , hungary , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , slovenia , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1831, "summary": [{"text": "percrocutidae is an extinct family of hyena-like feliform carnivores endemic to asia , africa , and southern europe from the miocene through the pliocene , existing for about 17.41 million years .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the first percrocutids are known from the middle miocene of europe and western asia and belonged to the genus percrocuta .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "percrocuta already had large premolars , but did not carry such a massive bite as the later form dinocrocuta , from the later miocene .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "originally , these carnivores were placed with the hyenas in the family hyaenidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "today , most scientists consider the percrocutidae to be a distinct family \u2014 although usually as sister-taxa/immediate outgroup to hyaenidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "sometimes it is placed with carnivoran genera , such as stenoplesictis , into the family stenoplesictidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "percrocutidae", "paragraphs": ["revision of some percrocutid carnivorans [ mammalia : eutheria : carnivora : aeluroidea : \u2020percrocutidae ] .\npercrocuta was introduced as a genus of percrocutidae in 1938 . percrocuta ' s relation to the hyaenidae family was debated until 1985 , when percrocuta , dinocrocuta , belbus , and allohyaena were accepted as the four genera of percrocutidae .\nnevertheless , occupying the top of food chain as giant species in steppe landscapes throughout the late miocene , by the end of the late miocene , percrocutidae surrendered their positions to the numerous canidae , presumably mostly due to the more effective social organization of the latter .\npercrocutidae are miocene carnivores whose evolution was distinguished by the strengthening of bone - fracturing adaptations . such adaptations allowed them to quickly assume the position of active carnivores in the steppe landscapes of southern europe , western and central asia , as well as china and northern africa .\np . abessalomi is known only from a skull , two mandibles , and two teeth . these fossils were all collected from the belomechetskaja , georgia area and date from the sixth mammal neogene ( mn ) zone . this species is the best known of the percrocutidae family . p . miocenica is known from only a few mandibles , found in yugoslavia and turkey . these fossils also date from 6 mn .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nbelongs to turritella ( kurosioia ) according to g . rosenberg et al . 2006\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nmorales , j . & pickford , m . , 2006 : a large percrocutid carnivore from the late miocene ( ca . 10\u20139 ma ) of nakali , kenya . \u2013annales de pal\u00e9ontologie : articles in press [ urltoken ] [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . annpal . 2006 . 07 . 004 ]\nwyss , a . r . & flynn , j . j . , 1993 : a phylogenetic analysis and definition of the carnivora . 32 - 52 in szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . , ( eds . ) 1993 : mammal phylogeny \u2013 placentals . \u2013springer - verlag , new york , 1993\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntime period : the late miocene of eurasia ( 11 . 8 \u2013 11 . 2 mln years ago )\nsize : 1 . 3 m in length , 60 cm in height , 55 kg of weight .\nroman uchytel\u2019s galleries constitute the first resource solely dedicated to the reconstruction of prehistoric animals beyond the dinosaurs . these are not photographs , but rather , artistic recreations from the skeletons of ancient animals that roamed the earth millions of years ago . many of these fascinating creatures are unfamiliar to the public and remain a mystery even to science .\nthat is why the mission of this project is to be a guide to the world of prehistoric fauna - undiscovered and incredibly beautiful .\n\u00a9 2012 roman uchytel . all rights reserved . designed by dreamvention resource of reconstructions of prehistoric animals . return policy privacy policy\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nnew materials from the middle part of the bahe formation are described as dinocrocuta gigantea . review of the species reveals that it is derived in the evolutionary lineage of dinocrocuta , and biochronologically later than vallesian records from turkey . the only possibly related vallesian species from china is crocuta gigantea xizangensis from biru , tibet , which may prove to be conspecific with d . senyureki . based on the mammalian faunal sequence from lantian , and with reference to red clay paleomagnetic data , the duration of d . gigantea in china should be later late miocene , rather than the previously postulated early late miocene ( vallesian equivalent ) age .\ndeux nouveaux sp\u00e9cimens provenant de la partie moyenne de la formation bahe , un fragment de mandibule gauche portant p2\u2013p4 et un fragment de maxillaire gauche portant p3\u2013p4 , sont d\u00e9crits et attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 dinocrocuta gigantea . une r\u00e9vision de cette esp\u00e8ce r\u00e9v\u00e8le sa position d\u00e9riv\u00e9e au sein de la lign\u00e9e \u00e9volutive de dinocrocuta ; cette esp\u00e8ce est biochronologiquement post\u00e9rieure au vall\u00e9sien de turquie . la seule esp\u00e8ce vall\u00e9sienne de chine possiblement reli\u00e9e est crocuta gigantea xizangensis de biru , tibet , qui pourrait \u00eatre consp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 d . senyureki . sur la base de la s\u00e9quence de faunes de mammif\u00e8res de lantian , et en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux donn\u00e9es pal\u00e9omagn\u00e9tiques de la red clay , d . gigantea pourrait se maintenir , en chine , jusqu ' \u00e0 la fin du mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur , et non jusqu ' au d\u00e9but du mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur ( \u00e9quivalent au vall\u00e9sien ) , comme postul\u00e9 jusqu ' \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nis an extinct genus of hyena - like feliform carnivores . it lived in europe , asia , and africa , during the miocene epoch .\nwith a maximum length of 1 . 50 m ( 5 ft ) , percrocuta was much bigger than its modern relatives , but smaller than a female lion . like the spotted hyena , percrocuta had a robust skull and powerful jaws . similar to modern hyenids , its hind legs were shorter than the front legs , resulting in a characteristic sloping back . [ 1 ]\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nrevision of some eurhinodelphid toothed whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : odontoceti ] .\na new balaenid mysticete [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added and a revision of balaenidae .\nrevision of some cetotheriid whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : cetotheriidae ] .\nnumerous missing fossil species of baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added .\na new family with one new genus and species of basal baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : janjucetidae ] added .\nsome missing ceratomorphan perissodactyls [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : perissodactyla : ceratomorpha ] added .\nsome missing basal anthropoids [ mammalia : eutheria : primates : anthropoidea ] added .\na new species of emballonurid bats [ mammalia : eutheria : chiroptera : microchiroptera : emballonuridae ] added .\nsome new fossil dormouses [ mammalia : eutheria : rodentia : glirimorpha : myoxidae ] added .\nsome species revisions in hyaenodontine creodonts [ mammalia : eutheria : creodonta : hyaenodontidae : hyaenodontinae ] .\nrevision of basal sloths [ mammalia : eutheria : xenarthra : phyllophaga ] and a new species added .\nrevision of eucynodonts [ synapsida : therapsida : theriodonta : cynodontia : eucynodontia ] added .\nrevision of the phylogeny of swifts and hummingbirds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae : apodiformes ] .\na missing species of basal cypselomorphan birds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae ] added .\na new species of basal birds [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : avialae ] added .\nsome missing and two new species of dromaeosaurids [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : dromaeosauridae ] added .\na missing basal coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria ] added .\na revision of coelophysoid theropods [ dinosauria : theropoda : \u201cceratosauria\u201d : coelophysoidea ] added .\na new \u201c halticosaurine coelophysoid theropod \u201d [ dinosauria : theropoda : \u201cceratosauria\u201d : coelophysoidea : coelophysidae : \u201chalticosaurinae\u201d ] added .\ntwo new basal titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : macronaria : titanosauriformes ] added .\na new diplodocimorphan sauropod [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : diplodocimorpha ] added .\na new eusauropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : eusauropoda ] added .\na new species of parrot - peaked dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia : psittacosauria ] added .\ntwo new species of basal horn - faced dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia ] added .\ntwo new species of thick - skulled dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : pachycephalosauria ] added .\nrevision of phylogeny of the basal bird - hipped dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia ] .\na new dinosauriform [ archosauria : ornithodira : dinosauriformes : ? dinosauria : ? ornithischia ] added .\na new ctenochasmatid pterosaur [ archosauria : ornithodira : pterosauria : pterodactyloidea : archaeopterodactyloidea : ctenochasmatoidea : ctenochasmatidae ] added .\na new species of crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : crocodylidae : crocodylinae ] added .\na new species of \u201cnettosuchid\u201d caimans [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : alligatoridae : caimaninae ] added .\none new genus and species , and two new species of ziphosuchian crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia : ziphosuchia ] added .\nan alternative phylogeny of mesoeucrocodylians [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia ] added .\na new species of gymnophthalmid lizards [ reptilia : diapsida : lepidosauria : squamata : scincomorpha : teiioidea : gymnophthalmidae ] added .\na new elasmosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : elasmosauroidea : elasmosauridae ] added .\na new rhomaleosaurid ( ? ) pliosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : pliosauroidea : ] added .\na new choristodere [ reptilia : diapsida : neodiapsida : choristodera ] and and a revison of the group .\na new fossil species of side - necked turtles [ reptilia : parareptilia : testudinata : pleurodira : podocnemidae ] added .\na new basal stegocephalian [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : elpistostegalia : stegocephalia ] added .\nrevision of tetrapodomorph sarcopterygians [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : tetrapodomorpha ] added .\na new species of tonguefishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : pleuronectiformes : cynoglossidae ] added .\na new species of scorpionfish [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : scorpaeniformes : scorpaenoidei : scorpaenidae ] added .\ntwo new species of geophagine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : geophaginae ] added .\nfive new species and a new genus of ptychochromine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : ptychochrominae ] added .\nsome missing fossil lutjanids and two new fossil genera [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : lutjanidae ] added .\nrevision of some eocene sparids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : sparidae ] added .\na new species of killifishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontoidei : cyprinodontidae : cyprinodontinae : orestiini ] added .\na new species of parasitic catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : trichomycteridae : stegophilinae ] added .\na new species of auchenipterid catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : auchenipteridae ] added .\nthree missing species of madtoms [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : ictaluridae : noturus ] added .\na new species of the rasborine genus raiamas [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : cypriniformes : cyprinoidea : cyprinidae : rasborinae ] added .\na new species of bony - tongue fishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : osteoglossomorpha : osteoglossiformes : ? osteoglossidae ] added .\na new species and several missing ones of gyracanthid acanthodians [ acanthodii : \u2020\u201c climatiiformes \u201d : \u2020 climatiida : \u2020 gyracanthidae ] added .\na new genus and species of pteraspidid agnathans [ vertebrata : \u201cagnatha\u201d : pteraspidomorphi : heterostraci : pteraspidiformes : pteraspididae ] added .\ntwo new fossil lampreys [ chordata : craniata : vertebrata : hyperoartia ] added .\na new species of hagfishes [ chordata : craniata : myxini : myxinidae ] added .\nrevision of ants [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : aculeata : vespoidea : formicidae ] added .\nseveral species of pelecinid wasps [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : pelecinidae ] added .\nrevison of adephaga [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : coleoptera ] and some species added .\nsome palaeontinid hemipterans [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera : hemiptera : auchenorryncha ] added .\na revison of the sphaeropsocid psocodea [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera ] and genera and species added .\npartial revision of web - spinners [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : embiodea ] and a new genus and species added .\na new species and some missng species of rock crawlers [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : notoptera : mantophasmatodea ] added and a partial revision of the group .\na new fossil species and recent european species of julid diplopods [ arthropoda : myriapoda : diplopoda : julida ] , and a revision of diplopod myriapods added .\nrevision of hoplocaridan crustaceans [ arthropoda : schizoramia : crustacea : malacostraca : hoplocarida ] and fossil and recent genera of mantis shrimps added .\nsome missing families and genera nad species of sea scorpions [ arthropoda : schizoramia : chelicerata : eurypterida ] added .\nrevision of nepeid trilobites [ arthropoda : schizoramia : lamellipedia : trilobita : ptychopariida : nepeidae ] added .\na new genus and species of lobopods [ protostoma : arthropodomorpha : lobopoda ] added .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nardi\u00e7 - mordo\u011fan is a new fossil mammal locality in the karaburun peninsula of western turkey . among its fauna , which is described here , the carnivores are especially interesting , with the most complete specimens ever found of percrocuta miocenica and of a primitive species of hyaenid , of which a new subspecies is described , protictitherium intermedium paralium . this fauna is strongly reminiscent of those of sever - al other middle miocene localities in this area , \u00e7andir , pa\u015falar and in\u00f6n\u00fc in turkey , and prebreza in serbia , and they must all belong to the same mammalian zone . their ungulates attest an open environment which must have been widespread in the turko - balkanic area in serravallian times .\nardi\u00e7 - mordo\u011fan ist ein neue fundstelle auf der karaburun - halbinsel in der westt\u00fcrkei . unter ihre fauna , das ist hier beschreibt , sind die carnivoren besonders interessant , mit die vollst\u00e4ndigste bekannten exemplaren von percrocuta miocenica und von eine primitiv hy\u00e4nen - art , von welche ein neue unterart , protictitherium intermedium paralium , beschreibt ist . die fauna stark gleicht die von mehrere anderen mittelmioz\u00e4n lagerstatten in derselben gebiet : \u00e7andir , pa\u015falar und in\u00f6n\u00fc in t\u00fcrkei , und prebreza in serbien , und sie m\u00fcssen sich allen zu dieselben mammal - zone geh\u00f6ren . seinen huftieren bezeugen ein offenes umwelt , das bei der t\u00fcrko - balkanisch gebiet in serravallien zeit verbreiten mussten .\n, un mastodonte nouveau du plioc\u00e8ne inf\u00e9rieur d\u2019egypte . \u2014 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de france ( 5 )\nnov . gen . deux nouveaux bovid\u00e9s ( artiodactyla , mammalia ) du mioc\u00e8ne moyen . relations phyloge\u0144\u00e9tiques des bovid\u00e9s ant\u00e9 - vall\u00e9siens . \u2014 proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen\n, h . 1973 . neogen und quart\u00e4r der insel chios ( \u00e4g\u00e4is ) . \u2014 phd . freie universit\u00e4t berlin\n1841 . ost\u00e9ographie et description iconographique des mammif\u00e8res r\u00e9cents et fossiles ( carnivores ) . 2 , bailli\u00e8re , paris .\n1997 . a giraffid from the middle miocene of the island of chios , greece . \u2014 palaeontology\n1998 . ruminants ( bovidae and tragulidae ) from the middle miocene ( mn5 ) of the island of chios , aegean sea ( greece ) . \u2014 neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie , abhandlungen\n1892 . la faune de mammif\u00e8res mioc\u00e8nes de la grive - saint - alban ( is\u00e8re ) et de quelques autres localit\u00e9s du bassin du rh\u00f4ne . \u2014 archives du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle de lyon\n1990 . a provisional systematic as - sessment of the miocene suoidea from pasalar , turkey . \u2014 journal of human evolution\n, s . 1996 . provinciality , diversity , turnover , and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later miocene of western eura - sia . \u2014 in :\n, h . - w . , eds . , the evolution of western eurasian neogene mammal faunas : 414\u2013448 ( columbia university press ) .\n, l . k . 1973 . fossile wirbeltiere in der fauna von bjelometschesk . \u2014 akademie nauk grusinsk . ssr : 1\u2013138 ( in russian ) .\n1976 . jungterti\u00e4re mastodonten aus anatolien ( t\u00fcrkei ) . \u2014 geologisches jahrbuch ( b )\n1995 . middle miocene ruminants from in\u00f6n\u00fc , central turkey . \u2014 neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie , monatshefte\n, d . in press . ruminants , other than giraffidae . \u2014 in :\n, d . , eds . , geology and vertebrate paleontology of the middle miocene hominoid locality candir ( central anatolia , turkey ) . \u2014 courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg .\n, e . in press . the middle miocene hominoid site of candir , turkey : proboscidea . \u2014 in :\n, d . , eds . , geology and vertebrate paleontology of the middle miocene hominoid locality \u00e7andir ( central anatolia , turkey ) . \u2014 courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg .\n, e . in press . the middle miocene hominoid site of \u00e7andir , turkey : general paleoecological conclusions from the mammalian fauna . \u2014 in :\n1974 . neue elasmotheriini ( rhinocerotidae , mammalia ) aus dem obermioz\u00e4n anatoliens . \u2014 mitteilungen der bayerischen staatsammlung f\u00fcr pal\u00e4ontologie und historische geologie\n1981 . miocene reference section for the coastal parts of west anatolia . \u2014 newsletters on stratigraphy\n2001 . a new late orleanian / early astaracian mammalian fauna from kultak ( milas - mu\u011fla ) , southwestern turkey . \u2014 g\u00e9obios\n1938 . die raubtiere von gombasz\u00f6g nebst einer \u00fcbersicht der gesamtfauna . \u2014 annales musei nationalis hungarici\n1987 . boviden des t\u00fcrkischen mioz\u00e4ns ( k\u00e4nozoikum und braunkohlen der t\u00fcrkei , 28 ) . \u2014 paleontologia i evoluci\u00f6\n, e . 1851 . notice sur la colline de sansan . \u2014 annuaire du d\u00e9partement du gers : 1\u201345 .\nvon 1846 . mitteilungen an prof . bronn gerichtet . \u2014 neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr mineralogie , geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie\n, d . in press . carnivora from the middle miocene hominoid locality of \u00e7andir ( turkey ) . \u2014 in :\n1965 . et\u00fcde des gisements continentaux et des mammif\u00e8res du c\u00e9nozo\u00efque de turquie . \u2014 m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de france , n . s .\n1969 . miocene mammals from the toplitska valley . \u2014 annales g\u00e9ologiques de la p\u00e9ninsule balkanique\n1965 . eine neue hy\u00e4ne ( carnivora , mammalia ) aus dem mioz\u00e4n jugoslawiens und ihre phylogenetische stellung . \u2014 anzeiger der \u00f6sterreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , mathemathisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse\n2000 . the middle miocene mammalian site of belometchetskaya , north caucasus : an important biostratigraphic link between europe and china . \u2014 g\u00e9obios\n1910 . notices of new mammalian genera and species from the tertiaries of india . \u2014 records of the geological survey of india\n1913 . the correlation of the siwaliks with the mammal horizons of europe . \u2014 records of the geological survey of india\n1934 . two species of sheep - like antelope from the miocene of mongolia . \u2014 american museum novitates\n2000 . palaeozoic - early tertiary tethyan evolution of m\u00e9langes , rift and passive margin units in the karaburun peninsula ( western turkey ) and chios island ( creece ) . \u2014 in :\n, j . d . a . , eds . , tectonics and magmatism in turkey and the surrounding area . \u2014 geological society , special publication\n1949 . on the remains of cavicornia ( bovidae , mammalia ) from the middle miocene of the north caucasus . \u2014 dokladi akademie nauk sssr\n1999 . chronostratigraphy , geochronology and biochronology of the miocene \u201ceuropean land mega zones ( elmmz ) \u201d and the miocene \u201cmammal - zones ( mn zones ) \u201d . \u2014 in :\n, eds . , the miocene land mammals of europe : 9\u201324 , m\u00fcnchen ( f . pfeil ) .\n1983 . les elephantoidea mioc\u00e8nes du plateau du potwar , groupe de siwalik , pakistan . 2 .\n, p . 1986 . nouveaux elephantoidea ( mammalia ) dans le mioc\u00e8ne du kenya . \u2014 cahiers de pal\u00e9ontologie , cnrs . \u2014 135 p . , paris .\n1987 . a hypothesis on the homology of proboscidean tusks based on paleontological data . \u2014 american museum novitates\n1996 . listriodontinae ( suidae , mammalia ) , their evolution , systematics and distribution in time and space . \u2014 contributions to tertiary and quaternary geology\n, j . in press . suoidea ( pigs ) from the miocene hominoid locality \u00e7andir in turkey . \u2014 in :\n1995 . carnivore guild structure in the pa\u015falar miocene fauna . \u2014 journal of human evolution\n1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics and evolution . \u2014 fossils and strata"]}
{"id": 1832, "summary": [{"text": "peripsocus milleri is a species of psocoptera from peripsocidae family that can be found in great britain and ireland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they can also be found on azores and canary islands , belgium , croatia , france , italy , and spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species are brown coloured . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "peripsocus milleri", "paragraphs": ["lienhard & courtenay smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography > > note : catalog > > peripsocus milleri\nthornton & wong . 1968 . pacific insects monographs 19 : 129 > > note : hawaii , new zealand > > peripsocus nitens urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5577\nnew , t . r . 1973 ,\nnew species and records of peripsocus hagen ( psocoptera , peripsocidae ) from southeast australia\n, journal of the australian entomological society , vol . 12 , pp . 340 - 346 16 figs\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nedwards , b . a . b . 1950 ,\na study of the tasmanian psocoptera with descriptions of new species\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1949 , pp . 93 - 134 117 figs\ntillyard , r . j . 1923 ,\na monograph of the psocoptera , or copeognatha , of new zealand\n, transactions of the new zealand institute , vol . 54 , pp . 170 - 196 20 figs pl . 18\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a28da8d9 - 9346 - 4a05 - b504 - 526cf30901a4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ecbc232f - be9a - 4fac - a417 - ced19e9d7b7b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 43fbc356 - 79a9 - 4533 - 9c8a - 1cddf50b0d72\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 349041\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas scotland , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\npsocodea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npaulo a . v . borges , 1 clara gaspar , 1 lu\u00eds carlos fonseca crespo , 1 , 2 fran\u00e7ois rigal , 3 , 1 pedro cardoso , 4 , 1 fernando pereira , 1 carla rego , 1 isabel r . amorim , 1 catarina melo , 1 carlos aguiar , 5 genage andr\u00e9 , 5 en\u00e9sima p . mendon\u00e7a , 1 s\u00e9rvio ribeiro , 6 , 1 joaqu\u00edn hortal , 7 , 1 ana m . c . santos , 7 , 1 lu\u00eds barcelos , 1 henrik enghoff , 8 volker mahnert , 9 margarida t . pita , 10 jordi ribes , 11 arturo baz , 12 ant\u00f3nio b . sousa , 13 virg\u00edlio vieira , 1 , 14 j\u00f6rg wunderlich , 15 , 15 aristeidis parmakelis , 16 , 1 robert j . whittaker , 17 jos\u00e9 alberto quartau , 5 artur r . m . serrano , 5 and kostas a . triantis 16 , 1\n4 finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki , pohjoinen rautatiekatu 13 , p . o . box 17 , 00014 , helsinki , finland\n12 dep . de ciencias de la vida . universidad de alcal\u00e1 , 28871 alcal\u00e1 de henares , madrid , spain\n14 departamento de biologia , universidade dos a\u00e7ores , apartado 1422 , 9501 - 301 , ponta delgada , s . miguel , azores , portugal\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the bala \u2013 b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( 1999 - 2004 ) and bala2 projects ( 2010 - 2011 ) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine azorean islands ( all excluding graciosa and corvo islands , which have no native forest left ) .\nazores ; terrestrial arthropods ; bala project ; laurissilva forest ; linnean , wallacean and prestonian shortfalls .\nin 1999 a group of researchers from the university of the azores and the university of lisbon started a long - term ( 1999 - 2004 ) standardized sampling program to inventory the arthropod biodiversity in native forest remnants of the azores - the bala i project \u2013 b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( borges et al . 2000 , borges et al . 2005a , borges et al . 2011 , ribeiro et al . 2005 , gaspar et al . 2008 ) . more recently , this project was extended by researchers from the universities of the azores , athens and oxford , by surveying part of the same native forest plots almost 10 years later - bala ii project ( 2010 - 2011 ) .\nduring this period , two complete checklists of azorean arthropod fauna were produced ( borges et al . 2005b , borges et al . 2010 ) , which included the distribution of each species per island . in this paper we compile and synthesize the faunistic results of both bala projects , highlighting novel distribution records and presenting not only detailed distribution but also abundance data for each species , adding taxonomical and biogeographical information whenever possible . finally , we provide a general and updated overview on the diversity of the azorean arthropods .\nthe remote azores archipelago extends for 615 km in the north atlantic ocean ( 37 - 40 \u00b0n , 25 - 31 \u00b0w ) , 1584 km to the east ( southern europe ) and 2150 km to the west ( northern america ) of the nearest mainland . it comprises nine main islands and some small islets , all of volcanic origin , and is located at the triple junction of the eurasian , african and american tectonic plates . the nine islands are divided into three groups : the western group ( corvo and flores isls . ) , the central group ( faial , pico , graciosa , s\u00e3o jorge and terceira isls . ) , and the eastern group ( s\u00e3o miguel and santa maria isls ) ( fig .\n) . the climate is temperate and oceanic , strongly influenced by the ocean and island topography , which together produce high relative atmospheric humidity , above 95 % on average on native forests .\nlocation of the azores and of native forest fragments in the archipelago . codes for forest fragments as in table\n) . graciosa and corvo islands were excluded as they no longer present native forest . human settlement in the azores lead to considerable native forest destruction which has left the entire archipelago with little over 2 % of the original forest cover . during the summer ( june to september ) 150 m long and 5 m wide transects were set up in 100 sites from 1999 to 2004 (\nproject ; 15 native forest fragments ) . along each transect , arthropods from the soil ( mainly epigean ) and herbaceous vegetation were surveyed with pitfall traps , while arthropods from woody plants were sampled using a beating tray . pitfall traps consisted of plastic cups with 4 . 2 cm diameter and 7 . 8 cm height . thirty pitfall traps were set up per transect . half of the traps were filled with a non - attractive ethylene glycol preservative solution ( antifreeze solution ) , and the remaining with a general attractive solution , a modified version of turquin (\n) prepared mainly with dark beer and preservative agents . a few drops of dishwashing liquid were added to both solutions to reduce surface tension . traps were sunk in the soil ( cup rim at surface level ) every 5 m along the transects , those filled with turquin alternating with traps containing antifreeze solution . traps were protected from rain using a plastic plate , placed about 5 cm above surface level and fixed to the ground by two pieces of wire . accidental collection of small vertebrates and damage by rodents was prevented using a piece of plastic mesh placed on top of the trap and fixed to the ground by pieces of wire . the traps remained active in the field for two weeks .\nmain characteristics of the azorean islands ( bold ) and native forest fragments sampled from 1999 to 2011 , including area ( hectares ) , highest point ( altitude in metres ) , distance to the nearest island / fragment ( isolation in kilometres ) and the oldest geological age of emerged substrate ( million years bp ) ( adapted from gaspar et al . 2008 ) .\ncanopy sampling was conducted during the trapping period , when the vegetation was dry . a 5 m wide square was established every 15 m ( total of 10 squares per transect ) . two woody plant specimens of the most abundant species ( up to three species when available ) were sampled in each square . for each selected plant , a branch was chosen at random and a beating tray placed beneath . the tray consisted of a 1 m wide and 60 cm deep cloth inverted pyramid , with a plastic bag at the vertex . five beatings were made using a stick for each plant individual sampled .\nall specimens are deposited in the entomological collection dalberto teixeira pombo at the university of the azores ( portugal ) , under the curation of paulo a . v . borges ( pborges @ urltoken ) .\nin this contribution we list the 286 species for which we obtained an identification . the new records for each island are marked with * . for this list two families of coleoptera were not considered since they will be presented elsewhere , staphylinidae ( borges et al . in prep . ) and zopheridae ( borges et al . 2016 ) . for detailed maps on the distribution of these species in azores consult the azores bioportal .\nall specimens were assigned a site code composed of several letters and numbers that read as follows ( see suppl . material 1 for complete data ) . detailed metadata is given in suppl . material 2 ) :\niv ) the next letter refers to the sampling technique : p - pitfall , b - canopy beating ; for pitfall samples ( p ) tu \u2013 turquin and et \u2013 ethylene glycol ; for canopy samples ( b ) the next two letters refer to the plant sampled : ca = calluna vulgaris , cl = clethra arborea , er = erica azorica , fr = frangula azorica , il = ilex perado azorica , ju = juniperus brevifolia , la = laurus azorica , mc = morella faya , ms = myrsine africana , pi = picconia azorica , pt = pittosporum undulatum , va = vaccinium cylindraceum .\nfor the geographical location of transects within reserves ( utm coordinates ) see suppl . material 3 .\naccumulation curves were obtained using the software \u201c species diversity and richness \u201d v . 4 .\nthe ultimate goal of biodiversity assessments is documenting all species inhabiting a region . however , this has often proven impossible to achieve given the unfeasibility of collecting every single species that exists in a study area . this study focuses on the terrestrial arthropod diversity of the azores and encompasses most orders of the phylum\n, we excluded 47 % of the archipelago ' s species pool . yet , this study added 10 endemic and at least 16 other species , mostly exotics , to the known azorean arthropod fauna . more will be added soon after the on - going revision of\n, in press ) . overall , at least 26 species that occur in native forests were added to the azorean arthropod fauna list . the new 346 taxonomic records provided by this study ( see suppl . material\n) . 164 species were found in new islands , with an average of two islands per species . for 82 of those species only one new island was added to their known distribution contrasting with 27 species for which four or more islands were added ( fig .\nspecies richness for the azores archipelago and each island . total currently known species , the number of species surveyed during this study and those that represent new records are presented .\ntotal species and subspecies records for the azores , new species and subspecies records during this study and increment for the most speciose classes and orders . values for all islands are added , so richness may be up to 7 times higher than the archipelago ' s richness ( as 7 islands were surveyed ) . ( * ) the coleoptera families staphylinidae and zopheridae were not considered ( see text ) .\nthe number of species identified for each of the 18 native forest fragments surveyed is shown in fig .\n. the fragment with the highest species diversity is serra de santa b\u00e1rbara in terceira island ( s = 124 ) , which is also the larger native forest area in the azores . remarkably , one of the smallest fragments , pico alto in santa maria island , is the second most diverse ( s = 121 ) .\nbala2 samples only added 4 % of species to the previous bala survey ( fig .\n) . interestingly , 59 samples collected in the first two years of survey ( 1999 and 2000 ) provided about 81 % of the total species recorded in this study .\nspecies accumulation curve for the 286 species of arthropods collected in 152 pitfall and beating samples between 1999 and 2011 . the solid line corresponds to the chronological sample sequence and the dotted line is a randomized curve ( 1000 runs ) . samples to the left of the vertical line were collected in bala1 and to the right in bala2 .\na total of 163744 individuals were identified as belonging to the 286 species ( see suppl . material\nfor the complete list of abundance per species ) . the ten most abundant species ( fig .\n) accommodate 56 % of the total number of individuals and include mostly indigenous species ( endemic or native non - endemic ) . the single introduced species is the millipede\n) that are mostly soil epigean species , the other seven species live preferentially in the canopies of azorean endemic trees . the moth\nthe ten most abundant species in the database . end - endemic from azores ; nat - native non - endemic species ; intr - species introduced in the archipelago .\nthe opilion leiobunum blackwalli ( credit : paulo a . v . borges ) .\nthe increase in the number of islands from where each species is known and the distribution increase for many species within each island shows the importance of regional standardized surveys , which provided a major improvement in the knowledge of the distribution of arthropod species in the native forests of the azores .\nthe fact that most diversity was captured during the first two years of the project reflects the importance of sampling a wide geographic range covering all the islands and the maximum number of sites . increasing the number of samples per fragment ( sampling performed in 2004 ) or replicating the sampling at a different time ( 29 sites in 2010 to 2011 ;\nproject ) had a lesser impact in increasing our knowledge about biodiversity ( fig .\na ) expanding the standardized survey of azorean arthropods to other habitat types , mostly man - modified , an already on - going task for some of the islands ( see e . g . cardoso et al . 2009 , meijer et al . 2011 , cardoso et al . 2013 , florencio et al . 2013 , santos et al . 2010 ) ;\nb ) selecting study areas along a comprehensive environmental gradient where an optimal sampling strategy will be applied in order to sample the entire arthropod communities ( all taxa biodiversity inventory - atbi ) . atbis are intensive sampling efforts to identify and record all living species that exist within a given area and simultaneously create a common and standardized biodiversity database ( lawton and gaston 2001 ) ;\nc ) finishing the identification of many morphospecies . good progress has been made with staphylinidade ( borges et al . in prep . ) , but other taxa need further effort to reach proper identification ;\nd ) increase sampling and update the current list of azorean hymenoptera and diptera , which is clearly incomplete ( borges et al . 2010 ) . the shortage of taxonomists who can adequately identify species ( i . e . the so - called taxonomic impediment ) has prevented advances in the knowledge for many diverse groups in the azores , including these two .\ne ) contributing to the validation and updating of the pan - european checklists programs , including fauna europaea ( jong et al . 2014 ) and pesi ( jong et al . 2015 ) allowing a more general evaluation and comparison of species distributions and statuses .\nthis study advances the knowledge on the unique arthropod biodiversity of the azores , but at the same time highlights the need for further surveys . we strongly believe that the bala project will stimulate further research and conservation actions towards the preservation of azorean biodiversity . furthermore , we hope that all the taxa yet to be identified will entice taxonomist to join us in the endeavour of cataloguing all terrestrial arthropods of the most remote of the macaronesian archipelagos , the azores . the ongoing longterm research projects in azores and the recent creation of the e - repository islandlab will create new opportunities for biodiversity studies in azores .\nbrief description : detailed data on the occurrences and abundances of the studied species . data on species abundance in each individual sample ( pitfall trap or canopy beating ) for the 152 transects in eighteen protected areas and seven azorean islands .\nbrief description : utm coordinates ( regions 25s for flores and 26s for all other islands ) , altitude ( meters ) and supporting project of the studied transects in the azores . transect code according to island , reserve and transect number ( see text )\npavb , arms , jq and kat conceived the ideas ; pavb , cg , lc , fr , pc , fp , cr , ira , cm , ca , ga , spr , jh , amcs , abs , jw , jaq , arms and kat obtained samples ; pavb , cg , em and lb prepared the databases ; pavb , lc , pc , he , fi , vm , mtp , jr , ab , abs , rzs , vv , jw , jaq and arms performed taxonomic work and identified species ; pavb led the writing with substantial input from the other authors .\nblas m , borges pav . a new species of catops ( coleoptera : leiodidae , cholevinae ) from the azores with remarks on the macaronesian fauna .\nborges p . a . v . , serrano a . r . , quartau j . a . ranking the azorean natural forest reserves for conservation using their endemic arthropods .\nerichson , 1845 ( coleoptera : zopheridae ) : an integrative taxonomic approach with description of four new species .\nborges p . a . v . , gaspar c . s . , santos a . m . c , ribeiro s . p . , cardoso p . , triantis k . , amorim i . r . patterns of colonization and species distribution for azorean arthropods : evolution , diversity , rarity and extinction ; celebrating darwin : proceedings of the symposium\ndarwin ' s mistake and what we are doing to correct it ; ponta delgada . a\u00e7oreana ; 2011 . 30 .\nborges p . a . v . , vieira v . , amorim i . r . , bicudo n . , fritz\u00e9n n . , gaspar c . , heleno r . , hortal j . , lissner j . , logunov d . , machado a . , marcelino j . , meijer s . s . , melo c . , mendon\u00e7a e . p . , moniz j . , pereira f . , santos a . s . , sim\u00f5es a . m . , torr\u00e3o e . list of arthropods ( arthropoda ) in : borges p . a . v , costa a . , cunha r . , gabriel r . , gon\u00e7alves v . , martins a . f . , melo i , parente m . , raposeiro p . , rodrigues p . , santos r . s . , silva l . , vieira p . , vieira v . , editors .\nborges p . a . v . , aguiar c . , amaral j . , amorim i . r . , andr\u00e9 g . , arraiol a . , baz a . , dinis f . , enghoff h . , gaspar c . , ilharco f . , mahnert v . , melo c . , pereira f . , quartau j . a . , ribeiro s . p . , ribes j . , serrano a . r . m . , sousa a . b . , strassen r . z . , vieira l . , vieira v . , vitorino a . , wunderlich j . ranking protected areas in the azores using standardised sampling of soil epigean arthropods .\nborges p . a . v . , vieira v . , dinis f . , jarroca s . , aguiar c . , amaral j . , aarvik l . , ashmole p . , ashmole m . , amorim i . r . , andr\u00e9 g . , argente m . c . , arraiol a . , cabrera a . , diaz s . , enghoff h . , gaspar c . , mendon\u00e7a e . p . , gisbert h . m . , gon\u00e7alves p . , lopes d . h . , melo c . , mota j . a . , oliveira o . , orom\u00ed p . , pereira f . , pombo d . t . , quartau j . a . , ribeiro s . p . , rodrigues a . c . , santos a . m . c . , serrano a . r . m . , sim\u00f5es . a . m . , , soares a . o . , sousa a . b . , vieira l . , vitorino a , wunderlich j . list of arthropods ( arthropoda ) in : borges p . a . v . , cunha r . , gabriel r . , martins a . m . f . , silva l . , vieira v . , editors .\na list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores .\ndirec\u00e7\u00e3o regional de ambiente & universidade dos a\u00e7ores ; horta , angra do hero\u00edsmo & ponta delgada : 2005 . 58 .\nborges p . a . v . , serrano a . r . m . , amorim i . r . new species of cave - dwelling beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae : trechinae ) from the azores .\nborges paulo a . v . , wunderlich joerg . spider biodiversity patterns and their conservation in the azorean archipelago , with descriptions of new species .\nborges paulo a . v . , lobo jorge m . , azevedo eduardo b . , gaspar clara s . , melo catarina , nunes luis v . invasibility and species richness of island endemic arthropods : a general model of endemic vs . exotic species .\ncardoso pedro , borges paulo a . v . , gaspar clara . biotic integrity of the arthropod communities in the natural forests of azores .\ncardoso pedro , erwin terry l . , borges paulo a . v . , new tim r . the seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them .\ncardoso p . , rigal f . , fattorini s . , terzopoulou s . , borges p . a . v . integrating landscape disturbance and indicator species in conservation studies .\ncardoso pedro , aranda silvia c . , lobo jorge m . , dinis francisco , gaspar clara , borges paulo a . v . a spatial scale assessment of habitat effects on arthropod communities of an oceanic island .\ncrespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on the endemic spider species of the genus savigniorrhipis wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae : linyphiidae ) in the azores ( portugal ) , with description of a new species .\ncrespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus canariphantes wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae , linyphiidae ) from the azores archipelago .\nflorencio m . , cardoso p . , lobo j . m . , azevedo e . b . , borges p . a . v . arthropod assemblage homogenization in oceanic islands : the role of exotic and indigenous species under landscape disturbance .\nflorencio m , lobo jm , cardoso p , almeida - neto m , borges pav . the colonisation of exotic species does not have to trigger faunal homogenisation : lessons from the assembly patterns of arthropods on oceanic islands .\ngaspar c . , borges p . a . v . , gaston k . j . diversity and distribution of arthropods in native forests of the azores archipelago .\ngaspar clara , gaston kevin j . , borges paulo a . v . , cardoso pedro . selection of priority areas for arthropod conservation in the azores archipelago .\ngaston kevin j , borges paulo a v , he fangliang , gaspar clara . abundance , spatial variance and occupancy : arthropod species distribution in the azores .\nhortal j , borges pav , gaspar c . evaluating the performance of species richness estimators : sensitivity to sample grain size .\njong yde de , verbeek melina , michelsen verner , place bj\u00f8rn per de , los wouter , steeman fedor , bailly nicolas , basire claire , chylarecki przemek , stloukal eduard , hagedorn gregor , wetzel florian , gl\u00f6ckler falko , kroupa alexander , korb g\u00fcnther , hoffmann anke , h\u00e4user christoph , kohlbecker andreas , m\u00fcller andreas , g\u00fcntsch anton , stoev pavel , penev lyubomir . fauna europaea \u2013 all european animal species on the web .\nlawton j . h . , gaston k . j . indicator species . in : levin s . a . , editor .\nlobo j . , borges p . a . v . the provisional status of arthropod inventories in the macaronesian islands . in : serrano a . r . m . , borges p . a . v . , boieiro m . , orom\u00ed p . , editors .\nmart\u00edn jos\u00e9 l . , cardoso pedro , arechavaleta manuel , borges paulo a . v . , faria bernardo f . , abreu cristina , aguiar ant\u00f3nio f . , carvalho jos\u00e9 a . , costa ana c . , cunha regina t . , fernandes francisco m . , gabriel rosalina , jardim roberto , lobo carlos , martins ant\u00f3nio m . f . , oliveira paulo , rodrigues pedro , silva lu\u00eds , teixeira dinarte , amorim isabel r . , homem n\u00eddia , martins berta , martins m\u00f3nica , mendon\u00e7a en\u00e9sima . using taxonomically unbiased criteria to prioritize resource allocation for oceanic island species conservation .\nmeijer seline s . , whittaker robert j . , borges paulo a . v . the effects of land - use change on arthropod richness and abundance on santa maria island ( azores ) : unmanaged plantations favour endemic beetles .\nplatia g . , borges p . a . v . description of a new species of athous and record of the female of a . azoricus platia & gudenzi from the azores ( coleoptera , elateridae )\nribeiro s\u00e9rvio p . , borges paulo a . v . , gaspar clara , melo catarina , serrano artur r . m . , amaral jo\u00e3o , aguiar carlos , andr\u00e9 genage , quartau jos\u00e9 a . canopy insect herbivores in the azorean laurisilva forests : key host plant species in a highly generalist insect community .\nribes j . , borges p . a . v . a new subspecies of orthotylus junipericola linnavuori , 1965 ( heteroptera ; miridae ) from the azores .\nrigal fran\u00e7ois , whittaker robert j . , triantis kostas a . , borges paulo a . v . integration of non - indigenous species within the interspecific abundance\u2013occupancy relationship .\nsantos a . m . c . , borges p . a . v , rodrigues a . c . , lopes d . j . h . lista de esp\u00e9cies de artr\u00f3podes associados a diferentes culturas frut\u00edcolas da ilha terceira ( a\u00e7ores )\nterzopoulou sofia , rigal fran\u00e7ois , whittaker robert j . , borges paulo a . v . , triantis kostas a . drivers of extinction : the case of azorean beetles .\ntriantis kostas a . , borges paulo a . v . , ladle richard j . , hortal joaqu\u00edn , cardoso pedro , gaspar clara , dinis francisco , mendon\u00e7a en\u00e9sima , silveira l\u00facia m . a . , gabriel rosalina , melo catarina , santos ana m . c . , amorim isabel r . , ribeiro s\u00e9rvio p . , serrano artur r . m . , quartau jos\u00e9 a . , whittaker robert j . extinction debt on oceanic islands .\nturquin m . une biocenose cavernicole originale pour le bugey : le puits de rappe . comptes rendus 96e congresse naturel societes savantes , toulouse 1071 ."]}
{"id": 1834, "summary": [{"text": "lachnocnema pseudobibulus is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in uganda , kenya , tanzania , the democratic republic of the congo , malawi and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lachnocnema pseudobibulus", "paragraphs": ["lachnocnema , commonly called woolly legs , is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae found mainly in subsaharan africa .\nlibert , m . ( 1996a ) contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains . revision du genre lachnocnema trimen , ( lepidoptera lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 ( 1 ) : 185 - 202 .\nlibert , m . 1996 contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains - revision du genre lachnocnema trimen ( lepidopter lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 , 185 - 202 , 367 - 386 , 479 - 500 .\nlibert , m . ( 1996c ) contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains : revision du genre lachnocnema trimen , troisieme partie . ( lepidoptera lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 ( 3 ) : 479 - 500 .\nlibert , m . ( 1996b ) contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains : revision du genre lachnocnema trimen , deuxieme partie ( 1 ) . ( lepidoptera lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 ( 2 ) : 367 - 386 .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article lachnocnema ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan african genus to which many species have been added recently due to the revision of libert ( 1996 ) .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nv\u00e1ri , l . , kroon , d . m . , & kr\u00fcger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia .\nthis category is maintained by wikiproject stub sorting . please propose new stub templates and categories here before creation .\nthis category is for stub articles relating to butterflies of the subfamily miletinae . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { miletinae - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\nthe following 164 pages are in this category , out of 164 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about lachnellula ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for lachnellula ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nsocial tagging scholarly peer - review journal anemia review articles international pharmaceutical care journals tumor immunology machine in industries mosquito larvae open access radiology journals climate change impact factor influenza virus petroleum - in - industries microbial forensics cell physiology top journals leydig - cell - tumors - scholarly - peerreview - journal . php hormones cell signaling peer - review journals\nwoodhall , steve . field guide to butterflies of south africa . cape town : struik publisher , 2005 .\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 65 template : miletinae - stub"]}
{"id": 1835, "summary": [{"text": "largen 's clawed frog or the sidamo clawed frog ( xenopus largeni ) is a species of frog in the pipidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "endemic to ethiopia its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , freshwater marshes , arable land , and rural gardens .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is classed as endangered due to the decline of its habitat in the ethiopian highlands . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "largen ' s clawed frog", "paragraphs": ["evans , b . j . , bliss , s . m . , mendel , s . a . and tinsley , r . c . 2011 . the rift valley is a major barrier to dispersal of african clawed frogs ( xenopus ) in ethiopia . molecular ecology 20 : 4216\u20134230 .\nlargen , m . j . 2001 . catalogue of the amphibians of ethiopia , including a key for their identification . tropical zoology 14 : 307 - 402 .\n2012 , a . mengistu and s . loader pers . comm . june 2012 ) .\nprotected areas provided by le saout , s . , hoffmann , m . , shi , y . , hughes , a . , bernard , c . , brooks , t . m . , bertzky , b . , butchart , s . h . m . , stuart , s . n . , badman , t . & rodrigues , a . s . l . ( 2013 ) protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation . science , 342 , 803\u2013805\ngower , d . j . , doherty - bone , t . m . , aberra , r . k . , mengistu , a . a . , schwaller , s . , menegon , m . , de sa\u0301 , r . , saber , s . a . , cunningham , a . a . and loader , s . p . 2012 . high prevalence of the amphibian chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) across multiple taxa and localities in the highlands of ethiopia . herpetological journal 22 : 225 - 233 .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nthe most likely threats to this species are forest loss , environmental degradation and aquatic pollution ( from pesticide runoff into water bodies ) resulting from human activities such as small - holder and large - scale agriculture and residential development ( a . mengistu and s . loader pers . comm . june 2012 ) .\nnineteen individuals were collected northwest of the rift and six from the southeast , including the type locality ( evans et al . 2011 ) . this species is considered to be rare within its range and its population is considered to be severely fragmented given that its habitat is patchy and fragmented , its dispersal capacity is believed to be low , and over half of the known population is found in small isolated habitat patches ( b . evans pers . comm . march 2012 , a . mengistu and s . loader pers . comm . june 2012 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\n, its population is considered to be severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the ethiopian highlands .\n2011 ) . it is known from two sites in the mountains east of the rift valley : between dodola and asela ( the type locality ) at 2 , 651 m asl , and in the arsi mountains at 2 , 467 m asl . further searches have also found this species in areas northwest of the rift valley including two localities at 2 , 390 and 2 , 377 m asl north of mount choke but south of lake tana , and a third locality at 2 , 709 m asl north of lake tana but south of the simien mountains ( evans\nxtent of occurrence ( eoo ) , this is estimated to be 3 , 681 km 2 .\nit is not known to occur in any protected areas nor be near one ( b . evans pers . comm . march 2012 ) . resource and habitat protection are urgently needed given that it is not in a formally protected area . more information is needed on this species ' ecology and tolerance to threats . chytrid has been recorded from this genus but has yet to be screened for in this species ( gower\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\niucn . 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2014 ) .\ntinsley , r . c . 1995 . a new species of xenopus ( anura : pipidae ) from the highlands of ethiopia . amphibia - reptilia : 375 - 388 .\ntinsley , r . c . and kobel , h . r . 1996 . the biology of xenopus . zoological society of london , clarendon press , london .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncollections are created by eol users to bring together species , multimedia , articles , or even members that have something in common , such as geography , ecology , or a personal meaning . communities can\nfeature\ncollections that are of particular interest and value to them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nenglish turkish online dictionary tureng , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder\nany of a group of aquatic carnivorous frogs in the xenopus genus , which are very small and have small claws .\nthis page was last edited on 27 march 2018 , at 15 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy ."]}
{"id": 1838, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius tinei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius tinei", "paragraphs": ["nassariidae \u00bb nassarius tinei , id : 1039492 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n( of nassarius tinei ( maravigna , 1840 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ( 2014 ) . nassarius tinei . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\n( of buccinum tinei maravigna , 1840 ) maravigna c . ( 1840 ) . g . buccin . buccinum . lamarck . b . de tineo . b . tinei . maravigna . magasin de zoologie , d ' anatomie compar\u00e9e et de palaeontologie . ( 2 ) 2 , pl . 24 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of nassarius tinei ( maravigna , 1840 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of buccinum tinei maravigna , 1840 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n( of buccinum gussonii calcara , 1845 ) calcara p . ( 1845 ) . cenno sui molluschi viventi e fossili della sicilia da servire da supplimento ed insieme di critiche osservazioni all ' opera di r . a . philippi . stamperia reale , palermo 49 p . , 4 pl . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 41 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of buccinum gussonii calcara , 1845 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 928 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 016 seconds . )\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npf : for the habitat types that can have a non - priority as well as a priority form ( 6210 , 7130 , 9430 ) enter\nx\nin the column pf to indicate the priority form .\ncaves : for habitat types 8310 , 8330 ( caves ) enter the number of caves if estimated surface is not available .\ndata quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation )\nabundance categories ( cat . ) : c = common , r = rare , v = very rare , p = present - to fill if data are deficient ( dd ) or in addition to population size information\ndata quality : g = ' good ' ( e . g . based on surveys ) ; m = ' moderate ' ( e . g . based on partial data with some extrapolation ) ; p = ' poor ' ( e . g . rough estimation ) ; vp = ' very poor ' ( use this category only , if not even a rough estimation of the population size can be made , in this case the fields for population size can remain empty , but the field\nabundance categories\nhas to be filled in )\nlaghi costieri di grande interesse naturalistico oltre che paesaggistico per essere posti in prossimit\u00e0 di capo peloro sullo stretto di messina . floristicamente non presentano un particolare interesse , in quanto le piante che si insediano in questa area umida sono in massima parte abbastanza comuni nell ' isola . si tratta perlopi\u00f9 di elofite , alofite e idrofite , che non costituiscono delle particolari associazioni a causa del forte disturbo antropico e del fatto che la fascia in cui si localizzano \u00e8 piuttosto stretta e non consente il differenziarsi di cenosi . dal punto di vista idro - geologico si tratta di un ' area depressa con fondali rocciosi frammisti a limo e sabbia alimentata da acque marine attraverso dei canali di collegamento con la riva e da acque meteoriche . sotto il profilo climatico l ' area risulta interessata da un bioclima termomediterraneo subumido con precipitazioni medie annue intorno agli 800 mm e temperature medie annue di 18 \u00b0c .\nlaghi costieri di grande interesse naturalistico , oltre che paesaggistico , per essere localizzati in prossimit\u00e0 di capo peloro sullo stretto di messina . il perimetro comprende aree che rivestono un ' importanza strategica nell ' economia dei flussi migratori dell ' avifauna che si sposta nell ' ambito del bacino del mediterraneo . i laghi di faro e ganzirri infatti offrono rifugio ed opportunit\u00e0 trofiche alle specie in migrazione , in particolare agli uccelli acquatici , e per alcune di esse rappresentano anche dei significativi siti di nidificazione . l ' area \u00e8 interessata inoltre da un ampio flusso migratorio di fringillidi , sia in periodo primaverile che autunnale . da non sottovalutare infine la particolare malacofauna di questi ambienti lacustri , che ospita popolazioni talora molto differenziate ed esclusive di questo particolarissimo ecosistema acquatico .\nname : piano di gestione monti peloritani decreto n . 286 del 27 / 05 / 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1862, "summary": [{"text": "margarinotus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family histeridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this genus is mainly characterized by several characters of the male genitalia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "most species may be distinguished by the emarginate outline of the anterior margin of the mesosternum and by the complete inner subhumeral striae on elytra . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "margarinotus", "paragraphs": ["description of a new margarinotus species with additional notes about two histerids from nepal ( col . , histeridae )\nthe nearctic species margarinotus ( ptomister ) immunis ( erichson , 1834 ) discovered in slovakia ( coleoptera : histeridae ) .\nthe holotype of margarinotus ( paralister ) longus ( bickhardt , 1910 ) is re - described and figured . a key to the species of the subgenus paralister bickhardt , 1917 of the genus margarinotus marseul , 1853 from the balkans is given .\ninitially looks to be margarinotus . can you post a lateral shot and also a shot of the lateral edge of the pronotum ?\nthe nearctic species margarinotus ( ptomister ) immunis ( erichson , 1834 ) discovered in slovakia ( coleoptera : histeridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\na review of california margarinotus marseul ( coleoptera : histeridae : histerinae : histerini ) , with descriptions of two new species caterino m . s . 2010 . the coleopterists bulletin 64 : 1\u201312 .\nsubgenera not yet in the guide ( represented in na by a single species each ) are margarinotus s . str . ( m . guttifer ) and stenister ( m . obscurus , adventive from europe )\nthe species is primarily found on carrion , but also occasionally on decomposing plant matter ( bousquet & lapalante 2006 ) . it is known in gsmnp from only a single record from 1959 at the edge of the park at 370 m elevation .\nthis widespread and abundant eurasian species has been introduced into eastern n america , where it is known from southern manitoba and tennessee and south carolina . the southwestern border of the range is unclear ( bousquet & lapalante 2006 ) .\ndevelopment of these pages was supported by grants from discover life in america and the national science foundation ( deb - 0516311 ) .\nbousquet , y . and s . laplante . 2006 . coleoptera histeridae . the insects and arachnids of canada . part 24 . nrc research press , ottawa . 485 pp .\nkovarik , p . w . and m . s . caterino . 2000 . histeridae . pp . 212 - 227 in : arnett , r . h . and m . c . thomas ( eds . ) american beetles . vol . 1 . crc press , boca raton - london - new york - washington .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . and a . n . reichardt . 1976 . histeroidea . fauna of the ussr . vol . v ( 4 ) . nauka : moscow - leneingrad . 433 pp .\nposted 13 august 2007 , a . k . tishechkin , louisiana state arthropod museum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nformerly known as paralister carbonarius . approx 6 mm long and 4 mm wide . this beetle has a rounded shape and is uniformly black with well separated lines of studded holes on the elytra . the shortened elytra leave two of the seven tergites exposed . the antennae are angled and clubbed .\nvarious habitats , but can be found in dung , carcases and decomposing fungi .\nthe larvae and adult forms of histeridae have been known to feed on dung , carrion , decomposing vegetation , other insects , larvae , and pupae .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 20 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntom\u00e1\u0161 lackner czech university of life sciences , faculty of forestry and wood sciences , department of forest protection and entomology , kam\u00fdck\u00e1 1176 , cz - 165 21 praha 6 \u2013 suchdol , czech republic .\nbickhardt , h ( 1910 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der histeriden iv . entomologische bl\u00e4ttern , 6 , 177\u2013186 .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . & reichardt , a . n . ( 1976 ) zhuki nadsemeystva histeroidea ( semeystva sphaeritidae , histeridae , synteliidae ) . [ beetles of the superfamily histeroidea ( families sphaeritidae , histeridae , synteliidae ) ] . in : fauna sssr , zhestokrylye , vyp . 4 . nauka , leningrad , pp . 1\u2013434 . [ in russian ]\nlackner , t . , mazur , s . & newton , a . ( 2015 ) family histeridae . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & l\u00f6bl , d . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 2 . hydrophiloidea \u2013 staphylinoidea , part 1 . brill publishers , leiden , boston , pp . 76\u2013130 .\nmazur , s . ( 1984 ) a world catalogue of histeridae . polskie pismo entomologiczne , 54 ( 3\u20134 ) , 1\u2013376 .\nmazur , s . ( 1997 ) a world catalogue of the histeridae . genus \u2013 international journal of the invertebrate taxonomy , supplement , 1\u2013373 .\nmazur , s . ( 2011 ) a concise catalogue of the histeridae . warsaw university of life sciences , sggw press , warsaw , 332 pp .\n\u00f4hara , m . ( 1994 ) a revision of the superfamily histeroidea of japan ( coleoptera ) . insecta matsumurana , new series , 51 , 1\u2013283 .\ny\u00e9lamos , t . ( 2002 ) coleoptera , histeridae . in : ramos m . a . , tercedor . j . a , bell\u00e9s - ros x . , gos\u00e1lbez - noguera , j . , sierra , \u00e1 . g . , mayol , e . m . , piera , f . m . , marino , j . s . & gonz\u00e1les , j . t . ( eds . ) , fauna ib\u00e9rica . vol . 17 . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csci , madrid , pp . 1\u2013411 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 1 ( coleoptera , strepsiptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncontributed by mark s . romero on 16 july , 2013 - 6 : 47pm last updated 18 september , 2013 - 12 : 10pm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthe insects and arachnids of canada . part 24 . coleoptera histeridae bousquet y . , laplante s . 2006 . nrc research press , ottawa . 485 pp .\nthe beetles of northeastern north america , vol . 1 and 2 . downie , n . m . , and r . h . arnett . 1996 . the sandhill crane press , gainesville , fl .\ncontributions to the knowledge of atlantic canadian histeridae ( coleoptera ) c . g . majka . 2008 . zookeys 2 : 189 - 202 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nczech university of life sciences , faculty of forestry and wood sciences , department of forest protection and entomology , kam\u00fdck\u00e1 1176 , cz - 165 21 praha 6 - suchdol , czech republic . ; email : tomaslackner @ me . com .\nwarsaw university of life sciences , faculty of forestry , department of forest protection and ecology , nowoursynowska 159 bld . 34 , 02 - 776 warszawa , poland . ; email : slawomir . mazur @ wl . sggw . pl .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 1871, "summary": [{"text": "broscus cephalotes is a species of nocturnal , coastal ground beetle found throughout most of europe .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "its habitat in europe spans from western europe into western siberia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species was introduced recently ( circa 1975 ) in the eastern areas of canada .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the beetle has since spread farther south and west into the united states .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the carabidae family , of which broscus cephalotes is a part , is generally considered as a family that is beneficial to humans due to their predatory habits .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "broscus cephalotes", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njymykiit\u00e4j\u00e4inen\nto\nbroscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nkopfl\u00e4ufer\nto\nbroscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nmatalin , a . v . and budilov , p . v . , \u201cgeographical variability of sexual and age structure of populations and the life cycle in broscus cephalotes ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d zool . zh .\n297 . larochelle , a . and m . - c . larivi\u00e8re . 1989 . first records of broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus ) ( coleoptera : carabidae : broscini ) for north america . the coleopterists bulletin 43 : 69 - 73 .\nbroscus cephalotes attacks everything : in our experiments , its most preferred prey was woodlice and ants . co - specific beetles were attacked by a broscus at the opening of its tube when they run across . in most cases , fights started and ended without any obvious reason . a real hunting behavior could not be observed . the fighting behavior can be characterized as catch - as - catch - can and , in our experiments , was displayed most frequently under artificial daytime conditions . it is interpreted as fighting for prey .\nbroscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : godet et al . ( 2010 ) [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] godet , l . , le mao , p . , grant , c . & olivier , f . 2010 . marine invertebrate fauna of the chausey archipelago : an annotated checklist of historical data from 1828 to 2008 . cahiers de biologie marine , 51 : 147 - 165 .\ncarabus cephalotes linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 414 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : large ( 16 - 23mm ) dull black ground beetle which burrows under stones and driftwood , preying on supralittoral amphipods and isopods . on the seaward edge of sand dunes around the coast .\nworld distribution : a eurosiberian wide - temperate species ( 64 ) found across west and central europe to western siberia . recently reported as an introduction to the eastern seaboard of the united states ( larochelle , 1989 ) .\necology : a strongly thermoxerophilic species favouring loose , dry sand and confined to coastal habitats in ireland , although it also occurs inland in europe . mostly recorded from bare sand between the strandline and the front of fore dunes on sandy coasts , more rarely on sparsely vegetated fore dunes .\nthis site requires the use of cookies to function . it also uses cookies for the purposes of performance measurement . please see our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > osen85mx52mh - y5zjgudrf8a . x - brill - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 239 . 66 . 229 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531171394849 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nfor more content , see archives n\u00e9erlandaises de zoologie ( vol 1 - 17 ) and animal biology ( vol 53 and onwards ) .\nthe 24 carabid species investigated appeared to be polyphagous , but not equally so . among species showing a smaller degree of polyphagy , oligophages and specialized feeders were distinguished , the latter species specializing on collembolans . the\nphytophagous\ngenera amara and harpalus were found to behave similarly to the generalists . cannibalism was not observed , although larvae , among which it may well occur , were not studied . specialists are mainly confined to the carabinae , and the literature suggests that they can also be distinguished by their morphology and behaviour , which reflect their specialization . it seems unlikely that their specialization is in response to food shortage .\nfunctional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus l . )\nfunctional morphology of the head of the perch ( perca fluviatilis l . ) : an electromyographic study\nlegakis , a . ( 2001 ) . insecta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 323 - 324 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsiobhan leachman added an association between\nn102 _ w1150\nand\npterostichus cristatus\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ntronquet ( 2014 ) : 115 . [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de france . revue de l\u2019association roussillonnaise d\u2019entomologie , 23 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1 - 1052 .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 17 december , 2017 - 9 : 52am\nthis article is available online . abstract : sixty - nine carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in 37 genera and 19 tribes were documented from cove point , calvert county , maryland , during surveys from 2010 to 2016 . three species , anisodactylus haplomus chaudoir , pterostichus permundus ( say ) , and stenocrepis mexicana ( chevrolat ) are documented for the first time from maryland .\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 20 september , 2017 - 9 : 38am\nnew species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and [ . . . ]\nby igor m . sokolov , yuliya y . sokolova , and christopher e . carlton\nfull title : new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and phylogeography of the a - langdoni species group a . cieglerae and a . pusillus are described .\nby will , k . , madan , r . , hsu , h .\nedited abstract : additions to the list of carabidae known for nevada , usa and carabid beetles found in the great basin national park , nv are reported with notes on ecology and identification resources . for 79 species of carabids , the authors present 57 new state records , two state records previously reported in online resources [ bugguide ] , one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state , and report 22 records for the great basin national park that includes three new state records . this paper is available online .\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 13 june , 2017 - 3 : 02pm\npp 67 - 92 in\nthe distributional history of the biota of the southern appalachians . part i . invertebrates .\nedited by p . c . holt , r . l . hoffman , and c . w . hart jr . barr writes on the distribution and natural history of endemic carabid species of the southern appalachians .\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 19 december , 2015 - 12 : 59pm\nground beetles from the quantico marine corps base : 2 . thirty additional species from recent collections ( coleoptera : carabidae )\n. in both quantico papers , differences and similarities between carabids found at quantico and plummers island are discussed most thoughtfully .\nnatural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : [ . . . ]\nnatural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : an analysis of fauna in relation to size , habitat selection , vagility , seasonality , and extinction .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhrav\u00fd 1959 ; nov\u00e1k 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; \u00f8stbye and h\u00e4gvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .\nthe last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .\nin the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .\nground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47\u2019n , 46o39 . 75\u2019e ) were studied in 2006\u20132007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .\npitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .\nplastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .\nall captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhrav\u00fd 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .\nrecently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .\ncuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\ncuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .\ncuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .\ncuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\ncuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\nthe separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .\ndetection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .\n) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of\n) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .\nchronology of changes in periods of activity of individual \u2018age\u2019 groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in \u2018spring\u2019 ( a ) and \u2018autumn\u2019 ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t \u2013 teneral , im \u2013 immature , m \u2013 mature , sp \u2013 spent beetles ) .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t \u2013 teneral , im \u2013 immature , m \u2013 mature , sp \u2013 spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs \u2013 new generation ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 \u2013 first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .\n) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of\n) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .\nimportantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult \u2018age\u2019 groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .\nthus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered \u2018residents\u2019 and their habitats \u2018residential\u2019 .\nan incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,\nwas by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of\n) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .\nyet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of\nwas mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (\n) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered \u2018migrants\u2019 and their habitats as \u2018transit\u2019 .\nthe spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for\n) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for\nin summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :\nresidents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .\nmigrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .\nsporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .\nwithout question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of\nwere trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of\n, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of\nfed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (\n) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist\nseasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ) .\nhabitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\nhabitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\n\u201cstable\u201d and \u201clabile\u201d components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .\nthe ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6\u201335 % of the species list and 15\u201390 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15\u201335 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (\n) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .\nspecies diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars \u2013 labile component , white bars \u2013 stable component , line \u2013 number of species ; n ( sp . ) \u2013 number of species ) .\nfirstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants\nnumbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .\nsecondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the \u2018biological\u2019 ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,\n) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,\n, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (\nbecause we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .\na study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .\nup to 65\u201375 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .\nresults from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .\nknowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .\nwe extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work , especially to the directors of the elton natural park , mrs yulia nekrutkina ( volgograd , russia ) and viktor gerdt ( elton , russia ) , as well as to dr . artem zaitsev ( moscow state pedagogical university , moscow , russia ) . we also want to thank professor sergei golovach ( institute for problems of ecology and evolution , moscow , russia ) for a critical review of the text , to dr . gabor l\u00f6vei ( university of aarhus , denmark ) for fruitful discussions on the subject of the present paper , as well as to mr . stephen venn ( university of helsinki , finland ) and professor andrei alyokhin ( university of maine , orono , usa ) , who kindly checked the english . this study was financially supported by the russian foundation for basic research ( projects nos 09 - 04 - 01311 and 09 - 04 - 08112 ) .\nclassification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\nzuphium ( s . str . ) olens olens ( p . rossi , 1790 )\narnoldi kv , sharova ikh , klyukanova gn , butrina nn . ( 1972 )\nground - beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) of the streletskaya steppe near kursk and their seasonal activity dynamics .\n, moscow state pedagogicla institute publisher , moscow , 215\u2013230 [ in russian ] .\nthe influence of different types of soil pollution on the population structure of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in grozny ( chechen republic ) .\nphd thesis , moscow , russia : moscow state pedagogical university ; [ in russian ] .\nlife - cycles of ground - beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in an agro - landscape in the south of the kuban - cisazov lowland .\nphd thesis , moscow , russia : moscow state university ; [ in russian ] .\nnumber of eggs in the ovaries of some carabidae ( coleoptera ) species in various pine stands on fresh coniferous forest habitats .\nphenology of ground beetles and its ecological significance in some of the main habitat types of southern europe .\nin : den boer pj , mossakowski d , luff ml , weber f . ( eds )\nthe population of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) on areas with human impact ( on the example of ureiskiy crushed stone quarry ) .\nbuchholz s , jess a - m , hertenstein f , schirmel j . ( 2010 )\neffect of the colour of pitfall traps on their capture efficiency of carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , spiders ( aranea ) and other arthropods .\nchanges in life - cycle strategies of carabus problematicus over a range of altitudes in northern england .\nlong adult life , low reproduction and competition in two sub - antarctic carabid beetles .\ndispersal power and survival . carabids in a cultivated countryside ( with a mathematical appendix by j . reddingius ) .\nmiscellaneous papers 14 , h veenman & zonen bv press , wageningen , 190 pp .\nflight muscles development and dispersal in the life cycle of carabid beetles : patterns and processes .\npitfall trapping within enclosures : a method for estimating the relationship between the abundances of coexisting carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\na simple device and technique for quantitative sampling of riparian beetle populations with some carabid and staphylinid abundance estimates in different riparian habitats ( coleotera ) .\nthe natural histories of four species of calathus ( coleoptera , carabidae ) living on sand dunes in anglesey , north wales .\nto the method of quantitative evaluation of ground - beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\ncommunity organization in ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of the forests of the east european ( russian ) plain .\nsampling epigeal arthropods : an evaluation of fenced pitfall traps using mark - release - recapture and comparison to unfenced pitfall traps in arable crops .\nthe life cycles and age of carabus glabratus paykull and c . problematicus herbst ( col . : carabidae ) on moorland in northern england .\nthe structure of populations of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in urbanized landscapes of north of meschera lowland .\nkoivula m , kotze dj , hiisivuori l , rita h . ( 2003 )\nthe influence of the manner of pitfall traps setting in forest habitat on their catchability .\nto the question of the use of soil traps for the study of the distribution and interactions of entomofauna elements on the soil surface .\nabout updating the quantity estimation applying the methods of exhaustive catches using of pitfall traps .\nn\u0115kter\u00e9 \u010dist\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jako n\u00e1vnada v zemn\u00edch pastech p\u0159i studio st\u0159evl\u00edkovit\u00fdch ( carabidae ) .\nground - beetle comunities in the lake elton region , southern rusia : a case study of a local fauna ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . in : golovatch si , makarova ol , babenko ab , penev ld ( eds ) species and communities in extrem environments . festschrift towards the 75th anniversary and a laudatio in honour of academician yuri ivanovich chernov .\nvariability of seasonal dynamics of activity in ground beetle pterostichus melanarius ill . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in different forest types .\n, institute of biology of latvian academy of science publisher , riga , 55\u201356 [ in russian ] .\nthe phenology and population structure of loricera pilicornis ( f . ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in agrocoenosis .\nin : desender k , dufr\u00eane m , loreau m , luff ml , maelfait j - p . ( eds )\nspecific features of life cycle of pseudoophonus ( s . str . ) rufipes deg . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in southwest moldova .\nvariations in flight ability with sex and age in ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of south - western moldova .\ndiversity of ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) and spiders ( araneae ) in roadside verges with grey hair - grass vegetation .\nsynekologick\u00e1 studie sez\u00f3nn\u00edho v\u00fdskytu st\u0159evl\u00edkovit\u00fdch na \u0159epn\u00fdch polich han\u00e9 ( col . carabidae ) .\npit - fall catches of surface - active arthropods in high mountain habitats at finse , south norway . iv . coleoptera .\ndifferential effects of formaldehyde concentration and detergent on the catching efficiency of surface active arthropods by pitfall traps .\nestimating the density of ground - dwelling arthropods with pitfall traps using a nested - cross array .\ndetermining numbers of active carabid beetles per unit area from pitfall - trap data .\necological and fauna structure of the population of coleoptera , carabidae in the forest belt in the city dump area .\ndynamics of population structure of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in urbanized landscapes of saransk .\nmordovian state pedagogical university publisher , saransk , 213 pp [ in rusian ] .\nground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of byelorussian lakeland with catalogue of species of byelorussia and adjacent lands .\nuo p . m . masherov vgu , vitebsk , 325 pp [ in russian ] .\ncarabid beetles in their environments . a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour .\nspringer - verlag , berlin \u2013 heidelberg - new - york , xvii + 369 pp .\nzur \u00f6kologie , soziologie und ph\u00e4nologie der laufk\u00e4fer ( coleoptera - carabidae ) des gr\u00fcnlandes im s\u00fcden der ddr . hercynia n . f .\nseasonal dynamics of activity and population structure of pterostichus niger schaller in different habitats .\nthe reproductive cycle and age composition of a population of pteropstichus oblongopunctatus f . in the netherlands ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nthe significance of flight activity in the life cycle of amara plebeja gyll . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\nin : den boer pj , thiele hu , weber f . ( eds )\ntrapping efficiency of carabid beetles in glass and plastic pitfall traps containing different solutions .\nthe influence of different age classes on the seasonal activity and reproduction of four medium - sized carabid species inhabiting cereal fields .\nwork tt , buddle cm , korinus lm , spence jr . ( 2002 )\npitfall trap size and capture of three taxa of litter - dwelling arthropods : implications for biodiversity studies .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\ncaption below print : ' 1 . c\u00e9phalacanthe ; 2 . c\u00e9phalopt\u00e8re ; 3 . c\u00e9phalote ; 4 . c\u00e9ph\u00e9e ; 5 . cephus '\ncondition : good ; suitable for framing . however , please note : the image shown may have been taken from a different example of this print than that which is offered for sale . the print you will receive is in good condition but there may be minor variations in the condition from that shown in the image . please check the scan for any blemishes prior to making your purchase .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nplease make sure that you ' ve entered a valid question . you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request . please try your search again later .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\ntaken at gvaot hakurkar , ness ziona , israel . shot with a galaxy s5\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nfeeding ecology of grassland - inhabiting carabid beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) in relation to the a . . .\nin 1979\u20132008 , serological investigation of carabid beetles as predators of the colorado potato beetle was carried out in the fields of potato and other solanaceae crops in nine regions of russia , moldova , and ukraine . the fraction of carabid beetles feeding on the pest in the potato , tomato , and egg - plant fields grows with the duration of the pest presence in the region and is proportional to its population density ."]}
{"id": 1874, "summary": [{"text": "gibbovalva kobusi is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from china ( guizhou , zhejiang , hunan and guangxi ) and japan ( hokkaid\u014d and honsh\u016b ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 6.5-9.2 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on magnolia kobus .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they probably mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "gibbovalva kobusi", "paragraphs": ["a review of the genus gibbovalva ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae : gracillariinae ) from china .\ngibbovalva clavata sp . n . is similar to gibbovalva magnoliae and gibbovalva tricuneatella in the aedeagus lacking a flap - like process , but it is distinguishable by the forewing markings . in gibbovalva clavata , basal 1 / 3 of forewing is white with four black costal specks ; apical 2 / 3 of forewing has four white fasciae , whereas in gibbovalva magnoliae forewing has a v - shaped speck at base and five white fasciae and in gibbovalva tricuneatella forewing has three white fasciae which markedly dilate towards wing fold . in addition , gibbovalva clavata resembles gibbovalva quadrifasciata ( stainton ) in the male genitalia , as in both species the ventral surface of valva is covered with lanceolate setae , but it is distinguishable by other characters .\ngibbovalva kumata & kuroko , 1988 , in : kumata , kuroko and ermolaev , 1988 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 40 : 3\nthe paper presents four chinese species belonging to the genera metriochroa busck , eumetriochroa kumata , and gibbovalva kumata & kuroko ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) , including two new species : metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , is newly recorded from china . photographs of adults and figures of the genital structures are provided , along with keys to the chinese species of metriochroa , eumetriochroa , and gibbovalva .\ncontribution to the knowledge of the genus gibbovalva kumata et kuroko , 1961 ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) with description of g . squamosa sp . n . from west africa .\nadults . 1 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 2 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 3 metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . 4 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 2000 \u03bcm .\nmale genitalia . 5 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 6 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 7 metriochroa alboannulata bai sp . n . 8 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 \u03bcm .\nof the four gracillarid moth species treated in the present paper , eumetriochroa hiranoi is newly recorded from china , and metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata sp . n . are new to science .\na new species of gibbovalva , with antennal scape bearing a ventral flap and valva with a costal process as for other members of the genus , with which it also shares the fore wing markings and characteristics of vinculum and saccus . the basal 1 / 3 of the forewing of gibbovalva clavata sp . n . is white in ground color and has four black costal specks ; the distal 2 / 3 is ochreous yellow in ground color and has four white fasciae . the valva is blade - shaped , the costa possesses a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 ; saccus is thumb - shaped with rounded apex ; the aedeagus does not have a flap - like process , and its thorn - like cornuti are arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to subapex .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfabricius , j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emendata et aucta . secundum . classes , ordines , genera , species adjectis synonimis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus . - 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( ed . ) , a guide to the insects of the european part of the ussr . lepidoptera . vol . 4 . lepidoptera . part 2 . - \u2014 : 1\u2013786 , chapter pagination : 149\u2013311 .\nskala , h . 1937a . minen aus mittel - und s\u00fcdeuropa ( fortsetzung und schluss ) . - zeitschrift des \u00f6sterreichischen entomologen - vereines 22 : 10\u201311 , 19\u201320 .\nmacek , j . 1976 . untersuchungen zur hyponomologischen fauna sloweniens . ii . - acta entomologica jugoslavica 12 : 59\u201365 .\nbenander , p . 1944 . sveriges lithocolletider ( gracilariidae ) [ sic ] . - opuscula entomologica 9 : 79\u2013137 .\nmann , j . 1862 . verzeichniss der im jahre 1851 bei brussa in kleinasien gesammelten schmetterlinge . - wiener entomologische monatschrift 12 ( 6 ) : 356 - 409 , 1 pl . .\ngershenzon , z . s . & kholtshenkov , v . a . 1974 . in : vasiljev , v . p . ( ed ) , [ pests of agricultural crops and forestry plantations . vol . 2 . pests ( continuation ) , vertebrata ] . - \u2014 : chapter pagination : 236\u2013244 .\ngilmore , d . , slade , d . & stewart , b . 2014 . moths of glamorgan . - \u2014 : 422 .\nhaworth , a . h . 1828 . lepidopterae britannicae . pars iv cum indice finali . - \u2014 : [ part 4 pagination : 512\u2013609 ] .\nbrower , a . e . 1984 . a list of the lepidoptera of maine , part 2 : the microlepidoptera , section 2 ; cosmopterigidae through hepialidae . - \u2014 114 : i\u2013x , 1\u201370 .\ngrehan , j . r . , parker , b . l . , nielsen , g . r . , miller , d . h . , hedbor , j . d . , sabourin , m . & griggs , m . s . 1995 . moths and butterflies of vermont ( lepidoptera ) . a faunal checklist . - \u2014 : i\u2013xi , 1\u201395 .\nnielsen , m . c . 1998 . preliminary list of michigan moths : the microlepidoptera . - newsletter of the michigan entomological society 43 ( 4 ) : 1 , 4\u201314 .\nnotes : records of china , russian far east and japan refer to misidentifications of other species ( kuznetzov 1999 : 17 ) . the record of japan ( issiki 1957 : 30 ) is a misidenfification of gracillaria japonica kumata , 1982 ( see kumata 1982a : 11 ) . this species was introduced to north america from europe . it was first found in ontario ( canada ) in 1923 and in washington ( u . s . a . ) in 1927 ( pohl et al . 2015 : 43 ) .\nkollar , j . & hrubik , p . 2009 . the mining species on woody plants of urban environments in the west slovak area . - acta entomologica serbica 14 ( 1 ) : 83 - 91 .\nhrub\u00fd , k . 1964 . prodromus lepidopterorum slovaciae . - \u2014 : 962 pp . .\nde crombrugghe de picquendaele , g . 1906 . catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des microl\u00e9pdopt\u00e8res de belgique . - m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de belgique 13 : 1\u2013155 .\nbuhr , h . 1935 . mecklenburgische minen . iii . lepidopteren - minen . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 96 : 131\u2013159 , 262\u2013292 .\nvoigt , g . 1929 . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der minen und ihrer erreger , sowie beobachtungen \u00fcber das vorkommen von minen im rheingau und benachbarten rheinischen gebieten . - jahrbuch nassauer verein f\u00fcr naturkunde 80 : 24\u201374 .\nmato\u0161evic , d . , pernek , m . , dubravac , t . & baric , b . 2009 . research of leafminers on woody plants in croatia . - \u0161umarski list 83 ( 7\u20138 ) : 381\u2013390 .\njaro\u0161 , j . & spitzer , k . 2002 . food plants of lepidoptera associated with an alder carr forest in south bohemia ( central europe ) . - acta musei bohemiae meridionalis in cesk\u00e9 budejovice 42 : 5\u201360 .\nbrischke , c . g . a . 1880 . die blattminirer in danzig ' s umgebung . - \u2014 : 58 pp .\nszulczewski , j . w . 1932 . przyczynek do fauny motyli drobnych poznania i okolicy . beitrag zur kleinschmetterlingsfauna von poznan und umgegend . - polskie pismo entomologiczne 11 ( 1\u20134 ) : 119\u2013132 .\nmitterberger , k . 1909 . verzeichnis der im kronlande salzburg bisher beobachteten mikrolepidopteren . - \u2014 : 1\u2013358 .\nbaldizzone , g . 2004 . i microlepidoptera del parco naturale alpi marittime ( italia , piemonte ) ( lepidoptera ) . - bollettino del museo regionale di scienze naturali \u2013 torino 22 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013318 .\nde graaf , h . w . & snellen , p . c . t . 1866 . microlepidoptera in nederland waargenomen . \u2014 in : herklots , j . a . bouwstoffen voor eene fauna van nederland 3 . - \u2014 : 234\u2013317 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . - memoirs of the american entomological institute 69 : 1\u2013824 .\nb\u00fcttner , f . o . 1880 . die pommerschen , insbesondere die stettiner mikrolepidoptern [ sic ] . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 41 : 383\u2013473 .\nsteudel , w . & hofmann , e . 1882 . verzeichniss w\u00fcrttembergischer kleinschmetterlinge . - jahreshefte des vereins f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische naturkunde in w\u00fcrttemberg 38 : 143\u2013262 .\npopescu - gorj , a . 1995 . lepidoptera from the surroundings of the town sinaia and from bucegi mountains ( romania ) . - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle\ngrigore antipa\n35 : 161\u2013220 .\nbrown , s . c . s . 1947 . caloptilia h\u00fcbn . , a genus of tineina . - proceedings of the south london entomological and natural history society : 157\u2013167 , 2 pls .\nivinskis , p . , pakalni\u0161kis , s . & puplesis , r . 1985 . augalus minuojantys vabzdziai . - \u2014 : 1\u2013240 .\nemmet , a . m . 1988 . a field guide to the smaller british lepidoptera . second edition . - \u2014 : 1\u2013288 .\nhartig , f . 1964 . microlepidotteri della venezia tridentina e delle regioni adiacenti . parte iii . ( fam . gelechiidae - micropterigidae ) . - studi trentini di scienze naturali , rivista del\nmuseo di storia naturale della venezia tridentina\n41 ( 3\u20134 ) : 1\u2013292 .\nkusdas , k . & reichl , e . r . 1990 . die schmetterlinge ober\u00f6sterreichs . tell 6 : microlepidoptera ( kleinschmetterlinge ) . - \u2014 6 : 332 pp . .\ndufrane , a . 1957 . microlepidopteres de la faune belge ( huiti\u00e8me note ) . - bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 33 ( 32 ) : 1\u201316 .\nlangmaid , j . r . & young , m . r . 2016 . microlepidoptera review of 2015 . - entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 128 ( 6 ) : 279\u2013307 .\ndraghia , i . , nastase , i . & nemes , i . 1979 . contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des insectes mineurs de moldavie . - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle\ngrigore antipa\n20 : 301\u2013308 .\nkoch , g . 1856 . die schmetterlinge des s\u00fcdwestlichen deutschlands , insbesondere der umgegend von frankfurt , nassau und der hessischen staaten . - \u2014 : 1\u2013498 .\nlhomme , l . 1934 . excursion au pays des mines et description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de lithocolletis . - l ' amateur de papillons 7 ( 8 ) : 108\u2013112 , 113\u2013121 , 129\u2013138 , 161\u2013169 .\nhering , m . 1934a . minenstudien 14 . - zeitschrift f\u00fcr pflanzenkrankheiten ( pflanzenpathologie ) und pflanzenschutz 44 ( 2 ) : 49\u201370 .\nkozlov , m . v . 1996 . patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city : microlepidoptera in st peterburg [ sic ] russia . - journal of biogeography 23 ( 1 ) : 95\u2013103 .\nopheim , m . 1977 . revision of microlepidoptera in the collections of zoological museum , oslo i . - atalanta norvegica 3 ( 1 ) : 5\u201315 .\nlarsen , c . s . 1916 . fortegnelse over danmarks microlepidoptera . - entomologiske meddelelser 11 : 28\u2013319 .\ndraghia , i . 1971 . donn\u00e9es concernant les insectes mineurs de la zone du futur lac artificiel\nportile de fier\n. - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle\ngrigore antipa\n11 : 335\u2013338 .\nklimesch , j . 1950 . contibuto alla fauna lepidopterologica del trentino . - studi trentini di scienze naturali , rivista del\nmuseo di storia naturale della venezia tridentina\n27 ( 1\u20133 ) : 11\u201368 .\namyot , m . 1864 . histoire de la teigne syringelle ( tinea syringella fabr . ) . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 4 : 5\u201312 .\ntreitschke , f . 1833 . die schmetterlinge von europa . - \u2014 9 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013294 .\nnolcken , j . h . w . 1870 . lepidopterologische fauna von estland , livland und kurland . microlepidoptera . heft . iv . - arbeiten des naturforschervereins zu riga , neue folge 2\u20134 : 1\u2013849 .\nbalevski , n . 1998 . some new species of the braconid parasitoid fauna of bulgaria ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) isolated from different new lepidopterous insect hosts . - acta entomologica bulgarica 4 ( 2\u20134 ) : 11\u201316 .\njakimavicius , a . & ivinskis , p . 1983 . parasites braconids of lepidoptera reared for the first time in lithuania in 1976 - 1980 . - acta entomologica lithuanica 6 : 76\u201385 .\nrazowski , j . & wiackowski , s . k . 2000 . contribution to the knowledge of braconidae ( hymenoptera ) parasitoids of lepidoptera . - wiadomosci entomologiczne 18 ( 4 ) : 247\u2013250 .\nrotheray , g . e . & bland , k . p . 1992 . xanthandrus comtus ( harris ) ( dipt . , syrphidae ) breeding in scotland . - entomologist ' s monthly magazine 128 ( 1532\u20131535 ) : 57\u201358 .\nvidal , s . & buszko , j . 1990 . studies on the mining lepidoptera of poland . viii . chalcidoid wasps reared from mining lepidoptera ( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea ) . - polskie pismo entomologiczne 60 : 73\u2013103 .\ndoganlar , m . 1980 . two new species of chrysocharis foerster and a new synonymy and record of sympiesis foerster ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ; eulophidae ) from western canada . - t\u00fcrkiye bitki koruma dergisi 4 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013129 .\nzhu , c . - d . & huang , d . - w . 2001 . a study of chinese elachertus spinola ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) . - zoological studies 40 ( 4 ) : 317\u2013354 .\nsawoniewicz , j . & buszko , j . 1994 . ichneumonidae ( hymenoptera ) reared from mining lepidoptera in poland . - wiadomosci entomologiczne 13 ( 1 ) : 55\u201361 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , no . 73 , east street north of the city , changzhi , 046011 shanxi province , p . r . china\n2 school of life and environmental science , gannan normal university , south of college road , economic - technological development area , ganzhou , 341000 jiangxi province , p . r . china\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\neumetriochroa kumata , 1998 and metriochroa busck , 1900 are small genera of gracillariidae oecophyllembiinae ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . the genus eumetriochroa contained four new species worldwide when it was erected ( kumata , 1998 ) , namely eumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa kalopanacis kumata , 1998 and eumetriochroa miyatai kumata , 1998 . a new species , eumetriochroa araliella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 , was subsequently added to the genus ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . accordingly , five species are currently recognized in eumetriochroa worldwide , all of them originally recorded from japan . larvae are leaf - miners on aquifoliaceae , araliaceae , and styracaceae . to date eleven plant species in seven genera have been recorded as host plants of eumetriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 , 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . prior to this study , eumetriochroa was represented in china by only one species , eumetriochroa hederae , firstly reported there by kobayashi et al . ( 2011 ) .\nthe genus metriochroa contains twelve described species worldwide . there are seven species in the afrotropical region , three in the palearctic region , and one each in the oriental and nearctic regions . metriochroa was not recorded in china until metriochroa symplocosella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 was described on the basis of chinese material ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . a total of twenty plant species in twelve genera of six families are known as host plants of metriochroa . eleven species in five genera of the family oleaceae serve as the most common host plants for the larvae of metriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) .\nall adult specimens were obtained after by rearing from immature stages . adult external morphology was examined by using a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope , and photographs were taken with a leica dfc - 450 digital camera connected to a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope . genitalia were prepared following the methods of li and zheng ( 1996 ) . dissections of genitalia were conducted under an olympus szx - 7 stereomicroscope . genital morphology was examined with an olympus bx - 53 microscope , and the illustrations were prepared by using an olympus dp - 26 digital camera connected to the olympus bx - 53 microscope . terminology follows kumata ( 1998 ) and kumata et al . ( 1988 ) .\nall specimens studied are deposited in the insect collection , department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , changzhi , shanxi , china ( iccc ) .\neumetriochroa kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 83 .\nkumata ( 1998 : 85 , figs 1 , 2a , 12a , b , 14a , 17 , 18a , 22a , 24a , b ) .\nfemale genitalia . 9 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 10 eumetriochroa hederae kumata . scale bar 500 \u03bcm .\neumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 96 .\nde prins & de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2013 : 119 ) .\n2\u2642\u2642 , 2\u2640\u2640 , china . feng shan , ganzhou , jiangxi province , 8 september 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu and chengqing liao ; genitalia slide nos\neumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana . ( n . s . ) 54 : 85 .\nde prins and de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2011 : 28 ) .\nchina . 1\u2642 , daqiutian , jiulian mountain , jiangxi province , 18 january 2013 , leg . xiaohua dai ; 2\u2640\u2640 , yangling national forest park , chongyi county , jiangxi province , 700 m , 10 march 2012 , leg . jinshui liang ; genitalia slide nos\naraliaceae : hedera sinensis ( tobler ) hand . - mazz . ; hedera rhombea ( miq . ) bean ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 ) .\n) , especially in fore wing markings . their fore wing has a white stripe situated between the third and fourth fasciae which extends from the dorsal edge of the third fascia towards costa to the middle of the fourth fascia . this character was not recorded by\nin the original description based on japanese specimens . in addition , instead of the fourth fascia as described by kumata , it is the apex of the fifth fascia which is edged with remarkable darker spots . however , the structures of the male ( fig .\n) are in accordance with the original description , which provides us confidence to assign the specimens reared in china to this species .\nmetriochroa busck , 1900 , proceedings of the united states national museum 23 : 244 .\nwing venation of metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 \u03bcm .\nflagellum of metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . has six white rings on distal part . forewing has two silvery white fasciae : one placed at the basal 1 / 4 and is slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , the other situated preapically ; forewing possesses white costal and dorsal specks , two of them at the middle , and opposite each other , and one near the tornus . valva is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by a sclerotized ridge , the former shorter than the ventral one . aedeagus is tubular , and with a clavate cornutus on vesica .\nforewing markings of metriochroa vary notably . metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . is similar to metriochroa argyrocelis v\u00e1ri , 1961 and metriochroa celidota bradley , 1965 in forewing with obvious white or silvery white markings . these characteristics easily distinguish these species from other members of the genus .\nmetriochroa alboannulata is close to metriochroa celidota in forewing with two silvery white fasciae , especially as the first fascia is present at the basal 1 / 4 in both species . however , in metriochroa alboannulata the first fascia is evident and joins with dorsum , and the second fascia is closer to the apex of forewing than in metriochroa celidota ; in addition , metriochroa alboannulata has a silvery white speck near tornus , which does not occur in metriochroa celidota .\nboth metriochroa alboannulata and the female of metriochroa argyrocelis ( forewing markings of male metriochroa argyroscelis are clearly dissimilar from those of metriochroa alboannulata ) have a silvery white fascia at the basal 1 / 4 of forewing , and a silvery white speck near tornus , but they differ in the following characteristics : in metriochroa alboannulata , the fascia is of uniform width , and is narrower than that of metriochroa argyrocelis , in which it gradually widens towards dorsum ; in addition , in place of the fascia near the apex of forewing and the silvery white bar - shaped specks at the middle of costa and dorsum present in metriochroa alboannulata , metriochroa argyrocelis has two silvery white specks at the middle and basal 3 / 4 of costa , respectively .\n) . wingspan 6 . 5\u20137 . 5 mm . head fuscous with metallic luster . antenna fuscous , flagellum with six white rings on distal part . labial palpus whitish - yellow , with the outer side of second and third segments fuscous . thorax , tegula , and fore wing fuscous . fore wing shining with purple ; two silvery white fasciae present , first fascia at the basal 1 / 4 , and slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , second fascia at subapex and outwardly oblique ; costa and dorsum with an outwardly oblique bar - shaped silvery white speck each at the middle , costal speck longer than the dorsal one ; dorsum with a silvery white speck near tornus ; cilia grayish - brown , those on termen with median and apical fringe lines of black spots , which run parallel with termen . hindwing and its cilia fuscous . legs fuscous . external surface of profemur and mesofemur , internal surface of metafemur ochreous white ; protibia basally , mesotibia and extremities of metatibia ochreous white ; both ends of first tarsomeres , apical tarsomeres and the apex of other tarsomeres white . abdomen dorsally fuscous , ventrally ochreous white , anterior margin of each sternite fuscous .\n100 \u03bcm in length , with widely rounded apex . tuba analis bilobed apically , with setae on each lobe . vinculum y - shaped ; saccus\n160 \u03bcm in length , about three times as long as wide ; inner surface with a sclerotized longitudinal ridge which divides the valva into dorsal and ventral portions ; dorsal portion slightly shorter than ventral one , with obliquely truncated apex , and covered with a group of partite scales on its distal part ; ventral portion with spine - like setae on its rounded apex . aedeagus tubular ,\n700 \u03bcm long , obliquely truncated along apical 2 / 7 , pointed apically ; vesica with a clavate cornutus , which is approximately 160 \u03bcm long .\nholotype \u2642 . china . wuzhifeng , shangyou county , jiangxi province , 2 january 2013 , leg . chengqing liao ; genitalia slide no .\nthe specific name is composed of \u201c albus \u201d and \u201c annulatus \u201d , meaning \u201cwith white ring\u201d , referring to the flagellum of antenna with white rings on its distal part .\n) . wingspan 7 . 0 mm . head white , with frons fuscous . labial palpus white , second segment apically and third segment basally with a fuscous spot on their outer side . thorax white , its sides edged with fuscous line ; tegula fuscous with white apex . basal 1 / 3 of forewing white , with four black specks along costa , of which the last one smallest ; distal 2 / 3 of forewing ochreous yellow with fuscous band along costa and four white , nearly equally spaced fasciae which obliquely extend outwards from costa to dorsum ; two basal fasciae , approximately twice the width of the two distal ones , enclose a black spot on costa . cilia black from dorsal third fascia to costal fourth fascia , white at the apical angle , the remaining cilia pale grey . hind wing and its cilia pale grey . legs with coxae and tarsi white ; tarsi with three fuscous rings , the last tarsomere ochreous yellow apically . profemur fuscous ; protibia white in basal 1 / 3 , the remaining part fuscous . mesofemur with external surface fuscous , internal surface ochreous white ; mesotibia white , with three fuscous rings , of which one at the basal 1 / 3 , two at the distal part . metafemur white , external side with a fuscous spot at base and middle respectively ; metatibia white , with a median fuscous ring , the last tarsomere fuscous apically .\n) . tegumen approximately 400 \u03bcm long , tongue - like , slightly wider on apical half , densely covered with fine setae on ventral and dorsal surfaces and with a sparse row of longer setae on each side . valva approx . 600 \u03bcm long , blade - shaped , slightly narrowed at base , obliquely truncated at apex and almost parallel - sided ; costa straight with a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 , dorsum slightly upcurved near apex ; inner surface covered with usual setae except for lanceolate setae clustered on distal part . saccus thumb - shaped , rounded apically . aedeagus nearly 650 \u03bcm long , tapering to a pointed apex from around the distal 1 / 4 ; vesica with acute , thorn - like cornuti arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to aedeagus subapex , some cornuti arranged between apical 1 / 5 and apex being larger than others . antero - dorsal apodeme of the eighth tergite approx . 150 \u03bcm long , with slender sclerotization extending caudad to the middle of the eighth tergite ; eighth sternite with a pair of very slender invaginations , nearly equal in length to dorsal apodeme .\nholotype \u2642 . china , jiulian mountain , longnan , jiangxi province , 600 m , 30 march 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu ; genitalia slide no .\nthe species name is derived from the latin \u201c clavatus \u201d , meaning \u201cclavate\u201d , in reference to the costal process of valva .\nwe are most grateful to mr . paolo triberti of the museo civico di storia naturale of verona , for his help in providing valuable references . financial assistance rendered by the national nature science foundation of china ( no . 41361009 and no . 31260116 ) , the natural science foundation of jiangxi province , china ( no . 20132bab204008 ) , the program for the philosophy and social sciences research of higher learning institutions of shanxi province , china ( pssr . no . 2012331 ) , and the natural science foundation of shanxi province , china ( no . 2011011033 - 3 ) are gratefully acknowledged .\nbai h , xu j , dai x ( 2016 ) two new and one newly recorded species of gracillariidae from china ( lepidoptera ) . zookeys 559 : 139\u2013150 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 559 . 6812\nde prins w , de prins j . ( 2005 ) gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) . in : landry b . ( ed . )\ntwo species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) new to china , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis and eumetrichroa .\nkobayashi s , huang gh , nakamura a , hirowatari t . ( 2013 )\nfour new species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) from china and japan , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis , eumetriochroa , guttigera , and metriochroa .\njapanese species of the subfamily oecophyllembiinae r\u00e9al et balachowsky ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , with descriptions of a new genus and eight new species .\njapanese species of the acrocercops - group ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , part ii .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 00ae2bb9 - 8ca9 - 4b6e - 987b - f248941cc710\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1005153e - 6ed2 - 4bbd - aaa2 - e7eb969741c0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b66675be - 63d1 - 41b4 - b6d0 - d881ae1c1b46\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94bbce20 - 840d - 44c7 - 9b22 - 787929abf607\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 260206\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1877, "summary": [{"text": "the snow-capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) is a species of bird in the pipridae family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in the amazon basin of brazil and far north-eastern bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "snow - capped manakin", "paragraphs": ["snow , d . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . snow - capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 24 . 5 - 28 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nprobably a close relative of l . vilasboasi and l . iris . two subspecies recognized .\n( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) \u2013 c brazil s of middle amazon ( from r madeira s to calama , e to r tapaj\u00f3s and its affluents ) .\n( hellmayr , 1903 ) \u2013 sc brazil from upper r madeira ( s of calama ) e to c mato grosso ( e to upper r xingu drainage ) , s to extreme ne bolivia ( ne santa cruz ) .\nmale 8\u00b75 cm , 8 g ; female 9\u00b72 cm , 8\u00b78 g . male is green above , with contrasting white cap and white lower back to uppertail - coverts ; flight - feathers and tail blackish with . . .\nsmall insects and a spider recorded in stomach contents ; probably also takes small fruits .\na nest found in dec 2008 contained two eggs ; the nest was in a small sapling 50 cm above the ground , and was a neatly woven cup slung . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common to uncommon . poorly known species ; known to occur in amaz\u00f4nia ( tapaj\u00f3s ) national park , in brazil , and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\noften merged with pipra , but genetic data support its separation # r # r . genus name was claimed to be preoccupied by an insect genus ( of thysanura : silverfish , firebrats and relatives ) named by menge , also in 1854 , so replacement name neolepidothrix was proposed # r ; however , menge\u2019s original spelling was lepidotrix , and in genus - group names these two are not homonyms , while in any case bonaparte\u2019s name appears to have priority # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 372 side b track 1 seq . a )\npreviously published on avocet as av10127 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : google earth . could be song\ndistance to mike : 10 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm08a220\ndistance to mike : 20 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a215\nperch height 7 m . distance to mike : 13 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm01a215\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 187 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource and clements checklist resource from lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nlumilakkitanssija\nfrom\nlepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1887, "summary": [{"text": "macrocilix nongloba is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( sichuan , jiangxi , chejiang ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 13-18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are externally similar to macrocilix orbifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "macrocilix nongloba", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for nongloba definition . you find here nongloba meaning , synonyms of nongloba and images for nongloba copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nongloba . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nongloba and , of course , nongloba synonyms and on the right images related to the word nongloba .\nthis is a successive report on the chinese drepaninae dealing with 2 genera , i . e . auzata and macrocilix . both genera are endemic to e . asia especially presenting a rich fauna in china . [ new taxa discussed include a . amaryssa sp . nov . , a . semilucida sp . nov . , a . plana sp . nov . , m . ophrysa sp . nov . , m . nongloba sp . nov . , m . trinotata sp . nov . , and m . mysticata campana ssp . nov . ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7 . 0 supports all the cnki file formats ; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nbhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04\nchou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1\nguo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02\nxie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01\nding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03\nzhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04\nsong hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04\nliu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03\nding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03\n\u00a92006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co . , ltd . ( beijing ) ( ttkn ) all rights reserved\nby hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ngenetic results of embryo transfer in cattle . i . case of a closed herd\n. this study aimed to determine the practical application of vascular lab studies in determining limb salvage outcomes in injured patients with concerning clinical examinations . a retrospective review of the trauma registry at a level i center was c . . .\nabdulkadyrov , k . m . ; rukavitsyn , o . a . ; bessmel & apos ; tsev , s . s . ; martynkevich , i . a . ; saltykova , l . b . ; sidorova , z . iu . ; blinov , m . n . ; shcherbakova , e . g . ; shilova , e . r .\n. to elucidate feasibility of accurate diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) without cytogenetic and molecular - genetic investigations as well as to specify cml diagnostic criteria , clinicohematological parameters were compared in two groups of . . .\n. although their impact on global sulphur supplies is currently rather small , the smaller exporters in the arabian gulf have found a niche in markets in their locality . their contribution world - wide is expected to become increasingly significant in . . .\n. a rare case of gummatous syphilis of the scalp involving underlying bones in a 50 years old male is reported . the diagnosis was confirme , d by history , clinical examination , serological and radiological findings . salient radiological features regar . . .\n. in this paper , new quantitative linear ( hlf ratio : high frequency / low frequency spectral power ratio ) and non - linear parameters ( zc : zero crossing and fd : fractal dimension ) which can assist the physician in real - time decision whether a shunt is r . . .\n. this study was undertaken to describe the musculoskeletal manifestations in a selected population of 26 patients with biopsy - proven osteomalacia ( om ) and provide a literature update . the 26 patients with biopsy - proven om were selected from a total . . ."]}
{"id": 1894, "summary": [{"text": "charlie cruz ( born 3 april 1975 in r\u00edo piedras , puerto rico ) is one of the new stars of the salsa music genre .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "his start was well received by the puerto rican recording industry .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "born in 1975 in puerto rico cruz was the oldest of seven siblings .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "he lived his adolescent years in paterson , new jersey , in the united states , where he grew to love salsa music .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "his models were exponents of the afro-caribbean genre such as h\u00e9ctor lavoe and frankie ruiz .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "his musical career started by singing chorus for his father , fonzy cruz , who recorded three records .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1996 , the younger cruz decided to move to puerto rico to be closer to his family and musical roots .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "by so doing , he entered the salsa scene , working for two years as a vocalist in domingo qui\u00f1ones \u2018 orchestra .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at that time he took singing classes and studied piano as well .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in his 2nd cd as a soloist , cruz hit the international scene with his album imaginate .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "with the wea latina label , the production was helped by sergio george who directed and arranged .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "in that album , cruz was co - songwriter of \u201c y gritar\u00e9 \u201d , together with guadalupe garc\u00eda and sergio george .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "few people know that before becoming a singer he worked for five years as a boxer and became a professional in the 132 pound weight class .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "but the pull of music was stronger still , impelling him into a career as professional music artist .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his latest release : asi soy featured the song hoy es el dia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "charlie cruz , who today divides his time between puerto rico and tampa , grew up in the small town of naguabo .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "his love of salsa began as a 10-year-old , when he became a backup singer in the orchestra of his father , fonzy cruz .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the more he was exposed to music , the more he loved it .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "as he gained stage experience and worked with established salsa hit makers , cruz realized how much he truly loved the genre .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "his life changed drastically when he was invited to perform at a concert and share the stage with top acts like gilberto santa rosa , victor manuelle and tito nieves .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "as a result of this performance , he was signed by sir george records .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "under this label , he produced such hits as \" bombon de azucar \" and \" amarte es un problema . \"", "topic": 15}, {"text": "\" dejala que baile , \" the first single off mas de mi , features an upbeat , catchy flavor that will have every salsa fan swinging their hips on the dance floor . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "charlie cruz", "paragraphs": ["jp cruz , n alquwez , cp cruz , rfd felicilda\u2010reynaldo , lm vitorino , . . .\njp cruz , pc colet , n alquwez , h alqubeilat , ma bashtawi , ea ahmed , . . .\ns gennaro , gc mancus , j campbell , pc colet , jp cruz , g cacho , . . .\njoin international superstar , olga ta\u00f1\u00f3n and rising salsa star charlie cruz for the \u201c concierto del amor \u201d . share the evening with two latin artists who are currently heating up the billboard latin charts for a special engagement live for one night only .\nmoe ' s alley welcomes back blues legend charlie musselwhite for a saturday night . get your tickets early for this one .\nnamed one of puerto rico ' s best salsa performers , charlie cruz\u2019s albums such as imaginate and asi soy , as well as the 2016 single\nse cae el mundo\nfeaturing tito nieves , showcase his upbeat , catchy flavor that always fills the dance floor .\n( february 1 , 2011 ) - salsa star , charlie cruz makes his first appearance on billboard ' s latin tropical albums chart with his brand new album ,\nsigo aqu\u00ed\n. the new album released on november 16 th reaches position # 8 on the prestigious chart and becomes charlie ' s first top 10 album .\nsigo aqu\u00ed\nis one of the top 20 selling tropical albums in the u . s . and puerto rico . it is also becoming a favorite among salsa audiences establishing charlie as one of the leading soneros of our generation .\ncharlie cruz ( born 3 april 1975 in r\u00edo piedras , puerto rico ) is one of the new stars of the salsa music genre . signed up by sir george records , under this label he produced such hits as\nbombon de azucar\nand\namarte es un problema\n.\ncharlie cruz surged onto the music scene with his hit song , \u201c bomb\u00f3n de az\u00facar \u201d in 1999 . he has since recorded eight studio albums including his latest premio lo nuestro nominated release , \u201c sigo aqu\u00ed \u201d . his songs , unmistakable thanks to his artistic personality are heard on the airwaves of three continents and to date he has amassed seven top 10 hits on the billboard tropical chart including , \u201c t\u00fa me confundes \u201d , \u201c amarte es un problema \u201d and \u201c necesito m\u00e1s de t\u00ed \u201d . he is a part of a new generation of salsa singers in which his distinctively individual style sets him apart from the rest . charlie is one of the eternally vibrant salsa movement\u2019s top performers drawing his influences from legends h\u00e9ctor lavoe and frankie ruiz .\nwith an induction into the blues music hall of fame , 35 blues music awards ( including three wins in 2014 ! ) and 11 grammy nominations ( including a 2014 win ! ) , american electric blues harmonica player and bandleader charlie musselwhite has truly earned legendary status as one of blues music\u00b9s most important artists .\nlast week charlie ' s lead single ,\nnecesito mas de ti\nmoved into the top 5 of billboard ' s latin tropical airplay chart at position # 4 becoming his 6 th top 5 hit . the lead single continues this week within the top 10 for a fifth week and is the highest charting salsa song on that list alongside hits from don omar , prince royce and pitbull . the song has been receiving high rotation throughout the country and it is # 1 in detects . the video for\nnecesito mas de ti\nwill be released the this summer .\none of the non - black bluesmen who came to prominence in the early 1960s ( alongside mike bloomfield and paul butterfield , among others ) , musselwhite was reportedly the inspiration for dan aykroyd ' s character in the blues brothers . he was born in mississippi but spent his formative years in memphis , tn during the period when rockabilly , western swing , electric blues and other forms of african american music were combining to give birth to rock and roll . musselwhite supported himself by digging ditches , laying concrete and running moonshine in a 1950 lincoln automobile . this environment was musselwhite\u00b9s school for music , as well as life , and where he acquired the nickname\nmemphis charlie\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthe online extension of billboard magazine , urltoken is the essential online destination for the music business .\ndraft : drafted by the atlanta braves in the 13th round of the 1995 mlb june amateur draft .\ncurrent greats : clayton kershaw , bryce harper , mike trout , jake arrieta , miguel cabrera , zack greinke , jose altuve , . . .\nall - 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star game , 2017 all - star game , all - time all - star batters , all - time all - star pitchers , . . .\noracle of baseball , uniform number tracker , cups of coffee , pronunciation guide , birthplaces , players by school attended , . . . .\n2018 draft , 2017 draft , 2016 draft , mlb number one picks , . . .\nminor league stats , negro league stats , nippon pro baseball stats , cuban national series stats , korean baseball stats , 2018 minor leagues , 2018 affiliates , . . .\n85 , 000 + pages of baseball information , how to contribute , . . .\nbatting glossary , pitching glossary , wins above replacement explainer , war data archive , br data coverage , . . .\nall logos are the trademark & property of their owners and not sports reference llc . we present them here for purely educational purposes . our reasoning for presenting offensive logos .\nmuch of the play - by - play , game results , and transaction information both shown and used to create certain data sets was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted by retrosheet .\nwin expectancy , run expectancy , and leverage index calculations provided by tom tango of urltoken , and co - 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day , family - friendly , free event will be held saturday and sunday , august 12 and 13 , from 11 am - 8 pm each day in genoa park downtown . you can watch the announcement here :\nhaving just released a brand new single ,\nla verdad\nfeaturing luis vargas , this new york - based foursome has pioneered an urban - influenced bachata style , fusing the tropical and sentimental sounds of traditional bachata with the rock , hip hop , and r & b of the streets of nyc .\nformer lead singer of los hermanos rosario , to\u00f1o rosario went on to a successful solo career , earning three grammy nominations and selling more than 100 million albums with his signature romantic merengue style .\nfresh from his critically acclaimed performance in the off - broadway play i like it like that , grammy - and latin grammy - nominated salsa music star tito nieves (\nel pavarotti de la salsa\n) has set himself apart by incorporating english into his recordings , earning numerous gold records in a music career that spans more than 30 years .\na detailed schedule will be released at a later date , and will include the full lineup of entertainment and activities to be featured at the 2017 festival .\nto post your recommendation , please sign in or join your neighborhood on nextdoor .\napaza entertainment is a well respected company with over 10 years of experience in providing the total package for all your entertainment needs . we handle every aspect of your event from start to finish . we can promote your event , book the artists and coordinate the show . we have the resources and tools to create a solid presentation that will assure your event will be a total success . we are backed by a team of professionals who are capable of tackling any event big or small . we also work with you to provide the best talent available for your budget . we can do this because we deal directly with the artists and record labels to get the best rates possible . apaza entertainment is a company that is growing and expanding at a fast pace due to our satisfied customers who use us repeatedly to handle their entertainment needs . we have accomplished this because we care about our clients and work closely with them to create the perfect event . our team of professionals give 100 % of their time and effort on every project , big or small . we are a latino owned company with a bi - 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{"id": 1897, "summary": [{"text": "parischnogaster jacobsoni is a species of social wasp within parischnogaster , the largest and least known genus of stenogastrinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is distinguished mainly by its tendency to construct ant guards on its nests .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "natural selection has led this wasp to have a thick substance emitted from its abdominal glands that allows it to protect its nest from invasions .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "parischnogaster as a genus has been relatively unstudied ; p. jacobsoni is one of the few investigated species because it has sufficient durability to live near human populations and it has demonstrated unusual resilience to pollution .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "while p. jacobsoni is a more complex organism than other wasps in parischnogaster , the genus overall is relatively primitive with respect to social wasps as a whole . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "parischnogaster jacobsoni", "paragraphs": ["the dufour gland and the secretion placed on eggs of 2 species of social wasps , liostenogaster - flavolineata and parischnogaster - jacobsoni ( vespidae , stenogastrinae ) .\nlaboratory observations on the social behaviour of parischnogaster alternata ( vespidae stenogastrina . . .\nbuysson r du . 1913 . ischnogaster jacobsoni . bulletin de la musee d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris 7 : 436 .\ncolonial cycle of parischnogaster nigricans serrei ( du buysson ) in west java ( hymenoptera stenogastr . . .\nparischnogaster jacobsoni , studied in malaysia , presents long linear nests and haplometrotic nest foundation . in mature colonies more than one fertilized female and at least one potential egg layer can be found . dominance - subordinance interactions are correlated with the reproductive potential of the females and with the division of labour . this species resembles parischnogaster nigricans serrei , studied in java , in its biology , nest architecture and social organization .\nsakagami sf . 1969 . parischnogaster alternata in yoshikawa k , ohgushi r , sakagami sf , eds . nature and life in southeast asia 6 : 155 .\nparischnogaster jacobsoni , qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e en malaisie , a de longs nids lin\u00e9aires et pr\u00e9sente une fondation du nid haplom\u00e9trotique . dans les colonies m\u00fbres on retrouve commun\u00e9ment plus d ' une femelle fertilis\u00e9e et au moins une femelle qui peut pondre . les interactions de dominance - subordination sont li\u00e9es au potentiel reproductif des femelles et \u00e0 la division du travail . la biologie , l ' architecture du nid et l ' organisation sociale de cette esp\u00e8ce ressemblent \u00e0 celles de parischnogaster nigricans serrei , qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9e \u00e0 java .\nsummary parischnogaster jacobsoni , studied in malaysia , presents long linear nests and haplometrotic nest foundation . in mature colonies more than one fertilized female and at least one potential egg layer can be found . dominance - subordinance interactions are correlated with the reproductive potential of the females and with the division of labour . this species resemblesparischnogaster . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncluster analysis , provided a dendrogram based on wing shape ( fig . 6 ) largely congruent with the tree obtained by cladistic studies ( carpenter , 1988 ) , with the genera eustenogaster and liostenogaster branched from parischnogaster and metischnogaster . however the cluster analysis grouped the eustenogaster species with the liostenogaster ones , while in the cladogram ( carpenter , 1988 ) , liostenogaster is sister to all other genera . as consequence of this layout liostenogaster species are split in two groups and some of them ( l . campanulae , l . flavolineata , l . pardii and l . vechti ) appeared nearer to the eustenogaster ones than to the congeneric l . topoghaphica and l . nitidipennis ( fig . 6 ) . moreover , the parischnogaster species are readily sub - grouped in p . alternata and p . striatula ( both belonging to the striatula - group ) and p . jacobsoni , p . mellyi and parischnogaster sp . ( all belonging to nigricans - group ) ( fig . 6 ) .\nthe secretion placed on eggs and fed to larvae and the \u201cant guard\u201d placed on the nest stalk of parischnogaster jacobsoni contain the same hydrocarbons and in approximately the same proportions as is found in the dufour gland . the secretion on eggs is a mixture of the contents of the dufour gland and nectar . the emulsifying agent is a palmitic acid salt . similarly , in liostenogaster flavolineata , the egg secretion is an emulsion of nectar and dufour gland secretion , which contains alkoxyethanol emulsifiers , found in nature for the first time .\n. . . seven genera are currently recognized in the subfamily ( carpenter , 2001 ) , and the late j . van stenogastrinae ; however , he died in 1992 before having completed the revisions of eustenogaster van der vecht , 1969 , liostenogaster van der vecht , 1969 , and parischnogaster von schulthess , 1914 . the revisions of these genera that van der vecht began were taken over by c . k . starr on parischnogaster and by s . turillazzi on liostenogaster , but descriptions of only liostenogaster species have appeared ( turillazzi , 1988 ( turillazzi , , 1999turillazzi and carfi , 1996 ) . . . .\n. . . forewings of the following malaysian stenogastrinae species were collected in the field and used in this study : eustenogaster calyptodoma ( sakagami and yoshikawa , 1968 ) , e . micans ( de saussure , 1852 ) , e . fraterna ( bingham , 1897 ) , liostenogaster campanulae ( turillazzi , 1999 ) , l . flavolineata ( cameron , 1902 ) , l . nitidipennis ( de saussure , 1952 ) , l . pardii ( turillazzi and carf\u00ec , 1996 ) , l . topographica ( turillazzi , 1999 ) , l . vechti ( turillazzi , 1988 ) , metischnogaster drewseni ( de saussure , 1857 ) , parischnogaster alternata ( sakagami , 1969 ) , p . mellyi ( de saussure , 1852 ) , p . jacob buysson , 1913 ) , parischnogaster sp . , p . striatula ( du buysson , 1905 ) . parischnogaster sp . is an undescribed species but it is quite common in malaya peninsula ( pers . . . .\nfig . 2 . graphical representation of the first ( x - axis ) and of the second ( y - axis ) relative warp ( rw ) of the forewing vein junctions analysis . open pentagons , e . calyptodoma ; black stars , e . micans ; open rhombus , e . fraterna ; triad , l . campanulae ; black triangles , l . flavolineata ; open triangles , l . nitidipennis ; open circles , l . pardii ; black rhombus , l . topographica ; black rectangles , l . vechti ; open squares , m . drewseni ; black circles , p . alternata ; black squares , p . mellyi ; x - shaped , p . jacobsoni ; sun - shaped , parischnogaster sp . , open stars , p . striatula .\nanalyses of the volatile compounds in the venom sacs of seven species of stenogastrine wasps , belonging to three different genera , have revealed a mixture of linear alkanes and alkenes , with a chain length ranging from c11 to c17 in all the species . among conspecifics , the composition of the mixture was consistent , while clear differences have been found between different species . venom glands of some species also contained oxygenated compounds and , in one species , some pyrazines . most of these compounds were found to be species - specific but were not always found in every individual of a species . in the genus parischnogaster , p jacobsoni and p . mellyi showed the presence of some spiroacetals that were not found in p . alternata and p . striatula . the possible functions of the venom sac volatiles in the biology of the stenogastrinae are discussed\nanalyses of the volatile compounds in the venom sacs of seven species of stenogastrine wasps , belonging to three different genera , have revealed a mixture of linear alkanes and alkenes , with a chain length ranging from c 11 to c 17 in all the species . among conspecifics , the composition of the mixture was consistent , while clear differences have been found between different species . venom glands of some species also contained oxygenated compounds and , in one species , some pyrazines . most of these compounds were found to be species - specific but were not always found in every individual of a species . in the genus parischnogaster , p jacobsoni and p . mellyi showed the presence of some spiroacetals that were not found in p . alternata and p . striatula . the possible functions of the venom sac volatiles in the biology of the stenogastrinae are discussed .\nlaboratory observations on colonies of parischnogaster alternata sakagami have revealed new aspects of the social behaviour of this species which it was not possible to observe in previous short - term studies conducted in the field . a dominance - subordinance hierarchy and division of labour were found to exist in both mature colonies and among females on a newly founded nest . the movements of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nparischnogaster nigricans serrei has 4 larval instars . the larva does not spin a cocoon and the cell is closed by adult females , who reopen the operculum a few days later to extract the larval meconium , then close the cell again . immature life lasts an average of 44 . 5 days . adult - larva interactions are frequent and the curled up larvae react to adult solicitations by opening themselves like . . . [ show full abstract ]\na checklist of the species in the subfamily stenogastrinae is presented , including synonyms , nomenclatural changes , and distributional summaries . forty - five species in seven genera are treated as valid , with an additional three subspecies . excluding emendations , misspellings and nomina nuda , a further 16 names are treated as available synonyms , but eight of these names are listed only as questionable synonyms . a new combination is parischnogaster aurifrons ( smith ) . thirty new locality records are given .\n. . . cuticular hydrocarbons ( hereafter chcs ) together with pheromones are assumed to regulate almost all social interactions , implying the chemical senses as the predominant channels of communication in insect societies [ 6 , 8 ] . in the last two decades , however , visual communication abilities have been discovered in two subfamilies of social wasps [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] . a pioneering experiment demonstrated that males of the stenogastrinae wasp parischnogaster mellyi use a visual status badge during flying duels for winning a perch in aerial leks [ 14 ] . . . .\nparischnogaster mellyi is a common species of hover wasp which lives in the oriental region . in this research we wanted to achieve a deeper understanding of some aspects of its social biology and chemical ecology considering the composition of colonies , the reproductive poten - tial of the female nest - mates , the chemical similarities between the adult cuticular hydrocarbons , the nest paper , the dufour ' s gland secretion of the females and the pap placed on the eggs as a support for larval develop - ment . we were able to assess with nest exchange experiments that this species is capable of immature brood recognition . neither the pap placed on eggs , nor the nest odour are used in this recognition process , despite the potential discrimination cues shown by chemical analyses .\n. . . a pioneering experiment demonstrated that males of the stenogastrinae wasp parischnogaster mellyi use a visual status badge during flying duels for winning a perch in aerial leks [ 14 ] . it was since found that visual communication plays a key role in the social interactions between colony members and indeed , a facial badge of status has been shown to convey information on the agonistic qualities in foundresses of the north american population of polistes dominula and to regulate dominance hierarchies in the stenogastrinae wasp liostenogaster vechti [ 10 , 11 ] , but see [ 15 , 16 ] . polistes fuscatus wasps are more aggressive to individuals with unfamiliar appearances landing on the nest [ 9 ] and they are able to remember the individual identity of partners after one week of interactions with several other wasps [ 17 ] . . . .\nin particular , all specimens were correctly assigned with the exception of two e . calyptodoma erroneously assigned to e . micans and two l . campanulae to l . flavolineata . intriguingly , function 1 represented by the variables rw1 and rw4 while function 2 by the variables rw2 and rw3 . in the cross - validation test , where specimens were blindly entered into the analysis only 7 out of 149 cases were misclassified in different congeneric species ( 94 . 6 % of correct classification ) : three l . campanulae were identified as l . flavolineata , two e . calyptodoma as e . micans , one p . striatula as p . alternata and one p . jacobsoni as p . mellyi . differences between genera in wing shape are illustrated by deformation grids reported in figure 4 . as shown in table 1 , the landmarks 17 and 20 gave the major contribution to the variation in shape of the forewing ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nthe hover wasps ( stenogastrinae ) comprise 58 described species in 7 genera which are distributed in the south east asian tropics , from india to new guinea . this chapter offers a sketch of their systematics . there follows a brief history of the studies by researchers of these wasps , focusing on the main problems , phylogeny and social evolution of these insects . general characteristic of other social wasps are briefly presented and discussed .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbaracchi d , dapporto l , teseo s , hashim r , turillazzi s ( 2010 ) medium molecular weight polar substances of the cuticle as tools in the study of the taxonomy , systematics and chemical ecology of tropical hover wasps ( hymenoptera : stenogastrinae ) . j zool syst evol res 48 : 109\u2013114\nbaracchi d , dapporto l , turillazzi s ( 2011 ) relevance of wing morphology in distinguishing and classifying genera and species of stenogastrinae wasps . contrib zool 80 : 191\u2013199\ncarpenter jm ( 1982 ) the phylogenetic relationships and natural classification of the vespoidea ( hymenoptera ) . syst entomol 7 : 11\u201338\ncarpenter jm ( 1988 ) the phylogenetic system of the stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . j n y entomol soc 96 : 140\u2013175\ncarpenter jm ( 1991 ) phylogenetic relationships and the origin of social behavior in the vespidae . in : ross kg , matthews rw ( eds ) the social biology of wasps . cornell university press , ithaca , ny\ncarpenter jm ( 2001 ) new generic synonymy in stenogastrinae ( insecta : hymenoptera ; vespidae ) . nat hist bull ibaraki univ 5 : 27\u201330\ncarpenter jm ( 2003 ) on \u201cmolecular phylogeny of vespidae ( hymenoptera ) and the evolution of sociality in wasps . am mus novit 3389 : 1\u201320\ncarpenter jm , kojima j ( 1996 ) checklist of the subfamily stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . j n y entomol soc 104 : 21\u201336\ncarpenter jm , kojima j ( 2006 ) checklist of the species of the subfamily stenogastrinae bequaert , 1918 ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . natural history laboratory , ibaraki university ( iunh ) and world association for the study of paperwasps ( wasp ) , japan . 13 : 5\u201326\ncarpenter jm , starr ck ( 2000 ) a new genus of hover wasps from southeast asia ( hymenoptera : vespidae ; stenogastrinae ) . am mus novit 3291 : 1\u201312\ncervo r , dani fr ( 1996 ) social parasitism and its evolution in polistes . in : turillazzi s , west - eberhad mj ( eds ) natural history and evolution of paper - wasps . oxford university press , oxford\n( hymenoptera : vespidae ) invading north america : some hypotheses for its rapid spread . insect soc 47 : 155\u2013157\nchapman re , bourke afg ( 2008 ) the influence of sociality on the conservation biology of social insects . ecol lett 4 : 650\u2013662\ndas bp , gupta vk ( 1984 ) a catalogue of the families stenogastridae and vespidae from the indian subregion ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . orient insects 17 : 395\u2013464\nde saussure h ( 1852\u20131858 ) monographie des gu\u00eapes sociales ou de la tribu des vespiens . masson / j . cherbuliez , paris / gen\u00e8ve\ndong d , otsuka k ( 1997 ) the stenogastridae ( hymenoptera : vespoidea ) of china . j southwestern agric univ 19 : 205\u2013212 ( in chinese )\ndover c , rao r ( 1922 ) a note on the diplopterous wasps in the collection of the indian museum . j asiat soc bengal 18 : 235\u2013249\nedwards r ( 1980 ) social wasps , their biology and control . rentokil limited , east grinstead\nevans he , west - 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founding paper wasps . in : vander meer rk , breed md , winston ml , espelie ke ( eds ) pheromone communication in social insects : ants , wasps , bees , and termites . westview press , colorado\nstarks pt ( 2004 ) recognition systems : from components to conservation . ann zool fenn 41 : 689\u2013690\nturillazzi s , francescato e ( 1989 ) observation on the behaviour of male stenogastrine wasps ( hymenoptera , vespidae , stenogastrinae ) . actes coll insectes soc 5 : 181\u2013187\nturillazzi s , sledge mf , dapporto l , landi m , fanelli d , fondelli l , zanetti p , dani fr ( 2004 ) epicuticular lipids and fertility in primitively social wasps ( hymenoptera stenogastrinae ) . physiol entomol 29 : 1\u20138\nturillazzi s , fanelli d , theodora p , lambardi d , ortolani i , hashim r , baracchi d ( 2008 ) determinants of immature brood and nest recognition in a stenogastrine wasp ( hymenoptera vespidae ) . ethol ecol evol 20 : 17\u201333\nvander meer rk , morel l ( 1998 ) nestmate recognition in ants . in : vander meer rk , breed md , winston ml , espelie ke ( eds ) pheromone communication in social insects : ants , wasps , bees , and termites . westview press , colorado\nwest - eberhard mj ( 1969 ) the social biology of polistine wasps . misc publ mus zool univ michigan 140 : 1\u2013101\n( hymenoptera stenogastrinae ) , visual and olfactory recognition cues . j insect phys 47 : 1013\u20131020\nturillazzi s . ( 2012 ) social communication . in : the biology of hover wasps . springer , berlin , heidelberg\n1982 . multicomponent mandibular gland secretions in three species of andrena bees ( hym , apoidea ) .\n1987 . new structural aspect of the dufour ' s and venom glands in social insects .\nsakagami ( vespidae , stenogastrinae ) , intra - specific variability in building strategies .\n1985 . mandibular gland secretions of two parasitoid wasps ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) .\n1986 . volatiles from the defensive secretion of two rove species ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) .\nk . g . ross and r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . comstock , ithaca , new york .\n1979a . mass - spectrometric fragmentation of alkyl - 1 , 6 - dioxaspiro [ 4 . 5 ] decanes .\n1979b . alkyl - 1 , 6 - dioxaspiro [ 4 . 5 ] decanes - a new class of pheromones .\n1992 . a chemical and chemotaxonomic study of the volatile secretions from some social insects . phd dissertation . university of keele , keele , uk .\nj . billen ( ed . ) . biology and evolution of social insects . leuven university press , leuven , belgium .\n1979 . occurrence and location of exocrine glands in some social vespidae ( hymenoptera ) .\n1995 . pheromonal mediation of alarm in the eastern yellowjacket ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) .\n1990 . untersuchungen fl\u00fcchtiger inhaltstoffe sozialer bienen und wespen . phd dissertation . university of hamburg , hamburg , germany .\n1992 . the chemical diversity of ants : is there system in diversity ? pp . 183\u2013194 .\nt . piek ( ed . ) . venoms of hymenoptera . biochemical , pharmacological and behavioural aspects . academic press , london .\n1984 . venom as an interspecific sex pheromone , and species recognition by a cuticular pheromone in paper wasps ( polistes , hymenoptera : vespidae ) .\n1990 . hymenoptera venoms : striving toward the ultimate defense against vertebrates , pp . 387\u2013419 ,\nd . l . evans and j . o . schmidt ( eds . ) . insect defense , adaptative mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators . state of new york press , albany .\ntengo , j . , bergstr\u00f6m , g . , borg - karlson , a . k . , groth , i .\n1989 . the origin and evolution of social life in the stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) .\n1990 . socialit\u00e0 ed arachitettura del nido nelle vespe stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) .\ns . turillazzi and m . j . west - eberhard ( eds . ) . natural history and evolution of paper - wasps . oxford university press , oxford .\ndani , f . r . , morgan , e . d . , jones , g . r . et al . j chem ecol ( 1998 ) 24 : 1091 . urltoken\nthis chapter describes the most common behavioural patterns of female and male hover wasps . behaviours are divided into three main groups , depending on their functional categories : elementary behaviour ( which ranges from feeding to mating ) , colony maintenance behaviour ( directed towards rearing and defence of immature brood and nest construction ) and social behaviour ( mainly interactions with conspecifics and nestmates ) . these are further divided into behaviours performed on the nest and off the nest . short videoclips for some behaviour are available online .\nor in the supplementary material ( esm ) of the electronic version of this chapter .\nbeani l ( 1996 ) lek - like courtship in paper wasps : \u201ca prolonged , delicate , and troublesome affair\u201d . in : turillazzi s , west - eberhard mj ( eds ) natural history and evolution of paper wasps . oxford university press , oxford\nbrown re , macdonald dw ( 1985 ) social odours in mammals . clarendon press , oxford\nfortunato a , coster - longman c ( 2000 ) reproductive behaviour and relative anatomical structures for the production of pheromones and luminous signals in male metischnogaster ( vespidae : stenogastrinae ) . insect soc life 3 : 27\u201328\nfortunato a , turillazzi s ( 2012 ) dufour\u2019s gland and massive use of its secretion drove the evolution of sting\u2019s morphology and function in hover wasps ( hymenoptera stenogastrinae ) . arthropod struct dev 41 : 259\u2013264\n( saussure ) , stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . proc konin neder akad wetens ser c 86 : 167\u2013178\n. in : ohgushi r ( ed ) ecological study on social insects in central sumatra with special reference to wasps and bees . sumatra nature study ( entomology ) , kanazawa university , japan\nspradbery jp ( 1989 ) the nesting of anischnogaster iridipennis ( smith ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new guinea . j aust entomol soc 28 : 225\u2013228\nturillazzi s ( 1990c ) socialit\u00e0 ed architettura del nido nelle vespe stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . atti acc naz ital entomol rendiconti xxxviii : 1\u201324\nturillazzi s , cervo r , dani fr ( 1997 ) intra - and inter - specific relationships in a cluster of stenogastrine wasp colonies ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) . ethol ecol evol 9 : 385\u2013395\nugolini a , cannicci s ( 1996 ) homing in paper - wasps . in : turillazzi s , west - eberhard mj ( eds ) natural history and the evolution of paper wasps . oxford university press , oxford\nturillazzi s . ( 2012 ) behaviour . in : the biology of hover wasps . springer , berlin , heidelberg\n1991 . phylogenetic relationships and the origin of social behavior in the vespidae , pp . 7\u201332 .\nk . g . ross and r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\n( hymenoptera , stenogastrinae ) . 10th international congress iussi , m\u00fcnchen , pp . 444\u2013445 .\n, m . h . 1977 . social behavior of a three wasp colony : stenogastrinae vespidae . proceedings , 15th international ethology conference , bielefeld , 23\u201331 august 1977 , p . 30 .\nflavolineata : social life in the small colonies of an asian tropical wasp , pp . 192\u2013195 ,\nm . d . breed , c . d . michener , and h . e . evans ( eds . ) . the biology of social insects , westview press , boulder , colorado .\n1967 . report of the fundamental research on the biological control of insect pests in thailand . ii . the report on the bionomics of aculeate wasps . bionomics of subsocial wasps of stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) .\nj . billen , ( ed . ) . biology and evolution of social insects . leuven university press , leuven .\n1971 . naturally occurring diol lipids . viii . mass spectrometric analysis of mono - and dialkyl ethers of diols .\n: in ecological study of social insects in central sumatra with special reference to wasps and bees .\nvan der vecht , with comments on the phytogeny of stenogastriniae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) .\n1972 . viscosity of hexadecanol and oxyethylated octadecanol monlayers and the effect of a wave on it .\nk . g . ross and r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . cornell university press , ithaca .\n1919 . philippine wasp studies . ii . descriptions of new species and life history studies .\nbull exp . stn . hawaii sugar plant . assoc . ( entomol . )\nuniversit\u00e0 di firenze and centro studio per la faunistica ed ecologia tropicali del c . n . r .\nkeegans , s . j . , morgan , e . d . , turillazzi , s . et al . j chem ecol ( 1993 ) 19 : 279 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nh . r . hermann ed . , academic press , vol . iv : 1\u2013105 .\n, 1982 . \u2014 liostenogaster flavolineata : social life in the small colonies of an asian tropical wasp . in :\n. m . breed , c . d . michener and h . e . evans , editors . westview press , boulder colorado , xii + 420 , pp . 192\u2013195 .\n, 1980 . \u2014 le vespe sociali : biologia ed evoluzione del comportamento . acc . naz . lincei ,\ncontrib . centr . linceo interdisc . sc . mat e applic . , 51\nvan der vecht with comments on the phylogeny of the stenogastrinae ( hymenoptera vespidae ) .\n1986b . \u2014 les stenogastrinae : un groupe cl\u00e9 pour l ' \u00e9tude de l ' \u00e9volution du comportement social chez les gu\u00eapes .\n, 1969 . \u2014 preliminary report on entomology of the osaka city university 5th expedition to southeast asia , 1966 .\nuniversita ' di firenze and centro di studio per la faunistica ed ecologia tropicali del c . n . r .\nmost species of animals are classified by scientific names , and are known to the public by one or more common names . unfortunately today\u2019s animal doesn\u2019t have a common name . i\u2019ve called it a social wasp because that\u2019s the group the species belongs to , and will refer to it as \u2018wasp\u2019 for the remainder of this post ."]}
{"id": 1901, "summary": [{"text": "callionima denticulata is a species of moth in the family sphingidae , which is known from panama , mexico , costa rica , nicaragua , bolivia , peru and western venezuela .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was originally described by schaus as calliomma denticulata , in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the wingspan is 59 \u2013 72 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing year round in costa rica .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is extremely similar to callionima pan pan , but the forewing apex is strongly truncate , the outer margin strongly excavate below the apex and markedly dentate .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the basal half of the forewing underside is distinctly orange , contrasting with the greyish-brown distal part .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing upperside is as in callionima pan pan , but the black anal spot is at least 1.5 mm wide .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on tabernaemontana alba and probably other apocynaceae species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they are green with reddish orange spiracles and a longitudinal , dotted black line down the back and an orange , thick anal horn . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "callionima denticulata", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for callionima denticulata yet . learn how to contribute .\nfamily : sphingidae , latreille , 1802 subfamily : macroglossinae , harris , 1839 tribe : dilophonotini , burmeister , 1878 genus : callionima lucas , 1857 . . . . . . . . . . . species : denticulata schaus , 1895\n, but the forewing apex is strongly truncate , and the outer margin is strongly hollowed out below the apex and markedly dentate . cate\nadults fly continuously and specimens have been taken in every month in costa rica . hubert mayer reports a january flight in western ecuador .\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen . both males and females nectar at flowers and come in to lights , but males are taken much more frequently that way .\nthe anal horn is orange and thick . larvae are green with reddish orange spiracles and a longitudinal , dotted black line down the back .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\na brand - new , unused , unopened , undamaged item ( including handmade items ) . see the seller ' s\nlisting for full details . see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice"]}
{"id": 1905, "summary": [{"text": "assara decipula is a species of snout moth in the genus assara .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by clarke in 1986 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in french polynesia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "assara decipula", "paragraphs": ["assara is a genus of small moths belonging to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) . they are part of the tribe phycitini within the huge snout moth subfamily phycitinae . = = selected species = = species of assara include : = = footnotes = = . . .\nassara - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about assaroe falls ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for assaroe falls ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1907, "summary": [{"text": "thiacidas alboporphyrea is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in madagascar and the adults have a wingspan of 50 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "thiacidas alboporphyrea", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for alboporphyrea definition . you find here alboporphyrea meaning , synonyms of alboporphyrea and images for alboporphyrea copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word alboporphyrea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word alboporphyrea and , of course , alboporphyrea synonyms and on the right images related to the word alboporphyrea .\nhave a fact about thiacidas leonie ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiacidas leonie ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhacker h . h . & zilli a . 2010 . revisional notes on the genus thiacidas walker , 1855 ( = trisula moore , 1858 , syn . nov . ) , new additional data on the thiacidinae with descriptions of seven new species and two subspecies ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) . - esperiana memoir 5 : 413\u2013432 .\nreise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 : mit mitteln der hermann und elise geb . heckmann wentzel - stiftung : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse /\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\npagenstecher a . 1907 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903\u201405 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 . systematische arbeiten , bd 2 , hft 2 ( lepidoptera heterocera von madagaskar , den comoren und ostafrika : uraniidae , geometridae , noctuidae , pyralidae , thyrididae , . . . - \u2014 2 ( 2 ) : 93\u2014146 , pl . 6 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nberio e . 1950b . diagnosi di nuove specie di nottue ( lepid . noctuidae = agrotidae ) . - bollettino della societ\u00e0 entomologica italiana 80 ( 9\u201310 ) : 89\u201392 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1980a . lepidoptera : fam . cossidae , limacodidae , sesiidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , notodontidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , nolidae , arctiidae , agaristidae , noctuidae , ctenuchidae . \u2013 in : wittmer & b\u00fcttiker ( eds . ) , fauna of saudi arabia 2 . - fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 179\u2013240 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1994 . arabian lepidoptera : a supplement to the catalogue of saudi arabian macro - heterocera . - fauna of saudi arabia 14 : 113\u2013136 .\nberio e . 1954e . nuove catocalinae africane al museo del congo belga di tervuren . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 66 : 336\u2013343 .\npagenstecher a . 1907 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903\u201305 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 . systematische arbeiten , bd 2 , hft 2 ( lepidoptera heterocera von madagaskar , den comoren und ostafrika : uraniidae , geometridae , noctuidae , pyralidae , thyrididae , . . . - \u2014 2 ( 2 ) : 93\u2013146 , pl . 6 .\nhacker h . h . , fibiger m . & legrain a . 2002 . thyrididae , uraniidae and noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) from the arabian peninsula with descriptions of new species . - esperiana 9 : 189\u2013207 , pl . 6 .\nfawcett j . m . 1916 . notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911\u201313 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 4 ) : 707\u2013737 , pl . 1 .\nbethune - baker g . t . 1911b . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from tropical africa . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 506\u2013542 .\nhacker h . h . 2004b . nolidae and noctuidae ( excluding catocalinae : audeini and tachosini ) ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 in : mey , z . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . - esperiana memoir 1 : 261\u2013304 .\nhampson g . f . 1916a . in poulton , e . b . on a collection of moths made in somaliland by mr . w . feather . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 1 ) : 91\u2013182 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nbrandt w . 1939b . beitrag zur lepidopteren - fauna von iran ( 3 ) . \u2013 einige neue agrotiden aus laristan und beloutchistan . - entomologische rundschau 56 : 241\u2013246 , 268\u2013273 , 294\u2013299 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1958 . a new ' noctuid ' moth from southern rhodesia : family agrotidae , subfamily ophiderinae . - occasional papers of the natural history museum in southern rhodesia 22b : 117\u2013118 ; pl . 1 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1968b . some new african lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 25 ( 9 ) : 153\u2013176 .\ngr\u00fcnberg k . 1910c . in : schultze , l . : zoologische und anthropologische ergebnisse einer forschungsreise in westlichen und zentralen s\u00fcdafrika . vierter band . systematik und tiergeographie . - denkschriften der medizinisch naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena 16 ( 4 ) : 1\u2013370 , pls . 1\u201312 [ chapter pagination : 91\u2013146 ] .\nhampson g . f . 1926a . descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera phalaenae of the subfamily noctuinae ( noctuidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . - \u2014 : 1\u2013641 .\nfawcett j . m . 1918 . notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911\u201313 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1917 ) ( 3\u20134 ) : 233\u2013250 , pl . 1 .\nhering e . m . 1926\u20131927 . pterothysanidae , lymantriidae , brahmaeidae . \u2013 in : seitz , a . ( ed . ) die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . eine systematische bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten gross - schmetterlinge . die afrikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer . - \u2014 14 : 123\u2013125 , 127\u2013204 , 349\u2013351 .\nhacker h . h . & zilli a . 2007 . revisional notes on the genus thiacides walker , 1855 , with descriptions of thiacidinae subfam . nov . and eleven species ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . - esperiana memoir 3 : 179\u2013246 , pls . 21\u201330 .\nmey w . 2011 . basic pattern of lepidoptera diversity in southwestern africa . - esperiana memoir 6 : 1\u2013316 .\nberio e . 1977 . diagnosi di nuovi taxa di noctuidae del globo ( lepidoptera ) . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria 81 : 321\u2013339 .\ngaede m . 1934\u20131939 . noctuidae . \u2013 in : seitz , a . ( ed . ) die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . eine systematische bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten gross - schmetterlinge . iie abteilung : die gross - schmetterlinge des afrikanischen faunengebietes . xv . band : eulenartige nachtfalter . - \u2014 15 : 30\u2013286 .\nwalker f . 1855c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera . - \u2014 5 : i\u2013iv , 977\u20131257 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1962a . new or little known lepidoptera from central africa . - occasional papers of the natural history museum in southern rhodesia 3 ( 26b ) : 871\u2013891 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nschultze a . 1931 . zwei neue heterocera aus franz\u00f6sisch - aequatorial afrika . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris 45 : 143\u2013145 .\nholland w . j . 1905 . a new noctuid from sierra leone . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 7 ) 16 : 18\u201320 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1910, "summary": [{"text": "muraena augusti is a moray eel found north of the eastern central atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was described by johann jakob kaup in 1856 , originally under the genus thyrsoidea .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is non-migratory , and dwells at a depth range of 0 to 250 metres ( 0 to 820 ft ) , most often at around 0 to 50 metres ( 0 to 164 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "muraena augusti", "paragraphs": ["jim\u00e9nez , s . , sch\u00f6nhuth , s . , lozano , i . j . , gonz\u00e1lez , j . a . , sevilla , r . g . , diez , a . and bautista , j . m . 2007 . morphological , ecological , and molecular analyses separate muraena augusti from mureana helena as a valid species . copeia 2007 ( 1 ) : 101 - 103 .\na synonym of m . helena ( wirtz et al . 2008 ) , but jim\u00e9nez et al . ( 2007 ) have confirmed the specific identity of m . augusti using morphological and genetic methods .\n( of thryrsoidea augusti kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of thyrsoidea augusti kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murenophis augusti ( kaup , 1856 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin the canary islands , m . augusti is a nocturnal territorial species inhabiting rocky and stony bottoms , sometimes hiding under large rocks in tidal pools , from shore to a depth of 250 m . however , it is more common in depths shallower than 50 m ( jiminez et al . 2007 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\nis known from the northeastern atlantic from macaronesian islands ( from north to south : azores , madeira , selvagens , canary islands , cape verde ) . it appears to be rare in museum collections . this species is not utilized , nor does it have any major threats known to affect it . its range may overlap marine protected areas in the region . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nis known from the northeastern atlantic from macaronesian islands ( from north to south : azores , madeira , selvagens , canary islands , cape verde ) . it has a wide depth range of zero to 250 m .\ncape verde ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )\nappears to be rare in museum collections ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species . its range may overlap marine protected areas in the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : suitable 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : suitable 12 . marine intertidal - > 12 . 1 . marine intertidal - rocky shoreline suitability : suitable 12 . marine intertidal - > 12 . 6 . marine intertidal - tidepools suitability : suitable\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology\nbrito , a . , pascual , p . j . , falc\u00f3n , j . m . , sancho , a . and gonz\u00e1lez , g . 2002 . peces de las islas canarias . catalogo comentado e ilustrado .\niucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 4 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 november 2015 ) .\nwirtz , p . , fricke , r . and biscoito , m . j . 2008 . the coastal fishes of madeira island - new records and an annotated check - list . zootaxa 1715 : 1 - 26 .\nif you respond to an existing comment , please click on the reply link under the corresponding text .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nupload attachment ( allowed file types : jpg , gif , png , maximum file size : 8mb .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nmy girlfriend and i stayed in la restinga , el hierro , in not mid - october . arrecifal is one of the best ( if not the best ) dive centers on el hierro . they provide wonderful guidance and is one of the few centers offering very good english communication . the dive center is owned by a couple , carlos and his wife anita . they are very . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 1917, "summary": [{"text": "amastra albolabris was a species of air-breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family amastridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to o\u02bbahu , and was known from the wai\u02bbanae range . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "amastra albolabris", "paragraphs": ["information on amastra albolabris is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - amastrid land snail ( amastra albolabris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - amastrid land snail ( amastra albolabris )\ntitle =\narkive species - amastrid land snail ( amastra albolabris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : amastra albolabris ( w . newcomb , 1854 ) - id : 5630000207\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amastra albolabris < / i > shell\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > amastra albolabris < / i > shell\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > amastra albolabris < / i > shell\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nclassified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .\nlikely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis species was originally described from waianoe [ waianae ] on oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) .\nextinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ncaum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .\njohnson , r . i . 1996 . types of land and freshwater mollusks from the hawaiian islands in the museum of comparative zoology , bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 155 ( 4 ) : 159 - 214 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe leopard shark is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1924, "summary": [{"text": "orectoloboides is an extinct genus of wobbegong sharks ( family orectolobidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by cappetta in 1977 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a new species , o. angulatus , was described from the cenomanian period of canada by charlie j. underwood and stephen l. cumbaa in 2010 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "orectoloboides", "paragraphs": ["copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\neugomphodus winkleri , odontaspis aff . winkleri , odontaspis cf . winkleri , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) aff . winkleri , odontaspis ( synodontaspis ) winkleri , synodontaspis winkleri\ngigantichthys pharao , ischyrhiza iwakiensis , onchosaurus cf . pharao , onchosaurus iwakiensis , onchosaurus ( onchosaurus ) pharao , titanichthys pharao\nctenacanthus clarki , ctenacanthus clarkii , ctenacanthus compressus , didymodus compressus , diplodus compressus , dittodus compressus , orthacanthus aff . compressus , orthacanthus cf . compressus , pleuracanthus ( diplodus ) compressus , xenacanthus cf . compressus , xenacanthus compressus\ndiacranodus texensis , didymodus texensis , orthacanthus ( lebachacanthus ) texensis , xenacanthus aff . texensis , xenacanthus texensis\ncarcharodon obliquus , lamna obliqua , lamna obliquus , odontaspis taurus obliqua , otodus cf . obliquus , otodus giganteus , otodus plicatilis\ncarcharocles auriculatus sokolowi , carcharocles cf . sokolowi , carcharocles sokolovi , carcharocles sokolowi , carcharodon angustidens sokolowi , carcharodon sokolovi , carcharodon sokolowi , otodus cf . sokolovi , otodus cf . sokolowi , otodus sokolovi sokolovi , otodus ( carcharocles ) cf . sokolowi , procarcharodon angustidens cf . sokolowi , procarcharodon cf . sokolowi , procarcharodon sokolovi , procarcharodon sokolowi\ncarcharocles aff . angustidens , carcharocles angustidens , carcharocles angustidens turgidus , carcharocles cf . angustidens , carcharocles megalodon angustidens , carcharocles rectus , carcharocles turgidus , carcharodon aff . angustidens , carcharodon aff . angustidens turgidus , carcharodon aff . turgidus , carcharodon angustidens , carcharodon angustidens angustidens , carcharodon angustidens turgidus , carcharodon arndti , carcharodon cf . angustidens , carcharodon cf . praemegalodon , carcharodon cf . turgidus , carcharodon lanceolatus , carcharodon longidens , carcharodon megalodon robustus , carcharodon praemegalodon , carcharodon rectus , carcharodon robustus , carcharodon simus , carcharodon turgidus , otodus angustidens , otodus angustidens angustidens , otodus angustidens turgidus , otodus arndti , otodus lanceolatus , otodus praemegalodon , otodus rectus , otodus robustus , otodus turgidus , procarcharodon angustidens , procarcharodon angustidens angustidens , procarcharodon cf . angustidens , procarcharodon praemegalodon , procarcharodon turgidus\ncarcharias giganteus , carcharias grosseserratus , carcharias incidens , carcharias macrodon , carcharias megalodon , carcharias mexicanus , carcharias polygurus , carcharias polygyrus , carcharias productus , carcharias ( prionodon ) incidens , carcharocles aff . megalodon , carcharocles aff . subauriculatus , carcharocles megalodon , carcharocles megalodon megalodon , carcharocles productus , carcharodon arcuatus , carcharodon branneri , carcharodon brevis , carcharodon costae , carcharodon crassidens , carcharodon crassirhadix , carcharodon crassus , carcharodon gibbesi , carcharodon gigas , carcharodon helveticus , carcharodon humilis , carcharodon intermedius , carcharodon latissimus , carcharodon leviathan , carcharodon megalodon , carcharodon megalodon indica , carcharodon megalodon megalodon , carcharodon megalodon polygyra , carcharodon megalodon productus , carcharodon megalodon siculus , carcharodon megalodon yamanarii , carcharodon morricei , carcharodon polygurus , carcharodon polygyrus , carcharodon productus , carcharodon quenstedti , carcharodon rectidens , carcharodon rectideus , carcharodon semiserratus , carcharodon subauriculatus , carcharodon tumidissimus , carcharodon turicensis , megaselachus arcuatus , megaselachus auriculatus falciformis , megaselachus branneri , megaselachus brevis , megaselachus crassidens , megaselachus crassirhadix , megaselachus crassus , megaselachus gigas , megaselachus heterodon , megaselachus humilis , megaselachus incidens , megaselachus leviathan , megaselachus megalodon , megaselachus megalodon indicus , megaselachus polygyrus , megaselachus productus , megaselachus rectidens , megaselachus semiserratus , megaselachus subauriculatus , otodus megalodon , procarcharodon aff . megalodon , procarcharodon megalodon , procarcharodon megalodon megalodon , selache manzonii\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\n( pdf ) new fossil species of somniosus and rhinoscymnus ( squaliformes : somniosidae ) , deep water sharks from oligocene rocks of western washington state , usa .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nnew fossil species of somniosus and rhinoscymnus ( squaliformes : somniosidae ) , deep water sharks from oligocene rocks of western washington state , usa .\nsullivan , r . m . and lucas , s . g . , eds . , 2016 , fossil record 5 . new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 74 .\nkeasey formation crinoid lagerst\u00e4tte at mist , oregon , and the kirker sandstone at mt . diablo , california . the\nsandstone near mt . diablo , california ( welton , 1979 , p . 474 ) were\nyears ( adnet and cappetta , 2001 ; adnet et al . , 2006 ; t\nand adnet et al . ( 2006 ) suggested the chronologic range of the genus\nmodi\ue0bfed from niem et al . ( 1994 ) , and burns et al . ( 2005 ) .\n, adnet , et al , 2006 , p . 63 - 64 , designated\n, adnet et al . , 2008 , p . 715 - 716 , notes genus invalid ;\nlarge lower teeth ( maximum tooth height 7 . 95 mm ) ; differing from all\n1927 ; moore , 1976 ; mcknight et al . , 1992 , 1994 ; niem et al . , 1994 ;\net sp . nov . , type and referred specimens were collected . nmmnh and\n\u2013 biostratigraphic time scales and zonation after berggren et al . ( 1995 ) ,\n, oregon . ( a ) , labial view ; ( b ) , lingual view .\nupper anteroposterior ( figs . 4 - 5 , 7 ) and lower medial ( fig . 3 ) and anteroposterior teeth ( figs .\n6 , 8 - 9 ) , from early oligocene kirker sandstone at mt . diablo , contra costa county , california ( lacm locality 4304 ; figs . 1 - 5 ) , and early\noligocene or latest eocene keasey formation at mist ( nmmnh locality 9105 and lacm locality 4308 ) , columbia county , oregon ( figs . 6 - 9 ) .\n) views , selected to represent relative row positions along the dental series . illustrated tooth positions m1 , ap2 ,\nright side of the dentition , and have been digitally reversed to mimic teeth from the left side of the jaw . m1 , lacm 1\nokes , 1953 ; burns et al . , 2005 ) , earliest oligocene ( hickman ,\nal . , 1985 ) , correlative with chron c12r ( 31 . 0 to 33 . 0 ma ; prothero and\nstage and the whitneyan north american land - mammal \u201cage\u201d ( fig . 4 ) .\njunction , near the town of pittsburg , columbia county oregon ( fig . 1 ) .\nreferred teeth from the keasey formation ( fig . 7 . 6 - 9 )\noligocene , upper refugian to lower zemorrian ( tipton et al . , 1973 ) ,\nholotype and paratype teeth ( fig . 8 ) . the dental series includes medial\ndistal in the dental series . there is a general decrease in tooth height /\nthe jaw ( bigelow and schroeder , 1948 ; bass et al . , 1976 ; herman et\n8 - ap2 ) . the tooth is 5 . 65 mm high and 3 . 82 mm wide ( rw = tw ) , with\nrobust , short triangular cusp , inclined distally at an angle of 21 degrees .\nand the cusp apex does not extend distally beyond the cusp - heel notch .\ntrough , and the basal edge is irregular and horizontal . the root is robust ,\nthe adjacent distal tooth , covers 4 / 5ths of the root height . a\na point , just above a very large upper axial foramen . mesial and distal\nby a thin bridge of the lingual root face . mesial labial and distal labial\nanteroposterior teeth ( ap1 - ap9 ; figs . 5 . 2 - 5 , 6 . 1 - 5 , 8 ) :\nap ( 1 . 75 - 1 . 36 ) , then remain in the 1 . 3 range\nbut is estimated to have been wider than high ( 0 . 8 + ) . cusp inclination\nis about 1 / 2 the root height . labially , the apron is axially narrow and\ndeveloped close to the crown base , or on the distal root face . the mesial\nanteroposterior teeth are small ( th 3 . 7 mm and rw = 3 . 0 mm in lacm\nab . 1 ) , approximately 50 to 60 % of the lower anteroposteriors .\nin height ( missing mesial and distal root lobes ) . the tooth has a robust\na narrow , short , non - bifurcated apron . enough of the root is preserved\nlabial groove , and root lobes are unknown . lingually , there is a small ,\nanteroposterior tooth ( e . g . , root lobes , lower axial foramen , labial\ndoubt that these teeth , as suggested by adnet et al . ( 2006 ) , and v\ncrown \ue0bfgured by vialle et al . ( 2011 , \ue0bfg . 2 - 5 ) compares\nthe intersection of the distal heel and cusp . in labial view , the smaller\naround the apical rim of a large lower axial foramen . there is a very\nby kemp ( 1994 , p . 68 - 69 , pl . 1 , \ue0bfg .\nlee on the solent , hampshire basin , england ( adnet et al . , 2006 , p .\nclearly a dalatiid shark ( cappetta , 2006 ; adnet et al . , 2006 ) , however\ndistal labial pit and foramen . the tooth \ue0bfgured by kemp ( 1994 ) differs\nnotch formed by the intersection of the distal heel and cusp . labially , the\ndistal , and concave mesial cusp cutting edges , and a more lobate apron .\nto establish the identity of this tooth . the very broad - based , erect ,\ncommunication ) . according to heilmann - clausen et al . ( 1985 ) the\npoint ( molina et al , 2011 ; schnetler and heilmann - clausen , 2011 ) .\nranch no . 1 well , at a depth between 6206 - 6215 feet ( 1892 - 1894 m ) .\nand sandstones of the pittsburg bluff formation ( niem et al . , 1994 )\nformation ( mcknight et al . , 1992 ; niem et al . , 1994 ) . near the town\nmid - shelf depths , and warm - temperate waters ( moore , 1976 ) .\napproximately 15 miles ( 25 km ) to the northwest of the type locality ( fig .\nokes , 1953 ; burns and mooi , 2003 ; burns et al . , 2005 ) . in addition to\nnon - calcareous , organic - rich clay ( heilmann - clausen et al . , 1985 ) .\nrelated to periodic low oxygen bottom conditions ( burns et al . , 2005 ;\n4e - h ) , from the labguva formation , upper cenomanian , of lithuania .\ndental characters : lethaia , v . 34 , p . 234 - 248 .\nadnet , s . , cappetta , h . and mertiniene , r . , 2008 , re - evaluation of squaloid\nadnet , s . , cappetta , h . and reynders , j . , 2006 , nouveaux genres de squaliformes\n, j . d . and kistnasamy , n . , 1976 , sharks of the east coast\npaleontologists and mineralogists special publication , v . 54 , p . 129 - 212 .\nburns , c . , campbell , k . a . and mooi , r . , 2005 , exceptional crinoid occurrences\nburns , c . and mooi , r . , 2003 , an overview of eocene - oligocene echinoderm\ncappetta , h . , 2006 , elasmobranchii post - triadici ( index specierumet generum ) .\npalaeoecology : bulletin of the geological society of denmark , v . 62 , p .\nheilmann - clausen , c . , nielsen , o . b . and gersner , f\ndenmark : bulletin of the geological society of denmark , v . 33 , p . 287 -\nherman , j . , hovestadt - euler , m . and hovestadt , d . c . , 1989 , contributions\nstehmann , m . , ed . , part a : selachii . no . 3 : order : squaliformes , families :\nsciences naturelles de belgique , v . 59 , p . 101 - 157 .\na . and ivany , l . , eds . , from greenhouse to icehouse : the marine eocene\u2013\njohnson , h . d . and baldwin , c . t . , 1986 , shallow siliciclastic seas :\nscienti\ue0bfc publications , alden press , oxford , england , p . 229 - 282 .\n. and moore , g . w . , 1971 , stratigraphic relations of upper\nturell , j . , hardenbol , j . , heilmann - clausen , c . , larrasoa\u00f1a , j . c . ,\nluterbacher , h . , monechi , s . , ortiz , s . , orue - etxebarria , x . , payros ,\nlutetian stage at the gorrondatxe section , spain : episodes v . 34 , p . 86 - 108 .\noregon [ m . s . thesis ] : corvallis , oregon state university , p . 1 - 370 .\n, h . j . and campbell , k . a . , 1994 ,\ncounty , northwest oregon : unpublished m . s . thesis , corvallis , oregon\nprothero , d . r . and hankins , k . g . , 2001a , magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic\nmineralogists ( society for sedimentary geology ) book 91 , p . 201 - 209 .\nprothero , d . r . and hankins , k . g . , 2001b . magnetic stratigraphy and tectonic\njournal of geophysical research , v . 105 , p . 16 , 473 - 16 , 480 .\npublications in geological sciences , v . 16 , p . 449 - 460 .\nschnetler , k . i and heilmann - clausen , c . , 2011 ,\nsigni\ue0bfcance : the paleontological society of japan , v . 81 , p . 24 - 44 .\nunderwood , c . j . and schlogl , j . , 2013 , deep - water chondrichthyans from the\nw . c . and norbisrath , h . , 1946 , stratigraphy of the upper nehalem\nunited states and british columbia : paleobios , n . 17 , p . 1 - 15 .\nfrom the late eocene of western oregon , u . s . a . , and description of the\nwelton , b . j . and goedert , j . l . , 2016 , new fossil species of\nwelton , b . j . , 2016 , a new dalatiid shark ( squaliformes : dalatiidae ) from the early oligocene of oregon and california , usa ; in sullivan , r . m . and lucas , s . g . , eds . , new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 74 , p . 289 - 302 .\nfirst report of orthechinorhinus ( squaliformes : etmopteridae ) from the pacific basin ; a new species from early oligocene rocks of oregon , usa ; in sullivan , r . m . and lucas , s . g . , eds . , fossil record 5 : new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 74 , p . 303 - 308 .\nwelton and goedert 2016 new species of somniosus and rhinoscymnus from oligocene of western washingt . . .\nfirst report of orthechinorhinus ( squaliformes : etmopteridae ) from the pacific basin ; a new species . . .\nabstract\u2014a decade ago , adnet provisionally placed the genus orthechinorhinus in the echinorhinidae incertae sedis based on its heterodonty and a number of shared general crown and root morphologies , while also noting significant differences in root vascularization . orthechinorhinus possesses a very specialized dentition , unlike that of any known echinorhinid , and is interpreted here to be a . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwelton , b . j . , 2016 , a new dalatiid shark ( squaliformes : dalatiidae ) from the early oligocene of ore . . .\nabstract\u2014isolated teeth of oligodalatias jordani , a new genus and species of extinct dalatiid shark , are described from early oligocene marine deposits of the pittsburg bluff formation , nehalem river basin , northwestern oregon . o . jordani is also known from other eastern north pacific early oligocene marine rocks , including the keasey formation crinoid lagerst\u00e4tte at mist , oregon , and the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwelton , b . j . , 2014 , a new fossil basking shark ( lamniformes : cetorhinidae ) from the middle miocene . . .\nabstract . isolated teeth of a middle miocene cetorhinid genus , cetorhinus blainville 1816 , occur abundantly in rocks of the round mountain silt , sharktooth hill bonebed , southeastern san joaquin valley , kern county , california . tooth sets of juvenile and adult dentitions of the sharktooth hill cetorhinus were reconstructed and used as a basis for description of a new species , c . huddlestoni . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwelton , b . j . , 2015 , a new species of late early miocene cetorhinus ( lamniformes : cetorhinidae ) from . . .\nabstract . microphagous lamniforms of the family cetorhinidae have a significant cenozoic history in the north pacific ocean . the late eocene keasius taylori occurs in the keasey formation of oregon , and k . parvus may occur in the oligocene lincoln creek formation of southwestern washington . the genus cetorhinus has one extant species , c . maximus , and a fossil record , including the middle . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nimages are presented of fossilised teeth from most of the currently known shark families that can be found in the lower cretaceous , middle and late albian ( gault clay ) of kent in south - east england .\nfourteen families and twenty - seven genera are included . apart from the larger sharks , mainly represented by the lamniformes , most teeth are from small species and in the main have been acquired through bulk sampling and sieving of washed clay residues . indeed , most of the gault shark species are represented by tiny teeth , ranging from 1mm up to a few centimetres .\nnotwithstanding the diversity of the gault shark fauna , fossilised teeth are relatively uncommon and these specimens represent the very best of many years of collecting .\nthe help and support is gratefully acknowleged of david ward of orpington for making freely available use of his electronic imaging facilities , for help in collecting and processing bulk clay samples and with identification of specimens ."]}
{"id": 1934, "summary": [{"text": "acanthocephalus dirus is a species of parasitic worm in the echinorhynchidae family .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "instead of having its eggs expelled from the host in feces , the gravid female detaches itself from the host 's digestive tract and sinks to the bottom , where her body is consumed by the species ' intermediate host , caecidotea intermedius , a species of isopod .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "upon hatching , the larvae begin to alter their host 's behavior .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this will manifest in lighter pigmentation and an increased attraction to predators , such as a. dirus ' primary hosts . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "acanthocephalus dirus", "paragraphs": ["to describe the pathological manifestation of the acanthocephalus dirus ( a . dirus ) infestation in thunnus albacares ( t . albacares ) from southeast coast of india .\nkopp , d . a . , elke , d . a . , caddigan , s . c . , raj , a . , rodriguez , l . , young , m . l . and sparkes , t . c . ( 2011 ) dispersal in the acanthocephalan acanthocephalus dirus . journal of parasitology 97 : 101 - 105\n15 . p a g e | 15 seidenberg aj . 1973 . ecology of the acanthocephalan acanthocephalus dirus ( van cleave , 1931 ) in its intermediate host , asellus intermedius forbes ( crustacea : isopoda ) . the journal of parasitology . 59 ( 6 ) : 957 - 962 . wulker w . 1964 . parasite - induced changes of internal and external sex characteristics in insects . exp . parasitol . 15 : 561 - 597 .\nthe acanthocephalan parasite acanthocephalus dirus infects the freshwater isopod caecidotea intermedius as an intermediate host before completing its life cycle in a fish . male c . intermedius infected by a . dirus parasites are less likely to engage in mating behavior than uninfected males but there is a significant intra - population variation in the occurrence of this behavioral change . previous studies on uninfected isopods have shown that glycogen content is a predictor of male mating behavior and we examined whether the intra - population variation in the mating behavior of infected male c . intermedius could be explained by this relationship . a field - based behavioral experiment was used to quantify intra - population variation in male mating behavior , which showed that 50 % of infected males were responsive to females and 50 % were not responsive . biochemical analysis of responsive and non - responsive males revealed that glycogen content was a predictor of the mating behavior for uninfected males but was not a predictor of mating behavior for infected males . for infected males , parasite intensity was a predictor of mating behavior . males that contained more a . dirus parasites were less likely to undergo modification of mating behavior . we propose that the intra - population variation in the mating behavior of infected c . intermedius identified in nature was not mediated by host condition .\nthe acanthocephalan parasite acanthocephalus dirus induces a colour change in the intermediate host , the aquatic isopod caecidotea intermedius , which increases transmission to definitive hosts ( creek chub , sunfish ) . we examined the potential for conflict to occur between infective ( cystacanth ) and non - infective ( acanthor , acanthella ) stages of a . dirus over the level of colour modification that should be induced when these stages share a host . using a field survey , we showed that host sharing by infective and non - infective stages was relatively common and that infective and non - infective stages differed in their effects on colour modification . non - infective stages induced a colour change over 40 % of the body , whereas infective stages induced a colour change over 80 % . thus , conflict could occur between stages over the level of modification that should be induced . we then showed that mixed - stage infections induced a colour change in the host that was consistent with the level of modification induced by the infective stage . we discuss the potential significance of these results to patterns of host modification and their effects on stage - related survival in nature .\nthis is the new host for the parasite a . dirus in t . albacares . on the basis of histological and histochemical findings , the lesions were highly damaged due to the parasitic infestation . the high density of the parasite and severe penetration of the proboscis into the intestinal tissues are the main reason for the pathogenicity in the host .\none reason could be that a . dirus infects creek chub - which , as its name indicates - lives in flowing creeks . the chub acquire the worm through eating infected isopods in the stream ( the picture shows the light - coloured infected isopod on the right , and the darker uninfected individual on the left ) , which become infected when they ingest worm eggs resting on the creek bed . acanthocephalan eggs tend to float - so if the eggs are simply expelled into the environment , they would get washed away downstream and deposited where the isopods do not occur . whereas with a . dirus , the worm ' s own body can act like a weight belt which would carry the eggs down to the sediment layer , so by the time the worm herself decays , the eggs are already in the sediment where isopods can pick them up .\nfurthermore , laboratory tests showed that isopods like to eat egg - filled female worms as much as their usual food - leaf litter - and the worm body itself actually enhances the infection success of the eggs . researchers found that when exposed to fresh eggs alone , fewer than one in four isopods became infected , whereas when exposed to gravid females , over 80 % became infected ( natural infection comes somewhere in between those at about 60 % ) . by making the ultimate maternal sacrifice , a . dirus gives her offspring the best possible start in life .\nt . albacares were severely infested with a . dirus , the group of acanthocephala attached to the posterior region of the intestine . the adult worm proboscis was cylindrical and the length and width ranging between 2 . 7\u20136 . 4 mm and 0 . 8\u20131 . 3 mm , respectively . histopathologically , the infested intestinal mucosal epithelium , stratum granulosum , lamina propria , muscular and serosa layers were highly degraded . the lesions were infiltrating with basophil - like inflammatory cells . the parasite - affected lesions were histochemically positive for alcian blue , azo dye , toluidine blue and oil red o .\n13 . p a g e | 13 alter the antipredator and reproductive behavior as well as the body morphology of c . intermedius . this parasite can be a way to maintain isopod populations . neither sex is more susceptible to infection , though size of the isopod can play a role in the risks of parasitism by a . dirus ( seidenberg 1973 ) . according to seidenberg ( 1973 ) , infection begins in the summer and by march , 60 % of an isopod population has become infected . isopods with a high infection intensity disappear from the population , most likely by predation due to the parasites effects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namin , omar m . / crompton , d . w . t . and brent b . nickol\nmemoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , ser . a , vol . 57\nproceedings of the helminthological society of washington , vol . 3 , no . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe word parasite has a lot of connotations associated with it , and\nmaternal\nis certainly not one of them . to most people , the term\nfreeloader\ncomes to mind ( hopefully , this blog will show you that parasitism is actually a very challenging way of life ) . they also have a reputation as being pretty lousy parents . in most textbooks , parasites are usually considered as\nr - strategists\n- which produce many , many offspring and don ' t take good care of them ( as opposed to a k - strategist which produces fewer offspring , but invest a lot into parental care - like an elephant ) . but not all parasites are bad parents , and today , i am going to tell you about a study on a maternal parasite which sacrifices everything ( literally ) for her offspring .\nhint : you ' re just looking at the tip of the iceberg . . .\nif you think you or your pets have a parasite , please seek the appropriate care you need from your own doctor or veterinarian .\nwhy parasite of the day ? ( if it ' s not every day . . . )\nthe united nations declared 2010 the international year of biodiversity . in celebration of the enormous diversity of parasites and to highlight their importance , we created this blog , which showcased a species of parasite every day . now that 2010 is over , we will continue to add more parasites from time to time , and write about any newly published research on parasite species that we have posted about yet .\nsee this post from the start of 2011 where we discuss the sheer scale of parasite biodiversity , and this post from the end of 2011 pretty much summarizes the mission of this blog .\ngot parasites ? the american society of parasitologists is interested . we invite you to share with us your observations , ideas and questions about parasites . our members and the journal of parasitology represent a wide range of research interests including ecology , evolution , systematics , immunology , biochemistry and molecular biology . please post any aspect of parasitology you wish to share with us on our facebook group page . please go to our home page at\nbush , albert , gerald esch and jacqueline fernandez . parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites . cambridge university press .\ncombes , claude . the art of being a parasite . university of chicago press .\ndesowitz , robert . new guinea tapeworms and jewish grandmothers . norton & company .\ndesowitz , robert . the malaria capers : tales of parasites and people . norton and compay .\nmoore , janice . parasites and the behavior of animals . oxford university press .\nzuk , marlene . riddled with life : friendly worms , ladybug sex , and the parasites that make us who we are . mariner books\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthe parasite - infested fishes were collected from nagapattinam landing centre of tamil nadu from southeast coast of india . the acanthocephala morphology , gross pathology , histopathology and histochemistry were investigated .\nthe journal implements double - blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members .\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 asian pacific tropical medicine press . published by elsevier ( singapore ) pte ltd . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsparkes tc 1 , wright vm , renwick dt , weil ka , talkington ja , milhalyov m .\ndepartment of biological sciences , depaul university , chicago , il 60614 , usa . tsparkes @ urltoken\ndepartment of biological sciences , depaul university , 2325 north clifton avenue , chicago , il , 60614 , usa .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nkopp da 1 , elke da , caddigan sc , raj a , rodriguez l , young mk , sparkes tc .\ndepartment of biological sciences , depaul university , chicago , illinois 60614 , usa .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .\n5 . p a g e | 5 figure 1 . life cycle variations with avian definitive hosts shows various stages and hosts ofan acanthocephalan parasite . arrows indicate the next host or stage of development . adapted from the field manual of wildlife diseases : general field procedures and diseases of birds .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips ."]}
{"id": 1940, "summary": [{"text": "the tonnidae are a family of medium-sized to very large sea snails , known as the tun shells .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these are marine gastropod molluscs in the clade littorinimorpha .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the name \" tun \" refers to the snails ' shell shape which resembles wine casks known as \" tuns \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "while the shells are thin , they are also strong .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "there is no operculum .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are found in all tropical seas , where they inhabit sandy areas .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "during the day , they bury themselves in the substrate , emerging at night to feed on echinoderms ( especially sea cucumbers ) , crustaceans , and bivalves .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "some larger species also capture fish , using their expandable probosces to swallow them whole .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "females lay rows of eggs that become free-swimming larvae for several months before settling to the bottom . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "tonnidae", "paragraphs": ["which taxonomic groups does the family tonnidae belong to and what are the different tonnidae genus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the family tonnidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e4\u30c4\u30b7\u30ed\u30ac\u30a4\u79d1\nto\ntonnidae\n.\ntonnidae there are less than 30 species in this special family of globose , large shells . tonnidae are not successful among collectors because they need a lot of space and they are hard to display in an aesthetic way .\ntaxonomical research ( incl . hostorical specimen research ) on marine gastropods of the families ficidae , tonnidae and turritellidae .\nwhich are the most common photographed tonnidae genus ? below , you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\nvos , c . ( 2005c ) notes on tonnidae of the t . variegata complex and t . chinensis complex , with descriptions of four new species ( gastropoda : tonnidae ) . visaya 1 ( 5 ) : 45 - 62 . [ november 2005 ]\nfamily tonnidae on the gladys archerd shell collection at washington state university tri - cities natural history museum website : brief fact sheet with photos .\nwhat made you want to look up tonnidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ntaxonomy bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) listed cassidae as a synonym of tonnidae suter , 1913 ( 1825 ) , following in this riedel ( 1995 ) . the . . .\nalthough a relatively small family , the tonnidae has not been revised for many years , and there are taxonomic problems with many species . uncertainties of relationships are noted below for the two most common tonna species found in nsw .\n2008 . vos , c . tonnidae . in poppe g . t . ( ed . ) philippine marine mollusks , volume 1 : gastropoda 1 : 594 - 611 , pls 242 - 250 . conchbooks , hackenheim , germany\nvos , c . ( 2005a ) a new species of tonna br\u00fcnnich , 1772 ( gastropoda , tonnidae ) ( tonna berthae ) from south - african waters . gloria maris 44 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 - 17\nvos , c . ( 2005b ) a new species of tonna br\u00fcnnich , 1772 ( gastropoda , tonnidae ) ( tonna oentoengi ) from indonesian and western australian waters . gloria maris 44 ( 1 - 2 ) : 18 - 24\n2013 . vos , c . overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 ( master article in english ) [ vos , c . ( 2012 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . shell discoveries 1 ( 1 ) ; pp . 12 - 22 ; pls . 1 - 9 ( partial translation in chinese ) ]\ntaxonomy bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) listed cassidae as a synonym of tonnidae suter , 1913 ( 1825 ) , following in this riedel ( 1995 ) . the two families are here maintained separate following beu ( 2008 : 272 ) [ details ]\nvos , c . ( 1999 ) a new tonna br\u00fcnnich , 1772 ( gastropoda : tonnidae ) from gulf of aden . gloria maris , vol . 38 , ( 1 - 6 ) , p . 43 - 47 , pl . 8 - 9\nvos , c . ( 2013 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 23 [ details ]\n2007 . vos , c . a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany\nfamily tonnidae in the gastropods section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .\nthe family tonnidae includes a small number of species with medium - sized to large shells which are thin for their size , and nearly spherical . the spire is small , while the body whorl is large and well inflated , ending in a very wide aperture . the outer surface is usually sculptured by thick spiral ribs . the animals lack the operculum . most tun shells can be found living in sand , in the tropics beyond the edge of the coral reef .\nthis part comprises a taxonomic revision of 29 tonna - species and for other species of tonnidae in the genera eudolium and malea . tonna hawaiiensis is described new to science . the text gives a detailed description of the animals and shells as well as information on synonymy , distribution ( with detailed maps ) habitat and biology . as far as possible type material an large series of shells covering the whole species range were studies . material from at least 29 museums was included in this monograph . the bibliography includes 173 references .\nthe family tonnidae is represented in nsw by the genera tonna and eudolium . species of tonna are large , globular lightweight shells , mainly tropical in distribution , that live from the shallow subtidal down to several hundred metres . they live mainly in sandy areas , where they can burrow beneath the sand and leave just the tip of their siphon exposed . they feed on sea cucumbers ( holothurians ) . the two large tuns that occur in nsw belong to this genus ; they are taken by fishing trawlers , tonna cerevisina quite commonly and t . tetracotula less so .\nnomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn .\nif . . . a family - group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus , the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage . a name maintained by virtue of this article retains its own author [ and date , the first date cited ] but takes the priority of the replaced name [ the date cited in parentheses , here alluding to doliidae ] . suter ( 1913 ) placed dolium lamarck , 1801 in synonymy of tonna br\u00fcnnich , 1772 and replaced doliidae latreille , 1825 with the new name tonnidae . [ details ]\nnomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn .\nif . . . a . . .\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of galeodoliidae sacco , 1891 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of macgillivrayiidae h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntonna ( dolium complex ) type species : tonna ( dolium complex ) dolium linnaeus , c . , 1758\ntonna ( canaliculata complex ) type species : tonna ( canaliculata complex ) canaliculata linnaeus , c . , 1758\ntonna ( sulcosa complex ) type species : tonna ( sulcosa complex ) sulcosa born , i . von , 1778\ntonna ( galea complex ) type species : tonna ( galea complex ) galea linnaeus , c . , 1758\ntonna ( perdix complex ) type species : tonna ( perdix complex ) perdix linnaeus , c . , 1758\ntonna ( chinensis complex ) type species : tonna ( chinensis complex ) chinensis dillwyn , l . w . , 1817\ntonna ( variegata complex ) type species : tonna ( variegata complex ) variegata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\neudolium dall , w . h . , 1889 type species : eudolium crosseanum monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1869\nmalea valenciennes , a . , 1833 type species : malea latilabris valenciennes , a . , 1833\nempty shell . chek jawa , jun 12 photo shared by loh kok sheng on flickr .\nempty shell . cyrene , aug 13 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .\ntan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .\nabbott , r . tucker , 1991 . seashells of south east asia . graham brash , singapore . 145 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 021 seconds . )\nthe genus eudolium contains smaller shells , up to about 80 mm in length , that occur in deeper water than tonna - specimens have been taken down to 1829 m . two species occur in nsw ; both are widely distributed , one occurring in the atlantic ocean as well as the indo - west pacific . they are both rare , most specimens available for study locally having been trawled during fish surveys by the fisheries research vessel\nkapala\n.\nhedley , c . 1919 . a review of the australian tun shells . records of the australian museum 12 ( 11 ) : 329 - 336 .\nmarshall , b . a . 1992 . a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) . the nautilus 106 ( 1 ) : 24 - 38 .\ntonna allium ( dillwyn , 1817 ) . indo - west pacific to sydney .\ntonna cepa ( roeding , 1798 ) . ( synonyms canaliculata linnaeus , 1758 ; testardi , montrouzier , 1863 ) . indo - west pacific . in nsw , known only from\ntriton\ndredging from sydney harbour .\ntonna dolium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . indo - west pacific , to sydney . this species was misidentified in iredale & mcmichael ' s checklist as tonna parvula tapparone - canefri , 1878 .\ntonna perdix ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . ( synonym rufum blainville , 1829 ) indo - west pacific to sydney .\nmalea pomum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . indo - west pacific . in nsw , known only from\ntriton\ndredging from sydney harbour .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by femorale resource from tonna boucheti vos , 2005 to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from tonna galea ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from tonna perdix ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9203c208 - e8d9 - 4e66 - b088 - 38131b3c2e44\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 536d7c15 - 1c8a - 4836 - 8374 - e79eab5d3383\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 251567\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngenus : eudolium w . h . dall , 1889 ( syn : doliopsis , endolium , galeodolium , simplicodolium , tuberculodolium - db : 10 sp , 7 img )\ngenus : malea a . valenciennes , 1883 ( syn : quimalea - db : 12 sp , 9 img )\ngenus : tonna m . t . br\u00fcnnich , 1772 ( syn : cadium , cadus , dolium , foratidolium , galea , macgillivrayia , parvitonna , perdix , canaliculata complex , chinensis complex , sulcosa complex , variegata complex , canaliculata - complex , chinensis - complex , sulcosa - complex , variegata - complex , galea - complex - db : 30 sp , 35 img )\nif you have knowledge of information not shown you can login to add it yourself .\n2003 . monsecour , d . & vos , c . some notes on tonna rosemaryae vos , 1999 . gloria maris , 42 ( 4 - 5 ) : 104 - 107 .\n2010 . ryall p . & vos c . two new species of turritella ( gastropoda : turritellidae ) from western africa . novapex 11 ( 1 ) : 13 - 20 .\nnote from tom rice : genera used on this page are from the original discription where possible , no genera will be updated to the latest worms info , as this would be an impossible task at hand . thank you for your understanding . - - - in accordance with the gdpr law of may 25 2018 , you can report here a problem / issue / abuse / other . you can also request that yourself will be removed from this list by clicking the button below . report\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 494 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you do not have an account yet , you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustralian gastropods of the family bursidae . part 1 . the families of tonnacea , the genera of bursidae , and revision of species previously assigned to tutufa jousseaume , 1881 - australian museum\naustralian gastropods of the family bursidae . part 1 . the families of tonnacea , the genera of bursidae , and revision of species previously assigned to"]}
{"id": 1942, "summary": [{"text": "melitidae is a family of amphipods .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains around 45 genera , and formerly included a further 40 genera that are now placed in the family maeridae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "melitidae", "paragraphs": ["ecology : instream habitat : melitidae species are stygobionts , restricted to subterranean waters , except melita plumulosa which lives in the littoral areas of lentic waters . feeding ecology : habit : life history :\nreview of amphipods of the melita group ( amphipoda : melitidae ) from the coastal waters of sakhalin island ( far east of russia ) . iii . genera abludom . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ntomikawa , k . & komatsu , h . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus dulichiella ( amphipoda , melitidae ) from the ogasawara islands , japan . crustaceana monographs , 17 , 315\u2013325 .\nreview of amphipods of the melita group ( amphipoda : melitidae ) from the coastal waters of sakhalin island ( far east of russia ) . iii . genera abludomelita karaman , 1981 and melita leach , 1814 .\nsenna , a . r . & serejo , c . s . ( 2012a ) a new genus and species of melitidae ( crustacea : amphipoda : hadzioidea ) from brazilian waters . zootaxa , 3433 , 60\u201368 .\nlowry , j . k . & springthorpe , r . t . ( 2005 ) new and little - known melitid amphipods from australian waters ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) . records of the australian museum , 57 , 237\u2013302 .\nappadoo , c . & myers , a . a . ( 2005 ) amphipods of the genera ceradocus , dulichiella , melita and nuuanu ( crustacea : melitidae ) from mauritius , indian ocean . records of the australian museum , 57 , 221\u2013236 .\nsenna , a . r . & serejo , c . s . ( 2012b ) a new species and first record of the genus nuuanu ( amphipoda , hadzioidea , melitidae ) from brazilian waters . zoosystematics and evolution , 88 ( 2 ) , 285\u2013292 .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . p . b berents & r . t . springthorpe ( 2000 onwards ) . ' australian amphipoda : melitidae descriptions , illustrations , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 2000 . urltoken .\nlowry , j . k . & springthorpe , r . t . ( 2007 ) a revision of the tropical / temperate amphipod genus dulichiella stout , 1912 , and the description of a new atlantic genus verdeia gen . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) . zootaxa , 1424 , 1\u201362 .\nsenna , a . r . , sorrentino , r . , machado , a . n . s . & torrent , p . ( 2012 ) a new species of melita leach , 1814 ( amphipoda : hadzioidea : melitidae ) from patos lagoon , southern brazil . nauplius , 20 ( 2 ) , 125\u2013135 .\npaz - rios , c . & ardisson , p . l . ( 2014 ) dulichiella celestun , a new species of amphipod ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) from the gulf of mexico , with a key and zoogeographic remarks for the genus in the western atlantic . zootaxa , 3774 ( 5 ) , 430\u2013440 .\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database . melitidae bousfield , 1973 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 101397 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ngenus tabatzius mckinney & barnard , 1977 accepted as nuuanu j . l . barnard , 1970\nbellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncostello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nde broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 . [ details ]\nlowry , j . k . ; myers , a . a . ( 2013 ) . a phylogeny and classification of the senticaudata subord . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda ) . zootaxa . 3610 ( 1 ) : 1 - 80 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a286874 - b3ff - 4fd1 - 9f88 - 97e4485d55a4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 57dbe2ec - 0fed - 4272 - a0ab - cffaf500baa9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5a944109 - d6b1 - 4a1c - aeb2 - 838725d84ad6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5de3eebc - 9163 - 4af0 - a800 - defa1415d685\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8faa9a13 - 0a46 - 48f2 - a893 - 51e029735577\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c9e90bdf - 9984 - 4131 - 8e57 - 38072dcc62a7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c3664727 - 57db - 49f6 - 94cf - 6c5c575b621b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255004\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ninformation sources : stoddart & lowry 2003 , king & bradbury 2012 , cummins et al . 2005 key to genera : king & bradbury 2012 key to species : none\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsakhalin state university , lenina st . , 290 , yuzhno - sakhalinsk , 693008 , russia . ; email : v . labaj @ yandex . ru .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nj . k . lowry , p . b berents & r . t . springthorpe\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\njessika alves universidade federal da bahia ( ufba ) , instituto de biologia , laborat\u00f3rio de invertebrados marinhos : crustacea , cnidaria & fauna associada ( labimar ) . rua bar\u00e3o de jeremoabo , 147 , ondina , salvador , ba , cep 40170 - 290 , brasil\nrodrigo johnsson universidade federal da bahia ( ufba ) , instituto de biologia , laborat\u00f3rio de invertebrados marinhos : crustacea , cnidaria & fauna associada ( labimar ) . rua bar\u00e3o de jeremoabo , 147 , ondina , salvador , ba , cep 40170 - 290 , brasil\nandr\u00e9 r . senna universidade federal da bahia ( ufba ) , instituto de biologia , laborat\u00f3rio de invertebrados marinhos : crustacea , cnidaria & fauna associada ( labimar ) . rua bar\u00e3o de jeremoabo , 147 , ondina , salvador , ba , cep 40170 - 290 , brasil\na new species of the genus dulichiella stout , 1912 is described for the northeastern brazilian coast . the new species is recognized from the others in the genus by presenting ( 1 ) the accessory flagellum 5 - articulate , ( 2 ) distolateral crown of gnathopod 2 of males with 4 spines , ( 3 ) maxilla 1 inner plate , outer plate and palp distally enlarged and rounded , and ( 4 ) pereopods 6 and 7 without bunches of long setae . this is the second species of dulichiella recorded from south atlantic and brazilian waters .\nprocad project , taxonomy , hadzioidea , dulichiella ankeri sp . nov . , sw atlantic ocean\naudouin , v . ( 1826 ) explication sommaire des planches de crustaces de l ' egypte et de la syrie , publiees par jules - cesar savigny , membre de l ' institut ; offrant un expose des caracteres naturels des genres , avec la distinction des especes . description de l ' egypte , histoire naturelle , 1 , 77\u201398 .\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1940 ) contributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa . xii . further additions to the tanaidacea , isopoda , and amphipoda , together with keys for the identification of the hitherto recorded marine and freshwater species . annals of the south african museum , 32 , 381\u2013543 .\nbousfield , e . l . ( 1973 ) shallow - water gammaridean amphipoda of new england . cornell university press , ithaca , 312 pp .\ngiles , g . m . ( 1890 ) natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer ' investigator ' , commander alfred carpenter , r . n . , d . s . o . , commanding . no . 15 . descriptions of seven additional new indian amphipods . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 59 ( 2 ) , 63\u201374 , pl . 2 .\nhaswell , w . a . ( 1879 ) on australian amphipoda . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 4 ( 3 ) , 245\u201379 , pls . 7\u201312 .\nkaraman , g . s . & barnard , j . l . ( 1979 ) classificatory revisions in gammaridean amphipoda ( crustacea ) , part 1 . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 92 , 106\u2013165 .\nkr\u00f8yer , h . n . ( 1845 ) karcinologiske bidrag . naturhistorisk tidsskrift , series 2 , 1 , 283\u2013345 .\nlowry , j . k . & myers , a . a . ( 2013 ) a phylogeny and classification of the senticaudata subord . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda ) . zootaxa , 3610 ( 1 ) , 1\u201380 .\noliveira , l . p . h . ( 1953 ) crustacea amphipoda do rio de janeiro . mem\u00f3rias do instituto oswaldo cruz , 51 , 289\u2013376 .\npoore , a . g . b . & lowry , j . k . ( 1997 ) new ampithoid amphipods from port jackson , new south wales , australia ( crustacea : amphipoda : ampithoidae ) . invertebrate taxonomy , 11 , 897\u2013941 .\nsay , t . ( 1818 ) an account of the crustacea of the united states . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 1 , 374\u2013401 .\nsenna , a . r . ( 2007 ) dulichiella appendiculata ( say , 1818 ) . in : lavrado , h . p . & viana , m . s . ( eds . ) , atlas de invertebrados marinhos da regi\u00e3o central da zona econ\u00f4mica exclusiva brasileira . parte 1 , s\u00e9rie livros 25 , pp . 183 . [ museu nacional , rio de janeiro ]\nstout , v . r . ( 1912 ) studies in laguna amphipoda . first annual report of the laguna marine laboratory , 134\u2013149 .\nwakabara , y . , tararam , a . s . , val\u00e9rio - berardo , m . t . & duleba , w . ( 1991 ) gammaridean and caprellidean fauna from brazil . hydrobiologia , 223 , 69\u201377 .\nwatling , l . ( 1989 ) a classification system for crustacean setae based on the homology concept . in : felgenhauer , b . e . , watling , l . & thistle , a . b . ( eds . ) , functional morphology of feeding and grooming in crustacea . a . a . balkema , rotterdam , pp . 15\u201326 .\nwonkamhaeng , k . , pattaratumrong , m . s . & putapreecha , r . ( 2014 ) melitid amphipods from the gulf of tailand , with a description of dulichiella pattaniensis , a new species . zookeys , 408 , 1\u201318 ."]}
{"id": 1950, "summary": [{"text": "desirable ( 29 march 1981 \u2013 1998 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a two-year-old in 1983 she won on her debut and then took the princess margaret stakes on her second appearance .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after finishing second in the lowther stakes and the moyglare stud stakes she recorded her biggest victory in the cheveley park stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year she failed to win but was placed in the 1000 guineas and the nassau stakes as well as finishing fourth in the coronation stakes and the irish champion stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after her retirement from racing she became a very successful broodmare , producing the 1000 guineas winner shadayid and several other good winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "desirable ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for desirable miss . desirable miss is a mare born in 2013 september 28 by snippetson out of chaste\ndesirable : dry , noble head with a distinctive eye and well - formed elastic mouth .\ndesirable : from both the front and rear observed movement of the legs straight in one straight line .\ndesirable : a noble sport horse of a medium body frame , dry joints , well - muscled , with a fine expressed sexual dimorphism .\nbalidaress , was now the mother of desirable , the winner of britain\u2019s premier group one contest for juvenile fillies .\nthe current race record for desirable miss is 4 wins from 20 starts with prizemoney of $ 68 , 285 . 00 .\ndesirable : three - beat rhythm , elastic , powerful , with a good movement of the croup , with flexible hock .\nfigure 8 : a closer look at hip angles . the horse on the left has a desirable hip with a nice turn and good length . the horse on the right has a very short , steep hip .\nmultiple reserve populations consisting of free - living individuals organized into appropriate social groupings are desirable for preservation of total species genetic diversity .\ndesirable : four - beat , the legs move regularly , slightly powerfully , the rear hoofs advance with overtracking of the front hoof .\ndesirable : relaxed , elastic and flexible horse , moving in a good balance , focused on the cues of the rider and accepting them willingly , flexible , able to maintain rhythm .\nhorse breeders evaluate animals , direct breeding procedures , and oversee the general care of horses . they combine scientific knowledge and experience to eliminate unwanted traits while retaining desirable characteristics in offspring . desirable qualities can vary by intended use of the animal . recreational riding generally only requires a horse with a calm , quiet demeanor , while horses for performance and racing must meet exacting physical standards .\nfigure 3 : the horse on the top represents a balanced horse with roughly equal hip and wither height . the horse on the bottom represents a\ndownhill\nhorse with withers much lower than hips .\nfigure 19a : the horse in this example represents a horse with little knee action and a long stride length . figure 19b : the horse in this example represents a horse with a greater degree of knee action .\ndesirable : willing horse , overcoming the obstacles in a good style and with a reasonable respect , regularly and leisurely moving among the obstacles both during approach and after landing , it is easy to control .\nfor the wealthy owner - breeders success in the big races is desirable not just for its own sake but what it will do for stud values .\ndesirable : two - beat rhythm , ample , elastic , marked movement of croup with involvement of the back muscles , the front shoulder is well relaxed .\nconformation is the overall body shape of a horse , and will vary from breed to breed . a major part of evaluating a horse is an assessment of its conformation . many breed societies publish lists of desirable and undesirable traits , to assist in the selection process .\ndesirable : appropriately long , marked withers fluently transforming into the fixed , medium - long , yet flexible back that continues into fixed , well - built loins .\nfigure 16a : horse with ideal pastern angle . figure 16b : horse pasterns with slightly too much angle . figure 16c : horse with pasterns at much too steep of an angle .\ndid you find a lot of champions in your horse & apos ; s pedigree ? remember that there is a lot more to a good horse than an impressive pedigree . many thoroughbred riding horse owners brag that their horse is descendent of a famous racehorse . however , what & apos ; s desirable in a racehorse may not be as welcome in a riding horse . for example , man o war was a spectacular racehorse , but he & apos ; s said to have been difficult to handle\u2014not something you want in a pleasure horse !\nhorse breeders raise and sell horses for racing , performance and recreational use . they select horses with desirable characteristics and oversee breeding procedures . the completion of an animal science bachelor ' s degree program can provide the educational foundation for breeding horses .\ndesirable : horse with character , behaving well both in the stall and under saddle , causes no serious complications during treatment , correcting , shodding and veterinary interventions , it is of a vivid nature , tough constitution , good feeding behaviour , trainable .\nguidelines \u2013 the recommended practices to achieve desirable animal welfare outcomes ; they describe better animal welfare outcomes compared to the standards . non - compliance with guidelines will not be an offence .\npoints on the horse to evaluate muscling include the chest and forearm , loin , stifle and gaskin . in these areas , quantity and quality of muscling can be evaluated . a deep pectoral\nv\nis desirable in the chest ( figure 20 ) .\ndesirable : an attentive horse with lust for jumping , focused , with quick , powerful take - off , arched back and neck ( a bascule ) , with a marked movement of the withers upwards , flexible back and open - angle in the hocks .\ndesirable : medium - long , well - muscled , medium - high set ( almost vertically to the shoulder ) , slightly rounded , lightly and regularly flexible between the head and the withers .\nthe most desirable are the single - coloured , distinguished silks , especially in the sport\u2019s home country , england . in the uk ( where there are auctions for sought after license plates ! ) there are auctions for the privilege to ride in certain silks in horse racing .\ninitial stud fees are based on what the horse has achieved on the track , so knowing when to retire a horse is of crucial importance .\nfigure 10 : the horse on the top has a nicely shaped , refined head . the horse on the bottom has a slight roman nose .\nif you own a grade horse , there is a \u2018breed\u2019 association for you too . any horse can be registered with the american grade horse registry and it is a useful resource for tracing pedigrees , identification and proving ownership .\nbannikov a . g . 1960 [ the wild horse will not disappear ] . international symposium on przewalski horse , prague . priroda i : 70\u201371 .\nto learn about the bones and their angles , we must be familiar with the \u0091points of the horse\u0092 , and following are some desirable bone relationships and proportions ( figure 1 ) . they will be discussed in some detail later , but in general it should be accepted that the horse will be more bio mechanically efficient the closer these relationships are to the ideal .\nfigure 6a figure 6b figure 6c the shape and tie - in points of the neck also influence the shoulder . the horse in figure 6a ties in high ( white arrow ) while the horse in figure 6b ties in low , giving it a heavier and less refined neck . also , figure 6c shows a desirable 2 : 1 topline to underline ratio of the horse ' s neck , whereas the horse in figure 6b has almost a 1 : 1 ratio , contributing to a straighter shoulder and lower tie in .\nfigure 2 : the horse on the top represents good conformation \u2014 the topline is shorter than the underline . the horse on the bottom represents a horse with a long , weak back \u2014 the topline and underline are similar lengths .\nway of going , also known as tracking , refers to the way the horse moves . the horse is evaluated both for cleanness and quality of movement .\ntim finkenbinder is an accredited judge with the american quarter horse association , american paint horse association , palomino horse breeders of america and the national snaffle bit association . he has served as a judge for the aqha world show , the american quarter horse youth association world show , the all american quarter horse congress , the nsba breeders championship show and many major circuits and futurities . tim has owned or exhibited world champions in quarter horse , paint , palomino and appaloosa competition .\nthe grey stallion is out of the mare balidaress , who has an outstanding stud record . balideress is the dam of 8 winners , including irish and english 2yo champion park appeal ( by ahonoora ) , irish 3yo champion filly alydaress ( by alydar ) , and of gr1 placed desirable ( by lord gayle ) who is the dam of champion 2yo uk filly shadayid . desirable had been sold for one million guineas at the end of her 3yo career in 1984 .\nfigure 21 : points to evaluate muscling on the horse when viewing from the side .\nanother important consideration when examining the pastern angle is to check that the pastern angle and the hoof angle are approximately the same . a horse with a very steep hoof angle when compared to its pastern angle is said to be club - footed ( figure 17 ) . this is undesirable because the steep angle of the horse ' s hoof will not only change the way it moves but also makes the horse prone to foot and leg lameness . additionally , it is not desirable for the horse to have a hoof that is much more angled in comparison to the angle of the pastern .\non the hindquarters , the muscling over the stifle and gaskin should also be well defined but not bunchy . the muscling around the stifle should be the widest part of the horse when viewed from behind ( figure 22 ) . the muscling around the inner and outer gaskin should also be wide and well defined . in general , it is desirable to have a smooth , well - defined muscle pattern over the entire horse .\nthis is what we look for in a dressage sport horse . we have a picture in mind of what our ideal horse looks like . we should not forget , however , that there is no horse with perfect conformation . therefore , judges must look at each horse and determine where on the scale the horse fits . is he good or less than good ? or is he more toward excellent ? remember , excellent conformation is still not perfect .\nis there a best horse breed for a beginner rider ? here ' s a look .\nsles i . s . 1959 [ wild horse breeding in captivity ] . priroda 5 .\ngood conformation is desirable , not because it looks the best , but because it stands up the best . it is always refreshing to see a horse with a conformational weakness perform with excellence against all expectations . we must be aware , however , that , in such a case , the performance occurred in spite of the defect , not because of it .\nfigure 18 : how structural deviations affect movement . the horse in illustration a has ideal conformation and tracks straight . the horse in illustration b is splay footed ( toes out ) and wings in when tracking . the horse in illustration c is pigeon toed ( toes in ) and wings out when tracking . the horse in illustration d is base narrow and rope walks when tracking .\nif you know the breed of the horse , suspect the horse was previously registered , and know the breeder & apos ; s name the breed association may be able to help identify your horse and re - issue the papers . knowing the horse & apos ; s registered name is a great help . you & apos ; ll need clear photos and a description , so they can match the information submitted when the horse was young . some breed associations charge for this service .\nconformation is the overall body shape of the horse , and will vary from breed to breed .\na well conformed horse ' s body should be well balanced , and roughly divisible into thirds .\ninfluence of maternal size on placental , fetal and postnatal growth in the horse . development in utero\nin this review , we do not address welfare issues in horses that arise from heritable conditions ( reviewed by bettley and others 2012 ) , nor welfare issues related to selective breeding for traits that humans find desirable ( for example , extremes of size ) . nor do we address the welfare issues of horse abandonment and neglect , identified by various equine charities and in the media as being caused by overbreeding of horses ( for example , world horse welfare 2013 ) .\nthe first priority when looking at a horse is to determine if it is balanced . to begin with , the horse should carry equal weight on his front end and back end and on his topline and underline . this is determined by the skeletal structure of the horse allowing for correct proportion of the horse ' s parts . the neck , shoulder , back and hip should all be approximately equal lengths and the horse ' s topline should be shorter than its underline ( figure 1 ) .\nfigure 15 : conformation of the hind legs as viewed from the side . illustration b represents a horse with sickle hocks ( too much bend ) . illustration d represents a post - legged horse .\nvogelsang says that when a stallion is popular , a high stud fee does not seem to deter mare owners seeking to produce marketable offspring . on the other end of the scale , setting a low stud fee is not necessarily a guarantee of more mares . vogelsang feels that when a horse\u2019s stud fee falls below $ 500 , he looks cheap and less desirable to mare owners .\na horse like that , with that pedigree and those looks , should be making serious money .\nthe third place a stallion should be evaluated is in the performance arena . competition can both prove a horse\u2019s worth for a particular equestrian activity and promote him to mare owners . \u201cif a horse wins big or earns a horse - of - the - year title , he\u2019ll be popular , \u201d says vogelsang .\nthe horse ' s hind legs should also be examined for structural deviations by viewing them both from the side and from behind the horse . when facing the hindquarters of the horse from behind ( standing behind the horse looking at its tail ) one should be able to draw a straight line from the horse ' s buttock through both its hock and fetlock ( figure 14 ) . the hooves on the back leg will not be as straight as the front hooves ; it is normal for these to point slightly outward .\ndesirable : long diagonal scapula with a well - muscled shoulder , regular posture , dry marked joints , shorter front cannon , it should not exceed 2 / 3 of a forearm , medium long pastern at an angle of 45\u00b0 \u2013 50\u00b0 , regular hoof , ample , with a quality coronet .\n* the farrier was an individual who shod horses by nailing iron horseshoes to a horse ' s hooves .\ngrum - grzimailo m . y . 1892 [ the wild horse - equus przewalskii ] . niva 17 .\nhaving looked at the overall balance we move on to assess the individual parts that make up the horse .\nwe should know the \u0091points\u0092 of the horse , and , if possible , the names of the bones .\nwhen a sport horse breeder first looks at a horse he will be impressed by those qualities which he is trying to produce in his own breeding program . he will evaluate a stallion or mare\u0092s potential for passing on certain characteristics ; and every horse , including geldings , may provide information on the heritable qualities of the parents .\nrated at 132 by timeform , sadler\u2019s wells entered stud in 1985 at coolmore as one of the most desirable stallion prospects in years , with el gran senor and secreto heading across the atlantic and his three - parts - brother nureyev ( northern dancer \u2013 special ) departing france for kentucky after one breeding season .\nbannikov a . g . 1959 [ the current state and biology of the wild horse ] . priroda 5 .\neregden dagva d . 1959 [ the historic range of przewalski horse in mongolia ] . priroda 5 : 51\u201352 .\nashton d . 1984 a survey of diseases of the przewalski horse . equus 2 , heft 2 , 179\u2013188 .\nquestion : take the following measurements on a horse you own or have access to : point of shoulder to point of buttock , & height ( in centimetres ) . is this horse 10 % longer than it is high ?\nuse these simple checks to evaluate and monitor the state of your horse ' s vital stimulus - response network .\nit is also desirable for the forearm and gaskin muscling to have definition and be long and smooth versus short and bunchy . when examining the horse from the side , the muscling over the back and loin area should be smooth and defined rather than weak . the back should tie smoothly into the hip without severe angles or bumps . the muscling over the entire topline should be smooth and flow together seamlessly ( figure 21 ) .\nmating to correct weaknesses of conformation merits special mention . by way of an example , breeders may breed a long - backed horse to one with a short back , in an attempt to produce a foal with a back of desirable length . however , we know that over 90 % of all mammalian traits are controlled by multiple genes , while simple mendelian genetics apply to less than 10 % . the length of a horse\u0092s back is controlled by a number of factors . these include the length of the vertebral bones themselves and the width and compressibility of the inter - vertebral discs . each of these factors , in turn , is controlled by several genes , producing the possibility of a large variation in back length . therefore , a long - backed horse might have long vertebrae and \u0091normal\u0092 disc width , while a short - backed horse might have normal vertebrae and narrow discs , and there can be any combination of these variables . in general , the length of a horse\u0092s back will lie somewhere between the lengths of the parents\u0092 backs . rarely , the result will be a foal with a longer back than either of the parents . for the breeder , however , the best chance of success is to cull the long - backed horse and breed with two horses both of which have backs of desirable length .\nafter examining the horse for balance , a close second in importance is structural correctness . a horse ' s structural correctness is mainly determined by the structure and position of the bones in the legs . this is critical because the horse ' s legs take incredible impact in most riding disciplines . any conformational flaw causes deviations in where the horse absorbs concussion . conformational defects affect the horse ' s way of moving and can also lead to future lameness due to excessive stress placed on certain areas of the body during athletic movements . a horse carries approximately 65 percent of its weight on its front legs , thereby making the front legs the most likely area for injuries resulting from trauma or concussion . conformational defects cause deviations in the way the horse moves and places its hooves on the ground , and therefore affects the way impact travels up the leg . the more structurally correct the horse ' s legs are , the more evenly distributed the impact will be and the less likely the horse will be to have chronic or acute injuries .\ndesirable : regular posture , strong and muscled thigh , slightly leaned long croup , wide strong knee , dry and well - angled ( 140 \u2013 150\u00b0 ) wide hock , the pastern and the hoof make both one half of the total length and the angle of pastern forms an angle 50 \u2013 55\u00b0 to the ground .\nbalance is arguably the most critical aspect to evaluate when examining the horse . balance is essential for both quality of movement and performance in any event , and is determined by the horse ' s bone structure . balance refers to equal distribution of muscling and weight from the front of the horse to the back of the horse , from its top to its bottom and from side to side . however , balance is not determined by the horse ' s weight but instead by proper angles and proportions of different parts of the body . in other words , a horse can be light bodied or heavy bodied and still be balanced if its bone structure allows for equal distribution of that weight . proper balance enables the horse to carry itself in a manner to allow for easy maneuverability , greater power and smoother movement .\nall horse owners must have a unique colour combination on their silks . and a combination of owners is considered a new owner . if , for example , mrs smith owns a horse , she has her own silks . if she owns a horse with her cousin mr jones , and the horse is registered with \u201cmrs smith & mr jones\u201d as owner then that \u201cstable\u201d must have its own silks , even if it\u2019s only the colour on the cap that is different .\nif , as suggested above , two sets of facilities can be made available , it would be desirable to import an equal number of males and females and establish these in single sex groups , with ten animals ( plus or minus 2 ) in each group . the females when they reach stage ( 3 ) should be joined by a selected male for breeding to commence providing all has gone well with the preceding stages and the mares have reached sexual maturity at this time . for this reason and one other it would be desirable for the male to be one year older than the females and arrive one year sooner . the second benefit of this arrangement is that valuable lessons may be learned from having the more expendable males testing the facilities and systems suggested . as near as possible all males should be of genetically desirable composition for mating with the females , so that eventual selection for the first \u201cherd male\u201d can be based on successful adaptation to the environment of the restoration site .\nhorse racing had its western beginnings in the military : in that sense , uniforms were the de facto first silks .\nthis article was published in issn 0023\u20133285 horse breeding and equestrian sport , soviet monthly magazine no . 4 . 1985 .\nklements d . 1903 [ some considerations about the wild horse ] . s - petersburgskiye vedomosti , no . 186 .\nwhen i & apos ; m judging or evaluating a horse , the first thing i look for is overall balance . a horse that has balanced conformation - - with neck , back and hip of equal length - - will generally be a good mover and that translates into good performance . a horse that exhibits correct conformation should be a natural athlete .\njudges primarily look at conformation to know if each horse is capable of doing the job we expect of him as a future dressage sport horse and if our mares and stallions have the qualities necessary to produce suitable offspring . each horse should be able to develop into an athlete that will be able to carry a rider with as much ease as possible .\nsince 2015 , the second phase of breeding follows with emphasizing the stabilization of the desirable type . since 2013 , a premium award has been conferred to the individual horses that conform to the type at the national kk show , which becomes a part of identification of the horse jointly with a record into its certificate of origin , and it is registered in the pk and also in the certificate of origin of the foals born after the awarded parents .\nher name was park appeal and she won the group one moyglare stakes at the curragh before repeating her sister , desirable\u2019s , feat by winning the cheveley park . her performance was described by timeform as \u201ccomfortably the best by any two - year - old of her sex in a race in britain or ireland in the season . \u201d\nthe form of the horse varies with the function it is expected to perform , so that , before attempting to judge a sport horse , it is important to know what type we are looking for and what its function is to be . is it for jumping , dressage , eventing , driving , endurance or any other discipline ? although there are some variations of conformation which are discipline - specific , most of the desirable qualities are common to all sport horses . bio - mechanical efficiency permits ease of movement , which , in turn , reduces trauma and encourages soundness .\nmuscling is also a consideration when evaluating the horse , though not nearly as important as balance and structural correctness . the quantity , quality and distribution of the muscle are evaluated when looking at the horse from its sides , front and back .\nklimov v . v . 1982 [ przewalski horse today and yesterday ] . journal konevodstvo i konny sport 10 : 34\u201335 .\nkoudryashov s . a . 1946 [ mongolian horse ] . in : uchyonye zapiski mongolskogo universiteta i , i . i .\npolyakov i . s . 1881 [ przewalski horse ] . in : izvestia russkogo geograficheskogo obschestva 17 , i . i .\ntreus v . d . 1961 [ again on przewalski horse ] . in : konyevodstvo i konny sport 3 : 16\u201317 .\nfigure 9 : the horse on the top has an ideal head . note the distance between the eyes and the position of the eyes relative to the head . the horse on the bottom has a head that is too narrow for its length .\nundesirable : small or overgrown horse , rough or lymphatic , too long or too short body frame , lacking sexual dimorphism .\nevaluate the conformation of these three geldings and place them in your order of preference , then see how your choices compare to our expert judge ' s . plus , learn how to get your horse into horse & rider ' s next conformation clinic .\nthe final category to be judged , the general impression , counts as the last 10 percent of the score for both breeding - stock and sport - horse - prospect classes . the criteria for the dressage sport horse breeding stock includes masculinity or femininity .\ncommon structural characteristics of the head that are generally faulted are the roman nose and the platter jaw . a roman nose describes a condition in which the front of the horse ' s face is rounded outwards as opposed to being flat ( figure 10 ) . this usually does not affect the use of the horse other than it is not as attractive and often adds weight to the horse ' s head . a platter jaw is condition that describes excessively large jaws on the horse . it also detracts from a refined look and is undesirable because it adds weight and interferes with the horse ' s ability to flex at the poll .\nsecond : horse b horses b and c are a bit more challenging to place , as both lack overall balance and conditioning . however , horse b is my selection for second , as he has much better legs than horse c . this gelding has an average head and neck , and his expression isn & apos ; t as alert as horse a & apos ; s . his slightly thick throatlatch may restrict his flexibility at the poll . although his neck is a decent length as far as his overall balance , like horse a & apos ; s , it ties into his shoulder too low for correct balance and flexibility .\nanother consideration that can be grouped with balance is depth of heart girth . depth of heart girth is not quite as critical to a horse ' s balance but is considered in this section since it is an important measure of the body ' s capacity to house the heart , lungs and other vital organs . it is desirable for the horse to have a deep heart girth . when drawing a line from the withers to the chest floor , this length should be approximately the same as the distance from the chest floor to the ground and should be greater than depth of flank ( figure 4 ) .\nit was assumed that due to the broadening of equestrian sport to include new and mostly inexperienced target groups , such as adult beginners or \u201cweekend leisure riders\u201d , a segmentation of the horse buyers\u2019 market against the background of their personal knowledge about horses and their purchase would be expedient . taking into consideration the background of personal experience in equestrianism , three clusters , the \u201camateurs\u201d , the \u201cexperienced\u201d and the \u201cexperts\u201d , could be determined in this study . highly significant differences could be seen in the evaluation of some of the criteria influencing horse purchasing behaviour among the three clusters . it could be confirmed that especially among the \u201camateurs\u201d , who made up almost half of all the participants , there was a need for objective criteria for the evaluation of the horse for sale . as well as \u201cmeasureable\u201d qualities such as previous showing success or the training level of the horse , other qualities such as the easy handling of the horse are particularly important , but which are difficult to measure and quantify . combined within the term \u201cinterior\u201d , these qualities appeared to lose importance with time , similar to the measureable attributes . horse buyers can form their own \u201cimage\u201d of the desirable horse on the basis of their acquired personal experience and are thus less dependent on external sources of information .\ncan serve as an appropriate model for the target group segmentation of the horse buyers\u2019 market related to the buyer\u2019s riding experience background .\nbalashov n . t . 1961 [ breeding of przewalski wild horse in askania nova ] . equus i , no . 1 .\nwhy are these qualities important ? a well - set neck makes it easy for the rider to mold the horse into a rounded , stretching - to - the - contact frame . the shoulders of the horse will not be inhibited when he is ridden into an uphill connection . that can be difficult if the neck is set too low . an open throatlatch allows the horse to flex the poll properly . if it\u2019s too thick , the horse can\u2019t yield easily and might have difficulties breathing . if it\u2019s too thin , the horse might have a tendency to collapse the neck at the poll , coming behind the vertical and making evasion easier .\nundesirable : unwilling horse , rigidly or flatly jumping , shows too much or no respect before the obstacles , hard to control .\nit should be accepted for our purposes that athletic ability in the horse is determined by the phenotype and is detectable by examination .\nresearch the requirements to become a horse riding instructor . learn about the job description and duties , and see the . . .\nvogelsang points out that there is a lot of faddishness in the equine industry . there\u2019s no escaping the fact that breeds , bloodlines and even horse colors go in and out of popularity like car bodies and clothing fashions . are your stallion\u2019s bloodlines currently desirable , or are you going to have to promote not only the stallion as an individual but also convince mare owners that his ancestors are worth putting into their foal\u2019s pedigree ? if the stallion does not have a competitive record of his own , does a parent , sibling or other close relative have an established reputation that might create a \u201cshirttail effect\u201d for your horse ?\ncutting and reining horses are often closely bred down single genetic lines to capitalize upon their innate ability to \u201cread a cow\u201d and to perform specific athletic maneuvers such as a hard , deep stop . although line - breeding may capitalize on many desirable traits , it tends to also increase the occurrence of undesirable traits , such as developmental orthopedic disease ( osteochondrosis ) .\nmaximal preservation of genetic variation as well as the exchange of previously existing and newly arisen adaptive genetic variation will occur if periodic migrations of small numbers of individuals between the multiple reserve populations are conducted . similarly , continued bidirectional gene flow between the captive population and the reserve populations - achieved by periodic transfers of individuals ( or their germplasm ) - is highly desirable .\nthe slope of the shoulder greatly influences the look of the horse ' s neck . a horse with a steep shoulder often has withers that tie into the neck much farther forward than a horse with a good shoulder slope , which leads to a shorter neck topline and a longer back . such a horse will typically have a shorter stride coupled with more weight on its front end due to its longer back . a short neck is typically an undesirable characteristic because it causes the horse to lack flexibility of the neck , as well as typically being associated with a steep shoulder angle . another important consideration when examining the horse ' s neck and shoulder is the point where the neck ties into the chest at the shoulder . it is preferred that the horse ' s neck tie in high to its chest to allow for greater slope to the shoulder and a neater , more refined neck . if the horse ' s neck ties in low , the neck tends to be much heavier at the base and the shoulder is usually straighter ( figure 6 ) .\ntoday\u2019s western performance horse is an exceptional athlete . whether your passion is cutting or reining , team roping or steer wrestling , barrel racing or western pleasure , there\u2019s an american quarter horse out there that can do the job for you . however , it is crucial that you and your veterinarian understand the different demands of each of these sports so that the right horse is selected for the job .\nother important considerations when examining the head are nostril size and eye size and shape . nostrils should be large and round to allow maximum intake of air when the horse is working hard and breathing heavily . it is also desirable for the horse to have large , dark eyes set far apart and to the outside of the head to allow for good vision . it is important to understand the horse ' s field of vision in order to understand why eye placement and size is important . horses have more developed monocular vision than binocular vision . the horse sees a different picture out of each eye ( monocular vision ) very well but has more limited binocular vision ( seeing the same picture in both eyes of what is directly in front of it ) . because of these factors , horses with small eyes or eyes that are too close together are faulted because their field of vision may be more limited .\ngreen n . f . and green h . d . 1977 wild horse population of stone cabin valley , nevada : a preliminary report . proc . national wild horse forum . coop . exten . serv . , univ . nevada , reno . pp . 59\u201365 .\nbannikov a . g . 1961 [ the habitat and some biological characters of przewalski horse ] . equus i , no . 1 .\nin order to become a thoroughbred horse racing jockey , students can enroll in a racing academy . these academies usually offer . . .\nlearn how to become a dog or horse racing official . research the job description and education and licensing requirements , and . . .\ncould your horse be in horse & rider magazine & apos ; s next conformation clinic ? to submit a photo of your horse to be evaluated in our conformation clinic , send us a left - side view photo of your horse ( for digital phots : high - resolution , 300 dpi , in at least 3\nx 5\n) . make sure he & apos ; s well - groomed , looking straight ahead and standing on level ground - - and try to avoid distracting backgrounds . send photos to : horseandrider @ urltoken .\nfigure 5 : evaluation of shoulder slope . the horse on the top has a more ideal shoulder with an approximately 45 - degree angle . the horse on the left has a much steeper , straighter shoulder , which can lead to more jarring movement and shorter stride length .\nin recent years the hunter breeding national championship has seen a desirable growth in the variety of classes offered . the amateur handler class , judged 100 % on the presentation of the horse and handler , was added in 2013 . it is open to handlers who are no longer eligible to compete as junior exhibitors , and possess current amateur certification issued by usef . since 2015 the championship has held performance classes for both three and four - year olds , and continues to grow to include more performance options for younger horses .\nwhy are these qualities important ? the hind legs and the hindquarters are the engine of the horse . straight legs ( as seen from standing behind the horse ) with correct angles are better for a dressage sport horse\u2019s future . hind legs with insufficient angle in the hocks give a stiff backward push , making lowering of the hindquarters difficult . twisting hocks are never as sturdy and strong and they limit carrying capacity .\nbannikov a . g . and lobanov n . v . 1980 [ przewalski horse - hopes and concerns ] . priroda 3 : 100\u2013105 .\ntikhomirov a . a . 1898 [ mongolian wild horse ] . in : yestestvoznaniye i geografia , no . 4 , s . petersburg .\nferguson believed he had half - ownership of the horse , magnier said that ferguson was only entitled to a share of the prize money .\nwhen examining a horse ' s hind legs from a side view with the horse standing squarely , you should be able to draw a line perpendicular to the ground that touches the point of the horse ' s rump cheek , the back of the hock and the back of the fetlock ( figure 15 ) . this conformation of the hind leg allows the horse to carry weight well over its hindquarters and reach under itself as it moves to allow for maximum power . a horse that is sickle hocked has too much angle , or\nset ,\nto its hocks . a horse with sickle hocks will look like it has too much bend at the hock when standing squarely . when the hock angle looks normal on a sickle - hocked horse , the hind legs will often be farther behind the horse than they should be ( camped out ) . this puts extreme stress on the hock joint and surrounding tendons and ligaments and can lead to conditions such as curbed hocks , bog spavin and bone spavin . horses that have the opposite conformation of a sickle - hocked horse are said to be post legged . these horses have extremely straight angles to their hocks . this puts extreme strain on the hock and can also cause bog spavins and bone spavins .\nin addition to watching the horse from the front and rear to determine its footfall , it is also important to watch the horse move from the side to determine stride length and quality . in some disciplines and breeds , such as quarter horses and thoroughbreds , the horse should have a long , smooth stride that is very flat with very little knee action ( figure 19 - a ) . for certain breeds such as arabians , morgans and saddlebreds , the horse should have more knee flexion and raise its legs higher ( figure 19 - bb ) . it is important for all horses to bring their hind legs well underneath themselves to power their movement . it is also important when watching the horse move from all angles to be sure that the horse does not\ninterfere\nor hit its legs together at any point in its stride .\nbreed and sex character ( i . e . , \u201ctype\u201d ) refers to how well a horse represents its particular breed and sex . most breeds have unique qualities by which they can be identified . judging a horse by its type refers to judging how well it resembles the ideal horse of that breed . this may or may not be important depending on the expectations of the horse . horses competing in many performance events do not necessarily have to represent a breed or sex well to be competitive . however , for horses competing in halter events this criteria is important .\ndesirable produced eight foals , six of them winners , the best of them being the classic winner , shadyid . another balidaress daughter , balistroika , produced russian rhythm a six - time group one winner and european champion 3yo filly in 2003 and yet another , alydaress won both the irish oaks and ribblesdale stakes in 1989 . haughey\u2019s filly had developed into a true dam burst of genetic equine affluence .\nconformation goes hand in hand with movement because a horse with conformational weaknesses has to work harder when he eventually works under the rider . correctness of conformation is hereditary , so the conformation score of dressage sport - horse breeding stock ( mares and stallions , 4 years and older ) is weighted more heavily ( 40 percent ) than it is for dressage sport - horse prospect classes because we don\u2019t want heritable faults to breed weaknesses that could cause unsoundness in a sport - horse career . the score for breeding - stock movement ( gaits ) is 50 percent of the score .\nbannikov a . g . 1960 [ the first international symposium on przewalski horse in prague ] . zoological magazine 39 ( 8 ) : 78\u201380 .\nbikhner y . a . 1903 [ przewalski horse in the view of academician v . v . zalenski ] . saint petersburg ( leningrad ) .\na young charlie haughey with his first trainer , dick mccormick , after his first horse , miss cossie , won at naas in october 1962 .\nfigure 22 : black arrows point to muscling over the stifle . when viewed from behind , this should be the widest part of the horse .\nthe horse industry is notorious for its ups and downs when it comes to cash flow . here are some tips for weathering the slow times .\nfor a breeder purchasing breeding stock , or trying to decide which stallion to breed to which mare , or a rider or competitor selecting a horse for competition , a certain amount of judgment is required . and we all do some form of judging every time we look at a horse .\nthis paper aims to address that deficit by reviewing the existing knowledge base on welfare issues in horse breeding , and identifying areas in which data is lacking . we then go on to discuss how negative welfare effects associated with horse breeding could be better identified and limited . \u2018horse breeding\u2019 is defined for the purposes of this article as the processes which lead up to conception , pregnancy and the management of stallions , broodmares and foals until weaning .\nhe asked the leading vet ned gowing if he could find anything out of place . \u201che examined her and then told me to call haughey up and tell him he owns a horse . so that\u2019s what i did . \u201d haughey named his new horse innocence , in what now seems to have been a flourish of his prophetic flair . the ve day flag burner had just bought a horse whose mother was owned by ve\u2019s day mightiest conqueror .\nan overabundance of muscling is the last thing i look for . excessive bulk can cause soundness problems . muscle mass and conditioning don & apos ; t change a horse & apos ; s basic structure . i want to see a horse that & apos ; s structurally correct , pretty , and balanced - - that & apos ; s the type of horse that can win a halter class and go on to do well in performance classes .\na common flaw that negatively affects the horse ' s balance is a back that is long in relation to the neck and hip . an important ratio to consider when analyzing balance is the ratio of the topline to the underline . the topline is measured from the withers to the point of coupling . the underline is measured from a point under the belly between the horse ' s front legs to a point roughly even with the stifle ( figure 2 ) . the topline should always be shorter than the underline in a balanced horse . a longer topline indicates that the horse has a long , weak back , which is often problematic due to long backs having weaker muscling . longer back length also makes it difficult for the horse to bring its hind legs up under its body when it moves . the hind legs reaching under the body are the source of power for the horse to move forward and also allow the horse to maneuver and adjust easily . if a horse is unable to bring its hind legs well underneath its body , more weight must be carried on its front end , thereby reducing its power and maneuverability as well as leading to a more jarring impact for the rider .\nthere are many different reasons why a horse & apos ; s breed registration papers can be lost . sometimes , if the horse has been bought and sold a number of times , a previous owner will not have passed the papers along . or as we know , sometimes paperwork just goes astray . unscrupulous sellers may sell the papers along with a similar horse to increase its value . along with being inconvenient for the new owner of the now & apos ; un - papered & apos ; horse , this is illegal . whatever the reason , it is sometimes possible to recover the registration papers .\nklimov v . v . 1983 [ the processes of growth and development of przewalski horse ] . proc . republican conference of scientific youth , 10 .\nfinally , the length and turn of the hip is also critical to a horse ' s athletic ability . in general , larger hips are better since they provide more power and musculature to propel the horse forward and carry its weight . almost all disciplines of riding have maneuvers that require power and adjustability .\nat first glance , i look for a pretty head - - one with small ears , that & apos ; s broad between the eyes . a clean , slender throatlatch will make it easier for a horse to flex at the poll and work with his head at the proper angle . next , my eyes go to a horse & apos ; s topline and shoulder . everything hangs on the quality of a horse & apos ; s shoulders and back . the slope , or angle , of a horse & apos ; s shoulder determines the length of his neck and back and also the way his front legs are set onto his body . together these attributes contribute to length of stride and balance . the back is the\nhub\nof a horse , and a short , strong back is essential to a horse staying sound and performing well . distinct withers of medium height will help keep a saddle in place .\nin some cases , dna testing can help identify the horse & apos ; s sire and dam . this can be helpful in recovering pedigree information . i\nroumiantsev b . f . 1936 [ about the origin of the wild horse ] . in : izvestia an sssr , biologicheskaya seriya 2 , part 3 .\ninnocence had only ever produced one foal and against professional advice and the accepted tribal wisdom established over centuries of horse breeding , that filly had been sold .\nthe larger and better shaped the hip is , the more power the horse will have . a horse ' s hip should be approximately the same length as its back . it is also important to consider the way the hip is shaped . the horse should ideally have a\nnicely turned\nhip and croup . the slope of the hip should be roughly the same as the slope of the shoulder . a horse with too flat of a hip will have trouble bringing its hind legs under itself , while one with too steep of a hip ( a\ngoose rump\n) will lack the range of motion to provide power to the horse ' s movement . additionally , the hip should tie in low to the gaskin muscling ( muscling of the upper leg ) ."]}
{"id": 1963, "summary": [{"text": "chalcid wasps ( / \u02c8k\u00e6ls\u026ad / , from greek khalkos , meaning ' copper ' , for their metallic colour ) are insects within the superfamily chalcidoidea , part of the order hymenoptera .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the superfamily contains some 22,500 known species , and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species , meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name \" chalcid \" is often confused with the name \" chalcidid \" , though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family , the chalcididae , rather than the superfamily as a whole ; accordingly , most recent publications ( e.g. , ) use the name \" chalcidoid \" when referring to members of the superfamily .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "most of the species are parasitoids of other insects , attacking the egg or larval stage of their host , though many other life cycles are known .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "these hosts are to be found in at least 12 different insect orders including lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) , diptera ( true flies ) , coleoptera ( beetles ) , hemiptera ( true bugs ) , and other hymenoptera , as well as two orders of arachnida , and even one family of nematodes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "when the host is itself a parasitoid , they are referred to as hyperparasitoids .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "a small percentage are phytophagous and the larvae feed inside seeds , stems , and galls , including some that act as pollinators ( e.g. fig wasps ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "generally beneficial to humans as a group , chalcidoids help keep various crop pests under control , and many species have been imported as biocontrol agents .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "copidosoma floridanum is one such species , whose genome is being sequenced by the human genome sequencing center as part of the i5k project , which aims to sequence the genomes of 5,000 arthropods .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "chalcidoids are tiny , dark-coloured wasps , typically black or brown , but often metallic blue or green , with complex sculpturing on the body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are also recognized by the characteristic reduced wing venation , similar to that seen in other superfamilies of parasitic wasps . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "chalcid wasp", "paragraphs": ["get to know the beneficial insect chalcid wasp that preys on the eggs of garden predators .\nthe species of chalcid wasp my homeowner encountered\nswarming\nin her attic this spring appeared identical to other similar wasp pictures i ' ve received recently . these turned out to be\na chalcid wasp , order hymenoptera , family chalcidae . it ' s microterys nietneri , thanks to dan for the id .\ncould you identify this insect from this picture ? brachymeria podagrica is a chalcid wasp parasitoid that attacks filth flies , like those that feed on carrion .\nan obscure critter . i ' m guessing that not one in 100 pmps has ever heard of a chalcid ( chal sid ) wasp before . but chalcid wasps are common natural enemies of many insect pests . identified by their small size and giant hind femurs , the chalcididae family makes up one of the dozen or so\nparasitoid\nwasp families within the bee / wasp / ant order hymenoptera .\nfig wasp , ( family agaonidae ) , any of about 900 species of tiny wasps responsible for pollinating the world\u2019s 900 species of figs ( see ficus ) . each species of wasp pollinates only one species of fig , and each fig species has its own wasp species to pollinate it . this\u2026\nto learn more about monarch butterflies and chalcid wasps , click on this sentence .\nrappaport n , mori s , roques a . estimating impact of a seed chalcid\nthe alfalfa seed chalcid is attracted by flowering alfalfa and oviposits into immature seed in young developing pods . once the seed starts to swell it is not susceptible to oviposition by the chalcid . this wasp requires a flat , soft pod through which to oviposit . the wasp larva requires the duration of the seed - filling period to develop into a pre - pupa and pupa , and it feeds on the seed endosperm . once the seed ripens the pupa hatches and the wasp chews out of the seed and pod . the wasp will stay in a pre - pupal stage in the ripened seed if it is late in the season and is induced into a winter diapause .\nsingle and double infections with wolbachia in the parasitic wasp nasonia vitripennis - effects on compatibility . genetics143 : 961 - 972 .\nto learn more about chalcid wasps and how they infect chrysalises , click on this sentence .\nparasitoid wasps are certainly one of the most fascinating and wonderful , yet horrifying , of all creatures . so seemingly cruel in its behavior that theologians and biologists argued over the last 200 years whether the mere existence of insects like the ichneumon wasp ( a cousin of the chalcid wasp ) served as proof against the christian belief in a loving creator - god . *\nin combination with alterations in crop closure timing , both sanitation and closing date operate synergistically to diminish seed wasp populations . with a sanitation and closing date management programme in operation , the population of seed wasp in the area will decline over a period of seasons . seed producers need to assess the economics of management decisions that influence the susceptibility of seed crops to seed wasp damage in conjunction with net returns (\nchalcid wasps are small insects that lay eggs in soft moth and butterfly chrysalises . wasp larvae hatch from the eggs . the larvae drink the hemolymph ( blood ) of the chrysalis . the chrysalis continues to live and mature for quite a few days . the chrysalis dies and the wasp larvae form pupae . when the wasp pupae mature , adult wasps emerge from the pupae and eat a tiny hole in the chrysalis . the wasps , from a few to hundreds , emerge from the chrysalis from the one or two holes they have eaten in the chrysalis .\nhi , i came searching for identification of the same wasp ! my search words were : \u201csmall black wasp with strong hind legs\u201d . i found this pupa on a mint leaf ( part of a bunch i had bought from the market ) . i wondered what butterfly / moth caterpillar would like to eat mint leaves which have such strong smell . so i kept the pupa in a jar with ventilation , and after two weeks , today morning i saw a wasp ! now i think i can connect the dots . some lepidoptera caterpillar on the mint got parasitised by this chalcid wasp either at larval or pupal stage . i will release it in my garden so that it can do some pest control : ) thanks a lot .\nartokhin ks , 1983 . natural enemies of the lucerne seed chalcid . zashchita rasteni , no . 12 : 45\ncollecting and preserving chalcid wasps ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea . ) journal of natural history 16 : 315 - 334 .\na sweep net should be swept through the alfalfa and the contents inspected . the seed wasp will be present in the net if any are in the field (\nresearch indicates that eradication of the seed wasp is not possible . insecticide application is not a means of permanent control . the wasp will always be present where alfalfa is grown and the key to management is to live with the presence of the pest but make changes to the management in order to reduce its impact on seed yield (\nsome significant natural enemies of the alfalfa seed chalcid are reported . all of them are larval parasitoids from the order hymenoptera .\nthe records of the wasp in trifolium ( clover ) seed are probably a mistake . clover seeds are damaged by bruchophagus gibbus . the larvae of both species are morphologically similar .\nto round out this discussion of chalcids , i should mention two species that display atypical habits \u2014 one beneficial , the other harmful . the first of these two oddball chalcids is the fig wasp ( family agaonidae ) , to which nature has given the responsibility of pollinating the commercially important smyrna fig \u2014 a tree that can produce fruit only after being pollinated by the wild fig , or caprifig . and because of the peculiar nature of the smyrna fig flower , the fig wasp is the only creature that can accomplish this feat . the black sheep of the chalcid family is the clover seed chalcid ( bruchophagus phatyptera ) , which infests the seeds of several varieties of legumes and is one of the very few harmful members of the chalcid clan .\n[ 1880\u201385 ; < new latin chalcid - , s . of chalcis a genus < greek chalk ( \u00f3s ) copper , brass ]\npeterson s , 2003 . seed chalcid damage to alfalfa seed in california . international pollination systems , visalia , california , usa . urltoken\n. other important references to the chalcid taxonomic literature , with emphasis on the north american fauna , are given in the sections below .\nthe adult female of the alfalfa seed chalcid has a needle - like structure ( ovipositor ) that is used to insert eggs into immature alfalfa seeds . a single larva ( grub ) develops within each seed and destroys all the contents , leaving only the seed coat . when the wasp emerges from the seed , a hole is visible .\n* an interesting discussion of the ichneumon wasp controversy can be found in stephen jay gould ' s essay on non - moral nature in the book hen ' s teeth and horse ' s toes .\nde barro j , 2001 . living with the enemy : managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops . publication no . 01 / 135 . rural industries research and development corporation , australia . urltoken\nde barro j , 2001 . evaluating and managing lucerne seed wasp in lucerne seed crops . a report for the rural industries research and development corporation . rirdc publication no 01 / 136 , australia . urltoken\nabout 12 mm in length , this leucospidid wasp is a parasite on the raspberry horntail , as well as being one of the largest chalcids and a superb mimic of the yellow jacket . photo : ron west\n, chemical control of the seed wasp is not a viable or sensible option and does not form part of its management strategy . the wasp is exposed for 6 months of the year ( through the dryland and irrigated seed production season ) to insecticides that are used in commercial seed production to manage other pests . resistance of the seed wasp to insecticides including malathion , chlorpyrifos , and a range of synthetic pyrethroids is commonly reported in the seed - producing areas of south australia and new south wales . a similar scenario exists in the alfalfa seed - producing areas of north america , where district - wide sanitation practices are encouraged .\nchalcid wasps are not likely to enter an account over and over by accident . if you find chalcids indoors , get a sample and have them identified .\ncupressus sempervirens vs cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli : genetic and evolutionary relationships , iufro s7 . 01 symposium physiology and genetics of trees . phytophage interactions .\nbrewer gj , 1980 . a survey of the alfalfa seed chalcid in central kansas . journal of the kansas entomological society , 53 ( 3 ) : 538\n. the following publications that include keys to chalcid families are listed in alphabetical order by area covered ; those with an asterisk also include keys to genera .\nin australia , it is known that the wasp is more active in february than earlier in the seed crop season and that the presence of volunteer alfalfa in the area surrounding the seed crop can augment the seed wasp population . the wasp does not develop populations in defined intervals . it has continuing , overlapping generations , which means that all the stages of the life cycle are present at any one time , in any one area and in any one paddock . a spray that kills the adults will have no effect on the pupae , which will hatch straight after the spray has been applied , and almost immediately mate and continue the life cycle (\non the other hand , another chalcid phenomenon \u2014 known as hyperparasitism \u2014 can work against the gardener , and occurs when a chalcid uses another parasitic insect for its host , thus negating the beneficial effect of the victim parasite . ( in one species of chalcid , this hyperparasitism takes on a bizarre twist in that while the females are parasites of scale insects , the males are hyperparasites that attack the parasites of scale insects . . . including the females of their own species ! )\nresulting emergence of males and females of the cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli , from eggs laid in seeds of cupressus sempervirens by unfertilized female m . wachtli .\ncompared pod - wall characteristics with seed damage and resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid in medicago species . the findings suggested that pod - wall lignification may reduce seed losses due to chalcid damage . the highest levels of resistance to the eurytomid are found in the annual species , which also had highly lignified pod - walls .\nthe adult alfalfa seed chalcid is a minute , jet - black wasp . only some parts of the legs ( on the tibia and tarsus ) are yellow - brown . the male is 1 . 2 - 1 . 7 mm and the female is 1 . 3 - 1 . 8 mm long . the thorax protrudes and the abdomen is egg - shaped with a plain ventral part (\nfrom hungary suggested a simple method for separating beneficial parasitoids ( b . bruchophagi , i . perplexus and pteromalus medicaginis ) of the alfalfa seed chalcid from alfalfa chaff .\nthoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1990 . infestation patterns of the alfalfa seed chalcid in oklahoma alfalfa fields . southwestern entomologist , 15 ( 1 ) : 15 - 25\nit is extremely difficult to briefly characterize or present a key to chalcid families on a world basis , particularly with current uncertainty and controversy over membership of some families .\nthe chalcidoidea is a widely distributed group that is divided into about 19 families , chief among which are the mymaridae ( fairyfly ) , trichogrammatidae , eulophidae , encyrtidae , eupelmidae , perilampidae , agaonidae ( fig wasp , q . v . ) , torymidae , pteromalidae , eurytomidae ( seed chalcid ) , and chalcididae . some of the leucospidae , largest of the chalcids , reach 15 mm in length .\ni found this tiny wasp ( 2 - 3mm ) in leaf litter . black with a bluish iridescence and pointed abdomen . can anyone help with id please . also , is its host likely to be a leaf - litter dweller ?\nchalcid\nis usually used to refer to any member of this superfamily , rather than only members of the family chalcididae . using\nchalcidoid\ninstead removes any ambiguity .\nthoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1987 . emergence from overwintered seeds of hymenoptera parasitizing the alfalfa seed chalcid in oklahoma . southwestern entomologist , 12 ( 1 ) : 33 - 43\nif anything , higher level relationships within chalcidoidea are even less well resolved than are relationships of chalcidoidea with other hymenoptera . a comprehensive historical review of chalcid higher classification was given by\nthe number of described chalcidoid taxa in the world that are currently regarded as valid . pages 9 - 10 in chalcid forum no . 13 . 31 pp . unpublished newsletter .\nfor a long time this species was identified as bruchophagus gibbus , which damages the seeds of clover and other leguminous plants . gussakovskii described the alfalfa seed chalcid as b . roddi (\nnielson mw , 1976 . diapause in the alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( gussakovsky ) in relation to natural photoperiod . environmental entomology , 5 ( 1 ) : 123 - 127\nstrong fe , 1962 . laboratory studies of the biology of the alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi guss . ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . hilgardia , 32 : 229 - 249 .\nmany australian seed producers stop the seed production of alfalfa in december so that the crops flower in january and february when the warm / hot weather is optimal for pollination . however , this management strategy permits maximum wasp damage . the producers need to assess their management concepts . by closing a crop 2 - 4 weeks earlier than usual ( e . g . in november ) , harvesting at 100 % ripeness is permitted as opposed to 80 - 90 % ripeness , later in the season and prior to the autumn rainfall . seed wasp damage is reduced by earlier crop closure due to lower wasp populations being present at the time of flowering and seed set . the net return from a seed crop that is closed in the traditional december period is often the same or less than the net return from a similar standard seed crop that is closed earlier . in december , the crop is not permitted to reach complete ripeness prior to desiccation , whereas the crop that is closed earlier reaches full ripeness and has less seed wasp damage .\nkral ' ovic j , 1971 . the ecology of the lucerne seed chalcid bruchophagus roddi guss . ( hymenoptera , eurytomidae ) . biologicke prace , 17 ( 3 ) : 2 - 75\ntingey wm ; nielson mw , 1975 . developmental biology of the alfalfa seed chalcid on resistant and susceptible alfalfa clones . journal of economic entomology , 68 ( 2 ) : 167 - 168\nbrewer gj ; horber e , 1984 . field infestation and alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) development in different medicago clones . environmental entomology , 13 ( 4 ) : 1157 - 1159\nprashar hk ; dhaliwal js , 1984 . biology of lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi gussakovsky ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . indian journal of agricultural sciences , 54 ( 10 ) : 935 - 940\nchalcidoid or chalcid wasps are one of the most diverse groups of hymenoptera ( bees , ants , wasps ) numerically , structurally , and biologically . they range in size from the smallest insect known ,\nwasp , any member of a group of insects in the order hymenoptera , suborder apocrita , some of which are stinging . wasps are distinguished from the ants and bees of apocrita by various behavioral and physical characteristics , particularly their possession of a slender , smooth body and legs with\u2026\nthere is no doubt that molecular analysis of chalcid relationships is an exciting new frontier that holds promising rewards for our understanding of the evolution of the group . however , such analyses seem likely to add to the instability of chalcid classification , at least in the short term , and by themselves seem unlikely to provide a fully resolved pattern of chalcid relationships . in order to fully resolve the evolutionary history of the chalcidoidea it will also be necessary to develop a comprehensive , accurate , morphological - based character matrix for the superfamily . this is an extremely complex and daunting task considering the enormous diversity of the group , but must be done in order to advance chalcid classification beyond the level of personal preference . although no cladistic hypotheses of family relationships based on analysis of morphology have considered the chalcidoidea in its entirety , noyes ( 1990 ) presented a tree diagram illustrating one set of potential chalcid family relationships ( see reproduction in\na word on chalcidoid classification\nor dendrogram 1 in heraty et al . 1997 ) . gibson et al . ( 1999 ) reviewed current concepts of chalcid phylogenetics and classification , and this paper should be consulted for a comprehensive list of relevant publications . however , some of the more major molecular or morphological analyses that have investigated monophyly and relationships of chalcid families or subfamilies through explicit character state analysis are listed below . references are given under the primary family or families investigated though the papers often include discussion of other families .\nin jhansi , uttar pradesh , india , the chalcid damage resulted in an economic loss of rs . 12 , 000 / ha in 2001 - 2002 and rs . 9300 / ha in 2000 - 2001 (\nthoenes sc ; moffett jo , 1987 . emergence of alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , from overwintered seeds in oklahoma . environmental entomology , 16 ( 3 ) : 774 - 778\nall in all , though , chalcid wasps are among the most valuable insects you can have in your garden , packing one heck of a lot of pest control wallop in a very small , totally natural package .\nthe alfalfa seed wasp is a small insect ( less than 2 mm long ) that can be spread through flight . the larvae develop within a single alfalfa seed and they are easy to spread through the world in the seed trade . it is difficult to find all the stages . . . .\nin california , usa , when the fields are divided into two groups ( based on the number of insecticide applications : one to two applications versus three to five applications ) , there are 2 . 3 times more chalcid - damaged seeds found in the three to five insecticide application group , compared to the one to two application group . increased insecticide applications may reduce the predator and parasitoid populations that would normally suppress the seed chalcid populations (\nbrewer gj ; sorensen el ; horber ek , 1983 . laboratory techniques to evaluate resistance of alfalfa clones to the alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . environmental entomology , 12 ( 5 ) : 1601 - 1605\nanother particularly beneficial chalcid species is encarsia formosa , which has proven helpful in controlling stubborn infestations of the greenhouse whitefly ( trialeurodes vaporariorum ) . because this little wasp lays its eggs under the skins of whitefly larvae , its young will hatch right in the midst of an ample supply of food . ( tests have shown that . this control measure works best in greenhouses with temperatures averaging 75 degrees fahrenheit or higher . in cooler conditions , the whiteflies may develop faster than the chalcids and thus lessen the parasite ' s effectiveness . )\nmany small wasps and flies that exist in an alfalfa seed crop can be confused with the alfalfa seed chalcid . most of the small wasps are good predators of aphids and heliothis spp . and have long tail - like features ( ovipositors ) , which the seed wasps lack . many small flies such as midges are common in alfalfa , especially in irrigated crops . these midges are most often misidentified as seed wasps because they are the same size and shape . however , midges do not have a shiny jet - black abdomen but have a dull , grey - white one . the other feature that makes them distinct to the untrained eye is that the midge flies away quickly when captured , whereas a seed wasp tends to curl up and ' play dead ' . the midge also flies around people and animals on warm , humid days . the seed wasp keeps at a distance from people (\nit is important that the control programme for the seed chalcid starts in the spring , as this species cannot be controlled by insecticide applications during the production of the seed crop . the adult wasp inserts eggs inside the pods , and the larval and pupal stages develop inside the alfalfa seeds . the pest over - winters as pupae in the seeds that were spilled in the previous season or in seeds that were produced by the alfalfa grown in field border areas and roadsides . the adults emerging in may and june lay eggs in the alfalfa seeds wherever they are available , with the most common seed source being the plants growing outside of the fields . several generations of the chalcid are completed each year , with the levels of seed infestation becoming progressively higher as the chalcid populations increase in mid - and late summer . that is why the insecticide treatment has to be directed against the adults before oviposition . the next application is when it is necessary . two treatments , one applied at budding and the other at the green - pod stage , reduce the percentage of infested seeds and almost double the yield (\nspringer tl ; kindler sd ; sorensen el , 1990 . comparison of pod - wall characteristics with seed damage and resistance to the alfalfa seed chalcid ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) in medicago species . environmental entomology , 19 ( 5 ) : 1614 - 1617\nthe wasp is an excellent parasite of alfalfa and develops its populations in response to the availability of the host rather than any particular environmental cue such as temperature or day - length . however , the wasp will hibernate ( diapause ) in the winter in response to cues in the autumn . irrigated seed crops within a 5 km radius of dryland seed crops ( or significant pasture or wasteland seed - producing alfalfa ) are infested unless they mature within 4 weeks of the maturity date of the dryland crop . the areas outside the 5 km radius are not significantly affected regardless of the crop maturity date , especially if the crops in this region mature at a similar time . the dryland seed crops and the presence of feral and pasture lucerne in the areas near to irrigated seed crops can be hosts for population development . research has shown that the seed wasp can be found everywhere in the presence of flowering alfalfa : around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and grazing pastures (\narbab a , 2006 . spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of alfalfa seed weevil , tychius aureolus ( keiswetter ) ( col . curculionidae ) , and alfalfa seed wasp , brochophagus roddi , ( hym . eurytomidae ) ( gussakovski ) in alfalfa seed fields . journal of agricultural sciences - islamic azad university , 12 ( 2 ) : pe263 - pe269 .\npadmavathi c ; pandey k ; rakesh s ; seth r , 2003 . assessment of losses caused by seed chalcid , bruchophagous roddi guss . ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) in lucerne grown for seed . indian journal of plant protection , 31 : 152 - 153 .\n] . about 80 chalcid species are known to be pests of agriculture ( mostly seed - feeders in the families eurytomidae and torymidae ) and some chalcids are considered harmful because they are hyperparasitoids , but most are economically and environmentally beneficial . the large majority of chalcid species are primary parasitoids of other insects and arachnids and as such they are important participants in nature ' s own control system for regulating arthropod populations . in addition to the largely unappreciated role of most species in helping to control what might otherwise be pest species , over 800 chalcid species have been associated with targeted biological control programs . this represents about two - thirds of all biocontrol programs involving hymenoptera , and about one - third of all biocontrol programs in which partial or complete economic control of an insect pest was achieved (\nhi folks , finally , i think i have discovered the mysterious source of my chalcid friends ! i was up in the attic this morning . we had a dead rat in one of the traps . all around the carcass of the rat were these brown little pupae . after doing some research , i discovered that these were fly pupae . then , on one site , i came across a photo of a chaclid wasp ( or parasite fly ) depositing an egg into a fly pupa : from : urltoken and here is the likely story : rat comes in and gets caught in the trap , dies . as it decomposed , flies lured to the stench flew in through the roof vents in the attic and did what they do best . later , after the fly maggots went into their pupal stage , the chalcid wasps came and did what they do best . mystery solved ! thanks for your help ! doon\ndhaliwal js ; prashar hk , 1985 . varietal resistance and effect of date of last cut and insecticidal application on the control of lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi gussakovsky ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) . indian journal of agricultural sciences , 55 ( 5 ) : 354 - 357\nerd\u00e9lyi c ; szentkiralyi f ; manninger s , 1979 . data to the interrelationship of damages caused by the lucerne seed chalcid ( bruchophagus roddi ) and the lucerne seed weevil ( tychius flavus ) . acta phytopathologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae , 14 ( 12 ) : 201 - 207\nbutler gd jr ; ritchie pl jr ; werner fg , 1968 . the effect of temperature on the life cycle of the alfalfa seed chalcid and its parasites . technical bulletin , agricultural experiment station , college of agriculture , university of arizona , no . 185 : 17 pp .\nthe alfalfa seed wasp is a small insect ( less than 2 mm long ) that can be spread through flight . the larvae develop within a single alfalfa seed and they are easy to spread through the world in the seed trade . it is difficult to find all the stages . the pest only damages the seeds and where alfalfa is used in non - seed production it passes unnoticed . however , it can be found everywhere that flowering alfalfa is available : around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and in grazing pastures . the seed wasp has continuing , overlapping generations , which means that all stages of the life cycle are present at any one time , in any one area and in any one paddock . a spray that is used to kill the adult will have no effect on the pupae and they will emerge immediately after the spray has been applied , and almost immediately mate and continue the life cycle . the wasp is exposed to insecticides , which are used in commercial seed production to manage other pests , for 6 months of the year through the dryland and irrigated seed production season . the resistance of the seed wasp to insecticides is commonly reported in the seed - producing areas of south australia and new south wales . a similar scenario exists in the alfalfa seed - producing areas of north america , where district - wide sanitation practices are encouraged . up to 80 - 90 % of the harvested seed may be infested and this can cause great financial losses .\nszocs g ; erd\u00e9lyi c ; makranczy g ; bus a , 1998 . a simple method for separating beneficial parasitoids of the alfalfa seed chalcid ( bruchophagus roddi ) from alfalfa chaff . acta phytopathologica et entomologica hungarica , 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 357 - 365 ; 14 ref .\naeschlimann jp ; vitou j , 1989 . observations on the lucerne seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hym . , eurytomidae ) , and its parasitoids in mediterranean france : a promising candidate for classical biological control in australia . acta oecologica , oecologia applicata , 10 ( 2 ) : 129 - 133\nsoroka jj ; spurr dt , 1998 . geographic incidence and damage levels of alfalfa seed chalcid , bruchophagus roddi ( hymenoptera : eurytomidae ) , in saskatchewan , and its relationship to weather and agronomic variables and production practices . canadian entomologist , 130 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 ; 23 ref .\nadults longevity of a cypress seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli , emerged from seed yield of 2 - year - old cones cupressus sempervirens in september ( a ) in field , placed into rearing boxes stored in an outdoor insectary at ba\u00efnem and nourished with honey water ; ( b ) breeding under laboratory conditions .\nresearch indicates an average total of irrigated seed loss of 67 . 39 kg / ha . a value of a $ 3 / kg to the producer equates to a financial loss of a $ 202 . 16 / ha . approximately 9700 ha of irrigated seed production in south - east australia is susceptible to infestation by the seed wasp . losses to producers in the area are approximately a $ 2 million per season . in 1999 / 2000 , a total of 4993 tonnes of alfalfa seed at a value of a $ 3 . 63 / kg was exported , equating to a value in excess of a $ 18 . 2 million . a $ 5 . 18 million of potential seed exports are lost due to the alfalfa seed chalcid (\ntrichogrammatid , ( family trichogrammatidae ) , any of a group of tiny , parasitic chalcid wasps , particularly of the genus trichogramma , in the order hymenoptera . adults of trichogramma species are less than 1 mm ( 0 . 04 inch ) long , with pear - shaped wings having a single vein and fringing hairs and\u2026\nthe relationship between colonization by a cypress seed chalcid and the tortricid was characterized by their presence / absence ratio in 1000 colonized 2 - year - old cones of c . sempervirens . 10 cones were collected from each of 100 trees . cones attacked by m . wachtli and p . tessulatana were identified on the basis of their external appearance , as they dried and opened precociously when compared to cones containing healthy seed . for each attacked cone , the presence or the absence of attack of the chalcid and the tortricid was noted to see whether m . wachtli prefers , rejects or is indifferent to the previous attack of the cones by p . tessulatana .\nin my last column ( in mother earth news n0 . 97 ) , i mentioned that one natural , effective means of controlling cutworms and other caterpillars in your garden is to introduce a tiny parasitic wasp species \u2014 known scientifically as trichogramma \u2014 whose larvae feed upon the eggs of harmful insects . this time around , i ' d like to expand on the use of trichogramma and other chalcids as a natural means of controlling insect pests in your garden .\nseed wasps develop populations where alfalfa is flowering and setting seed . sanitation practices such as mowing , grazing and herbicide spraying significantly reduce the presence of the wasps in the seed crops by reducing the availability of the alfalfa outside the seed crop for population development . australian alfalfa seed producers can individually and in co - operation with the adjacent landowners / seed producers , implement simple sanitation practices on a wide scale level to reduce seed wasp populations and damages to the seed crops .\nthe chalcid fauna of the ussr ( chalcidoidea ) . keys to the fauna of the ussr . zoological institute of the academy of sciences of the ussr , no . 44 , moscow , ussr . 574 pp . ( in russian ) . [ english translation : israel program for scientific translations , jerusalem , israel , 1963 . 593 pp . ]\nthe tortricid pseudococcyx tessulatana staudinger ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) and the seed chalcid m . wachtli also found in algeria ( bouaziz 1993 ; bouaziz and chakali 1997 ) seemed to cause significant damage ( guido et al . 1995 ; roques and raimbault 1986 ; zocchi 1963 ) . however , their exact distribution , and their biology , remains unstudied in algeria .\nvariety was centralized on two scales , a lower and a medium . the medium cone scale was significantly more colonized than the lower one ( number of holes = 40 , f 7 , 30 = 28 . 24 , p = 0 . 00 ) . thus , attack strategy by both the chalcid and tortricid varied according to the cypress species and location of attack on the cone .\nresearch has shown that by reducing the presence of flowering alfalfa around sheds , gardens , stock yards , fence lines , irrigation channels , check banks , stock raceways , along roadsides and in grazing pastures , the presence of the seed wasp in seed crops is reduced . the best results are obtained by maintaining those sanitation efforts from the time that the alfalfa first flowers through to when the seed crops have finished flowering . in practice this may require a combination of grazing , spraying and mowing two or three times in a single season .\nde barro ( 2001a , b ) in australia named two species of parasitic wasps that were collected from the reared wasps . i . perplexus and p . sequester hatched in late november at a ratio of 2 : 1 females to males . these wasps were collected from offal from across the district , providing evidence that they are widespread but in low populations . they have also been detected in forbes and deniliquin in new south wales . according to the author , very little is known about the biology of these wasp parasites but they are worth investigating as a biological control option .\ncultural practices are important in managing this pest . in the spring , the cultivation of the soil using a disc cultivator and irrigation kills infested seeds on the soil surface . clipping - back established stands helps to delay bloom , provides a shorter pollination window and reduces the time that the green pods are available for egg laying . the elimination of volunteer alfalfa along roadsides and ditch banks is also important in minimizing seed chalcid populations (\n) , but are beneficial as the obligate pollinators of figs . some members of five other families ( eulophidae , eurytomidae , pteromalidae , tanaostigmatidae and torymidae ) are seed - feeders or gall - formers on plants , though for many chalcids reared from galls it is not known whether they are primary gall - formers , or inquilines or parasitoids in the galls . john noyes provides a concise summary of known chalcid biology by family in\nin addition to their devouring other insects in the embryonic or larval forms , certain chalcid species display a number of unusual , and therefore interesting , habits . for example , some chalcids are well known for polyembryony , in which anywhere from ten to over a thousand larvae develop from each egg . . . good news for the gardener who ' s plagued with insect pests and wants to introduce a large number of beneficial parasites quickly and with little effort .\nthe green cypress ( cupressus sempervirens l . , pinales : cupressaceae ) is of great interest for ornamental , reforestation and windbreak use in the entire mediterranean basin . it is well adaptated to the various mediterranean conditions and resists long dry periods as well as cold extremes . the entomological fauna that exploits cupressaceae seeds is well known . roques and battisti ( 1999 ) mention nine insects and acarina species found in cypress seeds and cones in natural forests , and in plantations , seedbeds , seed orchards or urban trees of the mediterranean area . these authors showed how insects specialized in seed exploitation . the seed chalcid , megastigmus wachtli seitner ( hymenoptera : torymidae ) , and seed bugs , orsillus ( dallas ) ( heteroptera : lygaeidae ) , limit seed yields , particularly in seed orchards . a total of 21 megastigmus seed chalcid species are recognized in europe , north africa and asia minor ( roques and skrzypczynska 2003 ) . battisti et al . ( 2003 ) affirmed that more than 60 % of cypress cones were colonized either by a seed chalcid , m . wachtli , or by the seed bug , orsillus maculatus ( fieber ) . a survey of the oviposition behavior of orsillus depressus carried out in algeria suggested that this seed bug lays eggs in emergence holes excavated through the cone scale by a seed chalcid , m . wachtli ( bouaziz 2003 ) . similarly , a survey of the oviposition behavior of o . maculatus carried out in france and italy suggested that this seed bug lays eggs preferentially in the emergence holes of m . wachtli ( rouault 2002 ) . in addition , the relationship between the exotic pathogenic fungus seiridium cardinale ( wagener ) sutton and gibson and species of the genus orsillus on c . sempervirens was shown to be essentially based on the availability of m . wachtli oviposition sites ( battisti et al . 1997 , battisti et al . 1999 ; battisti et al . 2000 ; bouaziz 2003 ; rouault et al . 2000 , rouault 2002 ) .\nreported five species of larval parasites of the alfalfa seed chalcid . up to 93 % of the pest larvae were parasitized . the dominant species are pteromalus sequester and baryscapus bruchophagi , which cause 33 and 31 % parasitism , respectively . two had three generations per year and their flight began earlier than that of the host . idiomacromerus perplexus parasitized up to 18 % of the larvae ; it has two generations per year and its flight begins at the end of the flight period of the first generation of the host .\nradiography of the seeds allowed the examination of later development of larvae during cone maturation . larval development proceeded entirely in a single seed . the larva initially developed at the expense of the cotyledons and it started to consume seed endosperm the following spring . similar results were observed previously ( roques 1983 ; roques et raimbault 1995 ; guido et al . 1995 ) . larvae of m . wachtli seemed able to develop in non - fertilized ovules as guido et al . ( 1995 ) suggested , but we could not experimentally infest non - fertilized ovules in order to test this assumption ( bouaziz and roques , unpublished results ) . rouault et al . ( 2004 ) hypothesize that all species of megastigmus associated with pinaceae can oviposit in unfertilized ovules , whereas those exploiting cupressaceae cannot , and thus oviposit only in already fully developed fertilized seeds . infested megagametophytes of unpollinated ovules did not degenerate as would have been expected , but continued to develop ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . niwa and overhulser ( 1992 ) and rappaport et al . ( 1993 ) showed that the m . spermotrophus larvae were able to lay eggs on non - fertilized ovules of the pseudotsuga species and that the larva could complete its development there . the chalcid lays its eggs in seeds of douglas fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii ( mirbel ) franco ) before fertilization has taken place in the plant . oviposition not only prevents the expected degeneration and death of unfertilized ovules , but it induces energy reserve accumulation ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . following oviposition by m . spermotrophus in unpollinated megagametophytes , larvae hatched and began consuming the central zone . eggs were laid in megagametophytes that were differentiating archegonia which would eventually house the plant eggs . ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) . the torymid chalcid wasp was able to induce identical nuclear behavior in infested , unfertilized megagametophytes , as occurred in uninfested , fertilized megagametophytes ( aderkas et al . , 2005 ) .\nstated that seed yields and infestation levels were correlated with temperature , rain and degree - day data from the year of and the year preceding seed collection . the infestation level of b . roddi was most closely correlated with the temperature and rainfall in july and august of both years . the proportion of damaged seed is highest in the years following warm and dry summers . alfalfa cultivar also influences the infestation levels ; winter - hardy cultivars that become dormant early in the autumn have lower levels of chalcid - damaged seeds than less hardy cultivars that maintain growth later in the season .\n, at about 130 microns ( 0 . 13 mm ) , to over 30 mm , including bizarre as well as beautiful winged and wingless forms . about 22 , 000 valid species have been described in about 2 , 100 genera world - wide , but these numbers represent only a fraction of true chalcid diversity and estimates of 60 , 000 to 100 , 000 species world - wide do not seem unreasonable . there are over 2 , 600 described species in over 700 genera in north america . illustrated keys to the families and genera of chalcids known from north america are given in\ncollected five hymenopterous parasitoids of the alfalfa seed chalcid . over 99 % of the parasitoids were either i . perplexus ( 90 . 4 % ) or b . bruchophagi . the other three species were eupelmus allynii , idiomacromerus insuetus and lyrcus maculatus . most parasitoid emergence occurred from early june to mid - july , the actual time depended on parasitoid species and where the seeds had been collected . emergence peaks of the parasitoids followed those of the pest by 1 to 2 weeks . small numbers of i . perplexus and b . bruchophagi emerged in the second year ( 1984 ) from seeds that were collected in the autumn of 1982 .\nthe percentage of cones colonized by megastigmus were compared among tree , stand , and species using analysis of variance ( anova , statsoft statistica / w package ) . anova was used to compare the percentage of m . wachtli and p . tessulatana emergence holes on the colonized cones , and to test localization of the colonization per cone shape , insect pests and cypress species . the percentages data were transformed by arcsin \u221a p to achieve homogeneity of the variance before statistical analysis . anova was followed by tukey ' s test to look for differences between locations and species . the results of the longevity of m . wachtli were analyzed by the \u03c7 2 test . the relationship between the colonization by the seed chalcid and by the tortricids was subjected to a pearson correlation test ( r ) .\ndiapause in b . roddi is one of the principal mechanisms for the survival and perpetuation of this multivoltine species in alfalfa seed . the chalcid diapauses in the pre - pupal stage . diapause begins on approximately 1 september and is completed on approximately 1 december , when 100 % of the population is in diapause . the day - length for induction ranges from 10 . 5 - 13 h ; only approximately 40 % of the population diapauses at a day - length of 10 . 25 - 11 h . diapause lasts for approximately 5 . 5 months , from 1 december to 15 april . termination of the diapause and emergence of the population occur over a period of approximately 2 months , from 15 april to 15 june . a day - length of 13 - 14 . 5 h terminates diapause (\nobservations on the adults of b . roddi in oklahoma , usa from mid - may until the end of september show that maximal population densities generally occur in august . the adults emerge earlier at lower elevations and at more southern locations than at higher elevations or at the most northern location . the males emerge earlier and in greater numbers than the females , until early june . thereafter , more females emerge . overall , 60 % of the emerging adults are female . the females in the alfalfa fields outnumber the males by ratios of 1 . 5 : 1 to 2 : 1 . peaks of adult emergence in different fields range from three to six per year . the chalcid infests alfalfa seed throughout the growing season , with an infestation rate of 3 . 7 % in june , increasing to 38 . 6 % in august . diapausing chalcids are found in nearly every sample , and the percentage in diapause ranges from 0 in june to 81 . 9 in august (\n. historically , family classification has been based primarily on external morphology rather than phylogenetic relationships . because of this , and because of the extreme structural diversity that characterizes the group , there have been a comparatively large number of families recognized within the superfamily as well as instability in the number of families recognized . anywhere from 9 to 24 families have been recognized since about 1950 , with 19 or 20 families generally being recognized at present . however , monophyly of many if not most of the families is in doubt . chalcid families often seem to intergrade into each other , with ' family level ' features sometimes working for only one sex , not being possessed by all members of the family , or being possessed by some members of other families . consequently , at least some families appear to be more taxa of convenience than monophyletic evolutionary lineages . as one might suspect , the classification of some subfamilies to one family or another is controversial and there is even uncertainty about the proper family classification of some genera .\nquicke et al . ( 1994 ) also provided evidence that chalcids other than mymaridae ( and mymarommatidae ) have a structure of the female ovipositor that differs from all other hymenoptera \u2014 the fused second valvulae have asymmetrical dorsolateral portions that overlap medially to a greater or lesser extent [ sem ] . furthermore , they have a transversely striated band of notal membrane , the laminated bridge near the base of the second valvulae . quicke et al . proposed that both the unique structure of the second valvulae and the laminated bridge were synapomorphies uniting all chalcids except mymarids . this would support an hypothesis that mymaridae is the sister group of all other chalcidoidea . gibson and huber ( 2000 ) subsequently showed that females of at least one of two known genera of rotoitidae have an ovipositor structure that is intermediate between the mymarid - like and other chalcid - like structures . the rotoitid ovipositor has about the basal half of the second valvulae structured like mymarids and most other hymenoptera , but the apical half with asymmetrical overlapping portions similar to other chalcids . this intermediate structure could be evidence that rotoitidae is the second - most basal lineage of chalcidoidea after mymaridae .\nunlike in southern europe , the seed bug o . depressus seems more abundant than o . maculatus on cypress species growing in north africa ( bouaziz and chakali 1997 ) . in europe and in the mediterranean basin , trees of the cupressaceae family host several seed bug species of the genus orsillus , especially o . maculatus and o . depressus . detailed information about natural history is available for o . maculatus ( guido et al 1995 ; battisti et al 1997 ; ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . this seed bug develops essentially on the evergreen cypress , c . sempervirens , where it lays eggs in cone openings , such as emergence holes of a cypress seed chalcid , m . wachtli , or at inner side of partly detached cone scales ( battisti et al 2000 ) . both nymphs and adults feed on mature seeds inside the cones , causing considerable damage to seed crops in seed orchards as well as in natural stands ( roques et al . 1999 ; battisti et al 2000 ) . information on the biology of o . depressus is much less detailed but this bug has been observed on several species of juniperus , chamaecyparis and thuja as well as on cupressus ssp and pinus ( cleu 1953 ; dupuis 1965 ; dioli 1991 ; stichel 1962 ) . in addition , it was reported to severely affect seed production on a plantation of cupressus lusitanica mill . in portugal ( ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . the seed bug o . maculatus is associted with pathogenic fungi affecting cypress , such as s . cardinal which is responsible for the cypress bark canker , and pestalotiopsis funerea ( desm . ) the adult bugs may disseminate the fungi conidia among trees whereas the nymphs may find a suitable development site in fungus - infested cones ( battisti et al 1999 ; ramos and abrantes 2000 ) . in algeria , a fungus - infected cone can be inhabited by the nymphs of the seed bug o . depressus , the adults of which may carry a heavy spore load at emergence . cones are infected when eggs are laid within the cone , most frequently via the emergence holes of m . wachtli ( bouaziz 2003 ) .\nalthough still at what might be called an embryonic stage , molecular analyses have now started to provide independent evidence to test and refine family concepts that are widely acknowledged to be less than satisfactory . rasplus et al . ( 1998 ) concluded from analysis of the d1 and d2 regions of the 28s rrna gene that agaonidae sensu boucek ( 1988a ) is not monophyletic . they redefined the family to include only the pollinating agaoninae sensu boucek ( 1988a ) , reassigning some subfamilies to the pteromalidae and excluding other subfamilies that they left unassigned to family . more recently , gauthier et al . ( 2000 ) analysed the d2 region of the 28s rdna gene and concluded that the family elasmidae deserved only tribal status within the subfamily eulophinae of eulophidae . as for the previous study , they also excluded some taxa from eulophidae and left them unassigned to family . campbell et al . ( 2000 ) provided the first comprehensive analysis of chalcid subfamily and family relationships based on analysis of the d2 region of 28s rdna . they included 85 taxa , representing 18 families and 32 subfamilies , and concluded that their analysis placed 80 % of the taxa ( including outgroup taxa )\ninto some form of realistic grouping ( generic or family group taxon ) based on morphological evidence\n. of 12 families with more than one taxon represented , only three were indicated as monophyletic ( eucharitidae , mymaridae and trichogrammatidae ) , though eulophidae was monophyletic with the inclusion of elasmus ( = elasmidae ) . more unrealistic or intriguing results included none of the three genera of eunotinae ( pteromalidae ) grouping together , and neither eupelminae nor calosotine ( eupelmidae ) being indicated as monophyletic or showing any affinities with cleonyminae , tanaostigmatidae or encyrtidae . interestingly , their analysis indicated mymaridae as the sister group of all other chalcidoidea , whereas most analyses of dowton and austin ( 2001 ) retrieved mymaridae as an apical clade within chalcidoidea . resolving the relationships of mymaridae with other chalcidoidea is critical for establishing the ancestral life history of the group . traditionally , chalcids have been considered as most likely evolving from some ectoparasitoid of wood - boring beetles . if mymarommatoidea is the sister group of chalcidoidea and if mymaridae is truly the sister group of all other chalcidoidea then parsimony would indicate the immediate ancestor was an endoparasitic egg parasitoid dowton and austin ( 2001 ) ."]}
{"id": 1971, "summary": [{"text": "gobius strictus , schmidt 's goby , is a doubtfully valid species of goby native to the mediterranean sea where it is known from around mallorca and morocco and from the adriatic coasts of croatia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can be found at depths of from 25 to 40 metres ( 82 to 131 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 6.5 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is suspected that this species actually represents a juvenile of g. cruentatus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "schmidt ' s goby", "paragraphs": ["bonefish slider tier : tim borski schmidt ' s take : this fly is a staple for flats fishermen . the goby - ish pattern was designed to mimic the small fish that swim the waters where spooky bonefish eat . the head has lead eyes , but are surrounded by spun deer hair which allows the fly to slide thru grass and weed without getting hung up . well weighted to enable it to be fished towards and on the bottom , but has enough of a footprint that it doesn ' t send fish for the deep when it hits the water .\ncharlie ' s airhead ( gray / white ) tier : charlie bisharat schmidt ' s take : killer baitfish profile ? check . pushes water ? check . responds to stripping variations ( has awesome action ) ? check . durable ? check . innovative use of materials ? check . catches multiple species ? check .\ngummy minnow tier : blane chocklette schmidt ' s take : innovative yet controversial . is it a fly or is it a lure ? i think that says enough about how cool this fly really is , and yes , it catches fish like crazy too .\ngold bead poxyback ( pmd ) tier : mike mercer schmidt ' s take : this is an amazing representation of a pale morning dun nymph . mike mercer popularized the use of epoxy on the wing cases of nymphs and emergers , a tying technique that has\nstuck\naround for years .\ncreek crawler ( olive ) tier : duane hada schmidt ' s take : duane is an artist , and it shows in his flies , which are very durable but still realistic . this crayfish pattern not only has amazing bin appeal , it fishes incredibly well for both cold and warm water species .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nmissing link caddis tier : mike mercer schmidt ' s take : beauty in simplicity . this fly is both sparse and detailed at the same time . the missing link has a fantastic buggy profile without getting too bulky . the light elk - hair wing aids to the pattern ' s visibility while imitating the wing of an emergent insect . parachute - style hackle gives the footprint the fly needs to stay afloat , but is just sparse enough to mimic an insect ' s dangling legs . this is another example of a very well thought - out fly ; almost every step in this pattern has dual purpose , which is important in keeping the fly in proportion and limiting the material tye in bulk . i hesitate when calling this a caddis though . not because it isn ' t a good caddis pattern , but because it ' s also an excellent mayfly emerger .\ntodd ' s wiggle minnow ( brown trout ) tier : todd boyer schmidt ' s take : this is one of the more simple - looking flies , but it is a well thought out pattern that will make you giggle when you swim it . the fly acts like a crank bait and is fished the same way , with erratic long strips and a short pause to gather your line for the next strip . fished across and down in a current , the wiggle minnow darts around from seam to seam , vibrating all the way .\ntwo - bit hooker tier : charlie craven schmidt ' s take : charlie got it right with the two - bit hooker . because he used two tungsten beads ( one as the head and one as the thorax ) , charlie managed to keep the skinny mayfly profile and proportions correct while creating a fly that still crawls the bottom even when tied in small sizes .\ncopper john tier : john barr schmidt ' s take : what can i say about the copper john that hasn ' t been said before ? it is what it is - - essential . the perfect mayfly nymph profile , materials that allow the fly to get down now in the water column , and if the fly spends more time in front of fish , it has a better chance of getting eaten . that is just what the copper john does , it gets eaten . it ' s also been our best selling nymph for years .\nsupreme hair rattle shrimp tier : larry haines schmidt ' s take : we have been told on many occasions that these are purchased by conventional bait users because they work as well and last longer then the real thing . how cool is that ! ? the addition of the glass rattle under the epoxy carapace adds a little weight in addition to the enticing sound that triggers bites .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nclouser deep minnow ( crabby ) tier : bob clouser schmidt ' s take : the clouser minnow , or\nclouser\nas it is commonly referred to , has caught more species of fish world - wide then any other fly . when learning to tie flies , the clouser is always on the list of patterns to try . it is the platform that so many flies , both saltwater and freshwater , are tied on . why ? it catches fish . plain and simple .\npole dancer tier : charlie bisharat schmidt ' s take : finally , a fly that\nwalks the dog\n( and it truly does ) . years in the making , charlie bisharat figured it out after burning through a few rotary cutting tool motors and more foam then you could raise the titanic with . the pole dancer requires a little technique on the anglers part to achieve its full potential , but it won ' t take you more than a fish or two to learn .\nmeat whistle tier : john barr schmidt ' s take : the meat whistle wasn ' t thought up over night , it was created and tested over years of use and pitted side - by - side with conventional jigs . i ' d say this is the popular choice on this list - - if you were to ask a bass , that is . john barr didn ' t only create one hell of a bass fly with the meat whistle , it catches all kinds of species , from bonefish to steelhead .\nskipper frog tier : larry dahlberg schmidt ' s take : this is such a cool fly because of the way it swims , and where it will swim back out of , too . the design of the head allows the fly to skip across the surface , and the rubber skirt provides the drag necessary to keep the fly on track . skipper frogs ride hook up to minimize weed drag and allow the fly to get out of pretty sticky situations . coloration mimics a frog well , and while at rest the fly sits with its head high on the surface and legs far below , as a frog would .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\numpqua feather merchants , headquarted in louisville , colorado , is the largest manufacturer of fly patterns on the planet , and their fly production specialist brian schmidt is the guy who gets to decide which new patterns they should produce . we asked him for a list of flies he thought were the 15 coolest his company makes . here are his picks .\nthe geezus lizard ( crayfish ) tier : jay zimmerman schmidt ' s take : jay says it the best . _\nthe creation of the geezus lizard hinged entirely on the conception of the ferruled dubbing loop tail . i have tried for years to build a worm - like fly , or fly appendage , to mimic the rubber worms conventional bass anglers have in their arsenal ( texas rig rubber worms ) . the long , narrow look of a worm undulating and jerking near the bottom of a pond or lake is well known for triggering big bass strikes\u2026conventional bass fishermen have know this for decades , one of the reasons long , soft plastics are one of the most frequently used lures . i tried chenille , rabbit strips and a whole assortment of other tying materials . the rest of the geezus lizard is modeled after bass flies i have tied and fished all my life . simple ,\npig - n - jig\ntype stuff using crosscut rabbit strips and rubber legs .\n_\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nspecimens collected in the mediterranean sea are very small ( 6 . 5 cm ) and might be juveniles of gobius cruentatus ( gmelin , 1789 )\nfrancour , p . , bilecenoglu , m . , bariche , m . & tunesi , l . and goren , m .\njustification : there is very little known about this species and it is only known from a small number of records . it may have been misidentified . therefore this species is listed as data deficient .\nthis species is endemic to the mediterranean sea , where it has been recorded from majorca , morocco and the adriatic sea ( korcula , croatia ) .\nfrancour , p . , bilecenoglu , m . , bariche , m . & tunesi , l . and goren , m . 2011 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 25 - 40 m ( ref . 4345 ) . subtropical , preferred ?\nmediterranean sea : majorca and melilla , morocco and adriatic sea ( korcula , croatia ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )\nmiller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmany products featured on this site were editorially chosen . field & stream may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site .\nurltoken is part of the field & stream network , a division of bonnier corporation .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 field & stream . a bonnier corporation company . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\ngobius is a genus of fish in the family gobiidae native to fresh , brackish and marine waters of and around europe , africa and asia . it contains the typical gobies , being the type genus of its subfamily gobiinae and family and the namesake genus of its suborder gobioidei .\nprincipalement marin et saum\u00e2tre , certaines esp\u00e8ces sont catadrome . souvent , le poisson le plus abondant dans l\u2019eau douce sur les \u00eeles oc\u00e9aniques . distribution : principalement les zones tropicales et subtropicales . les nageoires pelviennes des adultes sont fusionn\u00e9es en un disque adh\u00e9sif . quelques membres de la famille ont des \u00e9pines dorsaux ( 2 \u00e0 8 \u00e9pines souples et discontinus avec une dorsale molle ) . une taille maximale est de 50 cm de long , la plupart des esp\u00e8ces ont une taille inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 10 cm . la plus grande famille de poissons marins ( probablement > 2 , 000 ) . les plus petits poissons ( et vert\u00e9br\u00e9s ) dans le monde appartiennent \u00e0 cette famille . ces poissons vivent un peu dans les eaux sal\u00e9es c\u00f4ti\u00e8res peu profondes et autour des r\u00e9cifs coralliens . les membres de cette famille sont pour la plupart carnivores , ils se nourrissent de petits invert\u00e9br\u00e9s benthiques , d\u2019autres sont planctonophages . certaines esp\u00e8ces ont des relations symbiotiques avec des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s ( par exemple , les crevettes ) et d\u2019autres sont connus pour \u00e9liminer les ectoparasites des autres poissons . typiquement g\u00e9niteurs de nid avec des oeufs non - sph\u00e9riques prot\u00e9g\u00e9s par le m\u00e2le . beaucoup d\u2019esp\u00e8ces sont des poissons d\u2019aquarium populaires . les sous - familles suivantes sont reconnues : oxudercinae , amblyopinae , sicydiinae , gobionellinae et gobiinae . cette famille est compos\u00e9e d\u2019environ 230 genres et 1500 esp\u00e8ces ."]}
{"id": 1972, "summary": [{"text": "elophila tinealis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by munroe in 1972 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from michigan , ontario and new york , south to florida and west to texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of swamps and wet woods .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "both the fore - and hindwings are dark brown to blackish with a silvery-white patch in the medial area and some white dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from july to september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lemna species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "elophila tinealis", "paragraphs": ["species elophila tinealis - black duckweed moth - hodges # 4754 - bugguide . net\nthree other species of elophila occur in the united states with one , elophila tinealis munroe , in florida . the adult of elophila tinealis is much smaller than that of the waterlily leafcutter and has longer , narrower and darker wings . the larvae of elophila tinealis are not well known , but seem to feed on and most often make their cases out of duckweed , lemna sp .\nthe larvae of elophila gyralis ( hulst ) and elophila icciusalis ( walker ) are similar to those of the waterlily leafcutter , but the anterior and posterior transverse bands of crochets ( i . e . , the gripping hooks on the prolegs ) are the same size . elophila gyralis and elophila icciusalis adults are more brightly colored than elophila tinealis and elophila obliteralis and are yellowish - orange and white or brownish in color . although elophila gyralis and elophila icciusalis larvae may make portable cases , they usually cut only one leaf piece and attach it to a whole leaf and live between the two layers .\nkinser , p . d . , neunzig , h . h . , 1981 . description of the immature stages and biology of synclita tinealis lepidoptera pyralidae nymphulanae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 35 ( 2 ) : 137\nelophila obliteralis has a wide host range and is known to feed on nearly 60 plant species ( table 1 ) .\nfigure 5 . pupa of the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . photograph by stephen p . l . luk .\nfigure 6 . adult female waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . photograph by j . lotz , division of plant industry .\nfigure 3 . waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) , leaf case . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\ntable 1 . host range of the waterlily leafcutter . plants arranged by families and genera that are known to be hosts for elophila obliteralis ( walker ) .\nfigure 2 . larva of the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) , attacking hygrophila . photograph by j . p . cuda , university of florida .\nfigure 1 . hygrophila showing feeding damage caused by the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . photograph by j . p . cuda , university of florida .\nfigure 4 . larva of the waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) , with opened leaf case . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . adult male waterlily leafcutter , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . wingspan of this specimen is 11 mm . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\ngenus synclita changed to elophila as per hugh mcguinness 8 / 2009 . source : munroessa was synonymized , along with synclita , by goater , nuss and speidel in microlepidoptera of europe , vol . 4 . pyraloidea i . 2005 .\nin october 2007 , we received a report from researchers at the uf / ifas center for aquatic and invasive plants of an insect attacking hygrophila . samples of the insect were collected and it was identified as the waterlily leafcutter elophila obliteralis ( walker ) . of the more than twenty acentropinae species occurring in florida , elophila obliteralis ( walker ) is the most common . although its common name implies that it is a pest of waterlilies , it actually has a wide host range . most of the damage caused by the larvae usually is superficial and rarely endangers the plant , but the damage observed on the hygrophila plants was severe ( figures 1 and 2 ) .\na study that attempted to identify the biotic and abiotic factors that limited growth of common salvinia , salvinia minima ( baker ) , an exotic floating aquatic plant , found that herbivory by elophila obliteralis and a weevil , cyrtobagous salviniae calder and sands were two of the most influential factors on growth ( tipping et al . 2012 ) .\nin addition to the invasive aquatic weed hygrophila , the waterlily leafcutter also feeds on another invasive plant , hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata l . f . royle . numbers of elophila obliteralis collected from hydrilla from field sites in florida and louisiana were similar to the numbers of the hydrilla leafcutter , parapoynx diminutalis snellen that were collected ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) .\nthis common moth occurs throughout florida , westward to texas and northward to western nova scotia and southern manitoba ( munroe 1972 ) . it also has been introduced into hawaii ( williams 1944 ) , england ( shaffer 1968 ) , and british columbia ( munroe 1972 ) . in a study in south carolina , elophila obliteralis was found in both lentic ( still freshwater ) and lotic ( fast moving freshwater ) water bodies ( stoops et al . 1998 ) . out of 65 surveyed sites in south carolina , elophila obliteralis was present in 6 . 2 % , in those sites with a water temperature between 23 . 0 and 27 . 0\u00b0c , a width of 3 . 24 to 45 . 7 m , a depth of 0 . 3 - 1 . 0 m , and a ph of 6 . 6 to 7 . 5 ( stoops et al . 1998 ) .\nin addition to having a pest status in aquatic nurseries , due to its wide host range , elophila obliteralis also plays a minor role in biological control , as it feeds on invasive species , such as hydrilla , salvinia and hygrophila . as a native species this type of biological control is known as natural regulation . however , due to the extensive host range of this species it would not be advisable to attempt to increase wild numbers through mass releases or conservation as they would likely feed non - specifically on other desirable plants as well as the weeds .\nelophila obliteralis has a wide host range and is known to feed on waterlilys and other ornamental pond plants as well as the invasive aquatic weeds , salvinia ( tipping et al . 2012 ) , water lettuce ( dray et al . 1993 ) , hygrophila and hydrilla . the larvae are the stage that feeds on the plant and causes damage to the plant tissue . in addition to feeding , the larvae cut the leaves to prepare a leaf case for shelter . as the larvae develop , they cut new , progressively larger leaf cases . this action in itself can provide quite significant damage to the infested plant ( nachtrieb et al 2007 ) . in a field study , to compare the effect of herbivory on different aquatic plants , elophila obliteralis was one of the three species that caused the most damage ( nachtrieb et al 2007 ) . when feeding the larvae remove chunks from the leaves , usually feeding on the basal or middle portions ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) . this feeding often causes the leaves to break away from the stem . if the population density is high and plant material becomes more scarce , the larvae will begin to feed on the stems , which can cause the entire plant to fragment ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthe moths of north america north of mexico . fascicle 13 . 1a . scopariinae , nymphulinae eugene munroe . 1972 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by mark a . brogie on 21 july , 2017 - 8 : 23am\ntrinity river refuge hq building . , liberty county , texas , usa november 4 , 2016\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhygrophila polysperma ( roxb . ) t . anderson ( polemoniales : acanthaceae ) is a rooted submersed or emersed aquatic plant in shallow water areas and saturated shorelines throughout florida . this invasive aquatic plant also is known as hygrophila , hygro , east indian hygro , green hygro , miramar weed , oriental ludwigia , and indian swampweed ( hereafter referred to as hygrophila ) .\nhygrophila is a federal listed noxious weed ( usda 1983 ) , a florida state listed category ii prohibited plant ( fldep 1993 ) , and a florida exotic pest plant council category i invasive species ( fleppc 2017 ) . the submersed growth habit displaces native vegetation in many canals and drainage ditches in south florida . the plant forms dense stands that occupy the entire water column , clogging irrigation and flood - control systems ( schmitz and nall 1984 , sutton 1995 ) and interfering with navigation ( woolfe 1995 ) . hygrophila also creates problems as an emergent plant in some shoreline areas , including rice fields ( krombholz 1996 ) .\neggs : the eggs are whitish in color , and appear domelike ( oval and flattened ) . the flattened side is glued to the leaf and the domed side has wrinkles down the length of the egg ( dyar 1906 ) . the eggs are 0 . 6 mm in length and 0 . 4 mm wide ( dyar 1906 ) . they are deposited singly or in overlapping , ribbon - like masses near the edges of submersed leaf surfaces .\nlarvae : most members of the crambid subfamily acentropinae have aquatic larvae with tracheal gills . however , the larva of this moth lacks gills , and is sometimes referred to as\nthe sandwich man\ndue to its habit of living between two pieces of leaf ( leaf case ) that it cuts from its host plant ( figure 3 and 4 ) .\nthe epidermis ( skin ) of the larvae is covered with minute papillae ( bumps ) . the body is creamy - white , but increasingly brownish from abdominal segment four forward to the prothorax . the prothoracic coxae ( proximal leg segments ) are touching while the mesothoracic coxae are nearly touching . the head is yellowish - brown with a faint brown genal ( cheek ) stripe . the prothoracic spiracle ( respiratory opening ) is vestigial ( non - functioning ) , and the while spiracles on abdominal segments three and four are distinctly larger than others . the crochets ( gripping hooks ) are arranged in two biordinal ( sometimes partially triordinal ) transverse bands , with the anterior band distinctly larger than the posterior band .\npupae : the pupae are pale yellow and the wings and head appear darker ( figure 5 ) ( dyar 1906 ) . the head has two distinct black spine - like hairs . the spiracles on abdominal segments 2 - 4 are large , round , elevated and red brown in color ( dyar 1906 ) . the anterior spiracles are much smaller . the pupae are found inside silk cocoons within the leaf cases formed by the larvae .\nadults : adults are sexually dimorphic and readily distinguishable ( figures 6 and 7 ) . females have a 15 to 19 mm wingspan , and the female ' s wings are paler in color appearing grayish - brown with orange - brown markings . the wingspan of the male is only about 11 to 13 mm , and the male ' s wings are grayish - brown interspersed with brownish and white markings .\nno information is available about the development times of this species . the female moth lays her eggs on the exposed edges of submersed aquatic plants ( gill et al . 2008 ) . upon hatching , the larvae enclose themselves inside cut leaf pieces . the leaves are webbed together with silk . cases made by young larvae are water - filled and oxygen uptake occurs cutaneously ( presumably via the epidermal papillae ) whereas cases of older larvae are air - filled . the cases of young larvae remain attached to the leaf from which they were made . older larvae detach the case from the leaf and are free - floating . larvae abandon smaller cases as they mature and construct larger cases from new leaves . the case may consist of two entire leaves , parts of leaves , or of parts of many plants tied together with silk . the larvae extend out of the case to feed on plant material , but usually the body remains in the case . prior to pupation , larvae attach their cases to petioles or leaf blades of their host plants above or below the water surface , and spin a silk cocoon inside their leaf cases .\ndue to its broad host range , this insect frequently is a pest in aquatic plant nurseries , especially on waterlilies , nymphaea spp . in the nursery setting , this insect can cause economic losses as the larval feeding makes the plants unattractive to customers . extensive feeding may even lead to reduced plant health and death ( gill et al . 2008 ) .\nto monitor for the waterlily leafcutter , observe leaves for the characteristic holes created by this insect ( gill et al . 2008 ) . the adults can be trapped by uv black lights and the larvae can be extracted from the plant material by handpicking or using a berlese funnel .\nis a pest of greenhouses and may require control in aquatic plant nurseries . as with other aquatic moth pests ,\nwould likely provide control with little or no adverse effects to other aquatic organisms . in support of this hypothesis , the closely related organism\nwas found to cause significant mortality to the waterlily leafcutter ( haag and buckingham 1991 ) .\nthe authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the usda nifa ramp grant 2010 - 02825 that helped pay for the revision of this article .\n[ fldep ] florida department of enviromental protection . ( 1993 ) . aquatic plant permit rules : aquatic plant importation , transportation , non - nursery cultivation , possession and collection . ( 25 july 2017 ) .\n[ fleppc ] florida exotic pest plant council . ( 2007 ) . list of florida ' s invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council . ( 7 may 2014 ) .\nbalciunas jk , minno mc . 1985 . insects damaging hydrilla in the u . s . a . journal of aquatic plant management 23 : 77 - 83 .\ndray fa , center td , habeck dh . 1993 . phytophagous insects associated with pistia statiotes in florida . environmental entomology 22 : 1146 - 1155 .\ndyar hg . 1906 . the north american nymphulinae and scopariinae . journal of the new york entomological society 14 : 77 - 108 .\ngill s , reeser , r , raupp , m . 2008 . controlling two aquatic plant pests nymphuliella daeckealis ( haimbach ) and the waterlily leafcutter , synclita obliteralis ( walker ) . the university of maryland cooperative extension factsheet 818 . 7 pages .\n[ fleppc ] florida exotic pest plant council . ( 2017 ) . list of florida ' s invasive species . florida exotic pest plant council ( 25 june 2017 ) .\nhaag kh and buckingham gr . 1991 . effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants . journal of aquatic plant management 29 : 55 - 57 .\nkrombholz p . 1996 . hygrophila polysperma : an indicator plant . the aquatic gardener : journal of the aquatic gardeners association 9 : 135 - 137 .\nmunroe e . 1972 . fasicle 13 . 1a : pyraloidea : pyralidae ( part ) . the moths of america north of mexico ( mona ) series ( dominick rb et al . [ eds ] ) . ew classey ltd and r . b . d . publications inc . , london , uk . 134 pages .\nnachtrieb jg , grodowitz mj , smart rm . 2007 . impact of invertebrate herbivory on native aquatic macrophytes . aquatic plant control research program technical notes collection . vicksburg , ms : u . s . army engineer research and development center . erdc / tn apcrp - bc - 9 . ( 25 june 2017 ) .\nschmitz dc , nall le . 1984 . status of hygrophila polysperma in florida . aquatics 6 : 11 - 14 .\nschmitz dc , nelson bv , nall je , schardt jd . 1991 . exotic aquatic plants in florida : a historical perspective and review of the present aquatic plant regulation program . pp . 303 - 326 . in center tc , doren rf , hofstetter rl , myers rl , whiteaker ld ( eds ) , proceedings of a symposium on exotic pest plants . technical report nps / nrever / nrtr - 91 / 06 . u . s . department of interior , national park service , denver , co .\nshaffer m . 1968 . illustrated notes on synclita obliteralis ( walker ) and euzophora bigella ( zeller ) , two species new to the british list ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . entomologist ' s gazette 19 : 155 - 158 .\nstoops ca , adler ph , mccreadie jw . 1998 . ecology of aquatic lepidoptera ( crambidae : nymphulinae ) in south carolina , usa . hydrobiologia 379 : 33 - 40 .\nsutton dl . 1995 . hygrophila is replacing hydrilla in south florida . aquatics 17 : 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 .\ntipping pw , martin mr , bauer l , pierce rm , center td . 2012 . ecology of common salvinia , salvinia minima baker , in southern florida . aquatic botany 102 : 23 - 27 .\nwilliams fx . 1944 . biological studies in hawaiian water - loving insects . part iv . lepidoptera or moths and butterflies . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 12 : 180 - 185 .\nwoolfe t . 1995 . water weed is latest menace . tallahassee democrat , 4c , 3 august .\n[ usda ] u . s . department of agriculture . 1983 . noxious weeds . federal register . 48 : 20037 - 20047 .\nzimmerman ec . 1958 . volume 8 lepidoptera : pyraloidea . in insects of hawaii : a manual of the insects of the hawaiian islands including an enumeration of the species and notes on their origin , distribution , hosts , parasites , etc . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 456 pages ."]}
{"id": 1976, "summary": [{"text": "margot did ( foaled 17 march 2008 ) is an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after being sold cheaply as a yearling and again as a two-year-old she entered training with michael bell at newmarket .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a juvenile in 2010 she showed high-class form , winning twice and finished second in the albany stakes , princess margaret stakes and lowther stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2012 she was beaten in her first two races but established herself as a potentially high-class sprinter with wins in the scurry stakes and the land o'burns fillies ' stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at york racecourse in august she recorded her biggest win with a 20/1 upset victory in the nunthorpe stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she never reproduced her best form thereafter and finished unplaced in her five remaining races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired from racing in august 2012 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "margot did", "paragraphs": ["margot did is yet to begin her career with no recorded runs so far .\nhayley turner celebrates winning the nunthorpe at york on margot did . photograph : john giles / pa\nmargot did held off hamish mcgonagall to win the coolmore nunthorpe stakes ( eng - i ) .\nmargot robbie did something so surprising during her wolf of wall street audition , the director knew the role was hers .\nmargot did is a 3yo filly ( female ) from . she is sired by the stallion out of the dam .\nhamish mcgonagall and masamah showed plenty of early speed but , with the runners spread right across the track , margot did blitzed through .\nturner kept margot did forwardly placed throughout , and with just under two furlongs to run the pair shot to the front . turner kept busy aboard margot did in the final furlong , and the filly had plenty left in the tank to hold off the late charge of\nmargot did was bred in ireland by n . hartery . she is out of special dancer , a winning daughter of shareef dancer .\nmargot did won the nunthorpe stakes at york ' s ebor festival to give jockey hayley turner the second group one success of her career .\nhayley turner and margot did pose in front of the york stands after a 20 - 1 success in the nunthorpe . photograph : john giles / pa\nmargot did , who reached a timeform peak rating of 122 , shot to fame at york last year when landing the group 1 nunthorpe stakes . . .\nthe field split into three separate groups at the break , with margot did racing with a group of five others along the stand\u2019s side rail . hoof it and\nthe current season has seen her spark a successful relationship with michael bell ' s two - year - old margot did and notch up 47 wins on the turf .\nmargot did , by exceed and excel out of special dancer , was named after margot fonteyn . turner has remained loyal to the filly , and the owners have reciprocated , even when \u201cthings haven\u2019t worked out\u201d in some races , according to the jockey .\nwas the winning jockey in a group one race on friday but this time any sense of surprise concerned her horse , margot did , rather than the jockey . turner executed a straightforward , front - running ride on margot did to win the nunthorpe stakes at 20 - 1 and , as she did so , may finally have reached a point in her career when the fact that she is female no longer matters .\nhow did she pull off this feat ? by assaulting leo to get the job .\nturner had ridden margot did in all 12 of the horse ' s previous races , including several in her juvenile campaign last season when traffic problems saw the filly come up short . she might well have beaten hooray to win the lowther stakes at this meeting last year had she been able to start her run a little earlier but michael bell , margot did ' s trainer , and her owners kept faith with the jockey and then found the key to margot did with a switch to more prominent tactics earlier this year .\nmargot did \u2013 jockey hayley turner was aboard last year\u2019s group 1 nunthorpe stakes winner and she exercised on the main track having finished eighth in her trial here on super saturday .\nconnections then decided to up her in trip to six furlongs but margot did failed to reward them , finishing tenth in the group 3 summer stakes at york earlier this month .\nmargot did ended 2011 with a disappointing effort in the prix de l ' abbaye where she could finish no better than fifteenth in a race where she was well fancied for the victory .\notto and edith\u2019s daughter , anne\u2019s sister margot is a quiet , serious girl who enjoys studying .\nmichael bell has confirmed that margot did is likely to be retired after a disappointing run of form has left her without a win since last season ' s group 1 nunthorpe stakes . . .\nbalada sale - the pascal bary - trained filly balada sale went on the all - weather and did the same work as yesterday . her regular work rider christophe bretez confirmed : \u201cshe did a three - quarter slow canter , followed by another three - quarter canter - just as she did yesterday . \u201d\nbred by nicky hartery , margot did is a daughter of the multiple - winning shareef dancer mare special dancer and was bought for the bargain price of 10 , 000gns at tattersalls\u2019 2010 craven breeze - up sale .\nthe sire of 47 international stakes winners including g1 winners excelebration , helmet and margot did , exceed and excel has had more worldwide two - year - old winners and stakes winners than any other sire since 2008 .\n, who was making the leap into group i company for the first time . margot did , a listed winner who had finished in the money nine of her previous 12 starts , was dismissed at 20 - 1 .\nanne and margot are deported to bergen - belsen concentration camp in germany . edith remains in auschwitz - birkenau .\n' the current was very strong and the water ice cold , flowing as it did straight from the mountains .\nanne frank\u2019s mother was edith frank . anne also had a sister named margot , who was three years her senior .\nbut it isn ' t just margot robbie ' s acting talents that have made her the a - lister du jour .\n\u201cmargot is stunning in all she is and all she does , and she will astonish us forever , \u201d he writes .\ngenten \u2013 the three - year - old colt did a steady canter over 1 , 000m on the all - weather .\nmargot did \u2013 the four - year - old filly was another in routine mode 24 hours before her big assignment . trainer michael bell was delighted with his sprinter\u2019s condition as she took in the sights and sounds on the chute to the main track .\na previous version of this story had margot lee shetterly ' s name misspelled as shetterley in the text and a photo caption .\nhaving acquired the taste of success at the highest level , hayley turner wasted no time in registering her second group one victory , aboard smart three - year - old filly margot did , at 20 - 1 , in the coolmore nunthorpe stakes at york .\nthough german jewish teenager anne frank did not survive the holocaust , the memoirs from her two years in hiding live on forever .\n' ghenghis khan did it ! ' she tweeted . ' best of breed at westminster ! ! ! ! big deal . '\nmichael bell , who trains margot did for owners t . redmond and p . philipps , said of his talented filly , \u201cthis season just keeps getting better . this has been the plan since she won at sandown and she is a really tough filly . \u201d\ngiant ryan \u2013the american raider did his usual easy jog around the meydan oval friday morning as he makes his final preparations for saturday .\n\u201cyou know , what goes around , comes around . i could have ridden deacon blues at royal ascot ( winner of the wokingham ) , but margot did was running in a listed race at ayr the same day , and i went there instead , \u201d turner said .\na doctor did refer the issue to social services , who then carried out an assessment , but a follow - up was deemed unnecessary .\nthree - year - old filly margot did recorded a scorching three - quarters - of - a - length triumph in the g1 nunthorpe stakes at york on august 19 to become exceed and excel ' s third g1 winner worldwide and his third group winner of the week in britain .\nmargot did , who reached a peak timeform rating of 122 , shot to fame at york last year when landing the group 1 nunthorpe stakes under hayley turner , providing the jockey with her second group 1 winner in as many months after dream ahead had also landed the july cup .\nit was\nwomen ' s work .\ni mean the engineers were the men and the women were the mathematicians or the computers . the men designed the research and did the manly stuff and the women did the calculations , you know , at the behest of the engineers .\nit was ' women ' s work . ' . . . the engineers were the men and the women were the mathematicians or the computers . the men designed the research and did the manly stuff and the women did the calculations , you know , at the behest of the engineers .\nentifaadha \u2013 worked under jockey richard hills on tuesday but did not appear on the main track on wednesday and instead went to the training track .\notto und edith frank - holl\u00e4nder got married in 1925 in frankfurt . they had two daughters : margot ( 1926 ) and anne ( 1929 ) .\nmargot did ( ire ) b . m , 2008 { 13 - c } dp = 4 - 4 - 11 - 0 - 1 ( 20 ) di = 2 . 08 cd = 0 . 50 - 13 starts , 5 wins , 3 places , 2 shows career earnings : \u00a3263 , 184\n' the practitioners involved were not prepared to \u201cthink the unthinkable\u201d and tried to rationalise the evidence in front of them that it did not relate to abuse .\nhaving cruised into the lead a furlong out , turner was anxious not to ask margot did to make a move too early and sat coolly still in the saddle , only asking for maximum effort in the very final strides as her mount held off hamish mcgonagall by three - quarters of a length , with prohibit third .\neishin flash - did a fast workout on the all - weather track . trainer hideaki fujiwara had the jockey yuichi fukunaga , sit on this horse this morning .\niver bridge lad \u2013 after exercising under his trainer john ryan on tuesday , the five - year - old did not appear on the main track on wednesday .\nhayley turner was the toast of the racing scene once again when steering margot did home to a 20 - 1 success in the nunthorpe stakes at york . last month , she became only the second female jockey to ride a group one winner in britain in the july cup and she is now the first to win two .\nmargot robbie\u2019s scene - stealing turn in wolf of wall street was her big hollywood breakthrough \u2014 and it turns out she really had to hustle to secure the role .\nhelmet \u2013 the three - year - old chestnut colt did steady work over 1 , 200m . trainer peter snowden is satisfied with his condition heading into saturday\u2019s race .\nturner had made headlines when producing dream ahead late to land newmarket\u2019s july cup , her first group one triumph , but this time she had margot did in the firing line all the way on the stands\u2019 side . \u201cthis filly has one kick at the finish , but i didn\u2019t have to ask her for it , \u201d she said .\no ' brien did not send a single runner to the royal meeting on wednesday and had saddled 16 horses without success before this victory . lillie langtry did not look like the representative of an out - of - form stable , though , as johnny murtagh brought her from mid - division to take a decisive lead a furlong out .\nshamalgan - the xavier nakkachdji - trained shamalgan , only one of three europeans in the godolphin mile , did a canter on the all - weather and his trainer said : \u201che did a canter this morning following his work at the beginning of the week . he is in good form , he is fit . so far so good . \u201d\nrichard hughes rode his third winner of the week when memory arrived fast and late to win the latest renewal of the albany , beating margot did with 20 yards to spare . the winner had to make up a great deal of ground in the closing stages and is quoted at 33 - 1 for next year ' s 1 , 000 guineas .\nthat\u2019s right \u2014 margot robbie , then a hollywood unknown barely out of her teens , straight - up slapped one of the most powerful actors in the business across the face .\nfriday ' s success was turner ' s first in a group race for bell , who will now point margot did towards the last big sprint of the european season , the prix de l ' abbaye at longchamp in early october . william hill quotes her at 8 - 1 to give turner a third group one of the season on arc day .\nbut while margot ' s baller move paid off for her , other a - listers haven ' t been so lucky in going off - piste at a career - defining audition .\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nshe ' s a real beauty , always taking to the red carpet with elegance and style , and margot robbie didn ' t disappoint as she arrived at the tarzan premiere in london .\nin fact , after the royal meeting , deacon blues has won two more races , but this fine group one victory more than made up for that , particularly as the filly is trained by michael bell , turner\u2019s loyal backer . bell had been pleased with margot did , but had been of the opinion that three - year - olds faced a tough task in the race .\nexceed and excel may have to yield to iffraaj by number of winners but he does however top the two - year - old table for number of stakes horses this season with five black - type performers to his name , including g3 albany stakes runner - up margot did and another royal ascot group - placed juvenile , excel bolt , who was third in the norfolk stakes .\nor take style notes from margot and emulate her ethereal look with one of the nude sheer paneled dresses we ' ve lined up for you below from the likes of bcbg , tfnc and more .\nit ' s the first time the oscar - winning director has spoken about margot ' s action , but she herself has previously mentioned how worried she was that the police were about to be called .\naustralian actress margot , who plays bad girl harley quinn in suicide squad alongside will smith and cara delevingne , certainly worked hard for her body , training for three hours most days whilst she was filming .\nout of the indian ridge mare sun shower , excelebration was bred in ireland by owenstown stud . he is one of four individual group one winners for exceed and excel alongside new darley sire helmet , reward for effort and margot did , while his group scorers this season include g2 richmond stakes winner heavy metal and bungle inthejungle , who led home his paternal half - brother morawij in the g3 molecomb stakes .\nmany americans are familiar with the astronaut heroes of the 20th century space race \u2014 names like gus grissom and neil armstrong . but who did the calculations that would successfully land these men on the moon ?\nsepoy - had a quiet morning after his sparkling gallop yesterday . trainer peter snowden is very satisfied with his condition and also with stablemate helmet ( uae derby ) who did steady work over 1 , 200m .\nthe sire of 57 stakes winners internationally including g1 winners excelebration , reward for effort and margot did , exceed and excel is standing the current breeding season at darley kelvinside at a fee of $ 66 , 000 ( inc . gst ) , while he triple g1 - winning son helmet is standing his debut season at darley\u2019s victorian - base northwood park at a fee of $ 33 , 000 ( inc . gst ) .\nmargot lee shetterly is the author of hidden figures and founder of the human computer project , which seeks to uncover the history of the women who worked in the early days of the u . s . space program .\nthat is the one question that everybody asks me about . . . . it ' s something that i really kind of struggle with , because on the one hand , a lot of people did know the story .\na ballet star at 16 , politician ' s wife at 40 , rancher at 60 . there was more to margot fonteyn than nureyev , as meredith daneman shows in her long - awaited biography of the much - loved ballerina\nthe case review ' s authors also noted their ' concern ' that when daniel turned up to school with injuries , these were not properly recorded , concluding it was ' apparent the school did not have clear protocols ' .\nif you asked katherine johnson how did it feel to be a trailblazer and do this very high - pressure , groundbreaking work , you know , just as often she ' d say ,\ni was just doing my job .\nhoof it , who is part - owned by the golfer lee westwood , was sent off favourite to give mick easterby a rare group one success but he missed the break badly and could never quite get on terms as margot did led a handful of the field down the stands ' rail . there was still an easterby in the frame , though , as mick ' s nephew tim saddled hamish mcgonagall , the 28 - 1 runner - up , while prohibit took third .\nandie coached margot through plenty of pilates , ballet and ' non - bulking cardio such as jump rope , rebounder and ballet jumps ' , which andie hails - surprisingly - the most challenging form of cardio she ' s ever come across .\n' we also did a ton of side series outer thigh work , targeting outer glutes with high reps and low weights , to pull those muscles in and create a beautiful line from the waist to the upper thigh , ' she explained .\nalvarez did not arrive at the stables on friday morning . as a result tim yakteen , who is overseeing the baffert horses while bob baffert is recovering from a heart attack suffered early monday morning , phoned jockey chantal sutherland to fill in .\nthe serious case review report read : ' the significance of his condition and of his deterioration was not as evident to the health workers , and school staff did not collectively and purposefully generate their concerns into a coherent child protection referral . '\nmargot lee shetterly is the author of hidden figures and founder of the human computer project , which seeks to uncover the history of the women who worked in the early days of the u . s . space program . courtesy harpercollins publishers hide caption\nshe also explained that the duo did lots of heavy - weighted , low reps of arabesque pulls hooked up to resistance pulleys , as well as ballet style arabesque lifts with heavy ankle weights , which apparently built up and lifted her famous bottom .\ntrainer edward lynam was on hand to supervise light exercise on the main track this morning and said : \u201che is in good form and did a solid piece of work yesterday which went well . he seems very well and his weight is good .\nthe women selected from this transport , including anne , edith , and margot , were marked with numbers between a - 25060 and a - 25271 . records indicating their exact numbers have not been preserved . approximately eight weeks later , in late october 1944 , anne and margot were transferred from auschwitz - birkenau to bergen - belsen , where they both died sometime in march 1945 . though anne ' s death certificate documents her movement between camps , it , too , does not include her tattoo id number .\n\u201cwe just wrapped everything up this morning and we are very happy with him , \u201d trainer jeremy noseda said of the four - year - old colt . \u201che did his last piece of work at home on friday and he is in great shape . \u201d\nin hampton , va . \u2014 i was just in hampton yesterday and was talking to a lot of different people , and they were like ,\nwell , we did know these women , and we knew they worked there and they were all very modest .\nmargot did , purchased for just 10 , 000 guineas at last year\u2019s tattersalls guineas breeze up , was the highlight of a tattersalls clean - sweep on the penultimate day of the 2011 york ebor meeting , with an emphatic win in the group 1 coolmore nunthorpe . the mike bell trained 3 year old daughter of exceed and excel was purchased by richard frisby from liam mcateer\u2019s woodtown house stud on behalf of owners tim redman and peter philips . the 10 , 000 guineas bargain \u2013 buy has now taken her career earnings past \u00a3250 , 000 .\nmargot robbie may have started out as a small - screen star in neighbours , but she ' s since become a fully fledged hollywood a - lister \u2013 and it may all be thanks to a spilt - second decision she made at her wolf of wall street audition .\nwhen the first five black women took their seat in the office in 1943 , it was in a segregated office with a ' colored girls ' bathroom and a table for the ' colored ' computers ,\nauthor margot lee shetterly tells npr ' s michel martin .\nat the time of margot fonteyn ' s memorial service in westminster abbey , four months after her death in 1991 , i was compiling a radio 3 programme about her . in setting up interviews with people who had travelled across the globe to be present at the service , i discovered that someone else was pursuing the same path : meredith daneman had started researching her biography of fonteyn . as i tried to convince margot ' s friends , relations and colleagues to talk candidly about her on the record , i wondered whether daneman was having more success .\nanne was born annelies marie frank on june 12 , 1929 , in frankfurt , germany , to otto and edith frank . for the first 5 years of her life , anne lived with her parents and older sister , margot , in an apartment on the outskirts of frankfurt .\nanne frank and her sister margot both came down with typhus in the early spring of 1945 and died within a day of each other . the girls were being held at the bergen - belsen concentration camp in germany , where food was scarce , sanitation was awful and disease ran rampant .\nmargot did\u2019s spectacular win followed the richly deserved win of another tattersalls breeze up purchase caspar netscher in the group 2 gimcrack stakes . caspar netscher was purchased for 65 , 000 guineas by bloodstock agent tom malone and trainer alan mccabe at this year\u2019s tattersalls craven breeze up having been purchased by her consignor katie walsh for 25 , 000 guineas at book 2 of last year\u2019s tattersalls october yearling sale . the son of dutch art was bred by meon valley stud which has nine yearlings catalogued for book 1 of the forthcoming tattersalls october yearling sale and a further eight in book 2 .\nthe report did add there were efforts made by the school to inject urgency into daniel ' s case , with the school nursing support worker highlighting her concerns when luczak cancelled the second of two paediatric appointments , and the deputy headteacher ' taking the unusual step ' in january 2012 of calling his gp .\n' hidden figures ' : how black women did the math that put men on the moon back in the days of the space race ,\ncomputers\nwere people \u2014 often women \u2014 who performed vital calculations . hidden figures tells the stories of the women who got some of the first men to space .\nthe franks and their friends were betrayed to the gestapo in early august 1944 and then transported to westerbork . with the very last transport from the netherlands , which left westerbork on september 3 , 1944 , anne frank , now fifteen years old , her parents and sister margot were moved to the auschwitz - birkenau concentration camp .\nthey didn ' t think i was worthy enough of even reading with the casting director . they did it in the basement , and it was a scene where i have to do this oral thing with this guy ' s hand , and no one was there so i had to do it to myself .\nher fascinating book proves how persistent she was , and how she won the trust of those who knew the much - loved ballerina best . the difficulty we both found was that fonteyn ' s generation ( she was born in 1919 ) did not believe in airing any kind of linen in public . in their view , the world had no need to know about a performer ' s private life . dancers , when they talked at all , did not discuss their aches and pains , abortions , affairs , plastic surgery and eating habits . their colleagues were expected to be similarly discreet , especially if they were members of the royal ballet .\non september 3 , 1944 , anne , along with her mother , edith , her sister , margot , and her father , otto , boarded the last transport from westerbork to auschwitz - birkenau . the transport arrived in auschwitz on september 5 , 1944 , with 1 , 019 jews on board . men and women were separated .\nin early july 1942 , after margot frank received a letter ordering her to report to a work camp in germany , anne frank\u2019s family went into hiding in an attic apartment behind otto frank\u2019s business , located at prinsengracht 263 in amsterdam . in an effort to avoid detection , the family left a false trail suggesting they\u2019d fled to switzerland .\ndr supratik chakraborty saw daniel three weeks before his death . the report did not cast doubt on hiscommitment to \u2018do the best for daniel . . . in the belief his condition was related to organic causes\u2019 , but said that in the context of the boy\u2019s turbulent home life , \u2018abuse or neglect\u2019 should have received more serious consideration .\nequally frustrating was my interviewees ' reluctance to pinpoint what made fonteyn so special - the most famous ballerina the world over . ' there was no one like her , ' they ' d gush blandly . ' margot was , well , margot . she could make you cry just watching her . ' daneman addresses the problem in her prologue : ' how to put something so visual , so potent with theatrical moment that even film cannot capture it , into plain words ? how to explain why it is that when , to a particular strain of music , an ordinary mortal steps forward on one leg , raises the other behind her and lifts her arms above her head , the angels hold their breath ? '\ni ' ve just figured out how to ride her now . she did it well , she just has one kick and i didn ' t need to use it until the very end . i thought that one group one winner would be it but now i ' ve got another just a few weeks later . i can ' t believe it .\nramage said he would be happy to report to chin nam that the horse that won him two cox plates in australia when trained by bart cummings still was ready to take on the richest race in the world . magnier said o\u2019brien would be arriving in dubai friday night . transcend - \u201ctranscend did not come out on the all - weather track yesterday , so he did a routine canter on the track today , \u201d said trainer takayuki yasuda . \u201che was very relaxed and had a very good feeling , which may bring a 100 % performance . he was a runner - up last year , but we are always challenger . smart falcon and game on dude will likely set the pace , but the best way is that transcend follows the pace and keep up from just behind them turning for home . he is a very durable and has lots of sharper when he is on the lead in the closing stage of the race . the all - weather , which needs some power , should suit him and i hope to gain what we did not get last year . \u201d\nwriting for time , scorsese describes queensland - born robbie as \u201clike no - one else\u201d \u2014 then , confusingly , compared her to the likes of silver screen legends carole lombarde , joan crawford and ida lupino . \u201cmargot has all this in addition to a unique audacity that surprises and challenges and just burns like a brand into every character she plays , \u201d he gushes .\ncontent with the five time group 1 winner\u2019s preparation , millard said : \u201che is in very good order . he looks great and feels great . he looks around here a little bit compared to his routine back home but he is on the correct lead leg going the left - handed way ; we did some prep work going the other way back home . \u201d\nedith holl\u00e4nder attends the protestant victoriaschule , a private school . in 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of world war one , there is an unexpected family tragedy : edith ' s sister betti dies . twelve years later , in memory of her sister , edith will give her first child margot the middle name betti . but her mother in law\u2019s second name is also betty .\nafter several months of hard labor hauling heavy stones and grass mats , anne and margot were again transferred during the winter to the bergen - belsen concentration camp in germany , where they both died in march 1945 . their mother was not allowed to go with them , and edith frank fell ill and died at auschwitz shortly after arriving at the camp , on january 6 , 1945 .\nevery time you go to an airport and get on a plane , you are basically taking advantage of the work that was done at langley . between world war i and world war ii , they did just tremendous amount of fundamental research into basically making airplanes safer , making them more stable . . . making them faster and turning them into the technology that is as ubiquitous as it is today .\nshe started working at langley in 1953 . . . . johnson did many things , but among them was co - author a report writing the trajectory equations for putting a craft into orbit around the earth . one of the most notable moments of her career was leading up to the orbital launch of john glenn ' s flight , which was really a turning point in the space race between the united states and the soviet union .\neven on an overcast afternoon , aidan o ' brien ' s sunglasses were firmly in place , but you did not need to peer into his eyes to feel the relief as lillie langtry gave him his first winner of the week . she was a length and a quarter too good for gile na greine in the group one coronation stakes and could mark a return to form for ballydoyle after an unusually slow start to the campaign .\nby the fall of 1933 , otto frank moved to amsterdam , where he established a small but successful company that produced a gelling substance used to make jam . after staying behind in germany with her grandmother in the city of aachen , anne joined her parents and sister margot ( 1926 - 45 ) in the dutch capital in february 1934 . in 1935 , anne started school in amsterdam and earned a reputation as an energetic , popular girl .\notto frank returned to amsterdam in the summer of 1945 . he already knew that his wife was dead , but he still harboured hope of finding his two daughters . it was only later that he found out that margot and anne were also dead . miep gies , a former employee and helper to those in hiding , then gave him anne frank ' s diary , which she had saved from the secret annex after the family had been arrested .\nhe takes a bit of getting to know and , when he veered off to the right , i just gave him a couple of reminders to go forward and he did ,\nsaid winston .\nhe ' s getting better as the year goes on . when i got on him in the paddock the last day , i said to alan he had strengthened up and he ' s a very nice horse to be on now .\nthe attractions of arias , serial adulterer and dodgy panamanian politician , escaped most of fonteyn ' s admirers . daneman , however , brings fresh insights into the nature of his charm and that of his extended family : margot and his children by his former wife got on very well together , providing her with a warmth missing from her earlier life . the marriage , though , was already turning sour by the time nureyev defected from the soviet union in 1961 .\nin his memoirs , otto frank remembers the relationship between anne and her mother : \u201ci was concerned that there was not a particularly good understanding between my wife and anne , and i believe my wife suffered more from this than anne . in reality , she was an excellent mother , who went to any lengths for her children . she often complained that anne was against everything she did but it was consolation for her to know that anne trusted me .\nanne\u2019s father , otto frank , was a lieutenant in the german army during world war i , later becoming a businessman in germany and the netherlands . he was the only member of his immediate family to survive the concentration camps . at the end of the war , he returned home to amsterdam , searching desperately for news of his family . on july 18 , 1945 , he met two sisters who had been with anne and margot at bergen - belsen and delivered the tragic news of their deaths .\ni can remember that as early as 1932 , groups of storm troopers came marching by , singing , & apos ; when jewish blood splatters from the knife , & apos ;\notto frank later recalled . when hitler became chancellor of germany on january 20 , 1933 , the frank family immediately realized that it was time to flee . otto later said ,\nthough this did hurt me deeply , i realized that germany was not the world , and i left my country forever .\ni knew that many of them worked at nasa . i didn ' t know exactly what they did . i didn ' t know why they had started working there . i didn ' t know or really had questioned why there were so many women of all backgrounds working there until i started working on this book , you know . and it was like a window opened . and all of a sudden , i started looking at not just those women , but my hometown in a very different way .\nthat same day , gestapo official ss sergeant karl silberbauer and two dutch police collaborators arrested the franks . the gestapo sent them to westerbork on august 8 . one month later , in september 1944 , ss and police authorities placed the franks , and the four others hiding with them , on a train transport from westerbork to the auschwitz camp complex in german - occupied poland . selected for labor due to their youth , anne and her sister , margot were transferred to the bergen - belsen concentration camp near celle , in northern germany , in late october 1944 .\nkasbah bliss - kasbah bliss did a slow canter , followed by a slightly faster canter on the all - weather and his trainer fran\u00e7ois doumen said : \u201che has put away his work on monday and looks well . he is maybe a little bit fresher than he was - which is not too bad as he was really very relaxed . he thinks he is in the club med here . he is in good shape , not too heavy . he is very professional and knows his job . he is very supple for a horse of his age , it\u2019s amazing . \u201d\nafter anne frank ' s 16 - year - old sister margot received a written summons on july 5 , 1942 to prepare for transport to a german labour camp , her father otto decided that it was high time to move into the hiding place he had prepared a year earlier in the rear annex of the opekta - werke building at prinsengracht 263 in amsterdam . the frank family went into hiding on july 6 , 1942 . they lived in what came to be known as the secret annex for two years , together with the van pels family . this is where anne frank wrote her diary that later became world famous .\non july 5 , 1942 , margot received an official summons to report to a nazi work camp in germany ; the very next day , the frank family went into hiding in makeshift quarters in an empty space at the back of otto frank & apos ; s company building , which they referred to as the secret annex . they were accompanied in hiding by otto & apos ; s business partner hermann van pels as well as his wife , auguste , and son , peter . otto & apos ; s employees kleiman and kugler , as well as jan and miep gies and bep voskuijl , provided food and information about the outside world .\ntogether with her mother and sister , anne frank was placed in the women ' s camp at auschwitz . in late october , the two girls were moved from auschwitz to the bergen - belsen camp , which , with about 200 , 000 inmates , was utterly overcrowded . anne and margot frank died there in march 1945 - the exact date is not known - in the typhus epidemic that had been rife for weeks . their mother , edith frank , who had remained in auschwitz , died in early january , probably from exhaustion ; their father , otto frank , was one of the few jewish prisoners liberated by soviet troops on january 27 , 1945 .\ndaneman refuses to concede defeat , though her prose can sometimes be as misty - eyed as that of a fan ' s posting on a balletomane website . she locates fonteyn ' s extraordinary on - stage appeal in the woman ' s personal qualities - her moral as much as physical virtues . when her heroine falters in the choices she makes , daneman ' s reproaches are all the more telling for coming from such a sympathetic source . she has set out to understand margot ( as she and her informants call her subject ) from the inside , helped by family memoirs , letters and confidences from intimates who no longer saw any point in holding back .\nafter their arrest , the franks , van pels and fritz pfeffer were sent by the gestapo to westerbork , a holding camp in the northern netherlands . from there , in september 1944 , the group was transported by freight train to the auschwitz - birkenau extermination and concentration camp complex in german - occupied poland . anne and margot frank were spared immediate death in the auschwitz gas chambers and instead were sent to bergen - belsen , a concentration camp in northern germany . in march 1945 , the frank sisters died of typhus at bergen - belsen ; their bodies were thrown into a mass grave . several weeks later , on april 15 , 1945 , british forces liberated the camp .\nfonteyn kept on dancing long after she should have stopped . she needed to earn money to support her husband , paralysed in an assassination attempt in 1964 . although the last part of her life might have seemed tragic , she embraced her role as tito ' s carer wholeheartedly - perhaps too much so for his taste . after she retired at 60 , she reinvented herself as a cattle rancher with him in rural panama . the final photograph in the book shows her , ethereally thin from cancer , flanked by pedigree cows . shrouded in dust , they echo the ghostly wilis who claimed giselle . daneman has brought margot , the woman , fully to life in her long - awaited biography .\nfutoshi komaki , jockey of makani bisty , \u201ci heard there was some accident with his hoof , so i was up on him since he left the quarantine barn . but i did not think there was any hitch . actually it was my first ride on him in trackwork . he is a very easy to ride , not shying and responded me very well . as for the turf course , it was more firm than it looked , so maybe the time will be faster . my horse suits the surface with more power , but he was very flexible this morning . i wish i can have a good outing with him and give the other japanese runners a good wave . \u201d\neishin flash - \u201che did a brisk canter at the end of this morning and i wanted to check how his form was after the gallop yesterday , \u201d said trainer hideaki fujiwara . \u201ci talked to my assistant work rider with the small wireless telephone during the work and listened to him how the horse was , and he said he was very flexible and performed well like at home . i think he is 100 % fit at this point . i do not know how the race will go until it starts , so all i have to do is to keep the horse\u2019s best condition and entrust the jockey with my horse . christophe lemaire is a very good worldwide jockey , and he must handle the race . \u201c\nwhen otto frank returned to amsterdam following his release from auschwitz , miep gies gave him five notebooks and some 300 loose papers containing anne\u2019s writings . gies had recovered the materials from the secret annex shortly after the franks\u2019 arrest by the nazis and had hidden them in her desk . ( margot frank also kept a diary , but it was never found . ) otto frank knew that anne wanted to become an author or journalist , and had hoped her wartime writings would one day be published . anne had even been inspired to edit her diary for posterity after hearing a march 1944 radio broadcast from an exiled dutch government official who urged the dutch people to keep journals and letters that would help provide a record of what life was like under the nazis .\nin 1925 , otto frank married edith holl\u00e4nder , the daughter of a wealthy industrialist from aachen . her ancestors had moved to germany from amsterdam . although the holl\u00e4nders were not orthodox , edith ' s father was a prominent member of the jewish community . they ran a kosher household and attended synagogue regularly . the franks , on the other hand , were assimilated jews . after their honeymoon , the couple moved into the house of otto ' s mother alice . otto ' s sister leni , her husband erich and their two sons stephan ( 1921 - 1980 ) and bernhard , known as buddy ( 1925 ) , were already living there . otto and edith frank ' s older daughter , margot , was born in 1926 and their younger daughter , anne , was born in 1929 .\nyasuda commented , \u201cwe gave him a fast breeze on sunday , so he did only a half - gallop today . in his previous start ( group 1 february stakes ) , the pace was too high for him , which made him uncharacteristically fell behind and raced poor seventh . he is in a good condition , as the same time of last year when he finished second in the dubai world cup , but i hope he will not be tied to the lost . i would like to have the outsider than middle in the draw , for not to be sandwiched inside . the owner will join and take the draw . the 1 , 800m or 2 , 000m is his best distance , and the all - weather , which needs some power , should suit him . \u201d\non january 30 , 1933 , hindenburg , president of the reich , appointed hitler chancellor of the reich , and as early as april 1 a boycott against the jewish population came into force . sa commandos occupied the entrances to jewish department stores and shops , and prevented access to law firms and medical practices owned by jewish citizens . the franks also decided to leave germany . otto frank moved to amsterdam in 1933 , where he set up a branch of opekta - werke . in 1934 he sent for his wife and daughters , margot and anne , who were eight and five years old , to join him in amsterdam . the family settled down well into life in the netherlands . when the german army attacked the netherlands in may 1940 and then occupied the country , anti - jewish laws were issued there as well . jews were increasingly limited in their professional and social life . when jewish children were no longer allowed to attend the same school as non - jewish children , anne frank switched to the jewish lyceum .\nthe 20 - 1 shot , trained by michael bell , came home three - quarters of a length ahead of hamish mcgonagall ( 28 - 1 ) , with prohibit ( 12 - 1 ) third .\nturner , who won newmarket ' s july cup on dream ahead , said :\ni can ' t believe it - it ' s the best season ever .\nit just goes to show if you work hard and are dedicated , it can be done .\nthe 28 - year - old , the only female jockey to have won a group one race outright , praised her boss bell by adding :\nit must have been difficult for him when i first started , pushing the owners to put a girl on their horses .\nheavily backed favourite hoof it ( 11 - 4 ) never threatened to figure in the finish .\nbell said :\nthis filly won a listed race at sandown by five lengths . not many sprints are won by five lengths . she looked good that day and this was the plan .\nshe ' s a really tough filly and we ' ve found the key to her .\ntoday from a long way out she was one of the few on the bridle . it ' s great .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhamish mcgonagall ran a solid race to finish second , beaten three quarters of a length , while prohibit was a further half - length away third .\nbell\u2019s horses are in great form so tactician must be respected in the ebor , but a wide draw of 20 makes it difficult to give him a strong winning chance . even over such a long distance , the draw counts for a lot .\nyork selections : 2 . 00 across the rhine , 2 . 30 parlour games , 3 . 05 harris tweed ( nap ) , 3 . 40 fox hunt , 4 . 15 gusto , 4 . 50 act your shoe size , 5 . 20 thirteen shivers\nhowever , it has not always been an easy relationship between the winning pair , turner having been criticised for her riding of the filly , trained by michael bell , on at least one occasion this season .\ni need to thank the owners for persisting with me ,\nsaid the jockey .\ni can ' t really say what i ' m feeling at the moment , but it ' s a great thrill , especially to ride one for team bell after all of the support that the guv ' nor has given me from the start .\nit must have been difficult for him when i first started , pushing the owners to put a girl on their horses . hopefully i can repay him by riding winners like this . i can ' t believe it \u2013 it ' s the best season ever . it just goes to show , if you work hard and are dedicated , it can be done ."]}
{"id": 1981, "summary": [{"text": "oreochromis macrochir ( longfin tilapia , greenhead tilapia , or greenhead bream ) is a species of cichlid native to the zambezi basin , lake mweru , and lake bangweulu .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it has been used extensively for stocking ponds and dams in other parts of southern africa , but is little-used elsewhere .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in lake mweru , it is economically the most important fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the fish was introduced into lake alaotra in madagascar in 1954 , and proliferated quickly .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "by 1957 , it provided 46 % of the catch , perhaps because it was moving into an empty ecological niche as a phytophagous species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species reaches a maximum length of 43 cm ( 17 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it lives in fresh water at a depth from 5 to 14 m ( 16 to 46 ft ) in tropical climates with average temperatures between 18 and 35 \u00b0c ( 64 and 95 \u00b0f ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "oreochromis macrochir", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from oreochromis macrochir ( boulenger , 1912 ) to their own page .\nthreatened by the alien species oreochromis niloticus which is now widely distributed in the zambezi , kafue and limpopo systems .\noreochromis macrochir has been replaced by sarotherodon melanotheron as the second most abundant tilapia ( after o . mossambicus ? ) in many oahu reservoirs ( devick 1991b ) . this tilapia species has been widely introduced into africa and other parts of the world for use in aquaculture ( trewavas 1983 ; axelrod 1993 ; skelton 1993 ) . in hawaii , o . macrochir is reported as possibly hybridizing with o . mossambicus ( devick 1972 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of oreochromis macrochir are found here .\nnico , l . , 2018 , oreochromis macrochir ( boulenger , 1912 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 28 / 2004 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\ntrewavas , e . 1983 . tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon , oreochromis , and danakilia . publication no . 898 . british museum of natural history , london , uk .\ntrewavas , e . , 1983 . tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon , oreochromis and danakilia . british mus . nat . hist . , london , uk . 583 p . ( ref . 2 )\n( of tilapia macrochir boulenger , 1912 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : this species is threatened by the alien species oreochromis niloticus and is displaced by it in areas where the two species occur together ( both as aliens ) on the zimbabwean plateau . o . niloticus is being used for aquaculture in the northern upper zambezi and will compete with o . macrochir when it spreads through the system . o . niloticus will also inevitably spread into the okavango , thus the cunene may remain the only safe refuge for this species . the suspected major decline in o . macrochir of at least 30 % in the next 10 years following o . niloticus invasion means the species should be classed as vu under criterion a3e .\na commonly used name is tilapia macrochir . distinguishing characteristics , a key , and illustrations were given by trewavas ( 1983 ) , and by skelton ( 1993 ) . distinguishing characteristics and a figure also were given by eccles ( 1992 ) . color photographs of fish were given by axelrod ( 1993 ) . maximum size : 40 cm ( skelton 1993 ) .\nsectioned otoliths were used for age and growth determination of oreochromis macrochir , a common cichlid species from the okavango delta , botswana . the okavango delta is a vast inland wetland ecosystem which receives annual floodwaters from the highlands of southern angola . floodwaters reach the northern areas of the delta between january and march and the southern areas between june and september each year . samples were collected from sites which receive flood waters between may and august . marginal zone analysis showed that an annulus was formed between october and december during the dry , summer period . maximum age estimates of eleven years were obtained and growth was described by the 3 parameter von bertalanffy model as l t = 215 . 24 ( 1\u2212e \u22120 . 42 ( t + 1 . 08 ) ) mm sl .\nlatin , aurum = gold + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom the greek\nmacros\n= big and the greek\ncheir\n= hand , or pectoral fin in fishes , referring to the large pectoral fin ( ref . 52307 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; depth range 5 - 14 m ( ref . 58302 ) . tropical ; 18\u00b0c - 35\u00b0c ( ref . 54042 ) ; 5\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\nafrica : kafue , upper zambezi , and congo river systems ; introduced elsewhere in africa and in hawaiian islands . also in the okavango and ngami region , cunene basin , chambezi and bangweulu region ( ref . 5166 ) .\nmaturity : l m 15 . 6 , range 18 - 18 cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54097 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 17 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 14 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 12 ; vertebrae : 29 - 32 . diagnosis : head profile steep ( ref . 2 , 7248 , 12524 , 13337 , 33478 , 52193 , 54167 ) and rounded ( ref . 315 , 12524 ) . toothed area of lower pharyngeal bone with broadly rounded lobes ; scales on cheek in 2 - 3 rows ; caudal scales variable , not on the inter - radial membranes except at the base , and never stiffening the fin ( ref . 2 ) . adults with black ( ref . 2 , 12524 ) or dark brown flecks in the temporal region , on the gill - cover ( ref . 2 , 11970 ) and below the eye , mostly associated with openings of the lateral line system ( ref . 2 ) . adults without conspicuous mid - lateral blotches ( ref . 2 ) .\nprefers quiet , deep water associated with aquatic vegetation , but has been collected in other habitats as well ( ref . 12524 , 13337 ) . found at temperatures between 18 and 35\u00b0c ( ref . 54042 ) . has a very low salinity tolerance ( ref . 2 , 58 ) . occasionally forms schools , is mainly diurnal ( ref . 2 ) . feeds mostly on detritus ( ref . 87 , 7248 , 44661 , 52193 , 52307 , 56192 ) , ( blue - green ) algae ( ref . 12524 , 13337 , 44661 ) and diatoms ( ref . 246 , 7248 , 12524 , 13337 , 52193 ) . juvenile also accepts small invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 7248 , 52193 , 52307 ) , but lose this tendency with age ( ref . 52307 ) . maternal mouthbrooder ( ref . 87 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 7248 , 8600 , 12524 , 13337 , 36094 , 52193 , 54042 ) . mating territory having a central volcano - shaped mound ( ref . 2 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 12524 , 55074 ) with a flat or slightly concave top , surrounded by a ditch and vallum , in contrast to o . mweruensis ( ref . 2 ) . flesh excellent ( ref . 5214 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01549 ( 0 . 00889 - 0 . 02698 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 1 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 23 - 1 . 0 ; tm < 1 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 71 , 2 sd range = 0 . 34 - 1 . 47 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 34 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 36 , based on : 7 k , 10 tgen , 2 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment unit )\nupper zambezi , okavango and kafue rivers , as well as the upper kasai , lake bangweulu and the chambeshi river . it has also been collected from the revue river in mozambique ( buzi system ) , far to the east of its natural distribution and it is possible that this is a relict population ( bell - cross 1973b ) . in zimbabwe , it has been widely distributed through introductions and translocations into many parts of the country . its introduction into lake kariba in 1959 was not particularly successful ( jackson 2000 ) but it survives in small numbers . it may have colonised the limpopo river after escaping from the shashe dam in botswana and they have been collected from the shashe river at tuli ( minshull ) and from a pool downstream of the shashe / limpopo confluence ( kleynhans and hoffman 1992 ) . also introduced to komati system in swaziland ( bills et al . 2004 ) and spreading to south africa .\nfound in quiet waters along river margins and backwaters , in floodplain habitats and impoundments ( skelton 2001 , tweddle et al . 2004 ) . feeds mainly on microscopic foods such as algae , especially diatoms , and detritus . females mouth brood eggs and fry . breeds in summer , nests grouped into arenas .\nattempts should be made to establish protected areas from which o . niloticus can be excluded and perhaps captive breeding of pure stocks which could be used to restock areas from which this species has disappeared .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nafrica . sections of south central africa including cunene , okavango , upper zambezi and kafue rivers ( trewavas 1983 ; skelton 1993 ) .\nfish apparently were bred in captivity before being released into the wild , ca . 1958 ( maciolek 1984 ) ; this was considered a deliberate introduction ( devick 1991a ) .\nthe overabundance of tilapias in at least one hawaiian reservoir has possibly had the effect of suppressing production of desirable sport fishes ( devick 1972 ) .\naxelrod , h . r . 1993 . the most complete colored lexicon of cichlids . tropical fish hobbyist publications , inc . , neptune city , nj .\ndevick , w . s . 1972 . population densities of tilapia in wahiawa reservoir . project f - 9 - 2 , job 1 , study v . division of aquatic resources , hawaii department of land and natural resources . 8 pp .\ndevick , w . s . 1991a . disturbances and fluctuations in the wahiawa reservoir ecosystem . project f - 14 - r - 15 , job 4 , study i . division of aquatic resources , hawaii department of land and natural resources . 21 pp .\neccles , d . h . 1992 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes : field guide to the freshwater fishes of tanzania . food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy . 145 pp .\nhida , t . s . , and d . a . thomson . 1962 . introduction of the threadfin shad to hawaii . progressive fish - culturist 24 : 159 - 163 .\nmaciolek , j . a . 1984 . exotic fishes in hawaii and other islands of oceania . pages 131 - 161 in w . r . courtenay , jr . , and j . r . stauffer , jr . , editors . distribution , biology , and management of exotic fishes . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md .\nmorita , c . m . 1981 . freshwater fishing in hawaii . division of aquatic resources , department of land and natural resources , honolulu , hi . 21 pp .\nskelton , p . h . 1993 . a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . southern book publishers , halfway house , south africa .\ntilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nbeamish , r . j . & g . a . mcfarlane , 1987 . current trends in age determination methodology . in r . c . summerfelt & g . e . hall ( eds . ) , age and growth of fish . iowa state university press , ames : 15\u201342 .\n( pisces : cichlidae ) from the okavango delta , botswana , and a comparison of the scale and otolith methods of ageing . envir . biol . fish . 43 : 171\u2013178 .\nboxrucker , j . , 1986 . a comparison of the otolith and scale methods for ageing white crappies in oklahoma . n . am . j . fish . mgmt . 6 : 122\u2013125 .\nbalon , e . k . & e . m . chadwick , 1974 . time of annulus inception : a pond experiment . in e . k . balon & a . g . coche ( eds ) , lake kariba : a man - made tropical ecosystem in central africa . dr w . junk publishers , the hague : 643\u2013646 .\npeters ( pisces : cichlidae ) in lake sibaya , south africa . j . fish biol . 6 : 701\u2013715 .\nbutterworth , d . s . , a . e . punt , d . l . borchers , j . b . pugh & g . s . hughes , 1986 . a manual of mathematical techniques for line - fish assessment . south african national scientific programmes report . 160 : 1\u201389 .\nchapman , d . w . , w . h . miller , r . g . dudley & r . j . sculley , 1971 . ecology of the fishes in the kafue river : a report prepared for the fao / un by the university of idaho . fi : sf / zam ii , technical report no . 2 , 66 pp .\nof the kafue floodplain , zambia : predicted effects of the kafue gorge dam . trans . amer . fish . soc . 103 : 281\u2013291 .\nfrom the kafue floodplain , zambia , since construction of the kafue gorge dam . j . fish biol . 14 : 205\u2013223 .\nefron , b . , 1982 . the jackknife , the bootstrap and other resampling plans . society for industrial and applied mathematics . philedelphia , 92 pp .\n( r\u00fcppell ) in the lagos lagoon , lagos , nigeria with a discussion on the environmental and physiological basis of growth marking in the tropics . in t . e . bagenal ( ed . ) , ageing of fishes . unwin brothers , london : 114\u2013123 .\ngauldie , r . w . & d . g . a . nelson . 1990 . otolith growth in fishes . comp . biochem . physiol . 97a : 119\u2013135 .\ngoeman , t . j . , d . r . helms & r . c . heidinger , 1984 . comparison of otolith and scale age determinations for freshwater drum from the mississippi river . proc . iowa . acad . sci . 91 : 49\u201351 .\nhammers , b . e . & l . e . miranda , 1991 . comparison of methods for estimating age , growth and related population characteristics of white crappies . n . am . j . fish . mgmt . 11 : 492\u2013498 .\n( pisces : cichlidae ) in a venda impoundment ( south africa ) . s . afr . j . zool . 15 : 222\u2013228 .\n( schilbeidae : pisces ) in the luphephe - nwanedzi impoundment , venda ( south africa ) . j . limnol . soc . sth . afr . 6 : 39\u201345 .\nhughes , g . , 1986 . examining methods of fitting age / length data to the von bertalanffy growth curve with a view to applying a simplified version of the beverton and holt yield per recruit model . unpublished internal report , university of cape town , 70 pp .\nkapetsky , j . m . , 1974 . the kafue river floodplain : an example of pre - impoundment potential for fish production . in e . k . balon & a . g . coche ( eds ) , lake kariba : a man - made tropical ecosystem in central africa . dr w . junk publishers , the hague : 497\u2013523 .\nmerron , g . s . , 1991 . the ecology and management of the okavango delta , boltswana , with particular reference to the role of the seasonal floods . ph . d . thesis , rhodes university , south africa , 171 pp .\npannella , g . , 1974 . otolith growth patterns : an aid to age determination in temperature and tropical fishes . in t . b . bagenal ( ed . ) , ageing of fishes . unwin brothers , london : 28\u201339 .\npunt , a . e . & g . s . hughes , 1992 . pc - yield ii user ' s guide . benguela ecology programme report no . 26 , foundation for research development , south africa , 36 pp .\nricker , w . e . , 1975 . computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations . fish . res . bd can . bull . 191 : 1\u2013382 .\nschnute , j . , 1981 . a versatile growth model with statiscally stable parameters . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 38 : 1128\u20131140 .\nskelton , p . , 1993 . a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . southern book publishers , halfway house , 388 pp .\nsummerfelt , r . c . & g . e . hall , 1987 . the age and growth of fishes . the iowa state university press , ames , 443 pp .\nvan der waal , b . c . w . , 1985 . aspects ofthe biology of larger fish species of lake liambezi , caprivi , south west africa . madoqua 14 : 101\u2013144 .\nweatherley , a . h . & h . s . gill , 1987 . the biology of fish growth . academic press , new york , 443 pp .\nwelcomme , r . l . , 1979 . fisheries ecology of floodplain rivers . longman , london , 317 pp .\nmating territory having a central volcano - shaped mound ( ref . 2 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 12524 , 55074 ) with a flat or slightly concave top , surrounded by a ditch and vallum , in contrast to o . mweruensis ( ref . 2 ) . prefers quiet , deep water associated with aquatic vegetation , but has been collected in other habitats as well ( ref . 12524 , 13337 ) . found at temperatures between 18 and 35\u00b0c ( ref . 54042 ) . has a very low salinity tolerance ( ref . 2 , 58 ) . occasionally forms schools , is mainly diurnal ( ref . 2 ) . feeds mostly on detritus ( ref . 87 , 7248 , 44661 , 52193 , 52307 , 56192 ) , ( blue - green ) algae ( ref . 12524 , 13337 , 44661 ) and diatoms ( ref . 246 , 7248 , 12524 , 13337 , 52193 ) . juvenile also accepts small invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 7248 , 52193 , 52307 ) , but lose this tendency with age ( ref . 52307 ) . maternal mouthbrooder ( ref . 87 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 7248 , 8600 , 12524 , 13337 , 36094 , 52193 , 54042 ) . flesh excellent ( ref . 5214 ) .\njennifer hammock removed an association between\nzambezi river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nbarbus dorsolineatus trewavas , 1936\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nzambezi river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nzaireichthys pallidus eccles , tweddle & skelton , 2011\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nzambezi river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nzaireichthys monomotapa eccles , tweddle & skelton , 2011\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\n( of chromys sparmanni castelnau , 1861 ) castelnau , f . l . ( 1861 ) . m\u00e9moire sur les poissons de l ' afrique australe . paris . i - vii + 1 - 78 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia alleni fowler , 1931 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia intermedia gilchrist & thompson , 1917 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia sheshekensis gilchrist & thompson , 1917 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chromys sparmanni castelnau , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete ."]}
{"id": 1987, "summary": [{"text": "ranularia gutturnia is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "ranularia gutturnia", "paragraphs": ["( of tudicla gutturnia r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia labiata schumacher , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia longirostra schumacher , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of ranularia clavator ( dillwyn , 1817 ) ) spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\nbeu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of monoplex formosus perry , 1811 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of murex clavator dillwyn , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of tritonium macrourum link , 1807 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]\n( of cymatium gutturnium ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nrare in the marshalls . we have seen only four living specimens and several empty shells , mostly in lagoon halimeda patches at depths of 6 to 8m . the first three photos show the first living specimen , observed on 20 september 2009 .\nthe second living specimen was found on 8 april 2012 , also in a lagoon halimeda patch .\na young individual observed in an algae patch on a sandy kwajalein lagoon slope on 24 july 2016 .\njavascript is disabled ! not all shop functions are available . please check your browser settings .\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 020 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany ) stock level : 32 piece\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 010 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 120 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 020 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 030 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n19 % vat incl . excl . shipping costs shipping weight : 0 . 670 kg delivery : max . 12 workdays ( germany )\n' * price per piece , unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product ' s name , e . g . ( x2 ) for 2 pieces or ( 10g ) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article , you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description . otherwise , pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo . '\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nneogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america : contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus .\nin : molluscabase ( 2015 ) accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2017 - 01 - 13 .\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 285 - 291 ( in japanese ) .\naccessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2012 - 10 - 16 .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 1993, "summary": [{"text": "alston 's mouse opossum ( marmosa alstoni ) , also known as alston 's opossum , is a medium-sized pouchless marsupial of the family didelphidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is arboreal and nocturnal , inhabiting forests from belize to northern colombia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the main components of its diet are insects and fruits , but it may also eat small rodents , lizards , and bird eggs .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it was formerly assigned to the genus micoureus , which was made a subgenus of marmosa in 2009 . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "alston ' s mouse opossum", "paragraphs": ["alston ' s woolly mouse opossum - micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nalston ' s woolly mouse opossum - micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) - details - encyclopedia of life\na young / baby of a alston is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nvoss , r . s . ; jansa , s . a . ( 2009 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials , an extant radiation of new world metatherian mammals\n. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 322 : 1\u2013177 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 322 . 1 . hdl : 2246 / 5975 .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is confirmed as least concern because of its presence in large protected areas , tolerates disturbed habitat , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is found in central america from belize to panama , adjacent caribbean islands ( gardner 2005 ) , and northwestern colombia ( choc\u00f3 ) ( ast\u00faa 2015 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 1 , 600 m ( reid 1997 ) . only one specimen from guatemala was recorded in 1930s , and very few records from belize . tate ( 1933 ) described a hiatus between records from belize to northern panama , and those from southern panama and northwestern colombia ( cuartas and mu\u00f1oz 2003 , gardner 2008 ) .\nthis species can be found in evergreen forest , secondary growth , and gardens . it is mainly arboreal and is active in subcanopy or understory levels ( reid 1997 ) . it can also be found on the ground , when moving from tree to tree or feeding . it feeds on insects , small vertebrates , and fruits ( reid 1997 ) . this species may invade houses near forested areas and is sometimes found in groups ( timm et al . 1989 in reid 1997 ) , although most records are of solitary individuals . unstructured leaf nests are found in palms and vine tangles ( ast\u00faa 2015 ) . a female suckling 11 young was recorded ( tate 1933 in reid 1997 ) .\nthe species occurs throughout a variety of environments including disturbed habitat . it also occurs in several protected areas . research is needed on the distribution of this species , its activity patterns and social organization .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is found from eastern central america from belize to panam and adjacent caribbean islands ( gardner , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 1 , 600 m ( reid , 1997 ) . there has been 1 specimen from guatemala in 1930s , and very few records from belize .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nv\u00e4liamerikanopossumi\nto\nmicoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis marsupial can be found in evergreen forest , second growth , and gardens . it is mainly arboreal and is active in subcanopy or understory levels ( reid , 1997 ) . it sometimes descends to the ground to feed or travel from tree to tree . it feeds on insects , small vertebrates , and fruit ( reid , 1997 ) . this species may invade houses near forested areas and is sometimes found in groups ( timm et al . , 1989 in reid , 1997 ) , although most records are of solitary individuals . leaf nests are built in vine tangles . a female suckling 11 young was noted ( tate , 1933 in reid , 1997 ) .\nthis species is listed as least concern because of its presence in large protected areas , tolerates disturbed habitat , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\ngardner , a . l . ( 2005 ) .\norder didelphimorphia\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 3\u201318 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1998, "summary": [{"text": "lutilodix imitratrix is a species of air-breathing land snail or semislug , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicarionidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to norfolk island . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "lutilodix imitratrix", "paragraphs": ["wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nlutilodix imitratrix\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - lutilodix imitratrix facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nfacts summary : lutilodix imitratrix is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area ( s ) : indian ocean ( norfolk islands ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nleatherback sea turtles have been around since pre - historic times . and unfortunately , if the species is allowed to vanish , scientists believe it will foreshadow the extinction of a host of other marine species . it is estimated that there are less than 5 , 000 nesting female leatherback sea turtles in the pacific ocean today , down from 91 , 000 in 1980 .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbekkochlamys koshikijimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nbekkochlamys shikokuensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 )\ngenus : conibycus k . h . j . thiele , 1928 ( db : 1 sp )\njapanochlamys decens ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ngenus : kermarion e . a . smith , 1873 ( db : 1 sp )\nnipponochlamys hakusanus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1907 )\nnipponochlamys hokkaidonis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\nnipponochlamys izushichitojimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nnipponochlamys lineatus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nnipponochlamys subelimatus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\novachlamys fulgens ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\novachlamys kotosyonis ( j . t . kuroda & t . kano , 1941 )\nparakaliella affinis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\nparakaliella austeniana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1901 )\nparakaliella costata ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nparakaliella fusaniana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )\nparakaliella nahaensis ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\nparakaliella pagoduloides ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\nparakaliella venusta ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1909 )\ngenus : takemasaia m . azuma & h . minato 1976 ( db : 1 sp )\ntrochochlamys crenulata ( g . p . l . k . gude , 1900 )\ntrochochlamys crenulata basistriata ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys crenulata hotawana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys humiliconus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ntrochochlamys lioconus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys lioconus goniozona ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\ntrochochlamys okinoshimana ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ntrochochlamys praealta izushichtoensis ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1903 )\ntrochochlamys sororcula ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nyamatochlamys vaga ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\ngenus : aenigmatoconcha c . tumpeesuwan & s . tumpeesuwan , 2017 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : bathia g . c . robson , 1914 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : belloconcha h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : caldwellia h . adams , 1873 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : ctenoglypta c . m . f . ancey , 1904 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : ctenophila c . m . f . ancey , 1882 ( db : 5 sp )\nctenophila milloti e . fischer - piette , f . blanc & f . salvat , 1975\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dancea a . zilch , 1960 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dendrotrochus h . a . pilsbry , 1894 ( db : 8 sp )\ndendrotrochus cineraceus ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1841 )\ndendrotrochus helicinoides ( j . b . hombron & c . h . jacquinot , 1841 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : dupontia h . h . godwin - austen , 1908 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : epiglypta h . a . pilsbry , 1893 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : erepta j . a . albers , 1850 ( db : 3 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : geotrochus j . c . van hasselt , 1823 ( db : 25 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : harmogenanina j . germain , 1919 ( db : 5 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : helicarion a . e . j . f\u00e9russac , 1821 ( db : 107 sp )\nhelicarion lampra ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1904 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : hemiglypta o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1893 ( db : 9 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : hemiglyptopsis k . h . j . thiele , 1931 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : inozonites g . j . pfeffer , 1883 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : lepidotrichia p . bartsch , 1942 ( db : 7 sp )\nlepidotrichia velutinella ( j . f . quadras & o . f . von m\u00f6llendorff , 1892 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : lepidotrichia ( hemitrichiella ) a . zilch , 1956 ( db : 4 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : mathewsoconcha h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : nesonanina c . r . b\u00f6ttger , 1916 ( db : 4 sp )\nnesonanina novaehiberniae ( j . r . c . quoy & j . p . gaimard , 1832 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : nitor g . p . l . k . gude , 1911 ( db : 7 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : orpiella j . e . gray , 1855 ( db : 10 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : orpiella ( irenella ) g . p . l . k . gude , 1913 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - subgenus : orpiella ( owaraha ) f . c . baker , 1941 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : pachystyla o . a . l . m\u00f6rch , 1852 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : parmacochlea e . a . smith , 1884 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : petalochlamys h . h . godwin - austen , 1907 ( db : 9 sp )\npetalochlamys formosana ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\npetalochlamys nitidus ( h . a . pilsbry & y . hirase , 1905 )\npetalochlamys par ( p . b . schmacker & o . b\u00f6ttger , 1891 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : plegma g . p . l . k . gude , 1911 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : pseudaustenia t . d . a . cockerell , 1891 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : rahula h . h . godwin - austen , 1907 ( db : 5 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : roybellia h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 2 sp )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : sesara j . a . albers , 1880 ( db : 7 sp )\nsesara bouyei ( j . c . h . crosse & p . h . fischer , 1863 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : sivella w . t . blanford , 1863 ( db : 4 sp )\nsivella albofilosa ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )\nsivella latior ( a . r . j . b . bavay & p . dautzenberg , 1908 )\nsubfamily : helicarioninae - genus : wilhelminaia h . b . preston , 1913 ( db : 1 sp )\nsubfamily : papuarioninae - genus : laocaia a . a . kuzminykh , 1999 ( db : 2 sp )\nwelcome and thank you for exploring geofact of the day , studying geography , and appreciating the globe ' s marvels .\ndo you have any thoughts or suggestions ? let me know with a comment ! * please note that comments will be moderated ; therefore , spam comments ( including offers and links unrelated to the post topic ) will be removed . * i greatly appreciate your input . . . thank you so much !\nmerriam - webster provides a summary ( \u2197 ) of the world ' s primary currencies , the words of which are featured in the iconic dictionary . for a quick history les . . .\n[ image : infrared imagery of the eagle nebula stardust clouds ( the so - called ' pillars of creation ' ) ] the astronomy photo of the day for march 13th ( \u2197 ) , this . . .\ncontent , graphics , and the background are created by me ( pseudonym : wonderful world ) , except when i credit other sources . wavy flag images ( see lesotho post ) come from the public - domain wikimedia nuvola project \u2014 facebook also uses these images .\ni do not copy and paste from other websites . therefore , all posts are original but may sometimes include info , links , and / or images from credited external sources . to use a geofact of the day blog image for your website or project , write a comment below a post , and i will likely approve your request .\nfeel free to offer comments , suggestions , and compliments on any post or page ! you can be anonymous . note that spam comments with non - relevant links will be deleted .\nurltoken messages \u2014 a future post will be called countries and their exports . this combines the links of all country - by - country export posts in one document . there will be a word document and powerpoint that you can download . \u2014 \u2014 this year is the 10th anniversary of the geofact of the day blog ! whether you have followed along for years or are relatively new to visiting this website , thank you so much ! \u2014 \u2014 as of june 18th , 2018 , there are 1697 posts published on geofact of the day . . . almost 1700 ! thank you so much for your readership and support . \u2014 \u2014 note for twitter users : geofact of the day does not have a twitter page , sorry about that ! \u2014 \u2014 check out 101 . 1 the geowhiz fm ( \u2197 ) , geofact of the day ' s online radio station ! website link is also below in the sidebar . below . \u2014\ngeofact of the day ' s author does not operate a twitter page . . . sorry , tweeters !\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 2002, "summary": [{"text": "the glaucous-blue grosbeak ( cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea ) , also known as the indigo grosbeak , is a species of bird in the cardinalidae family .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is the only member of the genus cyanoloxia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "glaucous - blue grosbeak", "paragraphs": ["brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . glaucous - blue grosbeak ( cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nazulinho cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea glaucous - blue grosbeak durante a aula pratica do mini curso de observa\u00e7\u00e3o de aves da divis\u00e3o de fauna de s\u00e3o paulo , sucesso total , mais de 40 novos observadores estrearam observando essa ave . n\u00e3o use gaiolas , plante uma \u00e1rvore que elas vem . denuncie o tr\u00e1fico de animais silvestres , ibama - linha verde - telefone : 0800 - 61 - 8080 a liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 gratuita ou pelo e - mail : linhaverde . sede @ urltoken\nnests oct\u2013dec in uruguay . nest a cup of small twigs , placed at low or medium height in dense vegetation . clutch 2\u20134 eggs , pale sky - blue . . .\n14 cm ; three birds 16\u201319\u00b75 g . male is deep dark sky - blue above ( each feather having very narrow blackish terminal edging ) , brightest on forehead and rump ; remiges blackish . . .\ncontributed for the female bird song project : urltoken apparent female ( timing of recording seems a bit early for a singing juvenile male , assuming they breed in austral spring ) , all brown with no hint of blue that i was able to see . calling and foraging in dense underbrush of araucaria forest , about 15ft away . amplified with audacity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\napparent hybrids between this species and an unspecified sporophila seed - finch ( thraupidae ) reported from brazil . monotypic .\nne argentina ( misiones , corrientes , entre r\u00edos and ne buenos aires ) , se brazil ( s s\u00e3o paulo , santa catarina , rio grande do sul ) and n , e & w uruguay ; in austral winter , some move n as far mato grosso do sul ( s brazil ) .\nsong , usually from concealed perch in dense cover , a fast , high , hurried jumbled warbling ; call \u201c . . .\nedges of low forest , bushes on humid river islands , marshes , second growth ; from near sea - level to . . .\npartial austral migrant . during austral winter , some move n as far as mato grosso do sul , s goi\u00e1s . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally rather rare to uncommon over much of range . not well known .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in a much broader emberizidae . limits and composition redrawn in recent years , based on extensive molecular work # r # r . as compared to hbw : granatellus is imported from parulidae , amaurospiza from passerellidae ( part of emberizidae in hbw ) , and habia ( now including chlorothraupis ) and piranga from thraupidae ; at the same time , saltator and parkerthraustes have been removed to thraupidae .\nsometimes subsumed within passerina . includes several species previously placed in cyanocompsa , moved here based on molecular data # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nentrada a gendarmeria ( ruta 2 c . km35 ) , area pp mocona , guarani , el soberbio , misiones\ninventario de aves en campo avalos 2010 , corrientes , arg . : aves argentinas & alianzas por el pastizal .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 668 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngill & wright ( 2006 ) corrigenda / updates - 21 - sep - 2007 , website ( version 1 . 1 )\nioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2006, "summary": [{"text": "auratonota badiaurea is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish cream , suffused ochreous or ferruginous brown , with paler and darker groups of scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "auratonota badiaurea", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for badiaurea definition . you find here badiaurea meaning , synonyms of badiaurea and images for badiaurea copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nauratonota badiaurea is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in brazil .\nhave a fact about auratonota badiaurea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for auratonota badiaurea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word badiaurea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word badiaurea and , of course , badiaurea synonyms and on the right images related to the word badiaurea .\nauratonota aurochra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to ecuador .\nauratonota chlamydophora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family and is endemic to ecuador .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2028, "summary": [{"text": "phalonidia lavana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in eastern north america , where it has been recorded from maryland , florida , illinois , kentucky , missouri , ohio , british columbia , alberta and quebec .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phalonidia lavana", "paragraphs": ["the genus platphalonidia was synonymized with phalonidia when razowski ( 2011 in metzler and brown 2014 ) transfered the type species , platphalonidia felix to the genus phalonidia .\nplatphalonidia , has been synonymized with phalonidia by razowski , 2011 :\nremarks : platphalonidia was described for phalonia felix walsingham , 1895 and over 10 other species from the new world . unfortunately the type - species belongs to phalonidia and differs from the remaining new world species .\nonly felix was officially moved . the rest appear to have been moved to platphalonia by metzler & albu , 2013 , however , as of 8 / 18 / 2015 urltoken has those other species placed in phalonidia .\nplatphalonia lavana ( busck , 1907 ) , formerly placed in the genus platphalonidia , jour . lepid . soc . 68 ( 4 ) : 282 , was number 3834 in the 1983 hodges checklist . 3833 ( 1983 list ) aethes labeculana ( robinson , 1869 ) is a synonym of 3754 . 20 aethes argentilimitana .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmetzler , e . h . & j . w . brown , 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nscattered records in the eastern united states . alberta and british columbia records . razowski states arkansas , illinois and british columbia .\nbusck , a . , 1907 . a review of the tortricid subfamily phaloniinae with descriptions of new american species .\nrazowski , 1985 . on the generic groups saphenista and cochylis ( tortricidae ) . nota lepidopterologica . 8 ( 1 ) : 58\nmetzler , e . h . & albu , v . , 2013 : the description fo platphalonia ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nectaring diurnally on centromada pungens ( asteraceae ) in the central valley of california along with a list of species of platphalonia . journal of the lepidopterists\u2019 society , 67 ( 3 ) : 156 - 160\nrazowski , j . , 2011 . diagnoses and remarks on genera of tortricidae , 2 : cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 39 ( 156 ) : 397 - 414\na review of the tortricid subfamily phaloniinae with descriptions of new american species august busck . 1907 . journal of the new york entomological society , 15 : 19 - 36 .\nworld catalogue of insects , vol . 5 : tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) john wesley brown , joaquin baixeras . 2005 . apollo books .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\ncochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 28 june , 2012 - 9 : 20pm additional contributions by steve nanz , randy hardy last updated 4 february , 2018 - 11 : 59am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbrown , j . w . 2005 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . in world catalog of insects , vol . 5 . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark , 741 pp .\nmetzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\npohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nmoth photographers group \u2013 living moths plate 10 . 0 \u2013 tortricidae : tortricinae - cochylini\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nwe present an updated list of the members of the subtribe cochylina ( tortricidae ) in north america north of mexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classification since about 1983 . we propose revised status for two genera , rolandylis gibeaux , 1985 and thyraylia walsingham , 1897 . we propose ten new combinations : saphenista parvimaculana ( walsingham , 1879 ) , thyraylia bana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , thyraylia rhodites ( meyrick , 1912 ) , thyraylia bunteana ( robinson , 1869 ) , thyraylia discana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , thyraylia cricota ( meyrick , 1912 ) , thyraylia gunnina ( busck , 1907 ) , thyraylia hollandana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , thyraylia nana ( haworth , [ 1811 ] ) , and thyraylia omphacitis ( meyrick , 1912 ) . we propose four revised combinations : rolandylis fusca pogue , 2001 , rolandylis maiana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , rolandylis catalonica gibeaux , 1985 , rolandylis virilia pogue , 2001 ; and three new synonymies : aethes ziscana kearfott with a . bomonana ( kearfott ) , henricus edwarsiana ( walsingham ) with h . contrastana ( kearfott ) , and phtheochroa pecosana ( kearfott , 1907 ) with phtheochroa cartwrightana ( kearfott , 1907 ) . the described fauna includes 20 genera and 136 species , yet it is likely that the region is home to two to three times that many species ; at least six new genera are defined / circumscribed but not yet formally described .\nmichigan state university adjunct curator of lepidoptera , research collaborator u . s . national museum of natural history , p\nalamogordo , nm 88311 - 0045 u . s . a . , e - mail : metzlere @ msu . edu\nsystematic entomology laboratory , usda , u . s . national museum of natural history\nmexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classi\ufb01cation since the end of 1978 . w\nthe fauna , i . e . , this action seemed a better alternative to\ndoptera ) of north america . ph . d . thesis , university of min -\nnorth america ( tortricidae ) . j . lepid . soc . 56 : 216 - 233 .\nthe remarkable endemism of moths in white sands national monument , otero co . new mexico , us\na study of moths in white sands national monument along a transect 2 . 4 km and 300 m documented over 650 described species of moths in 9 years . approximately 40 undescribed species , nearly all of w\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe description of platphalonia magdalenae ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nect . . .\nplatphalonia razowski , 2011 ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) was proposed for saphenista mystica razowski & becker , 1983 ( type species ) and several species previously assigned to platphalonidia razowski , 1985 . however , with the exception of the type species , none of the other purported congeners have been listed . we formally transfer 16 species to platplialonia , resulting in the . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new genus of pine - feeding cochylina from the western united states and northern mexico ( lepidopter . . .\neupinivora , new genus , is described and illustrated from the montane regions of western united states ( nevada , utah , wyoming , colorado , arizona , new mexico , and texas ) and mexico ( nuevo le\u00f3n , durango , and estado de mexico ) . as presently defined , the genus includes seven species : e . ponderosae , n . sp . ( usa : arizona ) ( type species ) ; e angulicosta , n . sp . ( mexico : nuevo le\u00f3n ) ; e . albolineana , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 11 . a new species of . . .\nthe u . s . national park service initiated a 10 - year study of the lepidoptera at white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico in late 2006 . arotrura landryorum sp . n . , described here , was discovered in 2007 , during the first year of the study . the male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated .\na new generic assignment for tortrix baboquavariana kearfott , 1907 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with c . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2030, "summary": [{"text": "antricola is a genus of tick containing 16 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is very similar to the genus nothoaspis , which contains the species nothoaspis reddelli antricola delacruzi estrada-pena , barros-battesti & venzal , 2004 antricola guglielmonei estrada-pena , barros-battesti & venzal , 2004 antricola inexpectata antricola marginatus antricola mexicanus", "topic": 26}], "title": "antricola", "paragraphs": ["new reports of antricola guglielmonei and antricola delacruzi in brazil , and a description of a new argasid species ( acari ) .\nnew reports of antricola guglielmonei and antricola delacruzi in brazil , and a description of a new argasid species ( acari ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe sialotranscriptome of antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non - hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food .\nthree new species of antricola ( acari : argasidae ) from brazil , with a key to the known species in the genus .\nthe sialotranscriptome of antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non - hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food . - pubmed - ncbi\nthree new species of antricola ( acari : argasidae ) from brazil , with a key to the known species in the genus . - pubmed - ncbi\nconserved tick salivary secreted protein family , similar to hiv env glycoprotein , with 7 ests in antricola delacruzi . ( a ) clustal alignment . ( b ) bootstrapped phylogram . for other information , see . species related to acronyms for naming sequences used to construct phylogram are : ant : a . delacruzi ; ornpar , o . parkeri ; amby am : amblyomma americanum ; rh ap : r appendiculatus ; rh micro : r . microplus ; ixosca : i scapularis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nestrada - pe\u00f1a a 1 , manuel venzal j , barros - battesti dm , castilho onofrio v , trajano e , lima firmino jv .\ndepartment of parasitology , veterinary faculty , university of zaragoza , miguel servet 177 , zaragoza , zaragoza 50013 , spain . aestrada @ urltoken\ninsect biochem mol biol . 2012 may ; 42 ( 5 ) : 332 - 42 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ibmb . 2012 . 01 . 003 . epub 2012 jan 24 .\nribeiro jm 1 , labruna mb , mans bj , maruyama sr , francischetti im , barizon gc , de miranda santos ik .\nlaboratory of malaria and vector research , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , national institutes of health , bethesda , md , usa .\npmid : 22306723 pmcid : pmc3351099 doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ibmb . 2012 . 01 . 003\na heat map of the most abundantly expressed transcripts in a . delacruzi females and of the most abundantly expressed transcripts in hematophagous female ticks of genes encoding putative inhibitors of proteins involved in host homeostasis . data is derived from non - normalized cdna libraries constructed with the same methodology employed for the a . delacruzi library .\ninsect biochem mol biol . ; 42 ( 5 ) : 332 - 342 .\ntick til domain - containing proteins . ( a ) clustal alignment . symbols over the figure indicate ( * ) amino acid identity , ( : ) similarity and ( . ) less similarity . ( b ) bootstrapped phylogram ( 10 , 000 iterations ) of the alignment in ( a ) . sequences deposited at ncbi are represented by six capital letters deriving from the genus and species name followed by their genbank accession number . remaining sequences were derived from analysis of publicly available est\u2019s and described in a previous review ( ) . values near nodes indicate bootstrap support above 50 % . smaller values are not represented . the bar at the bottom indicates 10 % amino acid divergence . species related to acronyms for naming sequences used to construct the alignment and phylogram are : orncor , o . coriaceus ; ant : a . delacruzi ; hyamar : hyalomma marginatum ; rh micro : r . microplus ; amb var : amblyomma variegatum ; rh ap : r . appendiculatus ; and der : dermacentor andersoni ; ixosca : i scapularis .\ntick amyloid salivary secreted protein family , with 15 ests on anticolas delacruzi . ( a ) clustal alignment . ( b ) bootstrapped phylogram . for other information , see . species related to acronyms for naming sequences used to construct phylogram are : ornpar , o . parkeri ; ant : a . delacruzi ; rh micro : r . microplus ; ixosca : i scapularis ; and der : dermacentor andersoni .\nlabruna mb 1 , terassini fa , camargo lm , brand\u00e3o pe , ribeiro af , estrada - pe\u00f1a a .\ndepartamento de medicina veterin\u00e1ria preventiva e sa\u00fade animal , faculdade de medicina veterin\u00e1ria e zootecnia , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil . labruna @ urltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2033, "summary": [{"text": "australephestiodes is a genus of moths belonging to the family pyralidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species australephestiodes stictella , which is found in florida and on the bahamas , jamaica , puerto rico and the virgin islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the species is variable in color , ranging from very dark to whitish gray , the ground color ( dark or light ) being rather uniform over the forewing , the basal area no darker or lighter than the median and terminal areas .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the antemedial band rather broad , whitish , oblique and nearly straight , outwardly bordered on costal half by a narrow blackish line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the subterminal line is narrow , parallel and near to the termen , slightly irregular , whitish bordered inwardly towards the costa by a thin , faint , blackish line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discocellular spots more or less obsolescent , when distinct , separate and blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish to pale smoky fuscous , shaded with smoky fuscous towards the apex and termen . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "australephestiodes", "paragraphs": ["australephestiodes is a genus of moths belonging to the family pyralidae . it contains only one species australephestiodes stictella , which is found in florida and on the bahamas , jamaica , puerto rico and the virgin islands .\ngenus : australephestiodes neunzig , 1988 . moths am . n . mexico ( 15 . 3 ) : 68 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 69 ; pl . 2 . 34 - 36 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : unadilla stictella hampson , 1901 . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 7 : 255 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 2049, "summary": [{"text": "caloptilia alchimiella ( commonly known as yellow-triangle slender ) is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe and the near east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 millimetres ( 0.39 \u2013 0.51 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moth flies from may to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus species , castanea sativa and fagus sylvatica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "caloptilia alchimiella", "paragraphs": ["phalaena alchimiella scopoli , 1763 . ent . carn . : no . 661 . caloptilia alchimiella ( scopoli , 1763 ) .\ncaloptilia alchimiella ( yellow - triangle slender ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nnotes : early mine a narrow gallery leading to a squarish or triangular blotch ( as shown ) . then forms up to three successive cones by folding the lobe of a leaf downwards ( a cone is shown ) . this species cannot be told from caloptilia robustella without breeding or examining the pupae\nnotes : common in oak woodland and areas with scattered trees throughout much of the british isles . in hampshire and on the isle of wight reasonably well - distributed , but perhaps still under - recorded . wingspan 10 - 13 mm . easily confused with c . robustella , from which it can only safely be separated by dissection of the genitalia ; both feed on oak , but c . alchimiella is probably univoltine with a protracted emergence period , while c . robustella is bivoltine . the adult rests by day on trunks , flies in the evening and comes sparingly to light ; more frequently recorded in the larval stage , when mines are relatively easy to find where they are present . larva mines leaves of oak , subsequently living within a leaf - fold , over - wintering as a pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnarrow gallery leading to a squarish or triangular blotch . then forms up to three successive cones by folding the lobe of a leaf downwards .\nnote : you cannot separate these from c . robustella unless you examine the pupa or breed out .\nrecorded in 15 ( 22 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\n) . when hatched , the larva at first mines the leaves in a gallery leading to a blotch . subsequently the larva forms a succession of cones ( usually three ) by folding the tips of the leaves , and feeding within .\nthe flight period is from may to july , and the moths can sometimes be attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 25 10 : 25 : 38 page render time : 0 . 3334s total w / procache : 0 . 3850s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe larva at first mines the leaves in a gallery leading to a blotch . subsequently the larva forms a succession of cones ( usually three ) by folding the tips of the leaves , and feeding withinthem ( ukmoths ) .\nat first a narrow lower - surface epidermal gallery , regularly intersecting itself . in the next stage the mine becomes full depth . it remains a small mine , either rectangular , or , more frequently , a triangle in a vein axil , with frass along the sides . after a while the mine is vacated and the larva continues in a leaf roll . pupation in a white cocoon . neither in the mine nor in the larva a difference is known with c . robustella . moreover a temporal overlap exists between the single larval generation of c . alchmiella , and the second larval generation of robustella . only the pupae and adults enable a reliable identification ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nsee patocka and turc\u00e1ni ( 2005a ) , patocka and zach ( 1995a ) for differences from robustella in the pupa ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : britain including chester ( congleton ) , london ( putney heath ) ( ukmoths ) ; bedfordshire , buckinghamshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , cheshire , denbighshire , derbyshire , east cornwall , east kent , east norfolk , east suffolk , flintshire , glamorgan , herefordshire , hertfordshire , merionethshire , middlesex , north aberdeenshire , north devon , north ebudes , north essex , north hampshire , north somerset , north wiltshire , north - east yorkshire , shropshire , south aberdeenshire , south devon , south lancashire , south wiltshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , warwickshire , west cornwall , west gloucestershire , west kent , west norfolk , west suffolk , west sussex , westmorland and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) , the channel is . ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland and northern ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including albania , austria , belarus , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , greek mainland , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , norwegian mainland , poland , portuguese mainland , romania , russia - central , northwest and south , slovakia , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland , ukraine and yugoslavia ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe larvae feed on quercus , when young , in a gallery at the underside of a leaf , later in 2 or 3 successive cones , rolled down at the top of a lobe . pupation under a greenish membrane on the underside of a leaf . the pupa hibernates .\nthe adults fly from late april till mid august . they rest on tree trunks and come to light .\nbelgium , limburg , kinrooi , 30 april 2004 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndata : 16 . viii . 2012 , hardcastle crags , calderdale , w . yorkshire , vc 63"]}
{"id": 2057, "summary": [{"text": "litiopa melanostoma , common name the brown sargassum shell , is a species of very small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family litiopidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "litiopa melanostoma", "paragraphs": ["litiopa melanostoma ( rang , 1829 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 17 may 2010 .\nlitiopa maculata rang , p . c . a . s . l . , 1829\nrudolf s . scheltema , isabelle p . williams , janice tharpe ; differences in spatial distribution of veliger larvae belonging to litiopa melanostoma and alaba incerta ( prosobranchia : litiopidae ) in the warm temperate and tropical north atlantic ocean , journal of molluscan studies , volume 55 , issue 1 , 3 march 1989 , pages 139\u2013143 , urltoken\n( of litiopa maculata rang , 1829 ) rang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]\n( of litiopa bombix kiener , 1833 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa decussata gould , 1852 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa nitidula pfeiffer , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa striata pfeiffer , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa divisa carpenter , 1855 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa grateloupeana drouet , 1858 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of litiopa maculata rang , 1829 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of buccinum litiopa quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307\nrang , s . ( 1829 ) notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode : annales des sciences naturelles . 16 : 303 - 307\nrang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , litiopa , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . annales des sciences naturelles 16 : 303 - 307 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]\nrang s . ( 1829 ) . notice sur le litiope , < i > litiopa < / i > , genre nouveau de mollusque ast\u00e9ropode . < i > annales des sciences naturelles 16 < / i > : 303 - 307\n( of litiopa decussata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 195 [ details ]\n( of buccinum litiopa quoy & gaimard , 1833 ) quoy j . r . c . & gaimard j . p . ( 1832 - 1835 ) . voyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l '\nastrolabe\nex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1829 , sous le commandement de m . j . dumont d ' urville . zoologie . paris : tastu . 1 : i - l 1 - 264 ; 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 321 [ 1832 ] ; 2 ( 2 ) : 321 - 686 [ 1833 ] ; 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 366 [ 1834 ] ; 3 ( 2 ) : 367 - 954 [ 1835 ] ; atlas ( mollusques ) : pls 1 - 93 [ 1833 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 423 ; pl . 30 fig . 26 - 28 [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed\u2014which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the \u201cisland rule\u201d and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nhere , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the \u2018island rule\u2019 can give qualitatively different results . \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as \u201cshallow - water\u201d . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1\u22361 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species are those never observed above 400m , and \u201cshallow - water\u201d species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . \u201cshallow - water\u201d species were never observed below 200m , and \u201cdeep - sea\u201d species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1\u22361 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] \u2013 [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed \u2013 and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .\nfoster jb ( 1964 ) evolution of mammals on islands . nature 202 : 234\u2013235 .\nvan valen l ( 1973 ) pattern and balance in nature . evolutionary theory 1 : 31\u201349 .\nlomolino mv ( 1985 ) body size of mammals on islands : the island rule re - examined . am nat 125 : 310\u2013316 .\nlomolino mv ( 2005 ) body size evolution in insular vertebrates : generality of the island rule . j biogeog 32 : 1683\u20131699 .\nmacarthur rh , wilson eo ( 1963 ) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography . evolution 17 : 373\u2013387 . ( doi :\nroth vl ( 1992 ) inferences from allometry and fossils : dwarfing of elephants on islands . oxford survey of evolutionary biology 8 : 259\u2013288 .\nsmith fa ( 1992 ) evolution of body size among woodrats from baja california , mexico . funct ecol 6 : 265\u2013273 . ( doi :\nmarquet pa , taper ml ( 1998 ) on size and area : patterns of mammalian body size extremes across landmasses . evol ecol 12 : 127\u2013139 .\nclegg sm , owens ipf ( 2002 ) the \u2018island rule\u2019 in birds : medium body size and its ecological explanation . proc r soc b 269 : 1359\u20131365 .\npalkovacs ep ( 2003 ) explaining adaptive shifts in body size on islands : a life history approach . oikos 103 : 37\u201344 . ( doi :\nmcclain cr , boyer ag , rosenberg g ( 2006 ) the island rule and the evolution of body size in the deep sea . j biogeog 33 : 1578\u20131584 .\nrosenberg g ( 1993 ) a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257\u2013266 .\ndayton pk , hessler rr ( 1972 ) the role of biological disturbance in maintaining diversity in the deep sea . deep\u2013sea research 19 : 199\u2013208 .\ngage jd , tyler pa ( 1991 ) deep\u2013sea biology : a natural history of organisms at the deep\u2013sea floor . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . 524 p .\nrex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep\u2013sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1\u20138 .\nmeiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702\u2013708 .\nmeiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211\u20131217 .\nmeiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141\u2013148 . ( doi :\nwelch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675\u2013682 .\nprice td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998\u20131999 .\nmartin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line\u2013fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65\u201381 .\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line\u2013fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259\u2013291 .\nrosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :\nbouchet p , rocroi j\u2013p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1\u2013397 .\nsmith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518\u2013528 .\nsokal rr , rohlf fj ( 1995 ) biometry : the principles and practice of statistics in biological research . 3rd edition . new york : w . h . freeman and co .\nr development core team ( 2006 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . vienna : r foundation for statistical computing . available :\nguo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353\u2013362 .\ngage jd , bett bj ( 2005 ) deep\u2013sea benthic sampling . in : eleftheriou a , mcintyre a , editors . methods for the study of marine benthos : third edition . oxford : blackwell science ltd . pp . 273\u2013325 .\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1\u20137 .\nmcclain cr , rex ma , jabbour r ( 2005 ) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep\u2013sea gastropods . mar ecol prog ser 297 : 181\u2013187 .\nschmidt nm , jensen pm ( 2003 ) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape ? conservation ecology 7 : 6 .\nreyment ra ( 1983 ) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography : colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands . oikos 41 : 299\u2013306 .\nlomolino mv ( 1984 ) immigrant selection , predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands . am nat 123 : 468\u2013483 .\nmcnab bk ( 2002 ) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands . ecol lett 5 : 693\u2013704 .\nduncan rp , blackburn tm ( 2004 ) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna . global ecol biogeogr 13 : 509\u2013517 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1988 ) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic . malacologia 28 : 65\u201379 .\nvale fk , rex ma ( 1989 ) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england . nautilus 103 : 105\u2013108 .\nwalker se , voight jr ( 1994 ) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods . palaios 9 : 48\u201359 .\nmccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85\u2013101 .\nwassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287\u2013295 .\nwilliams gc . natural selection : domains , levels and challenges . oxford : oxford university press . .\nraia p , meiri s ( 2006 ) the island rule in large mammals : paleontology meets ecology . evolution 60 : 1731\u20131742 . ( doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\n( of abaconia naufraga ( clench , 1938 ) ) clench w . j . ( 1938 ) . land and freshwater mollusks of grand bahama and the abaco islands , bahama islands . . memorias de la sociedad cubana de historia natural 12 ( 4 ) : 303 - 333 , pl . 24 - 25 . page ( s ) : 321 ; pl . 24 fig . 1 - 2 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhigo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp . [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abaconia naufraga ( clench , 1938 ) ) bouchet p . ( 2002 ) gone with the wind : a pelagic marine snail described as an endemic land snail from the bahamas . the nautilus 116 ( 1 ) : 32 - 35 . [ details ]\n( of bombyxinus uva b\u00e9langer [ in lesson ] , 1834 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . < em > patrimoines naturels . < / em > 50 : 180 - 213 .\nhigo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp .\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 < i > in : < / i > felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al . , 1988 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . american fisheries society special publication 16 . vii + 277 .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 26 . 5 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 26 . 5 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( may 2010 )\nthe minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m ; the maximum recorded depth is 805 m .\nwelch j . j . ( 2010 ) .\nthe\nisland rule\nand deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence\n. plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0008776 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u0082d\u00e1b\u00bfa\u0092\u00f8\u00fb \u0081\u00b4a ! \u000f\u000f\u0016\u0091z { \u00eb\u00ae\u00e6e\u00a5a\u007f\u00bc ( y2\b\u008b\u00a5\u00fe1\n\u007f\u0098bx\u00e5\u0092m - \u00b0\u00eac\u00f1v & \u0010\u00a5 ) \u009d - < \u00071\u00e4p\u009b\u00f7\u00ed\u00f0\u00f5 - \u0097y\u0006\u00a5\u00f8k 2\u00ecb 8\u0098 : \u0099\u00d7\u008d\u00acq\u00edm\u0016\u0092 # e\u0088\u0080\u0094\u00e8\u000e > \u00e4\u00f0 ' \u00f45\u00f3\u0011 @ \u00e0\u007f\u00be\u00ed\u00e5\u00e7 : & d ; _ \u001a\u0086\u0088\u00be0 xq ] \u0017\u0014\u0086ie\u00b6\u00e5\u0089\u0093 ; \u00f2\u0000\u0090 [ u\u00905y\u00a5\u0098\u00bc\u0011\u00fbu\u00df\u00ff\u00bdn e\u00f6 k\u00e6vy ^ \u0098w\u00a2\u00edk\u00f3 z\u0098\u0088gd & r ; \u001b\u008a\u00f3\u00aa\u00f2\u00a7\u0000 % 5 ! ko\u00b4\u00ac | z\u00e1ie\u00b4\u00f8\u0016f\u0091\u00e6\u00e4 & \u00e2f : twc\u0005\u00ec\u0011ao\u0006p\u00e8 : f\u00e0\u008f \u00e1\b\u00ee\u008b > \u00ee\u00edj\u00fe ( . % \u00f4\u00a1\u0016\u00f0zs\u00b9\u00bc\u00a5\u009f @ \u0006\u00b2\u00ad\u00a4 { \u00bb\u00d7unw\u00e1y\u0093c \u009b\u00b6\u0090vi\u0091\u00aa\u00f2\u00ed\u00fb\u00b6\u008b\u00e3\u0019\u00e9j\u00b95\u009f\u00e8\u0011\u0012\u0014\u0089\u00ef\u00f3h\u00ff4l\u00aar\u0018\u00f8\u00ee\u00bc\u00ff\u008b2 pl\u0014\u00e8\u0096\u00ed\u0000\u0004\u0080\u00ee\u00a1x / \u00e2km\u001a\u0001\u00f0 @ r\u00a1\u00f1\u00a8\u0010\u00a2\u00ec , a\u00b2m\u0003\u00b96\u00f4s / \u0017\u00a4\u00f0r\u0094\u0004tk \u008f gr\u00f0\u00ab8 ^ \u00a9 [ \u0098\u008ex\u00e3r7 \u00e0\u00f4\u00a2 * \u00b6\u00f4 1l\u00a3 . \u00e3t \u0005\u00f3\u008ez\u00e3 ; \u00b0 \u009cz $ \u0090 5t\u00fa\u0094\u0083\u00ad > \u00f0\u00fdp\u00b82\nf\u00f0p\u00f1\u00f7\u00a1 | h\u0084\u009bs\u0014\u00ab\u00e5\u008c\u0019\u0004\u00a4\u00ad\u0095d\u00aci \\ \u0090xx\u00e1r\u00fb\u00fd { \u00e4\u00b1\u0088\u00f4\u00e8w\u00ee\u00ec\u00bdko\u0099\u00e19\u0086\u00fa\u00b5\u00e4\u0090\u0082\u00e6\u00ee\u0004\u00fa\u001b : \u00b7d\u00b1w\u00e5\n\u00ed ) \u00b0\u0084\u00ee\u0017\u00ac\u00b2m\u0084\u00ef9 : \u00e17\u00b2\u00ff\u0015p \u00f8\u008dd\u00e2sc\u00a5r\u00a2 # \u00d7\u00a1\u0089\u00a8\u00af\u001b\u009e\u000e \u0010s # \u00ed\u00ecp\u00ef\u0088\u00f8\u0017n + s\u00e0 w ) q\u008a8\u00b8\u00b8\u00f08\u00ea\u00bfn ? 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a\u0099 . \u008a , \u00fb ~ \u00fb\u0015i # \u0017j + \u0096\u00f4\u00ef\u00ea\u00a1\u00fc\u00e5 \u0088\u00b4 \u0011 \u00d7\u00bcxq1\b\u00b5d ) r ' o ? \u00df\u00ed\u00ee\u00e7\u00a1\u00a7lwq\u00f3\u009e\u0010\u00f6\u0098\u00ae\u008b\u00b5\u008fn\u0018j\u00d7\u00f9\u00b8 | pr ) 5c @ = \u00ae\u00ef\u00f6 ) 3\u0013z\u00b6\u00fa\u00e6\u00ff\u000f\u00f0 ] - \u00e3\u00f3\u00f5\u0017\u00eb\u00bar \u00f1\u0091\u008c\u00ef\u00b6\u00a5\u00fb6m ^ \b\u00ee\u00e3\u0093p\u0084\u00e9\u0017\u0012he\u0005\u00e7\u0082\u008e\u00ebba\u00fc\u0080 ; \u00f0\u00b0\u001a\u00ee\u0017s \u00efg , \u0098\u00e7\u00187k\u00fd\u008e\u00edb\u00ee\u009a\u00e3\u00e5vw\u00fe\u00f2\u00ff / \u0005\u00ab\u008f\u00e3ak\u0098m # \u00e5\u0007\u0092\u0007\u00fd\u00a4\u00f1 \b\u00fa ) \u00e1\b\u00bb\u00bc\u00f1\b } \u00f41\u00b0b\u00ef\u008fy\u0007\u00f0\u008c\u00eb\u00f2\u00e8\u00f5o\u00e0\u00fbxb\u001bw\u00f8w0a\b\u00ea ; \u0010\u008a ^ \u00eb\u00e3i\u00bf\u007fsb\u0087\u00907\u00f1\n\u00e3\nv\u0093\u00bbm\u008a \\ \u0004\u00a4g\u00b0a\u00fa\u00af\u00f7w\u0017\u00fa\u00e4\u00f5\u00e2 d\u0096v | \u00ea { \u00fduy / \u00e4\u00e1\u0088t\u008b\u00fct\u008c3 * \u008cx\u0089s\u0004\u00e0\u00e1x\u00ee\u00fe\u0016\u00b2h\u00f3 $ gv\u00ffl , = c\u008e\u00e7\u00f2zb \u00fb\u00ad\u00e6\u00e6\u0014\u0092\u00b9l\u00e5dir\u008e\u00ec\u00f9 \u00a6z ~ b [ & \u00fe\u00f3 ; \u009c\u00fd\u0014\bi\u00f0 ( o\u00fd\u0087\u00bd\u009c\u0089\u00f5\u00ec\u00a2z _ c \u009f\u0082g\u0019\u009e\u00e8l\u0092\u00b5nc \u009dv\u00af ] \\ & #\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nrang , 1829 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140258 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nfull reference : m . cossmann . 1882 . description d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles du bassin parisien . 30 : 279 - 295\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nrosenberg , g . , f . moretzsohn , and e . f . garc\u00eda . 2009 . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas .\nrang , 1829 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthis map is based on occurrence records available through the gbif network and may not represent the entire distribution ."]}
{"id": 2060, "summary": [{"text": "testudovolva ericae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "testudovolva ericae", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - prionovolva ericae t . cossignani & calo , 2002\novulidae \u00bb prionovolva ericae , id : 338877 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nto barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) ( from synonym prionovolva ericae t . cossignani & calo , 2002 ) to encyclopedia of life\n( of prionovolva ericae t . cossignani & calo , 2002 ) cossignani t . & calo m . ( 2002 ) nuova prionovolva delle filippine ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : ovulidae ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 36 : 6 - 7 . [ april 2002 ] [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 2010 . description of a new species of prionovolva ( mollusca : gastropoda : ovulidae ) from east africa , with reassessment of the composition of the genus . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 159 : 39 - 66 . page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\ncossignani t . & calo m . ( 2002 ) nuova prionovolva delle filippine ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : ovulidae ) . malacologia mostra mondiale 36 : 6 - 7 . [ april 2002 ] [ details ]\nrare in the solitary islands marine park . known from the philippines , indonesia , malaysia , new caledonia , recorded from queensland .\nall information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nhong kong . monkey headland . found in sea whips in 15 feet . ex - coll . d . and m . meyer . february 1977 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nlance cowrie ( aclyvolva lanceolata ) | seashell animals - ovulidae | pinterest | lancing f . c .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\naim land snails , because of their low vagility , are ideal organisms for probing biogeographical h . . .\nthe\nwooden - steps\nhypothesis [ distel dl , et al . ( 2000 ) nature 403 : 725\u2013726 ] proposed that large . . .\nmodern estimates of species - level diversity in the recent mollusca range from 34 , 000 to 120 , 000 d . . .\nseven new species of thala are described : t . abelai and t . merrilli ( type locality guam , mariana . . .\nthe paul hesse collection , purchased by ansp in 1926 , focused on non - marine mollusks of europe an . . .\nhistorical collections of biological specimens are potentially rich sources of data for contempor . . .\nhistorical collections of biological specimens are potentially rich sources of data for contemporary researchers . however , many technical issues have to be addressed in order to make these collections widely available . this paper reports on a qualitative study of historical and current data practices at the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , which is seeking wider understanding of the historical dimensions of specimen metadata , in order to support migration to more global standards . a detailed case study of a single specimen shows how that specimen has been described in multiple ways and in multiple locations within the academy , and the historically complex nature of the data and metadata contained in these descriptions .\nvertigo marciae , a new species of gastropod mollusk ( pupilloidea : vertiginidae ) , is described fro . . .\nmurex salmo wood , 1828 and fasciolaria granosa broderip , 1832 are shown to be conspecific . the fi . . .\nmurex salmo wood , 1828 and fasciolaria granosa broderip , 1832 are shown to be conspecific . the first available name for a different species often identified as pleuroploca or fasciolaria salmo is fasciolaria valenciennesii kiener , 1840 , which deshayes ( 1843 ) incorrectly treated as a synonym of p . salmo . in the last several decades , authors who presumably intended to use the name pleuroploca salmo sensu deshayes have inadvertently illustrated true p . salmo . since usage of the names is not consistent , we follow strict priority and synonymize fasciolaria granosa with murex salmo . the currently valid names for these species are granolaria salmo ( wood , 1828 ) and granolaria valenciennesii ( kiener , 1840 ) .\nthe rehousing of the vast dry mollusk collection at the academy of natural sciences of philadelph . . .\nthe rehousing of the vast dry mollusk collection at the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia is described . considerations regarding the existing building , the choice and design of new equipment , and the logistics of the project are discussed , together with evidence for its necessity .\na central aim of biodiversity informatics initiatives is the global aggregation of biodiversity d . . .\na central aim of biodiversity informatics initiatives is the global aggregation of biodiversity data . this work depends significantly on the translation of local data and metadata into wider global standards . while this is often considered to be primarily a technical task , there are also organizational factors to consider . in this paper , we use a communities of practice approach to argue that data and metadata in individual departments and institutions has often adapted over time to meet local organizational contexts , and that digitization workflows need to account for and capture the historical dimensions of collections , to support productive data migration . as part of this work , the central role of curators ' and managers ' practical and everyday knowledge of their collections is emphasized .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nrosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) . description of a new species of prionovolva ( mollusca , gastropoda , ovulidae ) from east africa , with reassessment of the composition of the genus . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 159 ( 1 ) : 39 - 66 . urltoken\nin : proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . academy of natural sciences : philadelphia , . issn 0097 - 3157 , more\ntel . : + 32 - ( 0 ) 59 - 34 21 30 | fax : + 32 - ( 0 ) 59 - 34 21 31 | e - mail : info @ urltoken | btw be 0466 . 279 . 196 | privacy en cookiebeleid"]}
{"id": 2062, "summary": [{"text": "gemmula kieneri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family turridae , the turrids .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its mineralized tissue is made up of calcium carbonate .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "one may find it in a water depth of 50m ( min ) to 346m ( max ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "gemmula kieneri", "paragraphs": ["> sp | p0c848 | c91 _ gemki turripeptide gkn9 . 1 os = gemmula kieneri ox = 535937 pe = 2 sv = 1 mmaklmitvmmvlllslqqgadgrskrwrknqmaassimrnlitargvpprfcrdkncne dsecnqwctggcssvkgnces\nspecimen count 1 chamberlain coll . ; turris granosa ; gemmula granosa ; h . c . fulton record last modified 11 jan 2016 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept . common name gastropods taxonomy animalia mollusca gastropoda turridae preparation dry see more items in inventory invertebrate zoology place ; ; japan ; ; kii , japan other numbers sort order : ar - r20 - c063 - 217 usnm number 444072 published name gemmula kieneri ( doumet , 1840 )\nli , baoquan & li , xinzheng , 2008 , report on the turrid genera gemmula , lophiotoma and ptychosyrinx ( gastropoda : turridae : turrinae ) from the china seas , zootaxa 1778 , pp . 1 - 25 : 9 - 10\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the position and length of an active peptide in the mature protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / peptide ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href =\nurltoken\n> lipids < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> glycans < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> protein cross - links < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / mod _ res ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . < p > < a href = ' / help / expression _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018expression\u2019 section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . by default , the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level , unless specified \u2018at protein level\u2019 . < br > < / br > examples : < a href =\nurltoken\n> p92958 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> q8tdn4 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> o14734 < / a > < p > < a href = ' / help / tissue _ specificity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides general information on the biological role of a domain . the term \u2018domain\u2019 is intended here in its wide acceptation , it may be a structural domain , a transmembrane region or a functional domain . several domains are described in this subsection . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain _ cc ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe cysteine framework is ix ( c - c - c - c - c - c ) .\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn\u2019t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href = ' / help / miscellaneous _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ndistribution . east and south china seas , nansha islands ; japan , philippines . common in south china sea .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 619 - 667 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 2066, "summary": [{"text": "nursallia is an extinct genus of pycnodontid ray-finned fishes , ranging from the late cretaceous period until its extinction during the eocene ( from 99.7 to 94.3 ma ) . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "nursallia", "paragraphs": ["capasso l . l . , abi saad p . & taverne l . 2009 . nursallia tethysensis sp . nov . , a new pycnodont fish ( neopterygii : \u2020halecostomi ) from the cenomanian of lebanon . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre 79 : 117 - 136 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\nsee also bannikov 2014 , carnevale et al . 2014 , forey et al . 2003 and sepkoski 2002\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nluigi capasso museo universitario dell\u2019universit\u00e1 \u201cg . d\u2019annunzio\u201d di chieti - pescara , piazza trento e trieste 1 , i - 66100 chieti , italy\ncapasso l . l . , taverne l . & nohra a . r . 2010 . a re - description of hensodon spinosus , a remarkable coccodontid fish ( actinopterygii , \u2020pycnodontiformes ) from the cenomanian ( late cretaceous ) of haqel , lebanon . bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre 80 : 145 - 162 .\ndavis j . w . 1887 . the fossil fishes of the chalk of mount lebanon , in syria . scientific transactions of the royal dublin society series 2 , 3 ( 12 ) : 457 - 636 .\ndavis j . w . 1890 . on a new species of coccodus ( c . lindstroemi , davis ) . the quaterly journal of the geological society of london 46 : 565 - 568 .\nforey p . l . , lu y . , patterson c . & davies c . e . 2003 . fossil fishes of the cenomanian ( upper cretaceous ) of namoura , lebanon . journal of systematic palaeontology 1 ( 4 ) : 227 - 330 . urltoken\ngayet m . 1984 . ichthyoceros spinosus nov . gen . , nov . sp . , du c\u00e9nomanien inf\u00e9rieur de hakel ( liban ) et ses affinit\u00e9s avec le genre trewavasia ( pisces , pycnodontiformes , coccodontidae ) . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle 4e s\u00e9rie , 6 , section 6 , 3 : 287 - 307 .\ngayet m . , abi saad p . & gaudant o . 2012 . les fossiles du liban . m\u00e9moire du temps . \u00e9d . d\u00e9siris , gap .\nhay o . p . 1903 . on a collection of upper cretaceous fishes from mount lebanon , syria , with descriptions of four new genera and nineteen new species . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 19 ( 10 ) : 395 - 452 .\nkriwet j . 2001 . palaeobiogeography of pycnodontiform fishes ( actinopterygii , neopterygii ) . in : melendez g . , herrera z . , delvene g . & azanza b . ( eds ) los f\u00f3siles y la paleogeographia . xii jornadas de la sociedad espa\u00f1ola de paleontologia : 121 - 130 . universidad de zaragoza , zaragoza .\nkriwet j . 2004 . a new pycnodont fish genus ( neopterygii : pycnodontiformes ) from the cenomanian ( upper cretaceous ) of mount lebanon . journal of vertebrate paleontology 24 ( 3 ) : 525 - 532 . urltoken ; 2\nkriwet j . 2005 . a comprehensive study of the skull and dentition of pycnodont fishes . zittelliana a45 : 135 - 188 .\nnursall j . r . 1996a . distribution and ecology of pycnodont fishes . in : arratia g . & viohl g . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes \u2013 systematics and paleoecology : 115 - 124 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . 1996b . the phylogeny of pycnodont fishes . in : arratia g . & viohl g . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes \u2013 systematics and paleoecology : 125 - 152 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . 1999 . the family \u2020mesturidae and skull of the pycnodont fishes . in : arratia g . & viohl g . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes 2 \u2013 systematics and paleoecology : 153 - 188 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . 2010 . the case for pycnodont fishes as the fossil sister - group of teleosts . in : nelson j . s . , schultze h . - p . & wilson m . v . h . ( eds ) origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of teleosts : 37 - 60 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . & capasso l . 2004 . gebrayelichthys ( novum ) , an extraordinary genus of neopterygian fishes from the cenomanian of lebanon . in : arratia g . & tintori a . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes 3 \u2013 systematics , paleoenvironments and biodiversity : 317 - 340 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\nnursall j . r . & capasso l . 2008 . additional specimens from lebanon reveal more of the structure of the pycnodont fish trewavasia carinata ( davis , 1887 ) . in : arratia g . , schultze h . - p . & wilson m . v . h . ( eds ) mesozoic fishes 4 \u2013 homology and phylogeny : 143 - 166 . verlag dr . f . pfeil , m\u00fcnchen .\npictet f . - j . 1850 . description de quelques poissons fossiles du mont liban . imprimerie j . - g . fick , gen\u00e8ve .\npoyato - ariza f . j . & wenz s . 2002 . a new insight into pycnodontiform fishes . geodiversitas 24 ( 1 ) : 139 - 248 .\npoyato - ariza f . j . & wenz s . 2005 . akromystax tilmachiton gen . et sp . nov . , a new pycnodontid fish from the lebanese late cretaceous of haqel and en nammoura . journal of vertebrate paleontology 25 ( 1 ) : 27 - 45 . urltoken ; 2\ntintori a . 1980 . two new pycnodonts ( pisces , actinopterygii ) from the upper triassic of lombardy ( n . italy ) . rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia 86 ( 4 ) : 795 - 824 .\nwoodward a . s . 1918 . the fossil fishes of the english wealden and purbeck formations . part 2 : 49 - 104 . palaeontological society , london .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nvermeij , geerat j . grosberg , richard k . marshall , charles r . motani , ryosuke and mooers , arne 2018 . the sea as deathtrap : comment on a paper by miller and wiens . ecology letters , vol . 21 , issue . 6 , p . 938 .\nfloeter , sergio r . bender , mariana g . siqueira , alexandre c . and cowman , peter f . 2018 . phylogenetic perspectives on reef fish functional traits . biological reviews , vol . 93 , issue . 1 , p . 131 .\nhodge , jennifer r . alim , chidera bertrand , nick g . lee , wesley price , samantha a . tran , binh wainwright , peter c . and becks , lutz 2018 . ecology shapes the evolutionary trade - off between predator avoidance and defence in coral reef butterflyfishes . ecology letters ,\nmarram\u00e0 , giuseppe klug , stefanie de vos , john and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2018 . anatomy , relationships and palaeobiogeographic implications of the first neogene holomorphic stingray ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) from the early miocene of sulawesi , indonesia , se asia . zoological journal of the linnean society ,\nclarke , john t . and friedman , matt 2018 . body - shape diversity in triassic\u2013early cretaceous neopterygian fishes : sustained holostean disparity and predominantly gradual increases in teleost phenotypic variety . paleobiology , p . 1 .\ncawley , john joseph marram\u00e0 , giuseppe carnevale , giorgio and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2018 . a quantitative approach to determine the taxonomic identity and ontogeny of the pycnodontiform fish pycnodus ( neopterygii , actinopterygii ) from the eocene of bolca lagerst\u00e4tte , italy . peerj , vol . 6 , issue . , p . e4809 .\nrummer , jodie l and munday , philip l 2017 . climate change and the evolution of reef fishes : past and future . fish and fisheries , vol . 18 , issue . 1 , p . 22 .\nmayrinck , diogo brito , paulo m . meunier , fran\u00e7ois j . alvarado - ortega , jesus otero , olga and friedman , matt 2017 . \u2020sorbinicharax verraesi : an unexpected case of a benthic fish outside acanthomorpha in the upper cretaceous of the tethyan sea . plos one , vol . 12 , issue . 8 , p . e0183879 .\nmarram\u00e0 , giuseppe engelbrecht , andrea carnevale , giorgio and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2017 . eocene sand tiger sharks ( lamniformes , odontaspididae ) from the bolca konservat - lagerst\u00e4tte , italy : palaeobiology , palaeobiogeography and evolutionary significance . historical biology , p . 1 .\nbellwood , david r . goatley , christopher h . r . and bellwood , orpha 2017 . the evolution of fishes and corals on reefs : form , function and interdependence . biological reviews , vol . 92 , issue . 2 , p . 878 .\ncarnevale , giorgio johnson , g . david marram\u00e0 , giuseppe and bannikov , alexandre f . 2017 . a reappraisal of the eocene priacanthid fish pristigenys substriata ( blainville , 1818 ) from monte bolca , italy . journal of paleontology , vol . 91 , issue . 03 , p . 554 .\ncowman , peter f . parravicini , valeriano kulbicki , michel and floeter , sergio r . 2017 . the biogeography of tropical reef fishes : endemism and provinciality through time . biological reviews , vol . 92 , issue . 4 , p . 2112 .\nramler , david palanda\u010di\u0107 , anja delmastro , giovanni b . wanzenb\u00f6ck , josef and ahnelt , harald 2017 . morphological divergence of lake and streamphoxinusof northern italy and the danube basin based on geometric morphometric analysis . ecology and evolution , vol . 7 , issue . 2 , p . 572 .\nstumpf , sebastian ansorge , j\u00f6rg pfaff , cathrin and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2017 . early jurassic diversification of pycnodontiform fishes ( actinopterygii , neopterygii ) after the end - triassic extinction event : evidence from a new genus and species , grimmenodon aureum . journal of vertebrate paleontology , vol . 37 , issue . 4 , p . e1344679 .\nmarram\u00e0 , giuseppe claeson , kerin m . carnevale , giorgio and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2017 . revision of eocene electric rays ( torpediniformes , batomorphii ) from the bolca konservat - lagerst\u00e4tte , italy , reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes . journal of systematic palaeontology , p . 1 .\npfaff , cathrin zorzin , roberto and kriwet , j\u00fcrgen 2016 . evolution of the locomotory system in eels ( teleostei : elopomorpha ) . bmc evolutionary biology , vol . 16 , issue . 1 ,\nlescinsky , halard 2016 . coral reefs at the crossroads . vol . 6 , issue . , p . 225 .\nleprieur , fabien descombes , patrice gaboriau , th\u00e9o cowman , peter f . parravicini , valeriano kulbicki , michel meli\u00e1n , carlos j . de santana , charles n . heine , christian mouillot , david bellwood , david r . and pellissier , lo\u00efc 2016 . plate tectonics drive tropical reef biodiversity dynamics . nature communications , vol . 7 , issue . , p . 11461 .\nguinot , guillaume and cavin , lionel 2016 . \u2018fish\u2019 ( actinopterygii and elasmobranchii ) diversification patterns through deep time . biological reviews , vol . 91 , issue . 4 , p . 950 .\ntuset , v . m . farr\ufffd , m . otero - ferrer , j . l . vilar , a . morales - nin , b . and lombarte , a . 2016 . testing otolith morphology for measuring marine fish biodiversity . marine and freshwater research , vol . 67 , issue . 7 , p . 1037 .\nschool of marine and tropical biology and australian research council centre of excellence for coral reef studies , james cook university , townsville , queensland 4811 , australia . e - mail : christopher . goatley @ urltoken\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours ."]}
{"id": 2085, "summary": [{"text": "filifusus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "filifusus", "paragraphs": ["filifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : filifusus filamentosus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nfasciolariidae \u00bb filifusus manuelae , id : 748976 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus manuelae ( l . bozzetti , 2008 ) - id : 1972655713\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : filifusus glaber ( r . w . dunker , 1882 ) - id : 1970800020\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] page ( s ) : 47 [ details ]\nsnyder , vermeij & lyons , 2012 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 607868 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]\n( of neptunea cincta link , 1807 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]\n( of fusinus filamentosus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]\n( of fusinus filamentosa [ sic ] ) brost , f . b . & coale , r . d . ( 1971 ) a guide to shell collecting in the kwajalein atoll . charles e . tuttle co . , rutland , vermont , xii + 157 pp . [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . page ( s ) : fig . 4a [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , 1822 ) finet y . & snyder m . a . ( 2012 ) . illustrations and taxonomic placement of the recent fusus and fasciolaria in the lamarck collection of the mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , geneva ( caenogastropoda , buccinoidea , gastropoda ) . zootaxa . 3507 : 1 - 37 . [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) lamarck j . b . p . a . de m . de . ( 1816 ) . tableau encyclop\u00e9dique et m\u00e9thodique des trois r\u00e8gnes de la nature . vingt troisi\u00e8me partie . mollusques et polypes divers . mme veuve agasse , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of pleuroploca filamentosa ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pleuroploca manuelae bozzetti , 2008 ) bozzetti l . ( 2008 ) pleuroploca manuelae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) a new species from southern madagascar . malacologia mostra mondiale 58 : 8 - 11 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nneptunea cincta link , h . f . , 1807 : n australia ; indo - pacific\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : m . a . snyder , g . j . vermeij , and w . g . lyons . 2012 . the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70\nparent taxon : fasciolariinae according to m . a . snyder et al . 2012\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\ndentifusus rosenberg , g . & g . j . vermeij , 2003 type species : dentifusus deynzeri vermeij , g . j . & g . rosenberg , 2003\nmicrofulgur finlay , h . j . & j . marwick , 1937 type species : microfulgur longirostris marshall , 1937\nfasciolaria lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1799 type species : fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus , c . , 1758\nafricolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : africolaria rutila watson , r . b . , 1882\naurantilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson , r . p . , 1842\naustralaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : australaria australasia perry , g . , 1811\ncinctura hollister , s . c . , 1957 type species : cinctura hunteria hunteria perry , g . , 1811\nconradconfusus snyder , m . a . , 2002 type species : conradconfusus parilis conrad , t . a . , 1832\ngranolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : granolaria salmo wood , w . , 1828\nkilburnia snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : kilburnia heynemanni dunker , r . w . , 1870\nlugubrilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : lugubrilaria lugubris adams , a . & l . a . reeve in reeve , l . a . , 1847\nmicrocolus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : microcolus dunkeri jonas , j . h . , 1844\npleuroploca fischer , 1884 type species : pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus , c . , 1758\npleuroploca ( pleia ) finlay , h . j . , 1930 type species : pleuroploca ( pleia ) decipiens tate , r .\npustulatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951\ntarantinaea monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1917 type species : tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus , c . , 1758\ntriplofusus olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 type species : triplofusus giganteus kiener , l . c . , 1840\nturrilatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : turrilatirus turritus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nfusinus rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfusinus ( fusinus ) rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfusinus ( fusinus ) ansatus caboblanquensis ( var . ) \u2020 ? ( 3 )\nfusinus ( aptyxis ) troschel , f . h . , 1868 type species : fusinus ( aptyxis ) syracusanus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nfusinus ( barbarofusus ) grabau , a . w . & shimer , 1909 type species : fusinus ( barbarofusus ) barbarensis trask , 1855\nfusinus ( heilprinia ) grabau , a . w . , 1904 type species : fusinus ( heilprinia ) caloosaensis heilprin , a . , 1887\namiantofusus fraussen , k . , yu . i . kantor & r . hadorn , 2007 type species : amiantofusus amiantus dall , w . h . , 1889\nchryseofusus hadorn , r . & k . fraussen , 2003 type species : chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman , m . m . , 1911\ncyrtulus hinds , r . b . , 1843 type species : cyrtulus serotinus hinds , r . b . , 1844\nglaphyrina finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby , g . b . iii , 1880\ngranulifusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1954 type species : granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith , e . a . , 1879\nharasewychia petuch , e . j . , 1987 type species : harasewychia harasewychi petuch , e . j . , 1987\nharfordia dall , w . h . , 1921 type species : harfordia harfordii stearns , r . e . c . , 1871\nmarmarofusus snyder , m . a . & w . g . lyons , 2014 type species : marmarofusus nicobaricus r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nollaphon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : ollaphon molorthus hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908\nsinistralia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : sinistralia maroccensis gmelin , j . f . , 1791\ntrophonofusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1971 type species : trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama , m . , 1920\nviridifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons type species : viridifusus buxeus reeve , l . a . , 1847\nperisternia m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : peristernia nassatula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nperisternia ( nodopelagia ) hedley , c . , 1915 type species : peristernia ( nodopelagia ) brazieri angas , g . f . , 1877\nbullockus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype\ndolicholatirus bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin , j . f . , 1791\ndolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) normalis iredale , t . , 1936\nhemipolygona rovereto , g . , 1899 type species : hemipolygona armatus adams , a . , 1855\nlatirolagena harris , g . d . , 1897 type species : latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus , c . , 1758\nbenimakia habe , t . , 1958 type species : benimakia rhodostomus dunker , r . w . , 1860\nlatirus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : latirus aurantiacus montfort , p . d . de , 1810\nlatirus ( latirulus ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1889 type species : latirus ( latirulus ) subaffinis orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1850\nlatirus ( polygona ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : latirus ( polygona ) fusiformis schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817\nlatirus ( pseudolatirus ) bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bilineata h\u00f6rnes , m . , 1853\ncrassibougia stahlschmidt , p . & k . fraussen , 2012 type species : niso terebellum dillwyn , l . w . , 1817\ncryptofusus beu , a . g . , 2011 type species : cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell , r . k . , 1956\nfusolatirus kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971 type species : peristernia pilsbryi kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1952\nlamellilatirus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : lamellilatirus ceramidus dall , w . h . , 1889\nleucozonia gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin , j . f . , 1791\nlightbournus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype\nnodolatirus bouchet , ph . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : unknowngenustype\nopeatostoma berry , s . s . , 1958 type species : opeatostoma pseudodon burrow , e . j . , 1815\ntaron hutton , f . w . , 1883 type species : taron dubius hutton , f . w . , 1878\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 071 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 21 seconds . )\nnot perfect , thin lip , as good as they come . hard to get fasciolariid in any condition .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2106, "summary": [{"text": "isostola nigrivenata is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hering in 1925 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in colombia and costa rica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "isostola nigrivenata", "paragraphs": ["isostola nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; ts : isostola rhodobroncha felder\nisostola vicina butler , 1876 ; cist . ent . 2 : 115 ; tl : south america\nisostola thabena dognin , 1919 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 15 : 7 ; tl : colombia\nisostola superba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]\nisostola dilatata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nisostola tenebrata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : puerto santa rosa\nisostola flavicollaris hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nisostola rhodobroncha felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; tl : brazil\nisostola divisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436\nisostola dilatata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436\nisostola tenebrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436\nisostola flavicollaris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola philomela ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola albiplaga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola vicina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola thabena ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola superba druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 115 , 3 pl . 12 , f . 5 ; tl : guatemala , teleman in polochic valley\nisostola rhodobroncha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\ndioptis divisa walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 329 ; tl : south america ; par\u00e1\neucyane philomela druce , 1893 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1893 : 286 ; tl : colombia\ncalodesma albiplaga hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 433 ; tl : colombia\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\nwatson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 11 : 51 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 2111, "summary": [{"text": "lithophaga , the date mussels , are a genus of medium-sized marine bivalve molluscs in the family mytilidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some of the earliest fossil lithophaga shells have been found in mesozoic rocks from the alps and from vancouver island , the shells of species in this genus are long and narrow with parallel sides .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the animals bore into stone or coral rock with the help of pallial gland secretions , hence the systematic name lithophaga , which means \" stone-eater \" .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "their club-shaped borings are given the trace fossil name gastrochaenolites . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "lithophaga", "paragraphs": ["species lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) accepted as lithophaga nigra ( d ' orbigny , 1853 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )\nlithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )\nthere do not appear to be any studies addressing the temperature tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .\nthere do not appear to be any studies addressing the salinity tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .\nspecies lithophaga abbotti h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as leiosolenus spatiosus carpenter , 1857\n( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nspecies lithophaga dixonae p . j . b . scott , 1986 accepted as leiosolenus dixonae ( scott , 1986 )\nlithophaga bisulcata are suspension feeders , filtering plankton and other small invertebrates from seawater ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lithophaga teres ( philippi 1846 ) to their own page .\n( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga straminea dunker , 1880 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) zitteliana dunker , 1882 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nsubgenus lithophaga ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 accepted as leiosolenus ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 represented as leiosolenus carpenter , 1857\nlithophaga bisulcata have separate sexes and reproduce annually . the reproductive season begins in august and spawning occurs between november and february ( scott 1988a ) .\nwhat made you want to look up lithophaga ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ns . galinou - mitsoudi , a . i . sinis ; age and growth of lithophaga lithophaga ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , based on annual growth lines in the shell , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 4 , 1 november 1995 , pages 435\u2013453 , urltoken\nspecies lithophaga erimitica kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 accepted as leiosolenus erimiticus ( kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 )\nkleeman k . h . ( 1983 ) catalogue of recent and fossil lithophaga ( bivalvia ) . journal of molluscan studies , supplement 12 : 1 - 46 . [ details ]\nscott pjb . 1988a . initial settlement behavior and survivorship of lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 97 - 108 .\nkleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nscott pjb . 1988b . distribution , habitat and morphaology of the caribbean coral - and rock - boring bivalve , lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 83 - 95 .\n( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nlithophaga bisulcata can be found in the temperate and tropical regions of north and south america from north carolina to florida , bermuda , bahamas , west indies , gulf of mexico , caribbean central america , south america to uruguay ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) .\n( of lithodomus saucatensis mayer , 1858 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophagus tirolensis tausch , 1890 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus isilensis parona , 1893 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophagus taurorugosus sacco , 1898 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophagus papilliferus joksimowitsch , 1910 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus styriacus teppner , 1914 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus mitzopoulosi charalambakis , 1952 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nlithophaga bisulcata grows to 45 mm ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) and becomes reproductive when the shell reaches 20 mm ( scott 1988a ) . in a jamaican population , the sex ratio of male to female individuals was reported to be 1 : 1 ( scott 1988a ) .\n( of lithodomus lyellanus mayer in hartung , 1864 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus ornatissimus mayer - eymar , 1887 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nhuber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . note : huber ( 2015 ) regarded this species as valid , but under the name lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) , which is a combination of the nomen oblitum modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe mahogany date mussel is often associated with sponges , corals , anemones , annelids ( worms ) , crustaceans , other bivalves , bryozoans , sea stars and sea urchins ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . they are found in living and dead corals . the most common hosts for lithophaga bisulcata are the corals siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) .\n( of lithophaga obesus [ sic ] ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]\nthe fossil record dating back to the paleozoic indicate that mussels in the genus lithophaga have long been associated with reef building corals ( scott 1988b ) . l . bisculata is a member of the family mytilidae . the mahogany date mussel attaches to the substratum and its congeners with bissal threads forming dense beds that can support rich epifaunal and infaunal invertebrate assemblages ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .\n( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 551 [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 126 publications ) ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 135 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to genbank ( 13 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 )\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]\n( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) cuvier , g . ( 1817 ) . le r\u00e8gne animal distribu\u00e9 d ' apr\u00e8s son organisation , pour servir de base \u00e0 l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction \u00e0 l ' anatomie compar\u00e9e . [ work generally dated 1817 ; published before 2 december 1816 according to roux journal of the society for the bibliography of natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 31 ] . tome 1 , 540 pp . ; tome 2 , 528 pp . ; tome 3 , 653 pp . ; tome 4 , 255 pp . , 15 pl . deterville , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncoan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 705 [ details ]\n( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) requien e . ( 1848 ) . catalogue des coquilles de l ' \u00eele de corse . seguin , avignon v - xii , 13 - 109 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) salis marschlins c . u . von ( 1793 ) . reisen in verschieden provinzen den k\u00f6nigreischs neapel . zurich and leipzig , ziegler vol . i : pp . 442 + 10 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 381 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des c\u00f4tes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammb\u00f4 . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lithophagus communis megerle von m\u00fchlfeld , 1811 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]\nmikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]\n( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 413 - 414 [ details ]\nthe shell of l . bisculata , a burrowing mussel , is elongated cylindrical and inflated with umbones near the anterior end . it is thin - walled , whitish with a yellow - brown periostracum and calcareous incrustation that projects bluntly beyond the posterior margin . it is smooth with a radial groove dividing the valve into two sections . the ventral half has periostracal pits that are more prominent in juveniles . the interior is yellow - brown with a purplish tint and a smooth margin ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .\nliving specimens are found burrowed in soft rock or dead coral ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) . l . bisculata is a common burrower that excavates chemically secreting a mucoprotein - chelating agent from glands in the middle fold of the mantle margin to soften the calcareous substratum . the softened substratum is then scraped away with the valves ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . l . bisculata glands also produce secretions that prevent corals from depositing calcium carbonate into the hole that has been burrowed and inhibit the firing of coral nematocysts .\nthe mahogany date mussel is not common in the indian river lagoon . when they are encountered they are almost always living on live crassostrea virginica ( boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .\nthe mahogany date mussel is not reported to occur in high densities in florida and jamaica ( scott 1988b , boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .\nthe embryology of the mahogany date mussel has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory . within 3 hours of fertilization the embryo develops into the gastrula . the trochophore appears in 5 hours followed by the veliger in 12 hours . pediveligers ( competent larvae ) , possessing a foot and eyespots , develop within 8 - 21 days ( scott 1988a and b ) . laboratory observations suggest that metamorphosis can be delayed if a suitable settlement site is not encountered . pediveligers use their foot to explore potential settlement site . the competent larvae are immune to the nematocysts of their coral hosts siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) . pediveligers enter the coral polyps with other plankton but appear to be immune to the digestive enzymes . metamorphosis occurs once the pediveliger is in the host ( scott 1988a ) .\namerican museum of natural history , bivalves - research , training , and electronic dissemination of data .\nboudreax ml , stiner jl , and lj walters . 2006 . biodiversity of sessile and motile macrofauna on intertidal oyster reefs in mosquito lagoon , florida . journal of shellfish research 25 : 1079 - 1089 .\nmikkelsen pm and r bieler . 2008 . seashells of southern florida . princeton university press , princeton , nj . pg . 90 - 91 .\nruppert ee and rd barnes . 1994 . invertebrate biology . sixth edition . saunders college publishing , fort worth , tx pg . 451\nreport by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : october 1 , 2008\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : a . a . olsson . 1914 . new and interesting neocene fossils from the atlantic coastal plain . bulletins of american paleontology 5 ( 24 ) : 1 - 34\nvel\u00e1squez m . , valentich - scott p . & capelo j . c . ( 2017 ) . marine boring bivalve mollusks from isla margarita , venezuela . the festivus . 49 ( 3 ) : 247 - 269 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus antillarum d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of modiola corrugata philippi , 1846 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 413 [ details ]\n( of modiola ferruginea philippi , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhuber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 2122, "summary": [{"text": "fundulus zebrinus is a species of fish in the fundulidae known by the common name plains killifish .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is native to north america , where it is distributed throughout the mississippi river , colorado river , and rio grande drainages , and other river systems ; many of its occurrences represent introduced populations .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this fish grows up to about 6.9 centimeters long , with a maximum length of 8 to 10 centimeters .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its lifespan is up to 3 years , but most fish do not exceed two .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it has a flat head with a protruding jaw that allows it to feed at the water 's surface .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is variable in color , being brown , black , greenish , or straw-colored , with paler yellowish or silvery coloration on the belly .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the fish is striped with the 12 to 28 dark vertical bars that give the species its scientific name , meaning \" like a zebra \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the males have wider , darker bars than the females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the breeding male develops bright orange coloration on most of his fins .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species feeds on chironomid larvae , copepods , nematodes , and other small animals .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is also herbivorous .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it may feed by scooping up and swallowing mouthfuls of riverbed substrate to obtain buried food objects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the fish often spits out most of the sand and undigestible material , but the digestive tract usually contains an amount of sand .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the fish eats mosquito larvae when available , and studies suggest it might be useful in mosquito abatement efforts .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the fish lives in a number of shallow river and stream habitat types .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it may occur in lower , moderate and swift , turbid water flows .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it may be found in lakes .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is tolerant of brackish , alkaline , and salty water , more so than most other local fish species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it may bury itself in the substrate with only its eyes and mouth showing .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the fish might perform this behavior as a stress response , and it might serve to protect it from sunlight and heat , predators , or low water levels , or to help rid itself of parasites .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the killifish may face predation by other fish , notably the green sunfish ( lepomis cyanellus ) ; where this predator occurs , killifish populations drop .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "spawning is associated with water temperature , usually occurring when the temperature exceeds 26 \u00b0c .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "spawning season has been noted to start in april and continue through august .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "a number of parasites have been observed on this species , including myxosoma funduli , a myxozoan , a species of trichodina , a protozoan , urocleidus fundulus , a fluke , and gyrodactylus bulbacanthus , a monogenean , all of which infest the gills .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "also , the parasite gyrodactylus stableri infests the fins and organisms of neascus , a genus of flukes , infest the eye and internal tissues of the fish .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the monogenean gill parasite salsuginus thalkeni was first described from the fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "for a long time , fish of the closely related species fundulus kansae were considered to be members of f. zebrinus , the names synonyms .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "f. kansae was sometimes considered a subspecies of f. zebrinus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "molecular and genetic studies supported the separation of the species .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "f. zebrinus is slightly larger than f. kansae , with larger scales and larger eyes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the fins of the breeding male become more red in color , whereas the male f. kansae develops a more yellow-orange fin color .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species has a wide range , mostly in the central united states .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its native range is mostly within the great plains .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it includes much of the mississippi river drainage , parts of the colorado and brazos rivers , and some areas in the rio grande region , especially the pecos river .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its distribution was influenced by pleistocene changes in the geography of the local river systems , such as glaciation .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "many occurrences of the fish represent introductions , such as populations at lake powell in arizona and utah , the fort peck reservoir in montana , and several tributaries of the colorado river in colorado , utah , and nevada .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some occurrences may or may not be native .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "fish introductions began in earnest around the 1930s .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "most introductions occurred when plains killifish were used as bait by anglers and escaped into the wild to establish new populations . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "fundulus zebrinus", "paragraphs": ["diversity of the parasite assemblage of fundulus zebrinus in the platte river of nebraska .\nfundulus zebrinus jordan and gilbert 1883 : 891 ; poss and miller ( 1983 ) .\ndiversity of the parasite assemblage of fundulus zebrinus in the platte river of nebraska . - pubmed - ncbi\nkreiser et al . ( 2001 ) and kreiser ( 2001 ) presented data supporting the recognition of two species of plains killifish : fundulus kansae ( northern plains killifish ) and fundulus zebrinus .\nkreiser , b . r . 2001 . mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences support recognition of two cryptic species of plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus and fundulus kansae . american midland naturalist 146 : 199 - 209 .\nposs , s . g . , and r . r . miller . 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 .\nposs , s . g . , and r . r . miller . 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 .\nnear kearney , nebraska , i found a group of plains killifish ( fundulus zebrinus ) migrating from one pool to another in the backwaters of the platte river . see the full story here : urltoken\nhughes , r . m . 1981 . the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus ( cyprinodontidae ) , in the colorado river basin of western north america . southwestern naturalist 26 ( 3 ) : 321 - 324 .\nposs , s . g . and r . r . miller , 1983 . taxonomic status of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . copeia 1983 ( 1 ) : 55 - 67 . ( ref . 35647 )\nkreiser , b . r . , j . b . mitton , and j . d . woodling . 2001 . phylogeography of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus . evolution 55 ( 2 ) : 339 - 350 .\nfundulus zebrinus occurs sympatrically with the red river pupfish ( cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ) in the red and brazos rivers and is closely associated , ecologically and phylogenetically , with the species ( echelle 1970 ; echelle et al . 1972 ) .\nspawning location : in mirror lake and lake francis , ( pecos river ) new mexico , fundulus zebrinus spawned on substrates such as gypsum boulders , bare sediment and vegetation - covered sediment ( kodric - brown and mazzolini 1992 ) .\nkodric - brown , a . , and mazzolini p . 1992 . the breeding system of pupfish , cyprinodon pecosensis : effects of density and interspecific interactions with the killifish , fundulus zebrinus . environmental biology of fishes 35 : 169 - 176 .\na genetic survey revealed that introduced fundulus kansae populations from the san juan river drainage ( site : cross creek canyon , san juan co . , utah ) grouped with populations of f . zebrinus from the brazos , red and pecos rivers ( kreiser et al . 2000 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of fundulus zebrinus are found here .\ngriffith , r . w . 1974 . environment and salinity tolerance in the genus fundulus . copeia 1974 ( 2 ) : 319 - 331 .\nfuller , p . , 2018 , fundulus zebrinus jordan and gilbert , 1883 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 13 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nfundulus zebrinus differs from f . kansae ( northern plains killifish ) in having larger scales , larger eyes and a more robust body ; f . zebrinus has 47 ( 42 - 50 ) scale rows in lateral series , the large male of the species having bright red fins ; f . kansae has 53 ( 47 - 60 ) scale rows in lateral series , the large male of the species having yellow - orange fins ( hubbs 1926 ; page and burr 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) . fundulus kansae is not found in the pecos , red , and brazos rivers ( kreiser 2001 ; kreiser et al . 2001 ) . f . zebrinus has 12 or more vertical dark bands marking the sides ; these bars distinguishing the species from live - bearers of similar shape ( koster 1957 ) .\nfrom the latin word fundus = bottom , the habitat ; zebrinus = like a zebra ( in reference to the vertical bars or stripes ) ( ref . 79012 )\nshute , j . r . , and a . w . allen . 1980 . fundulus zebrinus ( jordan and gilbert ) , plains killifish . pp . 531 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .\nsalsuginus thalkeni n . sp . ( monogenea : ancyrocephalidae ) is described from the gills of the plains killifish , fundulus zebrinus , in the south platte river of nebraska . salsuginus thalkeni is distinguished from previously described species by measurements of sclerotized parts and by proportions ( measurement ratios ) , differences between dorsal and ventral hamuli , and angles between deep and superficial hamulus roots .\nlatin , fundus = bottom ; a peculiar name for a topminnow , coined for a bottom species of atlantic coast being\nthe abode of the fundulus mudfish\n( ref . 45335 )\nsigler and sigler ( 1987 ) ; hubbs et al . ( 1991 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; pflieger ( 1997 ) . fundulus kansae is considered a junior synonym ( poss and miller 1983 ) .\ntexas distribution : species ranges from the red river to the pecos river ( hubbs et al . 2008 ) . kreiser ( 2001 ) and kreiser et al . ( 2001 ) reported collection of this species from the pecos , brazos and red rivers ( the colorado river was not sampled in the study ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) listed the following drainage units for distribution of fundulus zebrinus in the state : galveston bay ( including minor coastal drainages west to mouth of brazos river ) , brazos river , colorado river . species found in independence creek ( largest tributary of lower pecos river ; bonner et al . 2005 ) ; pedernales river ( tributary of the colorado river ; birnbaum 2005 ) ; lower rio grande ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . shute and allen ( 1980 ) listed distribution of f . zebrinus ( = fundulus z . zebrinus ) in the trinity , brazos , colorado , and rio grande / pecos drainages of texas . collected from the big bend region at garden springs ( mouth of tornillo creek and mouth of terlingua creek ) ; most likely introduced by bait bucket release ( hubbs 1957 ) .\npopulations in the southern united states are currently stable ( warren et al . 2000 ) . widespread and locally common ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . ostrand and wilde ( 2004 ) reported that fundulus zebrinus was a dominant species in pools sampled in the upper brazos river drainage , composing 7 . 1 % of the fish collected . in austin , texas , naturally occurring population in waller creek ( colorado river ) on the university of texas campus was eliminated by chemical pollution around 1946 ( edwards 1976 ; poss and miller 1983 ) .\nthis species ' range includes the red river , brazos river , colorado river , galveston bay , and pecos river drainages in texas and new mexico ( kreiser et al . 2001 ) . populations of the fundulus zebrinus - kansae group in southern montana , southwestern south dakota , northern and central wyoming , western colorado , eastern and southern utah , northwestern new mexico , northern arizona , and big bend region of texas are introduced ( poss and miller 1983 ) . introduced populations also occur in nevada ( glen clemmer pers . comm . 1998 ) .\nreproductive strategy : gravid females were pursued by either single males , pairs of males or by groups of several males ; a spawning pair settled to the substrate where the female deposited eggs ; spawning pair either traveled to another site or the pair parted ( kodric - brown and mazzolini 1992 ) ; species observed to be interspecifically territorial in association with the pecos pupfish ( cyprinodon pecosensis ) . echelle ( 1970 ) observed fundulus zebrinus ( red river drainage , oklahoma ) noting that it is a bottom spawner ; males were observed attempting to defend breeding territories against red river pupfish ( cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ) males .\nnorth america : mississippi river and gulf slope basins in the usa from northern central montana to central wyoming and south to colorado river , brazos river , galveston bay and rio grande drainages in texas ( ref . 5723 ) . distinct from fundulus kansae which is found in the drainages north of the red river ( ref . 55961 ) .\ndrainage systems of the great plains and western gulf slope underwent substantial changes through diversions and stream captures during the pleistocene , either as the result of the glacial advances or through independent geologic processes . the distributions of a variety of fishes that range across west - central north america , such as the plains killifish ( fundulus zebrinus ) , are thought to be the product of this pleistocene influence . we examined the geographic pattern of genetic variation in f . zebrinus using three allozyme loci ( n = 793 ) , mitochondrial dna restriction fragment length polymorphisms ( rflps , n = 352 ) , and sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i ( coi , n = 23 ) in an attempt to understand the roles of dispersal and vicariance . the phylogeographic patterns were concordant between the allozyme and mitochondrial data with the exception of the population in the north canadian river . the populations fell into three geographic assemblages , which we designated as northern , central , and southern . a large phylogenetic break ( average roger ' s d = 0 . 702 ; average sequence divergence in rflps = 4 . 6 % ; average sequence divergence in coi = 5 . 5 % ) separated the northern / central and southern assemblages . the northern region was likely colonized sometime during the mid - pleistocene . fish in the brazos and pecos rivers probably reached these drainages through stream captures of the red river . the large phylogenetic break between the northern / central and southern clades supports previous attempts to recognize two species of plains killifish : f . zebrinus and f . kansae .\nchanges in the values of the shannon h ' diversity index as determined for individual hosts ( infraassemblage diversity ) , host samples ( sample assemblage diversity ) , and for species density are reported for an assemblage of 7 parasites in fundulus zebrinus in the platte river in nebraska for a 5 - yr period . the parasites were : myxosoma funduli ( gill ) , trichodina sp . ( gill ) , gyrodactylus bulbacanthus ( gill ) , salsuginus sp . ( gill ) , gyrodactylus stableri ( body surface ) , and neascus sp . ( = posthodiplostomum ; eyes and body cavity ) . in addition , relative abundance and equitability are given for each of the study years . mean infraassemblage diversity , sample assemblage diversity , species density , and equitability were all significantly negatively correlated with river streamflow ( measured in cubic feet per second ) of the year prior to the sample , but were independent of the concurrent year ' s streamflow . over the long term , m . funduli and trichodina sp . were the most , and g . bulbacanthus was the least , abundant . species pair prevalence and relative density correlations showed few long - term patterns of co - occurrence or microallopatry . the strongest association was between m . funduli and the neascus sp . and was attributed to similarities in ecological requirements of intermediate hosts .\nmesohabitat : shallow , sandy , river edges , channels , and backwaters ( minckley et al . 1991 ) . according to ostrand and wilde ( 2001 ) , this species has high thermal , low dissolved oxygen , and high salinity tolerances : mean critical thermal maxima = 42 . 0 \u00b1 0 . 2\u00b0c ; salinity tolerance = 43 \u00b1 0 . 05\u2030 ; mean minimum dissolved oxygen tolerance = 1 . 25 \u00b1 0 . 09 mg / l . a laboratory study suggested a relatively narrow optimal oxygen concentration for f . zebrinus ; species apparently possesses great capacity to sense and respond to oxygen conditions , which is adaptive toward life in western streams ( hill et al . 1978 ) . griffith ( 1974 ) reported tolerance of salinities as high as 89\u2030 . ostrand and wilde ( 2004 ) collected species from isolated pools in the upper brazos river drainage , texas ; found in pools with salinities as high as 110\u2030 . species occurs abundantly in the saline waters of the pecos river , texas ( hubbs 1957 ; rhodes and hubbs 1992 ) . f . zebrinus was one of seven species ( all tolerant of a wide range of salinities ) in communities that dominated areas of high conductivity , in the pecos river drainage , texas ( linam and kleinsasser 1996 ) . collected from the colorado river , texas , from sandy bottomed draws that periodically go dry ; water was highly saline to the taste , and salt encrustaceans were present on dry areas of the bed ( echelle et al . 1977 ) .\nn . sp . ( monogenea : ancyrocephalidae ) from <\nby john j . janovy jr . , tim r . ruhnke et al .\njohn j . janovy jr . , university of nebraska - lincoln follow tim r . ruhnke , west virginia state university follow terry a . wheeler , mcgill university follow\npublished in the journal of parasitology ( june 1989 ) 75 ( 3 ) : 344 - 347 . copyright 1989 , the american society of parasitologists . used by permission .\n,\nlike a zebra ,\na reference to the vertical bars or stripes ( pflieger 1997 ) .\n100 mm tl ( shute and allen 1980 ; page and burr 1991 ) .\ncoloration : dark olive back , fading to yellowish on sides and to silvery white on the belly ; 12 or more dark bands ( fewer and wider on male ) mark the sides . bright red fins on large male ( koster 1957 ; page and burr 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .\n: 47 ( 42 - 50 ) scale rows in lateral series ( texas populations ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .\nposs and miller ( 1983 ) reported that lateral scale row count varied from 38 - 58 [ based on specimens from the rio grande ( 39 - 53 ) ; pecos river ( 38 - 53 ) ; colorado river , texas ( 42 - 53 ) ; brazos river ( 41 - 50 ) ; red river and washita river ( 39 - 58 ) populations ] ; dorsal fin ray count varied from 11 - 17 [ pecos river 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; colorado river , texas 14 ( 11 - 15 ) ; brazos river 14 ( 11 - 16 ) ; red river and washita river 15 ( 11 - 17 ) populations ] ; anal fin ray count varied from 9 - 14 [ pecos river 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; colorado river , texas 13 ( 11 - 14 ) ; brazos river 12 ( 9 - 14 ) ; red river and washita river 13 ( 12 - 14 ) populations ] .\nhubbs ( 1926 ) and koster ( 1957 ) listed count of 41 - 49 lateral scale rows for this species .\nbody shape : compressed , moderately elongated body with large head , wide mouth , and projecting lower jaw ( koster 1957 ) .\nmouth position : terminal ; lower lip large and fleshy ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .\n: lateral scales large ; gill slit not extending dorsal to uppermost pectoral fin ray ; distance from origin of dorsal fin to end of hypural plate less than distance from origin of dorsal fin to preopercle or occasionally about equal to that distance ( hubbs et al . 1991 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .\nthe least width of the preorbital ( flat bone between the eye and mouth ) is only one - half to two - thirds as great as diameter of the eye ( koster 1957 ) .\n( northern plains killifish ) : dorsal fin long and rounded ; pectoral and pelvic fins ovate , pectorals much larger than pelvics ; anal fin elongate , sharply angulate ; caudal fin truncate ( sublette et al . 1990 ) . male has slight depression in the region of the urogenital papilla ; female has an oviducal sheath surrounding the urogenital region and the anterior edge of the anal fin ( bonham 1962 ) . males possess small slender contact organs , hooked forward , on the anal fin and adjacent portion of the body ( hubbs 1926 ) .\n: reported from near the mouth of the black river , new mexico , where it was apparently maintained by immigration from resident populations in the adjacent pecos river ( cowley and sublette 1987 ; sublette et al . 1990 ) . species found in the rio grande / pecos drainage of new mexico ( shute and allen 1980 ; hubbs and echelle 1972 ) . pecos river , new mexico ( minckley et al . 1991 ) .\nmacrohabitat : found in shallows of ponds and streams at lower elevations in the pecos valley ( koster 1957 ) .\nspawning season : in southwestern oklahoma ( red river drainage ) , echelle ( 1970 ) observed species spawning as early as march 28 and as late as october 27 .\nfood habits : echelle ( 1970 ) observed individuals ( red river drainage , oklahoma ) feeding at the surface as well as the bottom ; bottom feeding behavior involved \u201cdigging\u201d and \u201cnipping\u201d . rabe et al . ( 1973 ) identified 12 algal genera from the foreguts and / or hindguts of specimens from oscar creek , oklahoma , and 28 algal genera were cultured from coffeepot creek , oklahoma specimens .\nbirnbaum , j . s . 2005 . associations of watershed and instream environmental factors with aquatic macrofauna in tributaries of the pedernales river , texas . m . s . thesis , texas a & m university , college station . 112 pp .\nbonham , l . e . 1962 . ecology of a saline spring , boone ' s lick . m . a . thesis , univ . mo . , columbia . 89 pp .\nbonner , t . h . , c . thomas , c . s . williams , and j . p . karges . 2005 . temporal assessment of a west texas stream fish assemblage . the southwestern naturalist 50 ( 1 ) : 74 - 106 .\ncowley , d . e . , and j . e . sublette . 1987 . distribution of fishes in the black river drainage , eddy county , new mexico . southwestern naturalist 32 ( 2 ) : 213 - 221 .\nechelle , a . a . 1970 . behavior and ecology of the red river pupfish , cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis . ph . d . dissertation , university of oklahoma , norman . 125 pp .\nechelle , a . a . , a . f . echelle , and f . b . cross . 1977 . first records of cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis ( cyprinodontidae ) from the colorado and arkansas river systems , texas . the southwestern naturalist 22 ( 1 ) : 142 - 143 .\nechelle , a . a . , a . f . echelle , and l . g . hill . 1972 . interspecific interactions and limiting factors of abundance and distribution in the red river pupfish , cyprinodon rubrofluviatilis . american midland naturalist 88 ( 1 ) : 109 - 130 .\nedwards , r . j . 1976 . relative and seasonal abundance of fish fauna in an urban creek ecosystem . unpublished ma thesis , university of texas , austin .\nhill , l . g . , w . j . matthews , and g . d . schnell . 1978 . locomotor reactions to two cyprinodontid fishes to differences in dissolved oxygen concentrations . the southwestern naturalist 23 ( 3 ) : 397 - 400 .\nhubbs , c . 1957 . distributional patterns of texas fresh - water fishes . the southwestern naturalist 2 ( 2 / 3 ) : 89 - 104 .\nhubbs , c . , and a . a . echelle . 1972 . endangered and non - game fishes of the upper rio grande basin . pp . 147 - 167 in : symposium on rare and endangered wildlife of the southwestern united states . new mexico dept . game and fish , santa fe .\nhubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .\nhubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 2008 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement , 2 nd edition 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 87 .\nhubbs , c . l . 1926 . studies of the fishes of the order cyprinodontes . vi . material for a revision of the american genera and species . misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . mich . 16 : 1 - 86 .\njordan , d . s . , and c . h . gilbert . 1883 . synopsis of the fishes of north america . u . s . nat . mus . bull . 16 : 1 - 1018 .\nkoster , w . j . 1957 . guide to the fishes of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . 116 pp .\nkreiser , b . r . , j . b . mitton , and j . d . woodling . 2000 . single versus multiple sources of introduced populations identified with molecular markers : a case study of a freshwater fish . biological invasions 2 : 295 - 304 .\nlinam , g . w . , and l . j . kleinsasser . 1996 . relationship between fishes and water quality in the pecos river , texas . texas parks and wildlife department , river studies report no . 9 , austin .\nminckley , w . l . , g . k . meffe , and d . l . soltz . 1991 . conservation and management of short - lived fishes : the cyprinodontoids . pp . 247 - 282 in : minckley , w . l . , and j . e . deacon ( eds . ) . battle against extinction : native fish management in the american west . the university of arizona press , tucson , arizona . 517 pp .\nostrand , k . g . , and g . r . wilde . 2001 . temperature , dissolved oxygen , and salinity tolerances of five prairie stream fishes and their role in explaining fish assemblage patterns . trans . amer . fish . soc . 130 : 742 - 749 .\nostrand , k . g . , and g . r . wilde . 2004 . changes in prairie stream fish assemblages restricted to isolated streambed pools . trans . amer . fish . soc . 133 : 1329 - 1338 .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , 432 pp .\npflieger , w . l . 1997 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city , 372 pp .\nrabe , j . r . , a . a . echelle , and h . e . schlicht . 1973 . viability of algae in digestive tracts of 2 cyprinodontids . progressive fish - culturist 35 ( 3 ) : 147 - 149 .\nrhodes , k . , and c . hubbs . 1992 . recovery of pecos river fishes from a red tide fish kill . the southwestern naturalist 37 ( 2 ) : 178 - 187 .\nsublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . 393 pp .\nwarren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries , conservation 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nmississippi river and gulf slope basins from north central missouri to central wyoming , and south to colorado river , brazos river , galveston bay , and rio grande ( primarily pecos river ) drainages , texas . mostly on great plains ( page and burr 1991 ) .\nmost introductions apparently originated from bait bucket releases . in western colorado , the species may have been introduced by bait bucket transfers or accidentally stocked as a contaminant with other species , although upstream expansion from utah cannot be ruled out ( woodling 1985 ) . it possibly spread downstream into the big horn river of montana from wyoming ( brown 1971 ) . the species has been introduced widely since about the 1930s ( poss and miller 1983 ) .\nestablished in many areas of the colorado river above and below glen canyon dam ( poss and miller 1983 ) . presumably established in other localities mentioned .\nposs and miller ( 1983 ) discussed the introduction history of this species and provided a dot distribution map distinguishing native and introduced records . according to lee et al . ( 1980 et seq . ) , many records represent natural occurrences ( e . g . , the yellowstone river drainage records in montana and wyoming , the cheyenne river records in wyoming and south dakota , the non - pecos records in the rio grande basin in texas ) ; however , poss and miller ( 1983 ) concluded these populations were introduced . holton ( 1990 ) found the species to be more widespread in montana than previously thought , inhabiting the little missouri and yellowstone drainages and the fort peck reservoir area ; thus , he suggested that the species may be native to the state . tyus et al . ( 1982 ) gave a map showing its distribution in the upper colorado basin . the plains killifish has never been collected in north dakota ( steinwand , personal communication ) even though it has been collected in the yellowstone river in montana near the montana / north dakota state line ( elser et al . 1980 ) . that area of western north dakota has been intensively surveyed ( steinwand , personal communication ) , so it is not likely that the species was overlooked .\nbailey , r . m . and m . o . allum . 1962 . fishes of south dakota . miscellaneous publications of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , ann arbor , mi 119 : 1 - 131 .\nbrown , c . j . d . 1971 . fishes of montana . montana state university , bozeman , mt .\ndeacon , j . e . , and j . e . williams . 1984 . annotated list of the fishes of nevada . proceedings of the biological society of washington 97 ( 1 ) : 103 - 118 .\nholden , p . b . , and c . b . stalnaker . 1975 . distribution and abundance of mainstream fishes of the middle and upper colorado river basins , 1967 - 1973 . transactions of the american fisheries society 104 ( 2 ) : 217 - 231 .\nholton , g . d . 1990 . a field guide to montana fishes . montana department of fish , wildlife and parks , helena , mt . 104 pp .\nhubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of freshwater fishes of texas , with key to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .\nmiller , r . r . , and c . h . lowe . 1967 . fishes of arizona . pages 133 - 151 in c . h . lowe , editor . the vertebrates of arizona , part 2 . university of arizona press , tucson , az .\nminckley , w . l . 1973 . fishes of arizona . arizona fish and game department . sims printing company , inc . , phoenix , az .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson field guide series , volume 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .\nschmidt , b . - chief fisheries mangement , division of wildlife resources , salt lake city , ut . response to nbs - g non - indigenous questionaire . 1992 .\nsigler , f . f . , and r . r . miller . 1963 . fishes of utah . utah department of fish and game , salt lake city , ut . 203 pp .\nsublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . new mexico department of game and fish , university of new mexico press , albuquerque , nm . 393 pp .\ntilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .\nwoodling , j . 1985 . colorado ' s little fish : a guide to the minnows and other lesser known fishes in the state of colorado . colorado division of wildlife , denver , co . 77 pp .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nfreshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; non - migratory . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 25\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 46\u00b0n - 29\u00b0n\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 ) ; common length : 6 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 12193 )\ninhabits shallow sandy runs , pools , and backwaters of headwaters , creeks and small to medium rivers . tolerates extremely alkaline and saline streams , and often found where few other fishes can survive . buries headfirst in sand and orients itself with only mouth and eyes are visible . this habit may protect the fish from intense sunlight or may help avoid predators , detect potential prey , or stream desiccation . 10 cm max tl ( ref . 5723 ) . not a seasonal killifish . is easy to maintain in the aquarium ( ref . 27139 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00603 ( 0 . 00250 - 0 . 01453 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , apparently large population size , stable or slowly declining trend , and lack of major threats .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is common throughout most of the native range in west and north texas ( mark gallyoun and gary garrett pers . comm . 1998 ) . trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .\nhabitat includes runs , pools , backwaters , or edges of shallow ( rarely deeper than 15 cm ) , sandy - bottomed , turbid headwaters , creeks , and small to medium rivers with slow to moderate current ; many localities are highly alkaline or saline ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . this species commonly occurs in swift shallow water in southwestern kansas . spawning occurs in small shallow pools over sand or gravel / rubble bottoms .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of environmental , population and organismic biology , university of colorado , boulder 80309 , usa . brian . kreiser @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s ."]}
{"id": 2130, "summary": [{"text": "the lycid-mimicking moth ( snellenia lineata ) is a species of moth of the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found australia in the australian capital territory , new south wales , queensland and victoria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are brown , the hindwings shading to black at the margins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the thorax is brown , and the abdomen is black .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the antennae have filamentous tips .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "adults feed at flowers and are often found near poisonous lycidae beetles of the metriorrhynchus genus , which they mimic . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "snellenia lineata", "paragraphs": ["taxon concept snellenia _ lineata last modified 2017 - 02 - 03 15 : 09 : 01 . 109\nsnellenia walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 13 ; ts : snellenia coccinea walsingham\nsnellenia miltocrossa turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 81\nsnellenia hylaea turner , 1913 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 38 ( 1 ) : 221 ; tl : queensland , mt tambourine\nsnellenia capnora turner , 1913 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 38 ( 1 ) : 221 ; tl : n . queensland , herberton\nsnellenia tarsella walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : darjeeling\nsnellenia coccinea walsingham , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 15 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 7 ; tl : sikkim\nthese adult moths have brown forewings with black veins . the hindwings are black with brown bases . the thorax is brown , and the abdomen is black . the antennae have filamentous tips . the wingspan is about 1 . 5 cms .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 5 . 1 , p . 226 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . 1875 ,\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859\n, pp . plates 121 - 140\nwalker , f . 1856 ,\nsphingidae\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 271\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5cd5b0a0 - ebeb - 4235 - 9e64 - 5ab95e1d8428\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 334103\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis page contains information and pictures about lycid - mimicking moths that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\n. it has the lycid brick - red colours . its antenna , head and thorax all look similar to lycid . this moth active during the day .\nphotos taken in ford road conservation area on mar 2011 . the moth was resting on moss on a fallen rotten tree trunk .\ncsiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , plate6f .\ni . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p 223 , plate5 . 1 .\neretmocera ? flavipennis felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 59 ; tl :\namer . ?\nignispergens diakonoff , 1948 ; bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris ( 2 ) 20 ( 3 ) : 271\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nwalsingham , 1889 monograph of the genera connecting tinaegeria , wlk . , with eretmocera , z . trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 1 ) : 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n, sydney , nsw ( walker in the original description gave the type locality as para , south america but the specimen labelled as type in the bmnh has a sydney label on it ) .\n. ( zoologischer theil , band 2 , abteilung 2 ) heft 4 . wien . plates 121 - 140 pp .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2132, "summary": [{"text": "chalybeothemis is a genus of dragonflies in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains three species native to southeast asia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : chalybeothemis chini chalybeothemis fluviatilis chalybeothemis pruinosa", "topic": 26}], "title": "chalybeothemis", "paragraphs": ["chalybeothemis _ chini _ _ _ ian . jpg uploaded on aug . 9 , 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 28 november 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .\njustification : although the species is known from at least twenty locations , only nine of these are based on recent records and still known to be intact . the status of habitats in indonesia is unknown . the species appears to be local in occurrence , and to prefer a low ph habitats , but some populations have been recorded at ponds and reservoirs , but more populations are very likely to exist across its known range . the most significant threat faced by the species is from plantation establishment . although the species is widespread and some of the older records may still refer to viable habitats , and other populations are likely to be found , in view of its apparently specialist habitat requirements and local occurrence there is some cause for concern . with only nine currently known locations , the species arguably qualifies for near threatened status . however it is almost certainly under - recorded and relatively widespread , and is assessed as least concern with some reservations .\nthe species is known from relatively few records , but has a wide range across southeastern asia , however it appears to be very local in occurrence , with scattered populations across its range . there are records from borneo ( south , east and northwest kalimantan , central sarawak , brunei ) , belitung , singapore , peninsular malaysia ( pahang and selangor ) , south thailand ( narathiwat ) ( see dow\nis unknown , but existing records are from lowland habitats . twenty locations have been recorded for this species ( dow\n2007 , dow unpublished 2010 ) : two in northwest kalimantan , one in central kalimantan , one in south kalimantan ( lieftinck 1953 : the information is vague , possibly this refers to up to three separate locations , but it is treated as one location here ) , one in east kalimantan , six locations in peninsular malaysia ( tasik chini , ( c . - y . choong , pers . comm . 2011 ) , the paya indah wetlands , tasek bera and sungai bebar in pahang , ampang and sungai ayer hitam in selangor ) , two locations from brunei ( one of them is now degraded ) , one location from thailand , one from sarawak , four from belitung , three from singapore ( tang\n2010 , r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) , but from one of these only a single individual has been recorded . for eight locations the only records are fifty years or more old , and we have no information on the current status of the habitats , however there has been widespread degradation of lowland habitats in indonesia . of the recent locations one has already been degraded ( orr 2001 ) , no recent check of this location has been made . on this basis , only nine locations can be considered to be currently known . of the currently known locations , one ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) is a conservation area within acacia plantations , but enforcement of its protected status is problematic , however it is a proposed national park . the remaining location in brunei is protected . the sites in singapore are either in the national parks system , or in an army training area , and not currently threatened .\nthere is no detailed population information for this species . from the currently known sites , it is quite common at binyo penyilam in sarawak and common at sungai bebar in pahang ( dow unpublished data ) ; norma - rashid\n2001 ) list 19 specimens from tasek bera in pahang , suggesting that the species is at least fairly common there ; it is regularly encountered at the surviving location in brunei ( orr 2001 , v . kalkman unpublished , 2011 ) . based on this information it appears that the species is locally common over much of its range . however it is considered uncommon in singapore ( r . w . j . ngiam pers . comm . 2010 ) .\nplantation establishment is the major potential threat to this species ; very large areas of lowland forest are being or already have been converted to oil palm and acacia plantations in sarawak and peninsular malaysia , the situation is similar in kalimantan and probably in belitung . fire is a serious threat to individual populations , as is pollution or lowering of water tables due to excessive extraction . in sarawak at least twelve large hydroelectric projects are planned before 2020 , these could have a major impact on populations of this species ( including as - yet undiscovered populations ) .\nthere is a need for further data on distribution , population , habitat and threats across the range of c . fluviatilis , especially in indonesia . better protection is needed in at least one already protected habitat ( binyo penyilam in sarawak ) , and more habitats need to be protected .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\none of the more uncommon dragonflies that can be found among the weedy edges of macritchie reservoir , this loving small dragonfly is very attractive and inconspicuous .\nthe male is dark - blue in colour , with unmarked body and thin abdomen . it has a pair of striking green eyes . female is similar , with a more brownish patch at the dorsum of the thorax and brownish tint at the wing base .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ni was always fascinated by this species of dragonfly due to it\u2019s shinning green eyes . it is an uncommon and localise species which are found in exposed weedy banks of streams , rivers and near the banks of reservoirs . i have seen this species at just three locations ; 1 ) near the banks of macritchie reservoir ; 2 ) at the big pond at kent ridge park ; and 3 ) at the open pond at bukit timah nature reserve .\nthis male was taken at the last location . a pleasant surprise for me as this was the first time i have seen this species at the location .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is a small dragonfly . males have dark blue thorax . abdomen is thin , with base slightly swollen and black . eyes are green . female is similar but with brown colour on the dorsum of thorax and the wing base tinted with brownish yellow .\ntang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .\nsupported client browser : ie6 + , firefox 1 . 05 + , chrome 12 + , opera 7 . 52 + , netscape 7 . 1 +\nover 250 species of odonates living in all kinds of aquatic habitats in peninsular malaysia . they are waiting for me to be explored . . . . . . . .\n. the former two species can be found in peninsular malaysia while the last one is confined to borneo .\ni started to learn and take photographs of odonata in 2005 . i am fascinated by this group of beautiful insects . at this moment , i try to record the diversity and distribution of odonata for peninsular malaysia .\nyou ' re counted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ntip : zoom out ( ctrl + - ) to display more photos one your screen . more help here"]}
{"id": 2133, "summary": [{"text": "pleuroploca trapezium , common name : the trapezium horse conch , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is sought after for food but also to be used as a trumpet when the tip of the spire is cut off . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "pleuroploca trapezium", "paragraphs": ["forma pleuroploca trapezium f . intermedia ( kobelt , 1875 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nforma pleuroploca trapezium f . paeteli ( strebel , 1911 ) accepted as pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 )\njennifer hammock split the classifications by femorale resource from pleuroploca trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\npleuroploca ponderosa jonas , j . h . in philippi , r . a . , 1850\npleuroploca audouini gracilior ( var . ) tapparone - canefri , c . e . , 1875 : red sea\ncitation :\ntrapezium horse conchs , pleuroploca trapezium ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 2 / 28 / 2012 1 : 27 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nto barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 136 publications ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium f . paeteli strebel , 1911 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\n, commonly called the trapezium horse conch , is a marine gastropod found in the indo - pacific oceans and common in the sea - shell trade along the coast of india .\nresearch pleuroploca trapezium \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trapezium linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of fasciolaria trapezium ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndescription unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt . . .\ndescription unmistakable large , elongated , solid and heavy shell , up to 20 cm . shoulders of body and upper whorls with thick , blunt nodules . surface often with fine brown , spiral lines . colour golden brown , aperture pale . habitat : seagrass beds . distribution : indo - pacific . regional names : kis . kome , kome fundwa ; mcr . conocono . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsnyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]\nmarais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nfasciolaria ferruginea lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822 : australia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 476 seconds . )\nprem anand , t . , c . chellaram . 1 , s . kumaran1 and c . felicia shanthini2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nnewsletter is out now . are you subscribed ? ! you know what to do if you haven ' t !\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e2cd5f6b - d5b3 - 4545 - a72f - 48261b25b4f0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 541516\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthese are marine animals and are found from north carolina to florida and into mexico ."]}
{"id": 2142, "summary": [{"text": "olybria aliculella is a species of snout moth , and the type species in the genus olybria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by hulst in 1887 , and is known from arizona , new mexico and texas . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "olybria aliculella", "paragraphs": ["olybria heinrich , 1956 ; bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 113 ; ts : myelois aliculella hulst\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 2003 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 5 , p . 49 ; pl . 9 . 31 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 2145, "summary": [{"text": "achatinella valida is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family achatinellidae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this species was endemic to o\u02bbahu , hawai\u02bbi . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "achatinella valida", "paragraphs": ["achatinella valida by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nachatinellidae \u00bb achatinella valida leucophaea , id : 728155 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1993 . recovery plan . oahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . department of the interior fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon . 58 pp . + 64 app .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .\nconsidered as part of a . apexfulva by welch , but as separate species by pilsbry and cooke , as well as cowie et al . ( 1995 ) .\ngx . one population last seen in 1951 . presumed extinct when genus was listed as endangered on federal register . extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nendemic to koolau mountains . single post - 1945 occurrence in northern part of this range near pupukea . historically found from laie trail to pupukea trail - a range of two to three miles ( pilsbry & cooke ) .\none post - 1945 record ( 1951 ) . extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .\nmay still exist on the little - searched ridges in the range of this species .\n( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) endemic to koolau mountains . single post - 1945 occurrence in northern part of this range near pupukea . historically found from laie trail to pupukea trail - a range of two to three miles ( pilsbry & cooke ) .\nshell is broad , color white with yellow base or banded with black brown .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ncaum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nall achtinellidae are protected by cites . the shown pieces are from vintage and old collections . as such we still need to redeterminate this material , the reference work today is severns .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2147, "summary": [{"text": "the scrawled butterflyfish ( chaetodon meyeri ) is a species of butterflyfish ( family chaetodontidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the indian ocean and pacific ocean from east africa to the line islands ; north to the ryukyu islands ; south to the great barrier reef ; including micronesia and the galapagos islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "growing to a maximum length of 20 cm ( nearly 8 in ) , its body is whitish or blue-white with curved to oblique black bands on the sides .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a yellow-edged black bar runs through the eye , another is on the snout .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is a close relative of the mailed butterflyfish ( c. reticulatus ) and the ornate butterflyfish ( c. ornatissimus ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "together they make up the subgenus called \" citharoedus \" , but as this name had already been used for a mollusc genus when it was given to the fish , it is not valid .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are probably quite close to the subgenus corallochaetodon which contains for example the melon butterflyfish ( c. trifasciatus ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "like these , they might be separated in megaprotodon if the genus chaetodon is split up .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the scrawled butterflyfish is found at depths between 2 and 25 m in coral-rich areas of clear seaward and lagoon reefs .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "they feed exclusively on coral polyps . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "scrawled butterflyfish", "paragraphs": ["meyer ' s butterflyfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5\n, indian ocean\nmeyer ' s butterflyfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5\n, indian ocean\nmeyer ' s butterflyfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5\n, indian ocean\ntherefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .\nalso known as coralfishes , maypole butterflyfish , meyeri butterflyfish , meyer ' s butterfly , meyer ' s coralfish , scrawl butterflyfish , scrawled butterflyfish . found singly or in pairs in clear water lagoons and seaward reefs rich in coral growth . they feed exclusively on coral polyps . length - 18cm depth - 2 - 25m widespread indo - pacific butterflyfishes have very fine hair like teeth that enable them to pick out small organisms inaccessible to most other fish for eating . they thrive mainly on a diet of coral polyps , tentacles of featherdusters and christmas - tree worms . as these food sources all zap back into their shells , butterflyfishes need to be able to hover motionless while picking at the coral and to dart swiftly over short distances to get the worm before it retracts . they do this by using their pectoral fins as oars to brake , sprint , turn and even reverse .\nthey ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .\nthe butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .\na smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwhile there have been no declines documented , this species is dependent on live coral cover , which may therefore make it susceptible to habitat loss . however , it has a relatively wide distribution , apparently large population and no obvious major threats other than coral loss . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs throughout the indo - pacific ( pyle 2001 ) , from the east african coast from as far south as durban , south africa ( burgess 1978 ) , east to the line islands ( kiribati and usa ) and hawaii ( steene 1978 ) , north to the ryukyu islands ( southern japan ) and south to the great barrier reef ( australia ) , new caledonia and tonga ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . vagrants have been recorded as far east as the galapagos islands ( chile ) and the revillagigedo islands ( mexico ) . it has been recorded from depths of 2 - 30 m .\naustralia ; british indian ocean territory ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; ecuador ( gal\u00e1pagos ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ( phoenix is . ) ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; r\u00e9union ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states minor outlying islands ( us line is . ) ; vanuatu\nthis species is widespread , but generally uncommon . this species is reliant on live coral for food , but population trends in relation to coral loss have not been studied .\npopulations of this species are associated with areas of rich coral in clear water lagoons and on seaward reefs . adults occur as individuals or in pairs , and exhibit home - ranging behaviour . juveniles are usually observed among branching corals . it is an obligate corallivore , but probably feeds on coral mucus , rather than coral tissue .\nthis species is rarely exported through the aquarium trade ( pyle 2001 ) . this species is caught in artisanal fisheries .\n2008 ) . currently there has been no documented declines associated with coral loss , and there appear to be no other major threats to this species .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . this species is present within marine protected areas . monitoring of this species is needed in conjunction with coral monitoring , as well as determination of the degree of co - dependence between this species and corals .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species eats mainly coral polyps and will not survive on a replacement food . therefore , unless one is willing to provide it with living corals , it will not survive in an aquarium !\nsome species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a\ncomplex\n, since they are so very similar .\nregardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .\nit can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .\nas these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .\nthere are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .\nindo - pacific : east africa to the line islands ; north to the ryukyu islands ; south to the great barrier reef ; including micronesia and the galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .\nscott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case , a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26\u00b0c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .\ndue to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .\nplease select from the available marine fish species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available invertebrate species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available coral species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available aquarium supplies below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nwith 79 or more in marine life . use coupon code : freeshipping more details\nall images , pictures and descriptions are generalizations and cannot be exact representations . copyright 2018 saltwaterfish . com . all rights reserved .\nreceive free shipping on qualifying order when you sign up to receive our email . open your email for complete details .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na heartbreak species for aquarists , needing live coral polyps in its diet to survive .\na heartbreaker , this glorious fish needs a daily diet of live coral polyps to survive and is virtually destined to perish in captivity . as with all of the obligate corallivore butterflyfishes , it should be left on the reef unless an expert aquarist can somehow meet its dietary needs .\nurltoken | urltoken | urltoken microcosm\u2122 is a trademark of microcosm , ltd . 823 ferry road | charlotte , vt | usa 05445 | telephone 802 - 425 - 5700 ext . 19\nmicrocosm aquarium explorer is a world - class online resource devoted to the underwater worlds that are home to fishes , corals , aquatic plants and invertebrate life of special interest to aquarium keepers . the mission of microcosm aquarium explorer is to inspire and inform those with an interest in the natural world , with particular emphasis on tropical coral reef and rainforest aquatic ecosystems that are the models for aquarists creating captive microcosms in their home aquaria .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nnewsletter is out now . are you subscribed ? ! you know what to do if you haven ' t !\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo"]}
{"id": 2148, "summary": [{"text": "choristoneura improvisana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in primorsky krai in the russian far east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of bald mountain peaks and green moss-spruce forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is grey , with indistinct yellowish granulation and a dark brown pattern .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all spots and stripes are bordered with yellow scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniform grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "choristoneura improvisana", "paragraphs": ["improvisana kuznetzov , 1973 ( argyrotaenia ) , trud vses . entomol . obshch . 56 : 153 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , south sikhote - alin ' . holotype : zmas . male .\nfreemani razowski , 2008 ( choristoneura ) , polskie pismo entomol . 77 : 246 .\nafricana razowski , 2002 ( choristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 347 no type\nspruce budworms and rewatives are a group of cwosewy rewated insects in de genus choristoneura . most are serious pests of conifers , such as spruce . there are nearwy forty choristoneura species , and even more subspecies , or forms , wif a compwexity of variation among popuwations found droughout much of de united states and canada , and about again dis number in eurasia . in eastern norf america , choristoneura fumiferana is prevawent , whiwe in western norf america choristoneura freemani has devastated warge areas .\n126 . chakrasana 127 . chaturanga dandasana 128 . chinnada simhasana 129 . choristoneura improvisana 130 . city of matlosana 131 . clavesana 132 . clepsis celsana 133 . cnephasia abrasana 134 . coccoloba caracasana 135 . cont\u00e9 lansana 136 . cornet [ a ] tolosana 137 . cornet tolosana 138 . cosana 139 . csana 140 . cyana formosana 141 . dandasana 142 . darsana 143 . david lansana 144 . de jager v sisana 145 . depressaria depressana 146 . desana 147 . dhanurasana 148 . dharasana 149 . dhisana 150 . diana ossana\npinus freeman , 1953 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 85 : 122 . tl : canada , manitoba , beausejour . holotype : cnc . male .\norae freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 452 . tl : canada , british columbia , kitimat . holotype : cnc . male .\nthyrsifera razowski , 1984 ( choristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 27 : 271 tl : china , yunnan province , likiang . holotype : zfmk . male .\nspruce budworms and relatives are a group of closely related insects in the genus choristoneura . most are serious pests of conifers . there are nearly forty choristoneura species , and even more subspecies , or forms , with a complexity of variation among populations found throughout much of the united states and canada , and about again this number in eurasia .\nspruce budworms and relatives are a group of closely related insects in the genus choristoneura . most are serious pests of conifers . there are nearly forty choristoneura species , and even more subspecies , or forms , with a complexity of variation among populations found throughout much of the united states and canada , and about again this number in eurasia .\njezoensis yasuda & suzuki , 1987 ( choristoneura ) , konty 55 : 232 . tl : japan , hokkaido , asahigawa [ asahikawa ] . holotype : opu . male .\nmetasequoiacola liu , 1983 ( choristoneura ) , entomotaxonomia 5 ( 4 ) : 290 . tl : china , hubei province , lichuan xian . holotype : izas . male .\npropensa razowski , 1992 ( choristoneura ) , shilap revta . lepid . 20 : 21 . tl : afghanistan , 25 km n baarikot . holotype : nhmv . male .\nspaldingana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 6 . tl : usa , utah , provo . holotype : usnm . male .\nchapana razowski , 2008 ( choristoneura ) , polskie pismo entomol . 77 : 234 . tl : north vietnam , fan si pan mtns . . holotype : mnhu . male .\nmaritima freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura pinus ssp . ) , can . ent . 99 : 455 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , blain . holotype : cnc . male .\nquadratica diakonoff , 1955 ( choristoneura ) , verff . zool . staatsamml . mnchen 8 : 46 . tl : nepal , mustangbhot , ghilinggoan . holotype : zsm . male .\nbiennis freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 451 . tl : canada , monashee summit , 8 mi s cherryville . holotype : cnc . male .\nexpansiva wang & yang , 2008 ( choristoneura ) , zootaxa 1944 : 67 . tl : china , fujian province , mt . wuyi , sangang . holotype : nkum . male .\nout of print : biosystematic studies of conifer - feeding choristoneura ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) in de western united states : edited by jerry a . poweww - university of cawifornia press\ncrawford , hewwette s . ; jennings , daniew t . ( 1989 ) .\npredation by birds on spruce budworm choristoneura fumiferana : functionaw , numericaw , and totaw responses\n.\nafricana razowski , 2002 ( choristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 198 tl : cameroon , cameroon ( mt . cameroon , buea ) . holotype : mrsn . male .\nferrugininotata obraztsov , 1968 ( choristoneura ) , j . new york ent . soc . 76 : 248 . tl : india , kukti , northwestern himalayas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nponderosana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura lambertiana ssp . ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 14 tl : usa . colorado , sugar loaf . holotype : usnm . male .\nviridis freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 452 . tl : usa . california , modoc co . , bidwell creek . holotype : cnc . male .\noccidentalis freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 451 . tl : usa . washington , klickitat co . , yakima indian reserve . holotype : cnc . male .\nargentifasciata heppner , 1989 ( choristoneura ) , fla . ent . 72 : 104 . tl : usa , florida , glades co . , fisheating creek , palmdale . holotype : usnm . male .\nirina dubatolov & syachina , 2007 ( choristoneura ) , zhivotnyi mir dalnego vostoka 6 : 71 . tl : russia , khabarovskii krai , great khekhtsyr nature reserve , bychikha . holotype : smiase . male .\nsubretiniana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura lambertiana ssp . ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 9 . tl : usa . california , tulare co . , monachee . holotype : usnm . male .\ncalifornica powell , 1964 ( choristoneura carnana ssp . ) , univ . calif . publ . ent . 32 : 179 . tl : usa . california , lake co . , anderson springs . holotype : cas . male .\npalladinoi razowski & trematerra , 2010 ( choristoneura ) , j . entomol . acarol . res . ( ser . ii ) 42 : 53 . tl : ethiopia , bale mountains , harenna forest . holotype : tremc . male .\nlindseyana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura lambertiana ssp . ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 16 . tl : usa . california , modoc co . , warner mountains , 3 mi e davis creek . holotype : usnm . male .\nirina syachina & budashkin , in dubatolov , syachina & budashkin , 2007 ( choristoneura ) , animal world of far east ( blagoveshchensk ) 6 : 71 . tl : russia , khabarovskii krai , great khekhtsyr nature reserve , bychikha . holotype : smiase . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwestern spruce budworm is the most destructive defoliator of coniferous forests in western north america . it is now widely distributed throughout the\n, canada . since that year , infestations have frequently been reported in western canada .\n. however , it was not initially recognized as a serious threat to coniferous forests in the western u . s . aerial spraying apparently terminated some smaller epidemics in the southern and central rockies ; others subsided naturally . the insect then appeared to be dormant in us forests until 1922 , when two outbreaks were reported near\nhave caused top - killing and serious economic losses in tree growth . tree mortality from budworm can occur in regeneration , sapling , and pole - sized trees . trees in mature stands severely defoliated by the western spruce budworm may become susceptible to bark beetles , which kill mature trees .\nthere is no typical pattern for western spruce budworm epidemics . most of the early epidemics subsided naturally after a few years . others persisted longer , but without spreading over large areas . an epidemic which began in 1949 in the northern rocky mountains has persisted for over 30 years despite insecticidal treatment of more than 6 , 000 , 000 acres ( 24 , 000 km\nadult moths are about 1 / 2 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) long and have a wing - spread of 7 / 8 to 1 1 / 8 inches ( 22 to 28mm ) . moths of both sexes are similar in appearance , although the females are a bit more robust than males . both sexes fly . the gray - or orange - brown forewings are banded or streaked , and each usually has a conspicuous white dot on the wing margin . eggs are oval , light green , and about 3 / 64 inch ( 1 . 2mm ) long and overlap like shingles .\nlarvae develop through six stages . newly hatched larvae are yellow - green with brown heads . in the next three stages , larvae have black heads and collars and orange - or cinnamon - brown bodies . in the fifth stage , larvae have reddish - brown heads marked with black triangles , black collars , and pale olive - brown bodies marked with small whitish spots . mature larvae are 1 to 1 1 / 4 inches ( 25 to 32 mm ) long , with tan or light chestnut - brown heads and collars and olive - or reddish - brown bodies with large ivory - colored areas .\npupae are 1 / 2 to 5 / 8 inch ( 13 to 16 mm ) long , broad at the head end , and narrower toward the tail . they are brownish - yellow or brownish - green at first , and later turn reddish - brown .\nthroughout most of its range , the western spruce budworm completes one cycle of development from egg to adult within 12 months . moths emerge from pupal cases usually in late july or early august ; in the southern rockies , adults often begin emerging in early july .\nthe adults mate , and within 7 to 10 days , the female deposits her eggs and then dies . each female deposits approximately 150 eggs , usually on the underside of conifer needles . eggs are laid in one to three - row masses containing a few to 130 eggs , with an average of 25 to 40 eggs per mass .\nlarvae hatch from eggs in about 10 days . larvae do not feed , but seek sheltered places under bark scales or in and among lichens on the tree bole or limbs . here , they spin silken tents in which they remain inactive through the winter .\nin early may to late june , larvae leave their hibernacula to search for food . they first mine or tunnel into year - old needles , closed buds , or newly developing vegetative or reproductive buds .\nnew foliage , which is normally the preferred food , is usually entirely consumed or destroyed before larvae will feed on older needles . larvae become full grown usually in early july about 30 to 40 days after leaving their overwintering sites .\nlarvae pupate in webs of silk they have spun either at the last feeding site or elsewhere on the tree . the pupal stage usually lasts about 10 days .\nthe first recorded outbreak of the spruce budworm in the united states occurred in maine about 1807 . another outbreak followed in 1878 . since 1909 there have been waves of budworm outbreaks throughout the eastern united states and canada . the states most often affected are maine , new hampshire , new york , michigan , minnesota , and wisconsin . these outbreaks have resulted in the loss of millions of cords of spruce and fir . in 20th century eastern canada , the major outbreaks occurred in the time periods ~ 1910 - 20 , ~ 1940 - 50 , and ~ 1970 - 80 . longer - term tree - ring studies suggest that spruce budworm outbreaks have been recurring every three decades or so since the 16th century . paleoecological studies suggest the spruce budworm has been outbreaking in eastern north america for thousands of years .\nis the species most severely damaged by the budworm in the eastern united states . white , red , and\nare suitable host trees and some feeding may occur on tamarack , pine , and hemlock .\nmixed with balsam fir is more likely to suffer budworm damage than spruce in pure stands .\nthe range of the spruce bud - worm includes the northern states east of montana but the budworm is found wherever host species grow .\nbudworm populations are usually regulated naturally by combinations of several natural factors such as insect parasites , vertebrate and invertebrate predators , and adverse weather conditions . during prolonged outbreaks when stands become heavily defoliated , starvation can be an important mortality factor in regulating populations .\n, which also have a preference for budworm , lay more eggs and are more numerous in years of budworm abundance .\nnatural enemies are probably responsible for considerable mortality when budworm populations are low , but seldom have a regulating influence when populations are in epidemic proportions .\nchemical insecticides such as malathion , carbaryl , and acephate can substantially reduce budworm . microbial insecticides such as the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis , a naturally occurring , host - specific pathogen that affects only the larvae of lepidopterous insects is environmentally safe to use in sensitive areas such as campgrounds or along rivers or streams where it may not be desirable to use chemical insecticides .\nin the katharine hepburn / spencer tracy film desk set , the market cost of the annual depredations of the spruce budworm on united states forests is invoked as an example reference question in comparing the response times of human reference librarians and early computer databases .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nbudworm populations are usually regulated naturally by combinations of several natural factors such as insect parasites , vertebrate and invertebrate predators , and adverse weather conditions . during prolonged outbreaks when stands become heavily defoliated , starvation can be an important mortality factor in regulating populations .\nthis species is a favoured food of the cape may warbler , which is therefore closely associated with its host plant , balsam fir . this bird , and the tennessee and bay - breasted warblers , which also have a preference for budworm , lay more eggs and are more numerous in years of budworm abundance .\nin the katharine hepburn / spencer tracy film desk set , the market cost of the annual depredations of the spruce budworm on united states forests is invoked as an example reference question in comparing the response times of human reference librarians and early computer databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n101 . bhadrasana 102 . bharadvajasana 103 . bhekasana 104 . bhujangasana 105 . bhujapidasana 106 . boonsak ponsana 107 . bosana 108 . brian skosana 109 . brithysana 110 . bsana 111 . buddhasasana 112 . busana 113 . bussana 114 . cacoecia rosana 115 . calinaga sudassana 116 . calocedrus formosana 117 . camatkarasana 118 . camillo besana 119 . carta pisana 120 . casana 121 . catsana 122 . ceresana 123 . cesana 124 . cesare marchese de beccaria bonesana 125 . chakra bandhasana\n151 . dimitsana 152 . dipya mongkollugsana 153 . disana 154 . dsana 155 . dushasana 156 . dushyasana 157 . dussasana 158 . dwi pada koundinyasana 159 . dwi pada viparita dandasana 160 . ear pressure pose - karnapidasana 161 . ear pressure pose karnapidasana 162 . eka hasta bhujasana 163 . eka hasta parshvasana 164 . eka pada baddha malasana 165 . eka pada galavasana 166 . eka pada sirsa bakasana 167 . eka pada sirsa prapadasana 168 . eka pada viparita dandasana 169 . elysia amakusana 170 . enric gensana 171 . ente upasana 172 . epiblema rimosana 173 . erika fasana 174 . esana 175 . euparypha pisana\n176 . eutaenia formosana 177 . euthysana 178 . foussana 179 . frabosana 180 . francisco torrescassana 181 . franco cesana 182 . fred besana 183 . fs la massana 184 . fulgoraria formosana 185 . galavasana 186 . gaona tlhasana 187 . garbhasana 188 . garudasana 189 . garudinia successana 190 . gavesana 191 . george kosana 192 . gerardo masana 193 . ginsana 194 . giovanni francesco cassana 195 . gomukhasana 196 . grand hotel quisisana 197 . greenidea formosana 198 . grigia molisana 199 . gusana 200 . haasana\nadumbratanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 382 tl : japan , holotype : bmnh . male .\nteshionis matsumura , 1931 ( cacoecia ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1066 tl : japan . hokkaido , teshio . holotype : eihu . male .\nalbaniana walker , 1863 ( teras ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 288 . tl : canada , ontario , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . male .\nalbariana barrett , 1887 ( pandemis ) , ent . mon . mag . 24 : 35 . no type\narcticana moschler , 1874 ( tortrix ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 35 : 164 . tl : canada . labrador . holotype : mnhu . female .\nkukakana kearfott , 1907 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 70 . tl : usa . alaska , kukak bay . syntype ( s ) : amnh . unknown .\nlapponana tengstrom , 1869 ( tortrix ) , acta soc . fauna flora fenn . frh . 10 : 359 tl : sweden . lappland [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : zmh . unknown .\nbracatana rebel , in rebel & rogenhofer , 1894 ( pandemis ) , ann . naturhist . hofmus 9 : 82 . tl : canary islands , canary islands ( tenerife , monte de agua garcia ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncarnana barnes & busck , 1920 ( tortrix ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 214 . tl : usa , california , san bernardino mountains , camp baldy . . holotype : usnm . male .\ncolyma razowski , 2006 ( coristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 123 . tl : india , jammu and kashmir ( indien j & k , kaschmir , sonamarg ) . holotype : isez . male .\nconflictana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 323 . tl : canada , ontario , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\ndiversana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 . : pl . 40 , fig . 251 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nalfredana duponchel , 1846 ( paedisca ) , cat . mth . lpid . eur . : 300 . tl : russia . pri - morski territory . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ntransitana guenee , 1845 ( tortrix ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 138 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nviduana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 34 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nevanidana kennel , 1901 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 214 . tl : russia , far east , askold island . lectotype : mnhu . male .\nfractivittana clemens , 1865 ( lozotaenia ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 136 . tl : usa , virginia . holotype : ansp . male .\nfumosa robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 268 . tl : usa . ohio . lectotype : ansp . female .\nfumiferana clemens , 1865 ( tortrix ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 139 . tl : usa , virginia . holotype : ansp . male .\nnigrida beutenmuller , 1892 ( tortrix ) , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 4 : 64 . no type\nnigridia robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 268 . tl : usa . ohio , pennsylvania , massachusetts . lectotype : amnh . male .\ngriseicoma meyrick , 1924 ( tortrix ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 115 . tl : india , kashmir , srinagar . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nhebenstreitella muller , 1764 ( phalaena tinea ) , fauna insect . friedrichsd . : 58 . tl : germany , friedrichsdal . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npyrana villers , 1789 ( phalaena tortrix ) , c . linnaei ent . faun . suec . descr . 2 : 416 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsorbiana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 18fig . 113 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\numbratilis geoffroy , in fourcroy , 1785 ( phalaena ) , ent . paris . 2 : 304 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nheliaspis meyrick , 1909 ( cacoecia ) , ann . s . afr . mus . 5 : 349 . tl : south africa , natal . holotype : samc . unknown .\nheliastis pinhey , 1975 ( cacoecia ) , moths south africa : 37 . no type\njecorana kennel , 1899 ( tortrix pandemis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 4 . tl : iran , schahrud . holotype : mnhu . female .\nlafauryana ragonot , 1875 ( tortrix ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 5 ) 5 lxxii . tl : france , dax . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\ninornatanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 442 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlafauriana kennel , 1910 ( cacoecia ) , palaear . tortr . : 135 . no type\nlaufauriana kennel , in spuler , 1910 ( cacoecia ) , schmett . eur . : 248 . no type\nlambertiana busck , 1915 ( tortrix ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 : 86 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , ashland . holotype : usnm . male .\nlambertianae keen , 1952 ( tortrix ) , u . s . dept . agric . for . serv . bimonth : 80 . no type\nlongicellanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 378 tl : japan , honshu , kanagawa prefecture , yokohama . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndisparana kennel , 1901 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 216 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , sutschan [ suchan ] . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nluticostana christoph , 1888 ( tortrix ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 22 : 311 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ngigantana kennel , 1899 ( tortrix ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 6 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , ussuri , suifun . holotype : mnhu . female .\nmurinana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 17fig . 105 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbesseri nowicki , 1860 ( tortrix ) , enum . lepid . haliciae orient . : 125 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( stupnica , near drohobycz ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncaprimulgana koch , 1859 ( tortrix ) , vernachr . bohm . forst - jagd - u . naturk . 33 : 55 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nhistrionana ratzeburg , 1868 ( tortrix ) , waldverd 2 : 13 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nimmaculana wachtl , 1882 ( tortrix murinana var . ) , mitt . forstl . vers . st 9 : 15 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nneurophaea meyrick , 1932 ( tortrix ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 341 . tl : india , kashmir , killanmarg . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nobsoletana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 288 . tl : north america , north america ( atlantic states ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nsanbornana robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 265 . tl : usa . texas / florida . syntype ( s ) : ansp . unknown .\nseminolana kearfott , 1907 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 71 . tl : usa . florida . lectotype : amnh . male .\ntransiturana walker , 1863 ( cacoecia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 312 . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nvesperana clemens , 1865 ( lozotaenia ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 136 . tl : usa . virginia . lectotype : ansp . male .\noccidentalis walsingham , 1891 ( cacoecia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 : 64 . tl : gambia , gambia ( bathurst ) . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nparallela robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 267 . tl : usa , new york , putman co . . lectotype : amnh . male .\npsoricodes meyrick , 1911 ( tortrix ) , ann . transvaal mus . 2 : 223 . tl : south africa , transvaal , haenertsburg . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nretiniana walsingham , 1879 ( lozotaenia ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 12 . tl : usa , california , siskiyou co . , mt shasta . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrosaceana harris , 1841 ( loxotaenia ) , rep . ins . mass . injurious veg . : 348 . tl : usa , massachusetts . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngossypiana packard , 1869 ( lozotaenia ) , guide study ins . : 335 . tl : usa . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nvicariana walker , 1863 ( teras ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 287 . tl : north america . holotype : bmnh . male .\nsimonyi rebel , 1892 ( pandemis ) , ann . naturhist . hofmus . 7 : 263 . tl : canary islands , canary islands ( gran canaria , la palma ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nmactana rebel , in rebel & rogenhofer , 1896 ( pandemis ) , naturhist . hofmus 11 : 116 . tl : canary islands . canary islands ( tenerife ) . lectotype : mgab . male .\npersimilana rebel , in rebel & rogenhofer , 1894 ( pandemis ) , ann . naturhist . hofmus 9 : 82 . tl : canary islands . canary islands ( tenerife ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nzapulata robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 264 . tl : usa , illinois . lectotype : amnh . male .\nsymphoricarpana kearfott , 1905 ( tortrix ) , can . ent . 37 : 92 . tl : canada . alberta , medicine hat . lectotype : amnh . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nthe first recorded outbreak of de ( eastern ) spruce budworm in de united states occurred in maine in about 1807 , awdough it seems to have escaped notice of de entomowogists untiw 1865 . anoder outbreak fowwowed in 1878 . since 1909 dere have been waves of budworm outbreaks droughout de eastern united states and canada . longer - term tree - ring studies suggest dat spruce budworm outbreaks have been recurring approximatewy every dree decades since de 16f century . [ 1 ]\nthe first recorded outbreak of de western variety , which was in 2008 from occidentawis rechristened freemani , occurred in 1909 on de soudeastern part of vancouver iswand in british cowumbia , canada . since dat year , infestations have freqwentwy been reported in western canada . the budworm was first recorded in 1914 in de united states , in oregon . however , it was not initiawwy recognized as a serious dreat to coniferous forests in de western u . s . [ 2 ]\nin atwantic canada , de spruce budworm probwem was noted as earwy as 1910 . [ 3 ]\nin wocations such as new brunswick , ddt pesticide was appwied to over 3 . 6 miwwion hectacres from 1952 to 1958 and 1960 to 1967 . this use of chemicaw controw effectivewy decreased de spruce mortawity rate widin dis area and prevented significant economic impact . [ 4 ] in fact , de government of new brunswick formed forest protection limited ( fpl ) as an agent wif which\nto fight de spruce budworm [ which was ] den dreatening to destroy much of new brunswick ' s fir - spruce forest\n. [ 5 ]\nthe nova scotia iswand of cape breton was awso affected by de 1952 outbreak , but dey chose not to spray pesticides . the infestation cowwapsed from naturaw causes widin five years . estimates of de spruce mortawity were on de order of 100 , 000 cords , of which 60 % was recovered because de vawuabwe wood is weft untouched by de insect and can be harvested profitabwy . the budworm eats onwy de needwes , which have no economic vawue apart from being part of de mechanism for survivaw and growf . [ 3 ]\nby de wate 1960s , fenitrodion had been devewoped to repwace ddt , whose adverse heawf and environmentaw effects were awready noted . [ 3 ]\nby winter 1975 , medicaw staff at de kiwwam hospitaw for chiwdren in hawifax remarked dat every chiwd wif a diagnosis of reye ' s syndrome was a new brunswicker , and water proved a wink between de syndrome and de emuwsifier used to appwy de fenitrodion , uh - hah - hah - hah . as a conseqwence of de furore surrounding de discovery of de reye ' s syndrome wink wif pesticides , in 1976 de nova scotia minister of heawf , awwan suwwivan , cancewwed a pesticide spraying programme dat had onwy recentwy been approved by cabinet . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] erik sunbwad , den president of stora koppenberg , who controwwed de petitioner nova scotia forest industries , had dreatened to shut down de works if his spraying programme met wif officiaw disapprovaw . [ 3 ]\nsunbwad den went on to push anoder pesticide cawwed sevin , a trade name of carbaryw , which apparentwy reqwired no emuwsifier but was more expensive . it was at de time registered for use in maine , but de environmentaw protection agency stated dat sevin was\nsuspect right now\n, and by den severaw cases of sevin poisoning had been seen awready in nova scotia itsewf . [ 3 ]\nbetimes in 1977 , de now - deceased lucretia j . guerin , [ 8 ] president of a community organisation named\nthe concerned parents group inc .\npursued fpl in de provinciaw court of new brunswick . hughes cjnb stated , upon appeaw , dat\nneedwess to say , de so - cawwed ' spray programme ' constitutes an extremewy contentious issue due to confwicting concerns between dose who bewieve de spray is necessary for de survivaw of de spruce and fir forests of de province , and de economy based dereon , and dose who are concerned over de effect of de spray upon de environment .\namongst oder devewopments , a ministeriaw wetter was reqwired to save fpl from pursuit under de pest controw products act . [ 9 ]\nan outbreak of de insect was seen on de norf shore of de st lawrence river in 2006 . the outbreak zone has moved soudwards and eastwards awong wif de prevaiwing wind . [ 10 ]\na fir tip on which feeding has started . b egg mass of budworm on fir needwe ( greatwy enwarged ) c larva of budworm , enwarged 1 . 5 times . d pupa of budworm , enwarged 1 . 5 times . e mof of budworm , enwarged 1 . 5 times .\nbudworm popuwations are usuawwy reguwated naturawwy by combinations of severaw naturaw factors such as insect parasites , vertebrate and invertebrate predators , and adverse weader conditions . during prowonged outbreaks when stands become heaviwy defowiated , starvation can be an important mortawity factor in reguwating popuwations .\nthis species is a favoured food of de cape may warbwer , which is derefore cwosewy associated wif its host pwant , bawsam fir . this bird , and de tennessee and bay - breasted warbwers , which awso have a preference for budworm , way more eggs and are more numerous in years of budworm abundance .\nnaturaw enemies are probabwy responsibwe for considerabwe mortawity when budworm popuwations are wow , but sewdom have a reguwating infwuence when popuwations are in epidemic proportions .\nchemicaw insecticides such as mawadion , carbaryw , and acephate can substantiawwy reduce budworm . microbiaw insecticides such as bacterium species baciwwus duringiensis ( bt ) , a naturawwy occurring , host - specific padogen dat affects specific insect warvae based on de bacteria strain , uh - hah - hah - hah . bt insecticides are often used in sensitive areas such as campgrounds or awong rivers and streams , where it may not be desirabwe to use chemicaw insecticides wif modes of action dat affect fish and mammaws .\nthe eastern spruce budworm is one of de most destructive insects of fir and spruce forests droughout canada and de eastern united states . [ 14 ]\nfor biowogicaw medods , birds are important in controwwing popuwations of de eastern spruce budworm bewow outbreak wevews , [ 15 ] and de parasitic wasp trichogramma minutum was investigated as a sowution as weww . [ 16 ]\nfewwin , d . and j . dewey ( march 1992 ) . western spruce budworm forest insect & disease leafwet 53 , u . s . forest service . retrieved on : september 14 , 2008 .\nmike donovan :\nthe battwe of de year\n. atwantic issues , february 1977 vowume 1 number 1 pp 4 - 5\nmacdonawd , d . r . 1968 . management of spruce budworm popuwations . for . chron , uh - hah - hah - hah . 44 ( 3 ) : 33\u201336 ( separate pagination ) .\nkramer ms : kids versus trees : reye ' s syndrome and spraying for spruce budworm in new brunswick j cwin epidemiow . 2009 jun ; 62 ( 6 ) : 578 - 81 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jcwinepi . 2009 . 01 . 002 . epub 2009 apr 5 .\n[ spitzer wo : report of de new brunswick task force on de environment and reye ' s syndrome ] cwin invest med . 1982 ; 5 ( 2 - 3 ) : 203 - 14 .\nurltoken\nforest protection ltd . v . guerin\n, 1979 - 05 - 25 : 1979 canlii 2758 ( nb qb ) ; 25 nbr ( 2d ) 513 ; 104 dlr ( 3d ) 260\nsmif , s . m . ; hubbes , m . ; carrow , j . r . 1986 . factors affecting inundative reweases of trichogramma minutum riw . against de spruce budworm . j . appw . entomow . 101 ( 1 ) : 29\u201339 .\nhudak , j . ( 1991 ) .\nintegrated pest management and de eastern spruce budworm\n.\npatrick m . a . james ; louis\u2010etienne robert ; b . mike wotton ; david l . marteww ; richard a . fweming ( 2017 ) .\nwiwwiam j . mattson ; gary a . simmons ; john a . witter ,\n, 2007 : on de type specimens of de tortricidae described by eduard friedrich eversmann from de vowgo - uraw region , uh - hah - hah - hah .\n, 2013 : an iwwustrated catawogue of de specimens of tortricidae in de iziko souf african museum , cape town ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nmarda h . brookes ; robert w . campbeww ; j . j . cowbert ; russew g . mitcheww ; r . w . stark ( 1987 ) .\n. technicaw buwwetin no . 1694 ; canada / united states spruce budworms program - west . usda .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah ."]}
{"id": 2150, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia acuminata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western china ( tibet ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia acuminata", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nhave a fact about eupithecia asteria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia asteria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsynonym for haworthia bolusii var . blackbeardiana ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer\nsynonym for haworthia cooperi var . isabellae ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer\nsynonym for haworthia marumiana var . batesiana ( uitewaal ) m . b . bayer\nsynonym for haworthia mirabilis var . badia ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 2159, "summary": [{"text": "mylothris citrina is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in uganda , the democratic republic of congo and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "mylothris citrina", "paragraphs": ["mylothris chloris ( fabricius , 1775 ) = papilio chloris fabricius , 1775 = papilio thermopylae cramer , [ 1779 ] = mylothris afraorientalis stoneham , 1937 .\nphilippines seashell - pectinidae mimachlamys sanguinea citrina 45 . 9mm - f + + # 8185\nphilippines seashell - pectinidae mimachlamys sanguinea citrina 45 . 4mm - f + + # 8188\namethyst , princess of gemworld # 1 cgc 9 . 6 nm + citrina granch dark opal dc comics\nlight citrine , citrin , citrina , citrino , \u8336\u6676 , \u30ec\u30e2\u30f3\u8272 , brazil , 630 grams , 1 . 39 lb , a *\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nvane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2163, "summary": [{"text": "amata pleurosticta is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1898 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are small and have transparent patches on their wings . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "amata pleurosticta", "paragraphs": ["amata pleurasticta [ sic , recte pleurosticta ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\nceryx pleurosticta hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 35 , f . 14 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\namata ( amata ) sperbius gressitti ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 82\namata ( amata ) sinica obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; tl : tschinkiang\namata ( amata ) edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) sinica ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) edwardsii edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) edwardsii formosensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) fortunei matsumurai ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\nstudien \u00fcber die palaearktischen amatiden v . zur geographischen variabilit\u00e4t von amata nigricornis alph .\namata calidupensis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432\namata magrettii berio , 1937 ; ann . mus . nat . genova 59 : 370\nstudien \u00fcber die palaearktischen amatiden . iii . \u00fcber eine rasse von amata phegea l .\namata magnopupillata berio , 1941 ; mem . soc . ent . ital . 20 : 121\n= amata collaris ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 73\n= amata fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90\namata atricornuta gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 114\namata inconstans gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 113\nobraztsovi ebert , 1969 ; reichenbachia 12 : 157 ( preocc . amata obraztsovi kiriakoff , 1954 )\n= amata germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103\n= amata phegea ligata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 216\n= amata ragazzii asperomontana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 244\n= amata nigricornis rossica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 302\n= amata mestralii mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 349\nstudien \u00fcber die palaearktischen amatiden . iv : was is amata ( syntomis ) herthula stdr . ?\nhave a fact about amata albionica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for amata albionica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\namata ( amata ) ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 61 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) atkinsoni ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 85 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) sperbius ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 80 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) septentrionalis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 83 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) emma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 67 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( syntomis ) aucta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 149\namata ( syntomis ) mogadorensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 167\namata ( syntomis ) bactriana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 327\namata ( syntomis ) cocandica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 330\namata ( syntomis ) taurica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 340\namata ( syntomis ) antiochena ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 341\namata ( syntomis ) libanotica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 343\namata ( syntomis ) mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 346\namata ( syntomis ) turbida ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 351\namata ( syntomis ) maracandina ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 353\namata ( syntomis ) dimorpha ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 373\namata ( amata ) sperbius sperbius ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 82 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata albobasis kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433\namata elwesi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : burmah\namata hypomela kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 432\namata marinoides kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433\namata obraztsovi kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433\namata schoutedeni kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 434\namata fabricius , 1807 ; mag . f . insektenk . 6 : 289 ; ts : zygaena passalis fabricius\namata ( syntomis ) germana nigricauda ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 110\namata ( syntomis ) divisa sikkima ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 142\namata phegea phegea nat . kijevana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 213\namata ( syntomis ) ragazzii ragazzii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 242\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis rossica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 302\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis jaica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 305\namata ( syntomis ) aequipuncta aequipuncta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 283\namata ( syntomis ) cocandica cocandica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 333\namata ( syntomis ) mestralii mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 346\namata ( syntomis ) maracandina maracandina ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 355\namata ( syntomis ) caspia caspia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 366\namata ( syntomis ) caspia martinierici ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 367\namata ( amata ) emma ab . torquatella ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 72 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) fortunei ab . yezonis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) fortunei ab . erebina ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata montagua de freina , 2014 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 35 ( 4 ) : 217\namata pseudosimplex de freina , 2013 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 33 ( 4 ) : 152\namata snelleni rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : east java\namata wallacei paucicincta holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 8 ; tl : tutong , n . borneo\namata elisoides holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 8 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\namata pembertoni rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 431 ; tl : cailulu , angola\namata vicarians holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 18 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\n= amata fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ( syntomis ) grahami obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 138 ; tl : szetschwan\namata ( syntomis ) ragazzii ab . posticipluspuncta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 242\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis nigricornis nat . osthelderi obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 312\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri ab . striata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 259\namata ( syntomis ) sintenisi f . sintenisi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 338\namata ( syntomis ) sintenisi f . aurivala ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 339\n= amata caspia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\nthis category is for stub articles relating to moths of the genus amata . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { amata - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\namata kenredi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 436 ; tl : bopoto , upper congo\namata vicarians api holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 19 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\n= amata edwardsii edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\n= amata germana germana ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata bogoriensis roepke , 1937 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 50 : 490 [ borgoriensis ? ]\namata yunnanensis rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 155 ; tl : tali , upper yunnan\namata ( syntomis ) phegea ligata nat . orientalis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 228\namata ( syntomis ) ragazzii asperomontana m . atavistica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 246\n= amata fervida ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 35\namata micantala hulstaert , 1923 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 : 185 ; tl : okaba\namata congenita hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 93 ; tl : madras , nilgiris , ouchterloni valley , 3500ft\namata connectens rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : bernardmyo , burmah , 6000ft\namata democharis schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 51 ; tl : surigao\namata ( syntomis ) fervida ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\n= amata trifenestrata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26\namata ( syntomis ) issikii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) luteifascia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) nigrifrons ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata owstoni rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 155 ; tl : phuc - son , annam\namata ( syntomis ) pectoralis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) pryeri ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata pseudextensa rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 435 ; tl : mt kina balu , borneo\namata ( syntomis ) quadrifascia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) rantaisana ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) vitrea ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) wilemani ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\n= amata perixanthia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 36\namata ( syntomis ) hoenei obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 132 ; tl : hangtschou , tschekiang\namata ( syntomis ) hoenei ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) kuatuna ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) dichotomoides ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) chekianga ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata ( syntomis ) grahami ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) compta ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata aureola ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\n= amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28\namata syntomoides ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata leucosoma ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata multifasciata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata ( syntomis ) shirakii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) borneogena obraztsov , 1955 ; psyche , 62 : 32 ; tl : lundu mt . , kuching , sarawak\namata albicornis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : mauson mtns , tonkin , 3000ft\namata cinctelisa holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 10 ; tl : mt . marapok , dent province , n . borneo\namata macroflavifer holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 16 ; tl : mt . marapok , dent province , n . borneo\namata nigrobasalis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 436 ; tl : cape coast castle , west afria\n= amata confluens ab . leechi ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis fukiensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\n? amata ( syntomis ) formosensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma atuntseensis obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 146 ; tl : atuntse , yunnan\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma atuntseensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 457\namata ( syntomis ) dinara dinara de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101\namata quadripunctata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : padang sidempoean , w . sumatra\namata banguia schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 53 ; tl : bangui , philippines\namata eleonora schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : surigao , philippines\namata francisca ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 180 ; [ afromoths ]\namata subaana schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 53 ; tl : subaan , philippines\namata tenera hulstaert , 1923 ; rev . zool . afr . 11 ( 4 ) : 409 ; tl : kwamouth \u2642 ; malela \u2640\namata ( syntomis ) t - nigra ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) kuatuna obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 133 ; tl : kuatun , fukien , 2300m\namata wiltshirei kordestana de freina & hagen , 2003 ; linneana belgica 19 ( 1 ) : 52 ; tl : w . iran , kordestan\n= amata kruegeri quercii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104\n= amata kruegeri albionica ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\n= amata kruegeri marjana ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 106\n= amata kruegeri marjana ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata ( syntomis ) mestralii palaestinae [ sic , recte palestinae ] ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 350\nthe male genitalia show this species to belong to amata rather than ceryx . the specimens dissected were too damaged for the genitalia to be illustrated .\namata alberti rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 154 ; tl : kumasi river , ne . british new guinea\namata henrici ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 4 , f . 4 ; [ nhm card ]\namata kalidupensis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 46 ; [ nhm card ]\namata owstoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]\namata recedens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 ; [ aucl ]\namata simillima rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 434 ; tl : pulo bisa , n of obi i .\n= amata confluens ( leechi ) ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 33\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis fukiensis obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 132 ; tl : kuatun , fukien , 2300m\namata ( syntomis ) grotei f . arenae ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) hyrcana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 110\namata ( syntomis ) kordestana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 105\namata ( syntomis ) aserbeidjana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 105\n= amata phegea ( krugeri ) ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 40\namata ( syntomis ) beluchistana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 116\namata ( syntomis ) harandii ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 117\namata ( syntomis ) albertiana obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 372 ; tl : dsdgar mtn , tibet , 300m\namata artapha schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : surigao , mindanao , philippines\namata calidupensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 13 ; [ nhm card ]\namata cerbera ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 178 , 180 ; [ afromoths ]\n= amata cerbera ; [ nhm card ] ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 180\namata dapontes schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : virac , luzon , philippines\namata democles schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 51 ; tl : catbalogan and surigao , philippines\namata tigrina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 ; [ nhm card ]\namata trifenestrata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ( syntomis ) dichotomoides obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 135 ; tl : e . tienmuschan , tschekiang , 1500m\namata ( syntomis ) chekianga obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 138 ; tl : west - tienmuschan , tschekiang , 1600m\namata ( syntomis ) hyrcana hyrcana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 110\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri quercii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri albionica ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri pedemontii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata actea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata aurea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata chlorocera ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata congenita ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata era ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata extensa ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata flavifrons ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata gelatina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata hydatina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata insueta ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata kalidupensis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : kalidupa , toekan besi is . , sw of celebes\namata khasiana ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata lucina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata minor ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\n= amata humeralis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 ; [ nhm card ]\n= amata cuprizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 27 ; [ nhm card ]\namata pseudextensa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 39 ; [ mob6 ] , 17\n= amata tomasina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ]\namata submarginalis ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata unifascia ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata verecunda ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 63\namata williami rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment , british east afriac , 6500 - 9000ft\namata wimberleyi ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 63\namata passalis ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata cyssea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata ( amata ) cingulata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 78 ; arora , 1980 , rec . zool . surv . india 77 ( 1 - 4 ) : 18 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\n= amata grotei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]\n= amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ]\namata nigricornis turgaica obraztsov , 1937 ; ent . rundsch . 54 : 466 , f . 8 - 9 ; tl : uralsk distr . , bertschogur bei turgaiskaja\namata jacksoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata kenredi ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata williami ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata croceizona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata hemiphoenica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 13 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata humeralis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata lampetis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata miozona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata pactolina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata tomasina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata sperbius gressitti bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 152 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : hainan , nodoa\namata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata ( synomis ) ragazzii silaensis obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 243 ; tl : camigliatelle , sila grande , s . italy , 1300m\namata gil witt , kravchenko , speidel , mooser , junnila & m\u00fcller , 2007 ; nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 368 ; tl : israel , hermon , 2200m\namata gracillima aurivillius , 1925 ; zweiten dt . zentral - afrika - exped . ( zool . ) 1 ( lep 4 ) : 1300 ; tl : belgian congo , kimuenza\namata wiltshirei bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 150 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : iraq , kurdistan , rayat\namata monothyris hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 43 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; tl : uganda\namata subdiabphana hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 16 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : java\namata basithyris hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : sierra leone\namata dyschlaena ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; [ aucl ]\namata fruhstorferi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 435 ( ? preocc . callitomis fruhstorferi hampson , 1898 ) ; tl : manson mtns , tonkin , 3000ft\namata melitospila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ; [ aucl ]\namata orphnaea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; [ aucl ]\namata paraula ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; [ aucl ]\namata trigonophora ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; [ aucl ]\namata sperbius septentrionalis bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 151 , pl . 10 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : se . szechuan , ginfu shan\namata menia bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 152 , pl . 10 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : tibet , menia , hotshu - river\namata melaproctis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ]\namata palanana ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 36 , pl . 2 , f . 25 ; [ nhm card ]\namata punctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ticaonis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 24 , pl . 2 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ]\namata xanthostidsa hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : philippines , manila\namata hirayamae matsumura , 1927 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 19 ( 1 ) : 74 , pl . 4 , f . 14 \u2640 ; tl : formosa\namata ( syntomis ) transcaspica obraztsov , 1941 ; acta mus . zool . , kijev univ 1 : 138 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : [ transcaspia , krasnovodsk ]\namata ( syntomis ) hissarica stschetkin , 1979 ; tr . vsesoyuz . ent . obshch . 61 : 127 ; tl : [ tadjikistan , hissar range , varzob ravine , gushchary , 1400m ]\nsyntomis ( amata ) ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 95 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\n= amata germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\n= amata divisa divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 141 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata xanthopleura hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : uganda , e . busoga\namata ( syntomis ) fenestrata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 96 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 99 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) lucerna ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 112 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) flava ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 115 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) pascus ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 116 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) acrospila ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 118 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata ( syntomis ) confluens ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 121 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) euryzona ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 123 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) perixanthia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 127 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) persimilis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 126 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 129 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) dichotoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 136 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) concurrents ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 137 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 139 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) handelmazzettii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 143 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 144 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) szechuana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 147 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) yunnanensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 148 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 457\namata ( syntomis ) davidi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 151 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) masoni ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 153 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) menia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 154 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) grotei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 157 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) sladeni ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 159 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) hunana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 162 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) naderii de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 113 ; tl : iran , ilam , ghalajeh - pass , 2000m\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 315 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) caspia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 363 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata ( syntomis ) bicincta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 368 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata cyanea hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; tl : uganda , mbale , mt kokanjero\namata n ' tebi [ = ntebi ] bethune - baker , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 531 ; tl : n ' tebi , uganda\namata huebneri ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob6 ] , 23 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata ( syntomis ) germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) germana hirayamae ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 106 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) germana genzana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 106 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis sinensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 131 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) divisa divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 141 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) divisa disrupta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 142 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma xanthoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 146 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis ganssuensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 320 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis herzi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 321 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis melanocera ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 322 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata chloroscia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata cholmlei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 32 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata choneutospila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata chroma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata chromatica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata congener ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata consimilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata cuprizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata endocrocis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata heptaspila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata lagosensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 7 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata magistri ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata monticola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata paradelpha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\namata phaeobasis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata phaeochyta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 , pl . 1 , f . 28 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\namata phepsalotis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\namata prosomoea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata rubritincta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata tripunctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata tritonia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata xanthosoma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata xanthura ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata ( syntomis ) fenestrata ab . sepulcrorum ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 96 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) confluens ab . leechi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 123 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) persica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 163 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 106\namata ( syntomis ) hyrcana sharestana de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 113 ; tl : w - iran , luristan , bisheh , 1200 - 1700m\namata ( syntomis ) wiltshirei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 164 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 104\namata symphona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob6 ] , 22\namata ( syntomis ) germana germana ab . kolthoffi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) germana hirayamae ab . nitobei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 107 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis nigricornis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 307 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 116\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri kruegeri ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 260 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri marjana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 266 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri odessana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 271 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 106\namata ( syntomis ) harandii de freina & naderi , 2008 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105 , f . 1 ; tl : iran , khuzestan , izeh , 400m\namata ( syntomis ) sovinskiji obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 324 , f . 64 , pl . 26 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : [ uzbekistan ] north namangan , padsha - ata\namata ( syntomis ) dinara de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 108 ; tl : west - iran , buyer ahmad - o - kuhgilui , kuh - e - dinar\namata ( syntomis ) maracandina pamira obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 355 , f . 74 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 7 ; tl : [ tadjikistan ] south pamir , langar , vachan\namata ( syntomis ) kamarana de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 109 ; tl : iran , esfahan , fereidun shar s , gardanes - ye - kamaran , 2900 - 3200m\namata alberti ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ]\namata albicornis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 ; [ nhm card ]\namata connectens ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 37 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 33 ; [ nhm card ]\namata fruhstorferi ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ]\namata snelleni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 35 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ( syntomis ) dinara esfahanica de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 109 ; tl : iran , chakarmahal - va - bakhtiyari , borujen s , dorahun 6km s , 1850m - 2100m\namata phoenicozona ; arora , 1980 , rec . zool . surv . india 77 ( 1 - 4 ) : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata ( syntomis ) sheljuzhkoi obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 272 , f . 16 , 6 , pl . 20 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl :\ndaghestan , dorf ussuch - tschaj bei achty , 800m\namata ( syntomis ) beluchistana de freina , 2008 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 89 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : iran . balucestan , kuh - e - taftan , jam chin , 2500m\namata nigrobasalis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata pembertoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 45 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 16 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata elongata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata madurensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\nhampson ; seitz , 1912 - 1913 : 63 ; holloway , 1976 : 1 .\nthis is a small species with transparent patches on the wings in similar positions to those of the elisa group but with the discal one of the forewing distinctly smaller than the distal and posterior ones . each segment is narrowly ringed yellow , each ring constricted or broken dorsally .\nthis species has narrow forewings and white abdominal rings as in brooksi . the forewing patches are relatively much enlarged but also elongated ; the apex is very massively marked with white as in stellaris snellen . in the male genitalia ( perak specimen ) the aedeagus vesica has a single row of cornuti , those in the centre of the row longest , those in its basal part moderate , and those in the distal part small . the right valve is triangular as in brooksi but the costal angle is obtuse rather than acute ; the distal edge of the triangle is densely invested with short , dark setae . these setae spread over a more irregular area on the slightly tapering left valve . the basal costal processes are similar to those of stellaris .\n= syntomis ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 59\n= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ aucl ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]"]}
{"id": 2170, "summary": [{"text": "heleobops is a genus of very small aquatic snails , operculate gastropod mollusks in the family cochliopidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "heleobops is one of three genera ( together with heleobia and semisalsa ) within the subfamily semisalsinae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "heleobops", "paragraphs": ["heleobops , 2 species , coastal fl , md ( smith , 2001 ) .\nthe genus heleobops is not recorded from fresh waters . this taxon has not been reported from north america .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : heleobops carrikeri d . h . s . davis & m . mckee , 1989 - id : 5208000053\ndavis , g . m . and mckee , m . 1989 . a new species of heleobops ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae : littoridininae ) from maryland . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 141 : 213 - 249 .\ndavis , g . m . and m . mckee . 1989 . a new species of heleobops ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae : littorininae ) from maryland . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 141 : 213 - 249 .\nin florida , it is known from coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys . known from area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic . heleobops widespread elsewhere in hispaniola but taxonomy of these other populations has not been resolved ( thompson , 2002 ) .\nin florida , it is known from coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys ( common throughout the southern tip of the peninsula and the lower keys , and isolated colonies in brevard and citrus cos . ) ( thompson , 1968 ) . known from area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic . heleobops widespread elsewhere in hispaniola but taxonomy of these other populations has not been resolved ( thompson , 2002 ) .\n( 20 , 000 - 200 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 80 , 000 square miles ) ) in florida , it is known from coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys ( common throughout the southern tip of the peninsula and the lower keys , and isolated colonies in brevard and citrus cos . ) ( thompson , 1968 ) . known from area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic . heleobops widespread elsewhere in hispaniola but taxonomy of these other populations has not been resolved ( thompson , 2002 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .\nhas been assessed as least concern due to its widespread distribution and the fact that the population is considered secure in florida . it has been recorded in at least one protected area , but the threats affecting this species across its range are unknown . further research is recommended regarding the taxonomy , population trends , distribution and threats impacting this species to gain a greater knowledge of this species ' status , particularly in reported locations outside the usa .\nthe coastal regions of the florida peninsula and the florida keys in the usa ( natureserve 2009 ) and an area of lago de enriquillo and the laguna del rincon , dominican republic ( thompson 2002 ) . it is found throughout haiti and the dominican republic ( j . cordeiro pers . comm . 2010 ) but the taxonomy of other hispaniolan populations is not resolved ( thompson 2002 ) . the type locality is a 9 mile pond , in everglades national park , florida .\nthis species is found in brackish waters of coastal marshes ( davis and mckee 1989 ) . it occurs in brackish marshes with cl - concentrations of 1 . 14 - 19 . 98 ppt with the most extensive colonies in less than 5 ppt ; mostly in ponds in mangrove and sedge marshes less than 2 feet deep and subject to tidal fluctuations ( thompson 1968 ) .\nthis species has been assigned a global conservation status rank ( g rank ) of g4 - apparently secure ( natureserve 2009 ) . it has been recorded from everglades national park . further research is needed on the taxonomy of populations in hispaniola , the threats , distribution and the population trends of this species , as currently very little is known about this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nit occurs in peninsular florida and the ocean side of the pamlico terace ( johnson , 1973 ) . type locality is in 9 - mile pond , everglades national park , florida . thompson ( 1968 ) cites brevard , collier , aade , monroe , lee , and sarasota co . , florida .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nit occurs in brackish marshes with cl - concentrations of 1 . 14 - 19 . 98 ppt with the most extensive colonies in less than 5 ppt ; mostly in ponds in mangrove and sedge marshes less than 2 feet deep and subject to tidal fluctuations ( thompson , 1968 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\njohnson , r . i . 1973 . distribution of hydrobiidae , a family of fresh and brackish water gastropods , in peninsular florida . occasional papers on mollusks , 3 ( 46 ) : 281 - 303 .\nthompson , f . g . 1968 . the aquatic snails of the family hydrobiidae of peninsular florida . university of florida press : gainesville , florida . 268 pp .\nthompson , f . g . 2002 . the taxonomic status of the freshwater snail antillobia margalefi altaba , 1993 , from hispaniola ( hydrobiidae : cochliopinae ) . the veliger 45 ( 3 ) : 264 - 267 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nit was recently described from the chesapeake bay side of the delmarva peninsula from about mid - peninsula to within approximately 15 km of the virginia border ( davis and mckee , 1989 ) .\ndavis and mckee ( 1989 ) , in the original description , list four sites , all on the eastern shore of the chesapeake bay ( marsh on the choptank river in dorchester co . , maryland ; marsh pool 10 miles west of cambridge , dorchester co . , maryland ; marsh on a tidal creek of the nanticoke river in waterview , wicomico co . , maryland ; and marsh in fairmount wildlife management area in somerset co . , maryland ) .\n( 100 - 1000 square km ( about 40 - 400 square miles ) ) it was recently described from the chesapeake bay side of the delmarva peninsula from about mid - peninsula to within approximately 15 km of the virginia border ( davis and mckee , 1989 ) .\nthe dominant marsh vegetation may be spartina alternaflora or s . patens ( or a mix ) , the seasonal salinity varies from 0 to 24 ppt , with the yearly average below 18 ppt ( davis and mckee , 1989 ) .\nhydrobiid snails ( mollusca : gastropoda : rissooidea ) from st . andrew ba\nby richard w . heard , robin m . overstreet et al .\nhome > harold w . manter laboratory of parasitology > unl faculty publications in parasitology > 413\nhydrobiid snails ( mollusca : gastropoda : rissooidea ) from st . andrew bay , florida\nrichard w . heard , university of southern mississippi follow robin m . overstreet , gulf coast research laboratory follow john m . foster , university of southern mississippi follow\npublished in gulf and caribbean research ( 2002 ) 14 : 13 - 34 . copyright , the gulf coast research laboratory . used by permission .\nsmith , d . g . 2001 . mollusca ( gastropods , pelecypods ) . pennak ' s freshwater invertebrates of the united states , 4th edition : 327 - 400 .\n13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable major importance : yes\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\niucn . 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2012 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 june 2012 ) .\nnatureserve . 2009 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . internet\nthompson , f . g . 1968 . the aquatic snails of the family hydrobiidae of peninsular florida . university florida press , gainesville .\nthompson , f . g . 2002 . the taxonomic status of the freshwater snail antillobia margelefi altaba , 1993 , from hispaniola ( hydrobiidae : cochliopinae . the veliger 45 ( 3 ) : 264 - 267 .\n> stream x\u009cc ` ` ` e ` ` * g ` b ` x\u00e3\u00e6 \u00e8\u0080\u0000\u0082 \u00ec , \u008c \u008cw\u0018\u0004\u0003\u00ec\u000e\u00e8\u0099\u00e7e\u00a7\u00bb . \u00fdv\u00fb\u00ebj\u008f\u00ba\u00acxr\u00a7ty\u00ec\u00f4v\u00bb\u00e3\u00ab3\u00a7\u00bd ` ` \u00e0\u00b4\u0094\u00ee2y $ $ d\u00a81qc\u00a2\u00b2\u0090\u00a1\u0096\u0090p\u0097p\u00a3\u00a2\u0086p\u0017\u00e44b\u0006\u0000\u0081 / \u0083\u00f0\u00fb\u00f3 @ \u009a\u0003\u0088\u00b9\u00e1\n\u00b9 \u00fc u | 92\u0017\u0018\u0098\u0012\u00ed\u000e\u00e9 \\ 3 { \u00ebn\u00e5 \u00e0 ` \u00e1\u00e0\u0000\u0000\u00f7 : , \u00b7 endstream endobj 87 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c\u009d \\ [ o\u00fc\u00b8\u0015 ~ \u00ef\u00af\u00f0k\u00fb ] vu\u00bf $ \u00e8\u0083s [ \u00bbh\u00e2\u00e0\u009eep / \u009c\u0019\u00f9\u00e3v3r % \u008d \u00ef \u00e9\u00df - ) \u00f2p\u0012\u00ef\u00a1fz , \u00b0\u00803 \u00f2\u00f0 \\ \u00bfs\u00e1\u00bc [ \u00bd . | \u00f1 _ p\u0011\u00a5\u0089\u0017\u00e6\u0017i\u009cy ~ | \u00b1\u00fa\u00bf\u00fa\u00eb ' \u00ff\n\u00bfx = \u00bc\u008a . v\u00ed\u00ab < \u00bbx\u00fd\u00f1\u00ea\u0097 \u00ff\u00f5b\u00f5\u00efwa\u0092\u008a ? / ~ \u00b9p\u007f\u00f9\u0089\u0017\u00e4\u00e3\u00e7 \u00eam\u00b9 _ \u0097\u00ad\u00fa\u00f74\u009f\u00ac * \u0002 / q { \u0014e \u00bf\u00e7o > \u00ff\u00b8z\u00f5nbn\u0098 { \u0082\u009a ( \u00f5\u00e295\u0081\u009fy\n\u00e6\u00fb\u00fd\u00ed { \u008f8 ) \u00f0c / \u0089\u0086 % \u00efnn ? \u00f3k\u0002 \u00f9\u00fel\u0092\u00fb\u00f6\u00a5\u00e2a\u00e1\u00f7\u00ab\u00fbk\u00ef4\u00e1\u0082\u00f4\n\u00bdh\u00e3\u00f4\u00ebs\u008bb\u00df\u00eb\u00f5v\u0082\u00b2 \u00bf\u00e4 ? ~ } = l\u0010\u0006s . \u00fa\u0086 = \u00afi\u0092\u0013 / v4 ip\u0010xi0 , h\u00f3\u00e22\u00ed\u00a3\u00934\u0007i\u00e2e\u0082f\u007f\u00ea\u00e5 td\u00e7\u0083 \u0088\u00fd\u00be ~ \u00fc\u00aev\u008a\u00e3\u00199 \u0017 + \u0081 ^ \u00ff\u00e3\u00e3\u00fd\u00ed\u00bb\u009b\u009b\u000fz7\u00e2\u00f9\u00b2\u00e8\u008b\u0095 , \u00ee\u00bf ^ \u00fd | \u00be ' \u0088\u0002r\u00f2\u00fc\u008b\u00e2\u008b\u00a4\b = \u00a9 ^ sjb / s\u00bb\u00fc\u00f8\u00e5\u00eb\u00ed\u00e7\u00ef\u00bf\u00df\u00bf\u00bfzc2 ) \u00f7\u00e2bx\u00f8\u00fb\u00f5\u00fd\u00ea\u00ee\u00f6\u00fb\u00ed\u0007\u00e7\u00e2 td\u00a8\u00f1\u00fd\u00ed\u00bb\u00bb\u00ab\u00af\u00ef\u00afo ` - i _ \u00e1 { q ~ \u0091d\u00b9\u0097\u0012\u00fcj\u0095\u0088ww\u00bf\u007f } \u007f\u00b5\u00fa\u00f8\u00f9\u00f3\u00ed\u00ed\u0087\u008fw ? ~ % \u0099\n\u0096\u00e7\u00e3\u00f2ow\u00b7 _ \u00a8\u0015\u0001x\u00eb\u00d7\u00fb\u00bb\u00f55\u00e9\u00ff\u00fc\u008b\u0095\u0080\u00ae\u00be | \u00bc\u00bby\u007fuz\u00fcq $ e\u009a $ \u00f1de\u0003 _ ] \u00f0 mq [ n5e\u00917w\u00f0\u00e0 \u0015\u00eb ~ \u00f3 \u0098 \u00fe\u008c\u00a9a\u00a8mf\u00b5\u00ab\u00f7mw \u00e8\u008d\u00e4\u00e5\n\u00a5\u00ea\u00ec\u00e08k , \u00f1\u0095 \u00efj\u00e1oz - \u00e2\u00e8 m t < \u00b8 . \u00fbnw\u0081\u00e3y ` b & \u008c\u00f1\n\u0089 | \u00e3\u0082\u00e0\u00b0 \u00f2\u0012\u00ed\u00f0u\u00d7\u00b7l\u00f3\u0083\u00f5 ' 3\u00fa\u00f2\u00f4\u008b\u0014i\u00ff\u0019\u00fen\u00b2\u00f9\u00e7s\u00a6\u001a\u001bz\u00edj\u009acb\u00b1 e\u00b4\u000fuu\u00f5\u00ef\u00fc\u00f0\u00e8 ` \u00be\u00f0\u00b1\u008ag\u0087\u00f2\u00f9\u00b1d\u0018\u0089\u00fa\u00abk\u00ea / ; 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d\u0004\u0097dk\u00ad \u00a6\u00e8\u00ef\u00e6\u009e s\u0003\u00818\u0090\u0096\u00a7\u009c\u00af\u00f3 % \u009d\u00fdx > \u008e\u00f02\u00e7\u00fc\u001b\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 2176, "summary": [{"text": "candidula intersecta is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this snail can be a pest species in agricultural settings . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "candidula intersecta", "paragraphs": ["hans - martin braun added the german common name\ngefleckte heideschnecke\nto\ncandidula intersecta ( poiret , 1801 )\n.\npoiret , j . l . 1801 . coquilles fluviatiles et terrestres observ\u00e9es dans le d\u00e9partement de l ' aisne et aux environs de paris . prodrome . - pp . i - xi [ 1 - 11 ] , 1 - 119 . paris . ( barrois , soissons ) .\nshell whitish or yellowish with brown bands or spots , colour and patterns very variable , overall impression greyish brown to brown , finely striated , 5 convex whorls , aperture simple without lip , margin slightly reflected near umbilicus , umbilicus open and variably wide . animal yellowish or bluish grey with dark brown pigments , upper tentacles long , lower tentacles very short .\nusually at the soil in dry and open habitats , under stones , at low plants , often in dunes . occasionally it climbs trees at the edges of woods . tolerates cultivation , often found in corn stubble . eggs ( diameter 1 mm ) are laid between may and october .\na common species . rare in n portugal , more frequent from aveiro on southwards . considered as probably introduced to britain , there are no medieval fossils , but today widespread in s great britain and s and central ireland , mainly coastal in n great britain . endangered in rheinland - pfalz , vulnerable in niedersachsen .\nreferences : moquin - tandon 1855 : 241 , nobre 1913 : 197 , germain 1930 : 274 , nobre 1941 : 108 , kerney et al . 1983 : 246 , r\u00e9al & r\u00e9al - testud 1988 : 50 ( found at some stations in corse ) , prieto & mart\u00edn 1988 , jungbluth et al . 1989 : 189 , falkner 1990 : 208 , vogt et al . 1994 : 214 , ondina et al . 1997 , kerney 1999 : 179 , welter - schultes 2012 : 532 ( range map ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : the species has a large distribution area and the habitat of the species is usually not affected directly by human activity , therefore it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) . this species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .\naccording to animalbase ( 2010 ) , the species lives in portugal , north - western spain , the british isles ( including the isle of man , the hebrides , the orkney islands and the shetlands ) , western france , belgium , western netherlands , east holstein , east denmark and \u00f6land .\nthere is no information on population trends , however , the population trend is thought to be stable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe wrinkled dune snail ' s shell can attain a height of 5 - 8 mm and a width of 7 - 13 mm , with 5 to 6 1 / 2 whorls . the shell is off - white to pale yellow in color with brown bands or spots . the color pattern of this species is variable . there is often an irregular white stripe on the body whorl . albino or brown - colored morphs of this species have been reported in europe . the body of the animal is pale yellow or blue - gray in color .\nsince 2003 , ppq - oregon has conducted detection surveys for exotic mollusk species at high - risk sites throughout oregon . the oregon exotic mollusk survey ( orms ) has surveyed over 80 sites , representing 16 oregon counties ( benton , clackamas , clatsop , columbia , coos , curry , douglas , jackson , klamath , lane , lincoln , marion , multnomah , polk , washington , yamhill counties ) . surveyed sites have included marine ports , rail yards , tile importers and distributors , nurseries , private residential and public lands .\nbefore applying any of the information found on this site , please read our disclaimer . copyright \u00a9 2017 , all rights reserved\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\naccording to animalbase ( 2010 ) , the species lives in portugal , north - western spain , the british isles ( including the isle of man , the hebrides , the orkney islands and the shetlands ) , western france , belgium , western netherlands , east holstein , east denmark and land .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : illustrated index of british shells plate 23 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nhelicodonta obvoluta ( m\u00fcller , 1774 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nprovoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarker , g . m . ( 1999 ) . naturalised terrestrial stylommatophora ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . fauna of new zealand 38 : 1 - 254 . [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .\nthere is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank . below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species . see the bold taxonomy browser for more complete information about this specimen . other sequences that do not yet meet barcode criteria may also be available .\nthe species has a large distribution area and the habitat of the species is usually not affected directly by human activity , therefore it is assessed as least concern ( lc ) .\nthis species has also been assessed at the regional level as : eu27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) at the level of the 27 member states of the european union . european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) .\nutilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results . ex . a common name search of northwestern sedge matches ' northwestern sedge ' and ' northwestern showy sedge ' . typing\nnorthwestern sedge\nreturn only ' northwestern sedge ' .\n\u00a9 2012 - 2018 . encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .\nthe symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nnorth and south island . native to western europe , from the british isles , western and northern france , belgium , and the netherlands , to scattered localities in portugal , germany , denmark , and southern sweden . introduced into australia and new zealand\nbarker , g . m . 1999 : naturalised terrestrial stylommatophora ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , fauna of new zealand , manaaki whenua press ( p . 73 )\ngoulstone , j . f . , mayhill , p . c . , parrish , g . r . 1993 : an illustrated guide to the land mollusca of the te paki ecological region , northland , new zealand , new zealand journal of zoology , 34 ( p . 24 )\nstelfox , a . w . 1912 : the occurrence of helicella heripensis ( mabille ) in great britain , proceedings of the malacological society of london , 10 ( 1 ) ( p . 39 )\nnote : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species ."]}
{"id": 2182, "summary": [{"text": "powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina , known as one of the amber snails , is a subspecies of large , carnivorous land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - powelliphanta hochstetteri ( l . pfeiffer , 1862 )\nthe holotype of powelliphanta hochstetteri consobrina . the holotype is the standard against which to measure similarities between related species as well as differences that may lead to recognition of new species .\n. 5\u20137 . \u2014pa yphanta ( powelliphanta ) hochstetteri ( pfeiffer ) . subgenotype . x 1 .\ntype : helix hochstetteri pfeiffer , mal . bl . , viii , 146 , 1862 ( see pi . 6 , figs . 5\u20138 ) .\npowelliphanta will include all new zealand species previously included in paryphanta except the type of that genus , p . busbyi ( gray , 1840 ) which is confined to the north auckland peninsula .\np . busbyi ( pi . 5 ) has a very thick coating of conchin , as well as an inner limy shell , and specimens are not infrequently found in north auckland pleistocene dune deposits which have weathered down to a strong , limy shell even when all the conchin has gone . all other new zealand paryphantas have a flexible shell composed chiefly of conchin with a much reduced limy layer , so that they generally collapse soon after death . powelliphanta is known in a sub - fossil condition only in limestone caves where replacement of conchin by lime has apparently occurred . empty , \u201cdead\u201d shells of some species of powelliphanta , which are mostly conchin with practically no inner limy shell , such as gagei , fletcheri , rossiana and spedeni , are sometimes so collapsed and distorted when found that they appear worthless as specimens . they can usually be restored , however , by soaking in very hot water , but on no account must they be lifted out until the water is absolutely cold . in most cases , if this is done , it will be found that the shape has been brought back without any alteration in colour . on no account must any of the other coloured species be treated in this way , otherwise the colour will be spoilt .\nthe australian and tasmanian species of paryphanta ( i . e . , victaphanta and melavitrina , ( iredale , 1933 ) agree with paryphanta busbyi in shell colour , in radula characters , and it is likely that they have the same type of egg , while in new zealand , the genus wainuia has comparable shell colouration . it would appear that the production of limy eggs without cuticle , and the possession of a uniformly dark coloured conchin coating to the shell are primitive features shared by wainuia , p . busbyi and the australian species [ v . atramentaria ( shuttleworth , 1853 ) , v . compacta ( cox and hedley , 1912 ) , m . milligani ( pfeiffer , 1854 ) ] , and that the variously complicated colour patterns , and cuticled eggs of the hochstetteri\u2014lignaria\u2014gilliesi series are specialised characters . to give taxonomic recognition to these differences , which are accompanied by anatomical differences ( murdoch , 1904 ) , the two groups may therefore be separated sub - generically .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnotes on the eggs of new zealand paryphantidae , with description of a new subgenus .\n[ read before wellington branch , october 26 , 1944 ; received by the editor , october 26 , 1944 ; issued separately , june , 1945 . ]\n, and , in the process , have acquired quite a good range of their eggs . of the latter , most have not previously been described , and as they are of interest , i have compiled a list of measurements and other data concerning the eggs of the various species and subspecies available .\nit may be noted that the eggs are not as easily procured as some people imagine . their finding entails a lot of hard work in searching amongst leaf mould , or , as an alternative , they may be obtained by shutting up live captive snails in damp moss in the hope that they will lay . although the latter method is uncertain , it is the way by which most of the specimens have been obtained . if the captives do not lay in a few days , or at the most , in say a fortnight , it is practically certain that no eggs will be obtained from them , and the collector often shuts up snails to no purpose . in odd cases , where laying has occurred after some time in captivity , the eggs are generally not normal , owing no doubt to uncongenial conditions . the usual laying period is late october , november , and early december , but in one case\u2014i . e . , spedeni , new - laid eggs have been taken in march .\nthe eggs are generally deposited in leaf mould . as i have not obtained many in natural conditions , there are few records of the numbers usually laid together . mrs . i . worthy informs me that she has found eggs of paryphanta busbyi at kaeo in nests of 3 , 5 , 8 and 10 . rhytida eggs are found in larger numbers , viz : r . dunni\u0153 8 , 9 , 15 , 17 , 19 ( mrs . worthy ) ; r . greenwoodi 9 , 14 , 22 , 25 , 26 ; r . patula , 3 to 9 ; schizoglossa : 4 , 9 , 14 , but generally about 9 . wainui : unfortunately i omitted to take an exact count of those i found , but mr . r . a . prouse , of levin , has found them in nests of 4 , 5 , 9 and 13 .\nparyphanta eggs are all large in relation to the size of the shell and animal , but the most remarkable case is that of p . spedeni , a snail which reaches a maximum size of 40 mm . and produces an egg up to the amazing size of 11 . 5 mm . , or . 2875 of its parent ' s major shell dimension\u2014truly this species is the \u201ckiwi\u201d of the family . shape of the eggs is seldom constant ; most are oval , and in one species , unicolorata , they occasionally are completely round .\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]\nwithout cuticle ( pi . 5 ; fig . 4 ) . all other new zealand paryphanta species have eggs with a glossy membranous cuticle ( pi . 6 , fig . 8 ) , which , when the egg is new laid , is always of a pale buff colour , but which after preservation very seldom keeps its colour . they are very hard to preserve , especially when not treated . the best method of treatment is to puncture a small hole in the side , place in methylated spirits for , say 24 hours , then dry out slowly in a cool place . never dry out quickly , or in a hot room , as the percentage of breakages then would be very high . even when treated as above , quite a number will break . after treatment the eggs alter in colour to brown or palish green .\neggs found in leaf mould , which are not known to be freshly laid , are nearly always either dark brown or badly stained , an effect possibly due to development of the embryo , and to contact with the leaf mould .\nthe difference in egg structure between paryphanta busbyi and the more southern members of the genus is paralleled by differences in shell shape , structure and colour . in his first paper on the family , powell ( 1930 , p . 32 ) stated : \u2014\n\u201cthe species of paryphanta in new zealand are covered by two groups , occupying two distinct areas of distribution separated by a gap of about 300 miles . the northern area is represented by p . busbyi , a shell having a uniformly dark greenish - black coating of conchin , while the southern area is represented by seven distinct species and three sub - species , all differing from the northern busbyi in being variously coloured and banded . \u201d\nthe number of species and sub - species , of course , has been much added to since the above was written .\nalternating and contrasting colours . more important is the paucity of lime compared with conchin in the shell .\ndistribution : north island of new zealand , in and south of the ruahine range ( possibly once as far north as east cape ) and south island .\n( for list , see powell , 1938 , pp . 140 , 141 . )\nthe sub - genus is named in recognition of the great service rendered to the study of the family by mr a . w . b . powell .\nthe writer is indebted to mr . j . t . salmon for the fine photographic illustrations accompanying this paper , and to the various collectors who have generously provided material as acknowledged in the table .\n\u2014\u2014 1938 . the paryphantidae of new zealand no . iv . rec . auck . mus . , vol . ii , no . 3 , pp . 133\u2013150 .\n. 1\u20133 . \u2014paryphanta ( paryphanta ) busbys ( gray ) . genotype . x 1 .\ntransactions of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 75 , part i , pp . 57\u201364 , 2 text figs .\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nthe paryphantidae of new zealand . 3 . further new species of paryphanta and wainuia ( primary title ) records of the auckland institute and museum , 2 ( 1 ) , 29 - 41 ( other title ) a . w . b . powell 1936\ncontribute more detail to this record by adding your own names , classifications or categories via a tag . tags also make this record more findable on search .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license ."]}
{"id": 2197, "summary": [{"text": "atelopus andinus , the andes stubfoot toad , is a species of toad in the family bufonidae endemic to peru .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "atelopus andinus", "paragraphs": ["atelopus pulcher andinus \u2014 peters , 1973 , smithson . contrib . zool . , 145 : 42 .\natelopus andinus \u2014 l\u00f6tters and de la riva , 1998 , j . herpetol . , 32 : 481 - 488 .\natelopus spumarius andinus rivero , 1968 , caribb . j . sci . , 8 : 23 . holotype : amnh 43200 ( erroneously cited as 4300 in the original publication , according to l\u00f6tters , 1996 , neotrop . toad genus atelopus : 49 ) . type locality :\nupper biabo valley , per\u00fa\n.\ncan be differentiated from other atelopus species by its grandular skin and color pattern . specifically ,\nrivero , j . a . ( 1968 ) . ' ' more on the atelopus ( amphibia , salientia ) from western south america . ' '\nduellman , w . e . , lynch , j . d . ( 1969 ) . ' ' description of atelopus tadpoles and their relevance to the atelopoid classication . ' '\nthe species authority is : rivero , j . a . 1968 . more on the atelopus ( amphibia , salientia ) from western south america . caribbean journal of science : 19 - 29 .\nlotters , s . ( 2003 ) . ' ' on the systematics of the harlequin frogs ( amphibia : bufonidae : atelopus ) from amazonia . iii : a new , remarkably dimorphic species from the cordillera azul , peru . ' '\nthere are no reports of chytridiomycosis impacting this atelopus species , but it is presumed to be susceptible to this pathogen , which is now causing amphibian declines in northern peru . it is possible that populations of this species at lower altitudes might be able to survive an outbreak of the disease .\nis diurnal . when these frogs lay eggs , they come out in stringed clusters that are unpigmented in torrential streams . based on the study of other atelopus tadpoles , it could be likely that tadpoles of this species would possess a large ventral mouth , suctorial disk , a median anal tube , and breathe by using buccal pumping . ( duellman and lynch 1969 ) . these frogs prey primarily on small insects and other small organisms ( lotters 2003 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\njustification : listed as critically endangered because of a population decline , projected to be more than 50 % over the next 10 years , inferred from the possible impact of chytridiomycosis on this species .\nthis species is restricted to the upper r\u00edo biabo valley ( northern versant of the cordillera azul ) ( departamento de san mart\u00edn ) , the r\u00edo pisqui , ( departamento loreto ) , and r\u00edo cachiyacu ( on the border of departamentos san mart\u00edn and loreto ) , peru . its recorded altitudinal range is 1 , 000 - 2 , 000m asl .\nthere is no information on its current population status , but it has been seen as recently as 2004 near iquitos .\nit is a terrestrial species restricted to submontane tropical forest . breeding is thought to take place in streams . this species is presumed to be susceptible to habitat change and is therefore not expected to occur in any modified or degraded habitats\nthis species is present in the parque nacional cordillera azul . given the susceptibility of this species to chytridiomycosis , successful conservation measures are likely to require some form of disease management programme and the maintenance of captive populations .\nstefan l\u00f6tters , antonio salas , ariadne angulo , javier icochea , robert reynolds , enrique la marca . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nare slender toads with type male of this species reach 28 mm and type female 34 . 9 mm in terms of total length . the head is approximately as long as it is wide . total leg length is slightly shorter than snout vent length . and the foot is about a third of the snout vent length . their skin is highly granular with a spiny texture that is concentrated on their eyelids , dorsolatera area , and posterior end . the limbs are less granular . otherwise the description is similar to that of\nby having more dense tubercles , especially on the eyelid , dorsolateral area , and posterior end . additionally , the dorsolateral band and dorsal spots are tan instead of ranging from green to green - yellow in\nhas a black dorsum with a tan dorsolateral band and tan dorsal spots ( rivero 1968 ) . they exhibit bright colors , which serve as visual warnings that these frogs do secrete toxins in their skin ( lotters 2003 ) .\nspecies are habitat degradation , destruction , and disease . currently the population is declining . this species is present in the parque nacional cordillera azul . a disease management program is likely needed for successful conservation due to this species vulnerability to chytridiomycosis ( lotters et al . 2004 ) .\nl\u00f6tters , s . , salas , a . , angulo , a . , icochea , j . , reynolds , r . , la marca e . ( 2004 ) .\n. in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 11 april 2014 .\ntaylor bonnet ( taylor62591 at gmail . com ) , university of nevada , reno\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nupper r\u00edo biabo valley in the amazon basin of eastern peru ( departamentos san mart\u00edn and loreto ) , 1000 - 2000 m elevation .\nsee photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 160 . l\u00f6tters , 2005 , in rueda - almonacid et al . ( eds . ) , ranas arlequines : 55 , provided a brief account .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 2204, "summary": [{"text": "coralliophila aedonia is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the world register of marine species ( worms ) states that the subgenus murex ( pseudomurex ) has been brought into synonymy with pseudomurex monterosato , 1872 , leaving the status of murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius unchanged .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the genus pseudomurex in turn has been brought into synonymy with coralliophila h. adams & a. adams , 1853 by m. oliverio in 2008 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "this genus contains the species coralliophila ( pseudomurex ) aedonia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "therefore , there is good reason to believe that both species are synonyms . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "coralliophila aedonia", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - coralliophila aedonia ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\nmatthew fowler added text to\ncoralliophila abbreviata ( short abbreviate coral shell )\non\ncoralliophila abbreviata ( lamarck , 1816 )\n.\nno one has contributed data records for coralliophila robillardi yet . learn how to contribute .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from coralliophila to their own page .\nexplore what eol knows about coralliophila aberrans ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) .\nglobose coralsnail - coralliophila aberrans ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\n( of coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto clemam to clemam ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to clemam ( from synonym coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to pesi ( from synonym coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) to itis\n( of coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) haas f . ( 1949 ) . on some deepsea mollusks from bermuda . buttlet\u00ed de la instituci\u00f3 calalana d ' hist\u00f2ria natural 37 : 69 - 73 page ( s ) : 69 - 70 [ details ]\nwatson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 .\nin : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology .\nin : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology\ndate of publication 1886 according to low & evenhuis , 2013 ( zootaxa 3701 ( 4 ) : 401\u2013420 ) , but pp . 1 - 608 marked\n1885\n, pp . 609 - 756 marked\n1886\nonline electronic edition at the library of 19th century science , prepared by dr . david c . bossard , dartmouth college , hanover new hampshire\nambon for bittium diplax r . b . watson , 1886 ascension exclusive economic zone for rissoa ( setia ) triangularis r . b . watson , 1886 azores exclusive economic zone for rissoa quisquiliarum r . b . watson , 1886 brazilian exclusive economic zone for rissoa rustica r . b . watson , 1886 fijian part of the south pacific ocean for phosinella transenna ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) hawaiian exclusive economic zone for rissoa scopulorum r . b . watson , 1886 hawaiian islands for bittium leucocephalum r . b . watson , 1886 hawaiian islands for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 new south wales for bittium furvum r . b . watson , 1886 prince edward islands exclusive economic zone for rissoa edwardiensis r . b . watson , 1886 prince edward islands exclusive economic zone for rissoa transenna r . b . watson , 1886 queensland for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 queensland for bittium porcellanum r . b . watson , 1886 south atlantic for onoba aedonis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) tonga for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 torres strait for bittium xanthum r . b . watson , 1886 tristan da cunha exclusive economic zone for rissoa philomelae r . b . watson , 1886\nreferred to by watson ( 1886 : 468 ) as\nturritella fastigiata , adams and reeve ,\nsamarang\n1840 , p . 48 , sp . 8 , pl . . . .\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nmurex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ( original combination )\nwatson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology . 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . 181 - 182 , pl . 17 fig . 5 [ details ]\n( of murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) watson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology . 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 181 - 182 ; pl . 17 fig . 5 [ details ]\nnote off nightingale is . , south atlantic ( 37 . 43\u00b0s , . . .\ntype locality off nightingale is . , south atlantic ( 37 . 43\u00b0s , 12 . 48\u00b0w , 185 - 277 m ) [ details ]\ndistribution nightingale island ; brazil ; great meteor seamount , hy\u00e8res , irving , plato , tyro and atlantis seamount ; azores , moderately . . .\ndistribution nightingale island ; brazil ; great meteor seamount , hy\u00e8res , irving , plato , tyro and atlantis seamount ; azores , moderately common in 280 m - 1180 m . [ details ]\ngarrigues b . & lamy d . ( 2017 ) . muricidae r\u00e9colt\u00e9s en guyane au cours de l\u2019exp\u00e9dition la plan\u00e8te revisit\u00e9e . xenophora taxonomy . 15 : 29 - 38 . [ details ]\nbiology type of larval development : planktotrophic , inferred from multispiral protoconch . [ details ]\ndiagnosis shell fusiform , rather solid , up to 20 mm high . protoconch of 3 . 3 whorls , with latge pustulose protoconch 1 and sculpture formed by two spiral keels and small , interrupted axial riblets on protoconch 2 . teleoconch of 7 - 8 whorls , rather convex with deep suture . sculpture of strong , high , slightly prosocline axial folds developed throughout and hardly fainting on the last part of the body whorl ; spiral sculpture of numerous , squamose spiral cordlets overruning the folds and alternating stronger and lesser . body whorl making up ca . 70 % of total height , with regularly rounded profile towards the periphery , distinclly constricted around the siphonal canal whic is marked by a prominent fasciole . aperture rounded , outer lip somewhat thickened internally with small denticles reaching far inside , columellar and parietal edge bordered by a narrow , appressed callus . colour whitish , tending to ivory . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nwatson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology : 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 and caecidae pl . 1 - 3\n( watson , 1886 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2206, "summary": [{"text": "synodontis budgetti , known as budgett 's synodontis , is a species of upside-down catfish native to benin , cameroon , central african republic , c\u00f4te d'ivoire , mali , niger , and nigeria where it occurs in lake nokoue and the niger .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described by belgian-british zoologist george albert boulenger in 1911 , from specimens collected in lokoja , nigeria .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species name budgetti comes from name of the collector of the original specimen , j.s. budgett . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "synodontis budgetti", "paragraphs": ["lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nsynodontis\nmay also squeak when they are taken out of the water .\na comparative study of the effect of six different preservation techniques was carried out using two fish species : synodontis budgetti and clarias gariepinus for four weeks . the results revealed that there was a significant loss in crude protein and a considerable gain in fat contents ( p < 0 . 05 ) in all thed preservation techniques . the highest loss in protein was recorded in refrigerated synodontis budgetti with 14 % , while the least loss in protein was recorded in oven dried sample with 6 . 11 % . there was no significant loss in ash and nitrogen free extract ( nfe ) , during the study period . it is concluded that it is best to consume fresh fish as protein deterioration occurred in all the preservation techniques employed in this study .\ngonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria .\ngonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria . | open access journals\nin this study , the sex ratio of 1 : 1 . 35 in favour of females is similar to that reported for synodontis schall in asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] . however , imevbore observed almost equal proportion of male and female for s . gambiensis ( i : i ) , hemisyonodontis membraceous ( i : i ) , s . budgetti ( 1 : 050 ) and s . violaceous ( 1 : 077 ) from river niger [ 17 ] . according to araoye , a higher female population can reduce competition among males for courtship activities with the females during the season of reproduction [ 10 ] .\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\nolatunde aa . some aspects of the biology of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1801 ) in zaria . j aquatic sci . 1989 ; 4 : 49 - 54 .\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nwilloughby ng . the buoyancy and orientation of the upside - down catfishes of the genus synodontis ( pisces : siluroidei ) . j zool . 1976 ; 80 : 291 - 314 .\naraoye pa , jeje cy . the diet of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1901 ) in asa dam , ilorin . nigerian j sci . 1999 ; 33 : 67 - 76 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nmost medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nsynodontis is a common mochokid genus in many lakes and rivers in tropical africa [ 1 ] . in nigeria , there are about 18 species and these are of great commercial importance [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] .\naraoye pa . morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) in asa lake ilorin , nigeria . j aquatic sci . 2001 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .\nsynodontis schall is widely distributed and abundant in the jamieson river , a tributary of the coastal benin river in the niger - delta . they are tasty , much cherished by the local riverine inhabitants and supports a thriving fisheries .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nhalim aia , guma ' a sa . some aspects of the reproductive biology of synodontis schall ( bloch - schneider , 1801 ) from the white nile near khartoum . hydrobiologia . 1989 ; 179 ( 3 ) : 243 - 251 .\nsadiku soe , olademeji aa . relationship of proximate composition of lates niloticus ( l ) synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider ) and sarotherodon . galilaeus . nigerian j fisheres . 1991 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 244 .\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nadedeji ra , araoye pa . study and characterization in the growth of body parts of synodontis schal ( pisces ; mochokidae ) from asa dam ilorin , nigeria . nigerian j fisheres . 2006 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 214 .\noni sk . , olayemi jy , adegboye jo . comparative physiology of three ecologically distinct fresh water fishes , alestes nurse : reppell , synodontis schall bloch and schneider and tilapia zilli : gervais . j fish biol . 1983 ; 22 : 105 - 109 .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water\u2019s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .\nbased largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized \u2018species flocks\u2019 of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this \u2018flock\u2019 is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .\nthe testicular and ovarian cycle of synodontis schall in this investigation can be divided into five stages - immature , recovery , maturing , ripe and spawning . all the gonad stages showed visible morphological and histological changes during development . these changes , which occurred during the maturation processes , conformed to the general pattern of development of the gonads in most teleosts [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\nin addition to being numerous and widespread on the african continent , the mochokidae are actually quite diverse in terms of morphology . mochokids are small to medium sized catfishes , ranging from less than 40 mm sl as an adult in certain species of chiloglanis and microsynodontis , up to a reported 800 mm sl in some species of synodontis . most of the larger species are in the genus synodontis ; still , the majority of those are less than 300 mm sl . the morphology of mochokids is notably diverse aside from size as well ; the size and shape of the mouth and the shape of the body are notable examples . most mochokids exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , with papillose lips and , more often than not , branched mandibular barbels ( e . g . , most synodontis ) . species exhibiting this type of mouth are quite often deep bodied and somewhat triangular in lateral view , their greatest depth being at the base of the dorsal spine . yet others with this same type of mouth tend to be more cylindrical along their entire length ( microsynodontis and few synodontis ) . species of chiloglanis , atopodontus , atopochilus and euchilichthys exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , but it is formed as a sucker - like oral disc , wherein the lower lip is greatly expanded and incorporates the mandibular barbels . here , the body shape tends to be quite cylindrical or depressed and the head is quite often greatly depressed . some mochokids do not possess a ventrally directed mouth . mochokiella paynei , acanthocleithron chapini and members of the genus mochokus have mouths that are only slightly subterminal ; while the mandibular barbels are still branched , the lips are not nearly as fleshy . here , again , the body shape tends to be relatively cylindrical .\nfigure 2 : photomicrographs showing changes in testes of synodontis schall ( a & b ) transverse section of the immature and maturing testes showing spermatogonia ( sp ) and clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes ( ps & ss ) with a few spermatids ( s ) . ( c & d ) ripe and spawning testes showing active spermatogenesis . sperm ducts distended with spermatozoa ( sz ) . mag . x400 in a , b , d & d .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\nresults from this investigation , showed that fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight logarithmic relationships were more highly correlated and significant than the fecundity - total length relationship . similar observation was reported by araoye for s . schall [ 10 ] , but halim and guma ' a noted a high correlation between fecundity and body length for same species from the white nile near khartoum [ 9 ] . the positive correlation between fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight may be attributed to the high fecundity characteristic of members of the genus synodontis [ 10 ] .\nthe fecundity of 81 ripe females of synodontis schall from jamieson river ranged from 1530 - 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the total lengths of these ripe specimens range from 19 . 40cm to 26 . 20cm with body weights of 73 . 62gm to 252 . 15gm and ovary weights of 2 . 30gm to 28 . 41gm . maximum fecundity was recorded from a fish measuring 21 . 70gm in total length and 138 . 69gm in body weight and the minimum , from a fish measuring 24 . 80gm in total length and 131 . 71gm in body weight .\nfigure 3 : photomicrographs showing changes in the ovary of synodontis schall . ( a & b ) transverse section of immature and recovery ovaries showing oogonia ( o ) ( c ) the maturing ovary with primary vitellogenic oocyte ( pvo ) , showing increase in size and accumulation of yolk granules ( yg ) droplets . ( d ) the ripe ovary with secondary vitellogenic oocytes ( svo ) and post - vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) . ( e ) the spawning ovary with hyaline post vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) ready for spawning . mag x100 in a , d & e ; x160 in b and x200 in c .\nmonthly samples of synodontis schall were collected from four locations in the river from october 2010 and october 2011 . the fish samples were obtained from hired fishermen who carried out fishing between 0730 - 1200h during the day and 0200 - 0400h in the night . the principal gears employed in all the sampling zones were cast nets ( 35 - 55 mm stretched mesh size ) and gill nets ( 20 - 70 mm stretched mesh size ) . fish samples caught were transported in an ice box from the fishing site to the laboratory . routine measurements of length ( standard and total ) were taken to the nearest 0 . 1 cm and specimens were weighed to the nearest 0 . 1 g .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . a nondescript but fairly common import .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\nin the juvenile stage , the ovary consists of very small spherical oogonia and a few primary oocytes , constituting the first growth phase or previtellogenesis . the recovery and maturing stages constitute the second growth phase or vitellogenesis ; which is characterised by rapid growth . during this period oocytes increase rapidly in size due to accumulation of yolk materials in the oocytes cytoplasm . next is the ripe and spawning stages which consist mainly of secondary vitellogenic and post - vitellogenic oocytes . this is the period of oocyte maturation , when oocytes had accumulated enough yolk , become matured and ripe and ready for ovulation and spawning . similar observations were reported for synodontis schall from asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] , african lungfish ( protopterus annectens ) from river niger [ 21 ] and tilapia mariae and chromidotilapia guentheri from jamieson river [ 22 , 23 ] . however , araoye , who worked on same species as in the present study , only examined the morphological features of the gonads [ 10 ] . the use of histological descriptions is important in clearly separating the different maturity stages and enables one to access correctly the level of reproductive activity ( fertility ) of a measured fish specimen .\nabsolute fecundity of s . schall ranged from 1530 to 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the estimate of fecundity in the present study was much lower than the estimates reported for same species ( 10 , 000 - 90 , 000 eggs ) [ 9 ] and ( 7910 to 64 , 450 eggs ) [ 10 ] . although , the ovary weights of the specimens ( 6 . 30 - 43 . 75g ) from asa lake were observed to be larger in size than those of the present study ( 2 . 30 - 28 . 41gm ) . however , similar fecundity estimates were reported for s . batensoda ( 6850 - 20 , 400 eggs ) and s . nigrita ( 952 - 11 , 400 eggs ) from lake kainji [ 26 ] . the change in fecundity estimation could be due to different environmental conditions in which these different populations live . in general , compared to most freshwater fishes , willoughby , noted that members of - the genus synodontis have always exhibited high fecundity and this can be attributed to the small size of their eggs [ 26 ] . according to olatunde , high fecundity is an advantage because of the continued existence of fish which depends on the number of eggs hatched and their survival to adult stage [ 4 ] .\n400mm or 15 . 7\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .\nafrica : niger and ou\u00e9m\u00e9 rivers , nokoue lake . also known from the b\u00e9nou\u00e9 .\nsinking catfish pellets are taken , frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp are eagerly devoured , will also take algae wafers and most other commercially prepared foods .\na sandy substrate is best but a smooth rounded gravel will suffice . prefers wood to stone . must have its own hideaway in the form of a cave or pipe .\nmore suited to the larger community . as with many other catfish species it will eat what it can fit into its mouth so no small tetras .\ndoes well with larger barbs ( such as tinfoil and lemon barbs ) . will tolerate other catfish so long as they are no competition . a good fish for the larger cichlid aquarium .\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa v . 2 - pp403 - fig . 305\n( 1 ) synodont _ fan , ( 2 ) mrfishydude , ( 3 ) arapaimag , ( 4 ) mcjlance , ( 5 ) n0body of the goat , who also notes :\nvery stocky ~ 15cm sl catfish , very outgoing and diurnal for a syno ,\ntroy\nis often one of the first to greet me when looking into the 6 - foot african tank .\n. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 .\nwisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 45\u009670 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p . friel at and thomas r . vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nentsua - mensah , m . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\nthis species is found in the niger basin , including the benue . the specimens reported from the ou\u00e9m\u00e9 by poll ( 1971 ) belong to s . melanopterus .\nthis is a benthopelagic species of 39 . 7 cm tl . recorded size at maturity is 20 . 1 cm tl for female and 22 . 4 cm tl for male in kainji lake in nigeria .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 2 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 6 - 20 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 27\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10\u00b0n - 4\u00b0n\nafrica : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 ) . report from the ou\u00e9m\u00e9 ( benin ) ( ref . 3202 ) refers to misidentified s . melanopterus specimens ( see dvd version of ref . 57223 ) . report from the chari - logone ( chad basin ) in central african republic ( see map in ref . 57223 ) questionable .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 20 - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; anal spines : 0 . diagnosis : gill slits not extending ventrally beyond pectoral - fin insertions ; maxillary barbels distinctly fringed , longer than head , unbranched and lacking tubercles , but with a broad , long and dark basal membrane ; outer mandibular barbels with few simple , short ramifications , inner mandibular barbels with tuberculate , subdivided branches ; mandibular teeth moderately developed , numbering 45 - 64 ( 64 in the holotype ) ; denticulations on pectoral - fin spines weaker on outer than on inner margin ; dorsal - fin spine smooth anteriorly ; first ray of dorsal and pectoral fins , as well as both caudal - fin lobes extended into filaments ; humeral process pointed , granulose , its ventral margin keeled and bearing 3 backward - pointing spines ( sometimes only 1 or 2 in young individuals ) ; adipose fin normally developed and distinctly separated from rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 57223 ) . coloration : ground colour uniformly greenish - yellow ; series of black spots sometimes present on fins in young individuals ( ref . 57223 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\npaugy , d . and t . r . roberts , 2003 . mochokidae . p . 195 - 268 in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux douce et saum\u00e2tres de l ' afrique de l ' ouest , tome 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique , museum national d ' histoire naturalle , paris , france and institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france . 815 p . ( ref . 57223 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00259 - 0 . 01467 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\nurltoken offers up - to - date information and background reports about aquaristics , terraristics , vivaristics .\nas known from world ' s famous aqualog and terralog reference books , our goal is to offer a photo and information about the care and breeding of every tropical fish . in close co - operation with the highly renown wholesaler aquarium glaser , we always extend and update our ornamental fish lexicon with new varietys , rarities und imports .\nour blog features many exciting news ; natural habitats as well as respective biotope tanks and aquarium plants will be presented . in additon , we cover topics for experts such as biology , technology and how to breed all kind of species .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .\nafrica : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nboulenger , george a . 1911 . catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . , london . vol . 2 : i - xii , 1 - 529 .\nanonymous ( 1998 ) fisheries statistical bulletin , kainji lake , northern nigeria , 1997 . : nigerian - german kainji lake fisheries promotion project technical report series 9 . 29pp .\nbaensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1995 ) aquarien atlas . band 4 . : mergus verlag gmbh , verlag f\u00fcr natur - und heimtierkunde , melle , germany . 864 p .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ngosse , j . - p . ( 1986 ) mochokidae . : p . 105 - 152 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 .\nolaosebikan , b . d . and a . raji ( 1998 ) field guide to nigerian freshwater fishes . : federal college of freshwater fisheries technology , new bussa , nigeria . 106 p .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartment of animal and environmental biology faculty of life sciences , university of benin , benin city , nigeria .\nbiological studies of s . schall have been reported [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] . however , only few reports exist on the aspects of its reproduction . the morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of s . schall from asa lake , ilorin nigeria has been studied [ 9 , 10 ] . reproductive biology is an important branch of fishery science and it is useful in fish culture and management . the ultimate aim of fisheries management is to attain sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources and this requires a proper understanding of the population dynamics of the fish stock . reproductive biology is one of the major factors influencing the dynamics of a given population .\nthe present study was therefore undertaken with a view to contributing to the reproductive biology of s . schall in nigeria , with emphasis on the histology of its gonads which clearly assist in separating the different stages of gonadal development .\nthe study was carried out in the jamieson river ( 5\u00b041\u2019 - 5\u00b058\u2019e ; 5\u00b054\u2019 - 6\u00b008\u2019n ) , one of the two confluent tributaries of benin river ( fig . 1 ) . it takes its origin from ugboko - niro and flows in a south - westerly direction , 70 km , to sapele , where it empties into the benin river , which discharges into the atlantic ocean at the bight of benin .\nfigure 1 : map of study area ( a ) south - west coastal zone of nigeria showing the location of river jamieson ( b ) the course of river jamieson showing the sampling zones .\njamieson river lies in an area with a tropical rainforest climate . two main seasons prevail ; the wet ( may to october ) and dry season from november to april the following year . the river flows all year round with the highest level and discharges during the flood period ( july - november ) . the river is subjected to tidal inundation from the benin river at the sapele - sakponba stretch . the fringing plants consists mainly of cyrtosperma senegalense ( schott ) egnl . , lonchocarpus griffonianus dunn , anthocleista vogelii planch , pandanus candelabrum p . beauv and crinum jagus thomps .\nthe fish samples were dissected , sexed and the state of the gonads were recorded [ 11 ] . ovaries and testes were detached and weighed to the nearest 0 . 01g . the data on the body and gonad weights were used to compute the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) [ 12 ] .\nimmature ovaries and all stages of testes were fixed in bouin\u2019s fluid . for specimens with maturing to mature ovaries , one of the ovaries was fixed in bouin\u2019s fluid and the other in gilson\u2019s fluid . all gonads fixed in bouin\u2019s fluid were later processed , embedded in paraffin , sectioned at 4 - 6\u03bcm , stained with haematoxylin and eosin and used for histological evaluation [ 13 ] .\novaries preserved in gilson\u2019s fluid , had their eggs separated from the ovarian tissues by frequent vigorous agitation of the specimen bottles after a week . the eggs were then cleaned thoroughly by rinsing with the fixative three to four times and the number of eggs in each pair of ovaries was determined by direct enumeration . size frequency distribution of intraovarian oocytes was determined by measuring the diameter of one hundred oocytes taken at random from anterior , middle and posterior region of five ripe female specimens [ 14 ] . the egg diameters were measured with a calibrated micrometer mounted in the eye - piece of a binocular microscope [ 15 ] ."]}
{"id": 2211, "summary": [{"text": "venefica procera is an eel in the family nettastomatidae ( duckbill/witch eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by george brown goode and tarleton hoffman bean in 1883 , originally under the genus nettastoma .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a marine , deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the western central atlantic ocean , including north carolina , usa , suriname , the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 326 to 2,304 metres ( 1,070 to 7,559 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "males can reach a maximum total length of 109 centimetres ( 43 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "venefica procera", "paragraphs": ["latin , vena = vein + latin , fica , facere = to make ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 326 - 2304 m ( ref . 37039 ) . deep - water\nwestern central atlantic : north carolina , usa to suriname , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 109 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37039 )\nvertebrae : 200 - 205 . other characteristics : color brown to gray , with vertical fins edged in black and stomach and intestine black . lateral line to anus number 60 - 64 .\nmceachran , j . d . and j . d . fechhelm , 1998 . fishes of the gulf of mexico . volume 1 : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . university of texas press , austin . 1112p . ( ref . 37039 )\n) : 4 . 6 - 10 . 7 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 217 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00060 ( 0 . 00023 - 0 . 00156 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tmax > 10 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed . , 1989 : orders anguilliformes and saccopharyngiformes . fishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1 . xvii + 1 - 656 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k ( 2001 ) \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo\u010dich\u016f v . ryby a rybovit\u00ed obratlovci ( pisces ) ii . , nozdrat\u00ed ( sarcopterygii ) , paprskoploutv\u00ed ( actinopterygii ) [ chrupav\u010dit\u00ed ( chondrostei ) , kostnat\u00ed ( neopterygii ) : kostl\u00edni ( semionotiformes ) - bezostn\u00ed ( clupeiformes ) ] . : n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd\u011ble\u00ed ) , praha .\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nmceachran , j . d . and j . d . fechhelm ( 1998 ) fishes of the gulf of mexico . volume 1 : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . : university of texas press , austin . 1112p .\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith , 2003 : an annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the new england region , with new area records . northeastern naturalist , vol . 10 , no . 2 . 159 - 248 .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . ."]}
{"id": 2233, "summary": [{"text": "olivella semistriata is a species of small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olivellidae , the dwarf olives .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "with the very similar olivella columellaris it forms the subgenus pachyoliva .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "both species are suspension feeders .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they use unique appendages of the propodium ( front part of the foot ) to deploy mucus nets which capture suspended particles from the backwash on sandy beaches of the tropical eastern pacific .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "olivella semistriata is a swash-surfer ; the snails use their expanded foot as an underwater sail to follow the tidal movement of the backwash zone in which they feed . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "olivella semistriata", "paragraphs": ["olividae \u00bb olivella semistriata , id : 566900 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nolivella semistriata ; ypm iz 000318 . gp ; north america ; pacific ocean ; mexico ; sinaloa state ; mazatlan\nkatja schulz selected\nolivella ( gastropod )\nto show in overview on\nolivella\n.\nthe grey , coiled seashell of olivella semistriata with the aperture ( shell opening ) facing up . photograph taken 2002 or earlier .\ne approach . with abundance values of up to 96257 ind . / m beach length , olivella semistriata seems to be an extremely abundant species for sandy beaches .\ndefensive behaviour in the sandy beach gastropod olivella semistriata ( olivellidae , caenogastropoda ) : variability , ecological context , and efficiency in predator - prey interactions winfried s . peters\nolivella biplicata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) - purple dwarf olive\nworms - world register of marine species - olivella columellaris ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )\nolivella undatella ; ypm iz 001376 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\nolivella volutella ; ypm iz 001561 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\nadults in the olivella species are usually quite small , hence the genus has the common name\ndwarf olive\n. species of oliva are usually larger , but there are exceptions .\nthe shell of olivella usually has a keel - like twist at the anterior end of the columella . the wall above it may be concave or have deep furrows . the inner lip can sometimes show a deep callus , and in many cases this extends over the parietal wall to the end of the aperture . this callus formation may extend to the spire but leave the suture open . most species of olivella have a thin , chitinous operculum , but this operculum is lacking in olivella nivea , as is also the case in species of oliva .\ntroost , a . i . ; rupert , s . d . ; cyrus , a . z . ; paladino , f . v . ; dattilo , b . f . ; peters , w . s . ( 2012 ) . what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o . semistriata ( olivellidae , gastropoda ) , two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems ? . biota neotropica . 12 ( 2 ) : 101 - 113 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nworms ( 2010 ) . olivella swainson , 1831 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 02\ngray , j . e . ( 1839 ) . molluscous animals and their shells . pp . 103 - 155 , pls 33 - 34 [ in ] the zoology of capt . beechey ' s voyage , compiled from the collections on notes made by captain beechey , the officers and naturalist of the expedition during a voyage to the pacific and behring ' s straits in his majesty ' s ship blossom , under the command of captain f . w . beechey in the years 1825 , 26 , 27 and 28 . london pp . xii + 186 + 44 pl . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 130 , plate 36 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncolumbella major ; ypm iz 005324 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\ngastropoda ; ypm iz 002863 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nf + + + , very nice specimen found by p . williams ( labeled as o . bewleyi )\nf + + + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\nf + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\ngem , very nice form - we only have had two specimen until today - the name may not be correct , but certainly is a form or even full species , dark first whorls and few patterns . from berry island\nf + + , nice shinny specimen , collected in st . petersburg in 1982 ! ex - coll . bunnie cook\nf + + + , very nice patterns ! found by p . williams in 1999\nf + + + , elongated and cylindric specimen ! found by p . williams\nf + + , unusual light colored shell found by p . williams off cairns !\ngem , beautiful species ! usually sold as polpasta , but this is easily identified by the shape and dark mark inside the siphon . rare mexican specimen found by p . williams !\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : olivier - pres de pont du gard - dsc 0032w . jpg\nas trusted on the\nolea europaea l . ( 1753 )\npage .\nkatja schulz set\nolives\nas an exemplar on\nolea europaea l .\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\nolea europaea l .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhall : kotlownia ( address : warszawska str . 24 , building number : 10 - 06 )\npresence and persistence of the neurotoxin domoic acid in cephalopod brains vanessa m . lopes\nempty bivalve shells : importance of heterogeneity and the role of invasive species in riverine systems martina i . ilarri\nwhat explains shell size variation in snails of recent and extinct long - lived lakes ? thomas a . neubauer\ncomparative functional responses to explain the success of invasive species \u2013 a study of sympatric zebra and quagga mussels justin s . kemp\nthe species concept for freshwater mollusca : from bourguignat to the present day maxim v . vinarski\nin the speciation race , can molecules lag behind ? looking into morphological and anatomical patterns in oxychilus ( drouetia ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) from the a\u00e7ores ant\u00f3nio m . de frias martins\neffect of infection by margaritifera margaritifera on growth of host fish m . motiur r . chowdhury\nmolecular phylogeny and biogeography of melanopsidae ( caenogastropoda : cerithioidea ) marco t . neiber\nmultilocus phylogeny of the land snail family geomitridae ( boettger , 1909 ) luis j . chueca\na parapatric ontact zone between sibling species of deroceras john m . c . hutchinson\na spatially explicit approach to prioritize protection areas using endangered freshwater mussels andreas h . dobler\nkeynote : who , where , what and why : some basic questions in land mollusc diversity robert a . d . cameron\nnon - marine snails of sint eustatius ( lesser antilles ) , surprisingly unknown and diverse a . j . ( ton ) de winter\nco - occurrence and hybridisation of three morphotypes of arion rufus and a . ater in eastern saxony , germany heike reise\nthe first records of androgenic hybrid corbicula lineages in extreme north of russia yulia v . bespalaya\n- an overview of recent studies of lymnaeid snails from geothermal habitats of northern palearctic . olga aksenova\n- species boundaries , geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the western palaeartic freshwater mussels unio ( bivalvia , unionidae ) . rafael araujo\n- chromosome numbers of families of georgian terrestrial molluscs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . nana bakhtadze , nino chakvetadze\n- one species or two ? testing gene flow between the subspecies of trochulus oreinos ( gastropoda : pulmonata : hygromiidae ) . sonja bamberger\n- cephalopods preyed upon by the loggerhead turtle , caretta caretta , in the mediterranean . giambattista bello\n- current knowledge and problems in metafruticicola ( gastropoda , hygromiidae ) . lefteris bitzilekis\n- molecular phylogeny of the land snail subfamily leptaxinae ( gastropoda : helicoidea : hygromiidae ) . amaia caro\n- the dispersion of corbicula fluminea ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( mollusca : corbiculidae ) in the upper oder river ( southern poland ) . klaudia cebulska\n- the possibility to use invasive species in biological early warning systems . joanna chmist\n- the influence of human disturbances on the appearance of alien species in a small lowland river . cieplok a .\n- demographic analyses and population models of the land snail iberus gualtieranus ( gastropoda : helicidae ) in southern iberian peninsula . luis j . chueca\n- invasive chinese pond mussel sinanodonta woodiana impacts physiology and induce cross - resistance of host fish . karel douda\n- a mollusc in the tube instead of the shell : the first investigation of cladobranch sea slug associated with annelids . irina ekimova\n- parasitism of the exotic mudsnail potamopyrgus antipodarum ( gray , 1843 ) ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : tateidae ) in the mont - saint - michel bay ( france ) . claudia g\u00e9rard\n- conservation and management action plan for the recovery and expansion of vertigo angustior and v . moulinsiana species in banyoles lake system ( ne - iberian peninsula ) . benjam\u00edn g\u00f3mez - moliner\n- alien species in the mollusc communities in selected abiotic types of rivers with different degrees of hydromorphological transformation ( upper silesia and adjacent areas , southern poland ) . dariusz halabowski\n- mofa \u2013 the newly founded society for molluscan research in austria . elisabeth haring\n- mollusc bycatch from the brazilian bottom trawling industrial fishery in the amazonian continental shelf . marko herrmann\n- a proposed method for standardization of growth estimations of tropical and subtropical molluscs . marko herrmann\n- intraspecific diversity in the hyper - diverse rock - dwelling land snail montenegrina . katharina jaksch - mason\n- phylogeny of widespread indo - tropical genera highlights the ancient connections between the largest river basins of indochina . ekaterina konopleva\n- on the glacial refugia of czech members of the family helicidae . ond\u0159ej kor\u00e1bek\n- establishment of the alien species dreissena polymorpha pallas , 1771 in a man - made reservoir undergoing restoration ( p\u0142awniowice reservoir , southern poland ) . mariola krodkiewska\n- long - term study on the occurrence of invasive and alien mollusc species in the mining subsidence reservoirs of industrial areas impacted by coal mine output ( upper silesia , southern poland ) . iga lewin\n- three protected species of vertigo in ireland \u2013 losses , gains and the status quo in recent years . maria p . long\n- cessation of grazing - the effects on land snail communities in farmed grassland , scrub and woodland habitats in the burren region in the west of ireland . maria p . long\n- continuous reproduction of sinanodonta woodiana ( lea , 1824 ) females : an invasive mussel species in a female - biased population . anna maria \u0142ab\u0119cka\n- land snails of rhodes , symi and chalki islands ( se aegean ) . leonidas maroulis\n- potamopyrgus antipodarum ( gray , 1843 ) \u2013 protective shield against swimmers\u2019 itch . marszewska anna\n- effects of climatic , geographic and evolutionary variables on the global species richness distribution of the family hydrobiidae s . str . stimpson , 1865 ( caenogastropoda ) . jonathan miller\n- taxonomy and distribution of the molluscan genus boreocingula in the arctic and subarctic waters ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) . ivan o . nekhaev\n- culture methods of margaritifera margaritifera ( l . , 1758 ) : comparison between plastic boxes , aquariums and buddensiek\u00b4s cages . ondina paz\n- shell thickening leading to apical occlusion in gastropods and its implications for paleoclimatology and the interpretion of the fossil record of gastropod diversity . winfried s . peters\n- selected food products , as the attractants for the invasive slugs arion vulgaris and limax maximus \u2013 field and laboratory study . bartosz piechowicz\n- different expression pattern of genes encoding vdac in terrestrial and freshwater gastropods . joanna romana pie\u0144kowska\n- two new species of aldisa ( gastropoda , nudibranchia ) from southern mozambique . marta pola\n- two distinct forms of the hairy snail trochulus hispidus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) show great phenotypic plasticity and no barriers in reproduction . ma\u0142gorzata pro\u0107k\u00f3w\n- freshwater mollusk communities from the oligocene lake nanning ( guangxi , southern china ) : insights into the evolution of an endemic lake fauna . simon schneider\n- issues concerning the monitoring and conservation status assessment of freshwater mollusk species in romania : an overview . ioan s\u00eerbu\n- the umbonal musculature of the middle triassic putative unionids from poland . aleksandra skawina\n- the female and male complete mitochondrial genomes of the freshwater mussel unio tumidus ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . marianna soroka\n- the impact of salinity on the biodiversity of mollusk communities in anthropogenic water bodies in a coal mining region ( upper silesia , southern poland ) . agnieszka sowa\n- patterns in the species richness and composition of the snail assemblages in acidic , neutral and alkaline forest ponds . aneta spyra\n- sphaerium nitidum clessin in westerlund , 1876 ( bivalvia , sphaeriidae ) : genetic characterization and micromorphology with notes on associated digeneans . gra\u017eina stanevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117\n- host specificity in the bivalvia - trematoda system : analyses based on rdna sequences and phylogeny of european flukes representing gorgoderidae , bucephalidae and allocreadiidae . virmantas stun\u017e\u0117nas\n- anomalodesmatan bivalves from the jurassic of poland\u2015an ancient group in its prime . przemys\u0142aw sztajner\n- pupilla muscorum densegyrata lo\u017eek , 1954 \u2013 a missing link in pupilla history . jana \u0161kodov\u00e1\n- eu life ip project freshabit : aiming to prevent extinction of the two main remaining margaritifera margaritifera populations of southern finland . jouni taskinen\n- current distribution of sinanodonta woodiana ( lea 1834 ) in poland . urba\u0144ska maria\n- testing the enemy release hypothesis on polish and italian populations of mussels . maria urbanska\n- impact of non - indigenous macrobenthic species on structural and functional diversity in the vistula lagoon ( southern baltic sea ) . jan warzocha\n- zebra mussel versus quagga : changes in population structure of two non - indigenous dreissenids in the szczecin lagoon ( river odra estuary , southern baltic sea ) . brygida wawrzyniak - wydrowska\n- genetic analysis of deroceras reticulatum ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) in poland based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna . kamila s . zaj\u0105c\ntechnologies , inc . with subcontractors , droycon bioconcepts , inc . , university of west florida , university of\nandrew hall , a research associate with the past foundation , columbus , ohio .\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\nfull text of\nolividae and olivellidae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda ) . a chronologic catalogue of literature , taxa and type figures , 1681 to present . version 2 . february 24 , 2017\nfull text of\nolividae and olivellidae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda ) . a chronologic catalogue of literature , taxa and type figures , 1681 to present . version 2 . february 24 , 2017\nsowerby i , g . b . ( 1825 ) . a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late earl of tankerville . london , privately published . vii + 92 + xxxiv pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xxxiv [ details ]\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 14 )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\neditors : cristiano v . m . ara\u00fajo and candida helena shinn ( cfe , university of coimbra , portugal ; icman - csic , spain , dci - ecuactox , uleam , ecuador , and others )\nlatin america is one of the most diverse but also vulnerable regions in the world that is under continuous anthropogenic pressure due to increasing urban , industrial and agricultural developments . although there are many research groups studying the impacts caused by those pressures , the results and conclusions obtained by many of them are largely unknown because their studies are mostly published at the local or regional scale .\npresents 34 chapters authored by 111 researchers from 12 latin american countries ( argentina , brazil , chile , colombia , costa rica , cuba , ecuador , mexico , panama , peru , uruguay , and venezuela ) and from 6 non - latin american countries ( austria , belgium , italy , portugal , spain , and usa ) . ( imprint : nova )\nwe\u2019ve partnered with copyright clearance center to make it easy for you to request permissions to reuse nova content . for more information , click here or click the\nget permission\nbutton below to link directly to this book on copyright clearance center ' s website ."]}
{"id": 2241, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa cartwrightana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from manitoba , maine and ohio . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "phtheochroa cartwrightana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa cartwrightana ( kearfott , 1907 ) was number 3798 in the 1983 hodges checklist and includes as a synonym 3820 phtheochroa pecosana kearfott , 1907 , jour . lepid . soc . 68 ( 4 ) : 282 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmetzler , e . h . & j . w . brown , 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nmichigan state university adjunct curator of lepidoptera , research collaborator u . s . national museum of natural history , p\nalamogordo , nm 88311 - 0045 u . s . a . , e - mail : metzlere @ msu . edu\nsystematic entomology laboratory , usda , u . s . national museum of natural history\nmexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classi\ufb01cation since the end of 1978 . w\nthe fauna , i . e . , this action seemed a better alternative to\ndoptera ) of north america . ph . d . thesis , university of min -\nnorth america ( tortricidae ) . j . lepid . soc . 56 : 216 - 233 .\nthe remarkable endemism of moths in white sands national monument , otero co . new mexico , us\na study of moths in white sands national monument along a transect 2 . 4 km and 300 m documented over 650 described species of moths in 9 years . approximately 40 undescribed species , nearly all of w\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe description of platphalonia magdalenae ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nect . . .\nplatphalonia razowski , 2011 ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) was proposed for saphenista mystica razowski & becker , 1983 ( type species ) and several species previously assigned to platphalonidia razowski , 1985 . however , with the exception of the type species , none of the other purported congeners have been listed . we formally transfer 16 species to platplialonia , resulting in the . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new genus of pine - feeding cochylina from the western united states and northern mexico ( lepidopter . . .\neupinivora , new genus , is described and illustrated from the montane regions of western united states ( nevada , utah , wyoming , colorado , arizona , new mexico , and texas ) and mexico ( nuevo le\u00f3n , durango , and estado de mexico ) . as presently defined , the genus includes seven species : e . ponderosae , n . sp . ( usa : arizona ) ( type species ) ; e angulicosta , n . sp . ( mexico : nuevo le\u00f3n ) ; e . albolineana , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 11 . a new species of . . .\nthe u . s . national park service initiated a 10 - year study of the lepidoptera at white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico in late 2006 . arotrura landryorum sp . n . , described here , was discovered in 2007 , during the first year of the study . the male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated .\na new generic assignment for tortrix baboquavariana kearfott , 1907 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with c . . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2252, "summary": [{"text": "hoplojana indecisa is a moth in the family eupterotidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by aurivillius in 1901 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in malawi and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "hoplojana indecisa", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ equatorial guinea ] , spanish guinea , nkolentangan ; al\u00e9n , benitogebiet , 16\u201331 . x . 1906 , leg . g . tessmann .\nstrand e . 1912n . \u00fcber lepidoptera aus mkatta und morogoro in deutsch ost - afrika , nebst beitr\u00e4gen zur kenntnis afrikanischer taragama - arten . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 78 ( a ) ( 1 ) : 67\u201392 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about hoplophobe ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hoplophobe ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nimage from page 280 of\nbihang till kongl . svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar\n( 1901 - 1902 )\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe eupterotidae are a mostly old world family of moths , the majority of species of which are nocturnal though a small number are day - flying .\n, cup vestigial or absent , two anal veins . larva with dense secondary setae , often branched , dorsal verrucae of abdominal segment 1 simialr to those of 2 - 8 , crochets biordinal , shorter series with subapical spur or dentate . pupa in flimsy cocoon of silk mixed with larval hairs .\n[ no08a ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008a . an annotated catalogue of the genera of eupterotidae ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .\n[ no08b ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008b . errata et addenda .\n[ ns07 ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & w . speidel . 2007 . on the authorships of the lepidoptera atlas of the\nreise der novara\n, with a list of the taxa of bombycoidea [ s . l . ] therein described ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .\n, 2nd ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 817 - 915 . melbourne university press .\n( t . p . lucas ) , with a revised classification of the family eupterotidae ( lepidoptera ) .\ni ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .\nthe information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources . apart from the time taken to bring it all together , very little of it represents my own work . all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners , and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls . if you re - use anything taken from this site , please attribute it to the original owner . if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage , please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .\nla \u0109i - suba teksto estas a\u016dtomata traduko de la artikolo list of moths of kenya article en la angla vikipedio , farita per la sistemo gramtrans on 2014 - 11 - 02 18 : 47 : 53 . eventualaj \u015dan\u011doj en la angla originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj . se vi volas enigi tiun artikolon en la originalan esperanto - vikipedion , vi povas uzi nian specialan redakt - interfacon . rigardu la artikolon pri wikitrans por trovi klarigojn pri kiel fari tion . anka\u016d ekzistas speciala vortaro - interfaco por proponi a\u016d kontroli terminojn .\nmoths of kenya ( tineoj de kenjo ) reprezentu proksimume 2 , 100 konatajn tineospeciojn . la tineoj ( plejparte noktaj ) kaj papilioj ( plejparte tagnokt ) kune inventas la taksonomian ordon lepidoptera .\ntiu teksto estas havebla sub la creative commons atribute - sharealike - licenco ; kromaj kondi\u0109oj povas validi . vidu kondi\u0109oj de uzo por detaloj . wikipedia\u00ae estas registrita varmarko de la wikimedia fonduso , inc . , ne - profita organiza\u0135o . link removal"]}
{"id": 2257, "summary": [{"text": "inga refuga is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1916 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in french guiana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , slightly sprinkled with pale greyish-ochreous except towards the costa anteriorly , the terminal edge pale greyish-ochreous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is small and black and there is a strongly curved series of minute scattered black specks from beneath the costa at three-fourth to above the dorsum at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "inga refuga", "paragraphs": ["inga refuga is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by meyrick in 1916 . [ 1 ] it is found in french guiana . [ 2 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 26 may 2018 , at 00 : 40 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nfaceted search & find service v1 . 17 _ git7 as of may 29 2018"]}
{"id": 2263, "summary": [{"text": "demagogus larvatus is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus demagogus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by thomson in 1868 , and is found in kenya and ethiopia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "demagogus larvatus", "paragraphs": ["you selected demagogus larvatus donaldsoni breuning , 1935 . this is a synonym for :\nlamiinae sternotomini demagogus larvatus thomson , 1868 var . maculatus breuning , female distribution : kenya , ethiopia\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce344 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce4b0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 35001b8a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ntavakilian g . & chevillotte h . ( 2018 ) . titan : cerambycidae database ( version apr 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 52782aa0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 cerambycidae of the world , 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : barsevskis a . et al . , ( editors ) 2018"]}
{"id": 2271, "summary": [{"text": "blepharipoda is a genus of mole crabs , containing the following species : blepharipoda doelloi schmitt , 1942 blepharipoda liberata shen , 1949 blepharipoda occidentalis randall , 1840 blepharipoda spinosa ( h. milne-edwards & lucas , 1841 )", "topic": 26}], "title": "blepharipoda", "paragraphs": ["burrowing abilities and swash behavior of three crabs , emerita analoga stimpson , blepharipoda occidentalis randall , and lepidopa californica efford . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nburrowing abilities and swash behavior of three crabs , emerita analoga stimpson , blepharipoda occidentalis randall , and lepidopa californica efford ( anomura , hippoidea ) , of exposed sandy beaches .\nrandall , j . w . ( 1840 ) . catalogue of the crustacea brought by thomas nutall and j . k . townsend , from the west coast of north america and the sandwich islands , with descriptions of such species as are apparently new , among which are included several species of different localities , previously existing in the collection of the academy . journal of the academy of natural sciences at philadelphia . 8 : 106 - 147 , plates 3 - 7 . [ details ]\n( of albunhippa h . milne edwards & lucas , 1841 ) milne edwards , h . & h . lucas . ( 1841 ) . description des crustac\u00e9s nouveaux ou peu connus conserv\u00e9s dans la collection du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle . archives du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris . 2 : 461 - 483 , pls . 24 - 28 . [ details ]\n( of abrote philippi , 1857 ) philippi , r . a . ( 1857 ) . abrote , ein neues geschlect der crustaceen , aus der familie der hippaceen . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 23 ( 1 ) : 124 - 129 , pl . 8 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nas planktonic zooea larvae , in nearshore shallow water ; as adults : on sandy bottoms .\nthere are five planktonic zoeal stages . in the zoeal stages the abdomen and telson are long and slender , the carapace is short and round with a long rostrum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj exp mar bio ecol . 2000 dec 20 ; 255 ( 2 ) : 229 - 245 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : m . j . rathbun . 1926 . the fossil stalk - eyed crustacea of the pacific slope of north america . smithsonian institution united states national museum\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v ."]}
{"id": 2279, "summary": [{"text": "dysschema hilarum is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a variable species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the ground colour of the hindwings is pale yellow to purple , ranging to nearly all brown in females . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dysschema hilarum", "paragraphs": ["= dysschema hilarum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58\ndysschema hilarum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57\ndysschema thetis , the northern giant flag moth , is a moth of the erebidae family .\nhave a fact about dysschema lucifer ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for dysschema lucifer ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list )\ndysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema pictum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema perplexum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema centenarium ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list )\n1 . dyss 2 . dyss - tv 3 . dyss tv 4 . dysschema 5 . dysschema flavopennis 6 . dysschema leda 7 . dysschema leucophaea 8 . dyssebacea 9 . dyssebacia 10 . dyssebacias 11 . dyssebeia 12 . dyssebroen 13 . dysselsdorp 14 . dyssemia 15 . dyssexia 16 . dyssexyamic 17 . dyssimia 18 . dyssocial behavior 19 . dyssocial personality disorder 20 . dyssodia 21 . dyssodia sp 22 . dyssodia tenuiloba 23 . dyssodias 24 . dyssomnia 25 . dyssomnias\n= dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 ; [ nhm card ]\n= dysschema eurocilia ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57\n= dysschema viuda ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema arema ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema dissimulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ]\n= dysschema magdala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ]\ndysschema minor becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , minatitl\u00e1n\ndysschema intermedium becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : guatemala , baja verapaz , purulha\ndysschema faustinoi laguerre & monzon , 2014 ; j . ins . biodiv . 2 ( 2 ) : 7 ; tl : guatemala , quetzaltenango , fuentes georginas\ndysschema innominatum becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo , campos do jord\u00e3o\ndysschema lygdamis ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema practidoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema thetis ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema boisduvallii ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 77 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 474\ndysschema moseroides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema semirufa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema talboti ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema anadema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema molesta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema postflava ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema fulgorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema daphne ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema bivittata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema leonina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema aorsa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema amphissa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema leptoptera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema flavimedia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema hypoxantha hypoxantha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 73 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema damon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema grassator ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema mosera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema brunnea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 467\ndysschema neda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema humeralis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema montezuma ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema unifascia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema constans ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema jansonis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema salome ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema buckleyi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema lunifera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema formosissima ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema larvata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema flavopennis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema cerialis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema rosina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema gaumeri ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema magdala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema marginalis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema zeladon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema lycaste ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema joiceyi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema palmeri ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema practides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema titan ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema imitata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema porioni ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema sacrifica ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema schadei ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema superior ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema luctuosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema fanatica ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema on ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema marginata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema terminata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 476\ndysschema rorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 476\ndysschema hypoxantha melini ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema tricolor romani ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema tricolor tricolor ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 74 - 75 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema ( pericopina ) ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 463\ndysschema eurocilia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 76 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema leucophaea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 15 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema forbesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema viuda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema arema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema fantasma ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema mariamne ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 78 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema subapicalis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema leda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2013 , zoosystema 35 ( 3 ) : 451 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\npericopis dissimulata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 155 ; tl : bogot\u00e1\npericopis moseroides hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 444 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo\npericopis semirufa druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo\n431x297 ( ~ 90kb ) female peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 21 . 4 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\n431x296 ( ~ 97kb ) male peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 14 . 4 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\npericopis melini bryk , 1953 ; arkiv . zool . ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 223 ; tl : peru , roque\npericopis thyridina butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 289 ; tl : ecuador\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\n431x333 ( ~ 95kb ) peru : oxapampa , pasco , 2050m , 6 . 11 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\nphalaena eurocilia cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 126 ; tl : surinam\npericopis irene druce , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 523 ; tl : paraguay\npericopis brunnea druce , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 8 ( 48 ) : 717 ; tl : ecuador , banos , rio pastaza\npericopis humeralis walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 348 ; tl : [ mexico ]\npericopis montezuma schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 282 ; tl : mexico , las vigas\npericopis unifascia hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 443 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay\npericopis constans hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 441 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo , leopoldina ; bahia\npericopis jansonis butler , 1870 ; lepid . exotica ( 6 ) : 46 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : chontales\npericopis salome druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 175 ; tl : ecuador\nphalaena tricolor sulzer , 1776 ; gesch . ins . nach linn . syst . : 160 ; tl : south america\n431x312 ( ~ 93kb ) peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 21 . 6 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\npericopis romani bryk , 1953 ; arkiv . zool . ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 223 ; tl : bahia\npericopis buckleyi druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 174 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\npericopis lunifera butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 288 ; tl : bahia\npericopis formosissima butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 288 ; tl : colombia ; ecuador\npericopis larvata walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1654 ; tl : valley of the amazon\npericopis flavopennis rebel , 1901 ; berl . ent . z . 46 : 302 ; tl : colombia , garapatos , rio magdalena\npericopis cerialis druce , 1884 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 110 , 3 pl . 11 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , 3000 - 4000ft\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\npericopis gaumeri druce , 1894 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 : 174 ; tl : mexico , yucat\u00e1n , temax\ndorimena magdala boisduval , 1870 ; consid\u00e9rations l\u00e9pid . guatemala : 98 ; tl : guatemala\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\npericopis zeladon dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 44 ( 1951 ) : 287 ; tl : mexico , orizaba , jalapa\npericopis viuda schaus , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 209 ; tl : costa rica , tuis\n431x316 ( ~ 91kb ) peru : calabaza , junin , 1995m , 19 . 10 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\npericopis practidoides hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 445 ; tl : colombia , upper rio negro\npericopis practides druce , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 288 ; tl : colombia , paso del quindin\nthebrone arema boisduval , 1870 ; consid\u00e9rations l\u00e9pid . guatemala : 85 ; tl : venezuela ; nicaragua\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\npericopis porioni gibeaux , 1982 ; revue fr . ent . ( n . s . ) 4 : 49 ; tl : peru , route olmos \u00e0 moyobamba , km 374\npericopis schadei schaus , 1927 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 29 ( 5 ) : 103 ; tl : paraguay , villarica\nthebrone hilara weymer , 1895 ; stettin ent . ztg 55 ( 10 - 12 ) : 325 ; tl : [ rio grande do sul ]\ncolombia , brazil ( bahia ) , argentina , paraguay . see [ maps ]\neucharia centenaria burmeister , 1878 ; descr . phys . r\u00e9p . arg . 5 : 436 ; tl : argentina , zarate\ndaritis superior j\u00f6rgensen , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 66 ; tl : paraguay , villarica\npericopis fanatica dognin , 1919 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 15 : 3 ; tl : colombia , micay\npericopis on hering , 1928 ; dt . ent . z . iris 42 : 270 ; tl : brazil , minas gerais\npericopis fantasma butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 : 126 ; tl : bogot\u00e1 [ error ? ]\ncallimorpha marginata gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , [ 1844 ] ; icon . r\u00e8gne anim . cuvier 3 ( insectes ) : 518 ; tl : brazil , santos\npericopis rorata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 154 ; tl : colombia , bogot\u00e1\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman\ndescription physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine d ' apr\u00e8s des observations personelles et \u00e9trangeres . 5 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . premi\u00e8re partie . contenant les diurnes , cr\u00e9pusculaires et bombyco\u00efdes\ndescription of a new species of tiger - moth in the possession of mr t . w . wood\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 3 ( [ 1827 ] - [ 1838 ] ) in h\u00fcbner ,\nzutr\u00e4ge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 3 [ 1824 - ] 1825 [ - 1831 ]\nneue schmetterlinge der insenkten - sammlung des k\u00f6nigl . zoologischen musei der universit\u00e4t zu berlin\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii\nweymer , 1895 exotische lepidopteren vii . beitrag zur lepidopterenfana von rio grande do sul stettin ent . ztg 55 ( 10 - 12 ) : 311 - 333\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\n. commonly these are called tiger moths , and the genus contains some of the more showy moths of the southwestern usa .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n26 . dysspermatogenic sterility 27 . dysspermia 28 . dysspondylism 29 . dysstasia 30 . dysstatic 31 . dysstroma 32 . dysstroma fumata 33 . dyssyllabia 34 . dyssymbolia 35 . dyssynergia 36 . dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica 37 . dyssynergia cerebellaris progressiva 38 . dyssynergia esophagus 39 . dyssynergias 40 . dyssynergic 41 . dyssynergic bladder 42 . dyssynergies 43 . dyssynergy\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2292, "summary": [{"text": "aslauga prouvosti , the prouvost 's aslauga , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba ) and western and north-western tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "aslauga prouvosti", "paragraphs": ["libert , m . 1997 contribution a ' letue des lycaenidae africans : deuxieme note sir le genre aslauga kirby ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae . lambillionea 97 , 543 - 556 .\naslauga is a genus of butterflies in the family lycaenidae . they are associated with other insects and found only in the afrotropic ecozone . they are small usually grey - blue or grey - purple butterflies with a distinctive , but widely varied wing shape , especially pronounced in a . pandora . they are forest butterflies of the congolian forests and lower guinean forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nspecimens recently collected in ghana and guinea probably comprise one or more different species ( m . libert pers . comm . 2008 ) . the assessment is therefore based on\nhas a huge extent of occurrence ( eoo ) from korup in cameroon to northwestern tanzania and the shaba province of the drc . it seems quite widely distributed in cameroon and is doubtless much more common than its known area of occupancy ( aoo ) indicates . it is also not considered to be habitat - specific and is not facing any major threats at present . it is best classed as being of least concern .\nas most data on this species are only recently acquired and it comes from an elusive genus , little is known about its population status . however , given this information it seems likely that this is an under - reported species that is more common than current records suggest .\nthis widespread species is not especially habitat - specific and therefore it does not face any major threats .\nno species - specific conservation measures are in place for this species . this species may benefit from further research into its distribution ; however , this is not an immediate concern given that the current distribution of this species is still very large .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na west and central african forest genus with a wide diversity of wing shapes .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\neliot , j . n . 1973 the higher classification of the lycaenidae ( lepidoptera ) : a tentative arrangement . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 , 371 - 505 , 6 pls .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwings short and broad , very densely scaled ; anterior wings strongly curved outwards in the middle of the hind margin ; posterior wings with a concavity on the inner margin at the anal angle . anterior wings with the subcostal nervure five - branched , the first two branches emitted near together before the end of the cell and parallel , the other three short and emitted near the apex of the wing ; the third and fourth parallel , running into the costa before the apex , the fifth running to the hind margin just below the apex\n.\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2297, "summary": [{"text": "spilonota laricana is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe ( except the iberian peninsula and the balkan peninsula ) , china , japan , russia and the nearctic ecozone .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae mainly feed on larix species , but have also been recorded on other coniferous trees .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "young larvae mine the needles of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "after overwintering they feed on the young buds . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "spilonota laricana", "paragraphs": ["spilonota laricana ( heinemann , 1863 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna , fabreries . 27 ( 1 ) : 1 - 46 .\nlaricana heinemann , 1863 ( grapholitha ) , schmett . deut . schweiz 2 : 206 . tl : germany / switzerland . , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nhexametra meyrick , 1920 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 342 . tl : pakistan , peshawar . holotype : bmnh . female .\nincretata meyrick , 1931 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 143 . tl : indonesia , java . holotype : ipdb . female .\ngrandlacia razowski , 2013 ( spilonota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 41 : 81 . tl : new caledonia , grand lac . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlechriaspis meyrick , 1932 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 306 . tl : china , south manchuria , kwantung mountains . lectotype : bmnh . male .\naphrocymba meyrick , 1927 ( spilonota ) , insects samoa 3 ( 2 ) : 70 . tl : samoan islands , upolu , malololelei . holotype : bpbm . male .\ndistyliana moriuti , 1958 ( spilonota ) , ty to ga 9 : 51 . tl : japan , honshu , osaka prefecture , sumiyoshi . holotype : eihu . male .\neremitana moriuti , 1972 ( spilonota ) , konty 40 : 258 . tl : japan , honshu , nagano prefecture , sin ' yu . holotype : opu . female .\ncryptogramma meyrick , 1922 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 520 . tl : fiji islands , fiji ( lautoka ) . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\npyrusicola liu & liu , 1994 ( spilonota ) , ent . sin . 1 : 140 . tl : china , liaoning province , biezhen . holotype : izas . male .\nbabylonica meyrick , 1912 ( spilonota ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 854 . tl : india , nilgiri hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\nchlorotripta meyrick , 1921 ( spilonota ) , zool . meded . 6 : 151 . tl : indonesia , java , preangor . syntypes : ncb . 1 male , 1 female .\nochrea kuznetzov , 1966 ( spilonota ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 189 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .\namamiana nasu , 2012 ( spilonota ) , tinea 22 : 18 . tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima prefecture , amami - oshima is . , amami - shi , sumiyo . holotype : opu . male .\ngallinerana sumpich , 2011 ( spilonota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 145 . tl : spain , almeria , sierra de los filabres , alto del calar del gallinero . holotype : mncnm . male .\ncentralasiae obraztsov , 1949 ( spilonota ocellana ssp . ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 35 - 39 : 207 . tl : russia , pamir , dacht , schugnan . holotype : zsm . unknown .\nalbitegulana kuznetzov , 1997 ( spilonota ) , ent . obozr . 76 : 807 . tl : vietnam , south vietnam ( gialai - kontum province , tramlap , 20 km n buenluoi ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nlobata diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 152 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( rattan camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\npyrochlora diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 151 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( scree valley camp ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nselene diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 149 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( moss forest camp ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nallodapa diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 153 . tl : new guinea , moss forest camp , 5 km ne lake habbema . holotype : ncb . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nacrosema turner , 1946 ( eucosma ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 208 . tl : australia , new south wales , brunswick heads . holotype : anic . male .\nalbicana motschulsky , 1866 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 39 : 199 . tl : japan , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncalceata meyrick , 1907 ( tmetocera ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 141 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nconstrictana meyrick , 1881 ( bathrotoma ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 675 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . syntype : bmnh . male .\npanolbia turner , 1946 ( ancylis ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 200 . tl : australia . queensland , springbrook . holotype : anic . male .\ndissoplaca meyrick , 1936 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 5 : 23 . tl : indonesia , java , telawa . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmelanacta meyrick , 1907 ( enarmonia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 140 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmelanocopa meyrick , 1912 ( enarmonia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 853 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmortuana walker , 1863 ( grapholita ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 391 . tl : indonesia , borneo , sarawak . holotype : bmnh . female .\nocellana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 130 tl : austria , vienna . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncomitana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 3fig . 16 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nluscana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica ( 3 ) 2 : 225 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nocculana harris , 1862 ( penthina ) , treatise insects injurious veg : 482 . tl : usa . new york . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown . [ lost ]\npyrifoliana clemens , 1860 ( hedya ) , proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 357 . tl : usa . pennsylvania ? . lectotype : ansp . male .\nzellerana borgmann , 1895 ( tmetocera ) , forstl . - naturw . z . 4 : 172 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nprognathana snellen , 1883 ( grapholitha ) , tijdschr . ent . 26 : 227 . tl : china , south manchuria , kwantung mountains . lectotype : ncb . male .\nquietana meyrick , 1881 ( holocola ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 673 . tl : australia , queensland , brisbane . holotype : bmnh . female .\nochronota turner , 1925 ( acroclita ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 49 : 56 . tl : australia . queensland , townsville . holotype : anic . male .\nruficomana meyrick , 1881 ( bathrotoma ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 676 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . syntypes : bmnh . male .\nphaeoloma turner , 1946 ( eucosma ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 203 . tl : australia . queensland , lake barrine , atherton tableland . holotype : anic . male .\nsemirufana christoph , 1882 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 408 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . holotype : mnhu . female .\ntrilithopa meyrick in caradja & meyrick , 1937 ( eucosma ) , dt . ent . z . iris 51 : 178 . tl : china , yunnan province , likiang . holotype : bmnh . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\n, this moth has since been elevated to species level . it occurs in the southern half of britain where it can be relatively common .\n) , sometimes other coniferous trees , mining the needles at first , then overwintering and feeding on the young buds in spring .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 08 07 : 58 : 39 page render time : 0 . 3240s total w / procache : 0 . 3874s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhandfield , l . , 2002 . additions , corrections et radiations a la liste des lepidopteres du quebec . fabreries , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 - 46 .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local in woodland with larch throughout england , wales and southern ireland . distinctly uncommon in hampshire , where recorded regularly only in the south - east of the county . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 12 - 16 mm . formerly regarded as a dark form of bud moth s . ocellana , from which distinguished by the comparatively narrow forewings and the nearly pure white ground colour coarsely strigulate with blackish grey [ bradley ] . larva feeds within bark of european larch , living between needles spun together with silk , and over - wintering in a silken chamber .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nprobably distinct from the last kind , and a much rarer form . not noticed with us since 1890 , when it had been taken at only flixton near bungay ( ctw ) ; and was sometimes found freely among larches round brandon ( barrett , tr . norf . soc . i , 54 ) .\nconfirmed by dissection by jon clifton - ipswich , suffolk ( 29 . vii . 2013 ) \u00a9 neil sherman\na resident that usually occurs singly or sparingly at mv light in a few coniferous woods and is sometimes fairly common at marley common . it is in danger of extinction in east sussex . the moth is single - brooded , flying mainly from early june to early august , occasionally to the third week of august . this species has long been associated with larch . ( pratt , 2011 ) .\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2304, "summary": [{"text": "monochroa inflexella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sweden , lithuania , the czech republic , slovakia , austria , romania and russia ( the southern ural ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "monochroa inflexella", "paragraphs": ["monochroa inflexella svensson , 1992 ; ent . tidskr . 113 : ( 47 - 51 )\na new endemic species of monochroa from the south - western alps ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\nmonochroa cleodoroides sakamaki , 1994 ; jpn . j . ent . 62 ( 1 ) : 170\nmonochroa kumatai ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 277\nmonochroa lucidella immaculella huemer , 1996 ; z . arbgem . \u00f6st . ent . 48 : ( 23 - 28 )\nmonochroa rufulella ; bidzilya , 2000 , beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 389 ; [ nhm card ]\nmonochroa lucidella immaculatella ssp . n . aus den verlandungszonen des kalterer sees in s\u00fcdtirol ( italien ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae )\nmonochroa pentameris ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 259 ; [ nhm card ]\nmonochroa subcostipunctella sakamaki , 1996 ; jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 248 ; tl : siriuti town , hokkaido\nmonochroa japonica sakamaki , 1996 ; jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 251 ; tl : bibi , titose city , hokkaido\nmonochroa kumatai sakamaki , 1996 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 246 ; tl : okusiri i . , hiyama , hokkaido\nmonochroa moyses uffen , 1991 ; br . j . ent . nat . hist . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : essex , e mersea\nmonochroa conspersella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa lucidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 209 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa pallida sakamaki , 1996 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 255 ; tl : kisozihara , nagawa vill , nagano pref , honshu , japan\nmonochroa bronzella karsholt , nel , fournier , varenne & huemer , 2013 ; nota lepid . 36 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : route du col de tende , alpes maritimes\nmonochroa cleodoroides ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonochroa japonica ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 252 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonochroa subcostipunctella ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonochroa cleodora ; sakamaki , 1994 , jpn . j . ent . 62 ( 1 ) : 167 ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251 ; [ nhm card ]\nmonochroa leptocrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 254 ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 211\nmonochroa suffusella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 245 ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 248 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa hornigi ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 252 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 277 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa divisella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ fe ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 179 ; [ nacl ] , 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 243 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 243 ; [ sangmi lee ]\naristotelia agatha meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : assam , khasis\napodia ainella chr\u00e9tien , 1908 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1908 : 91 ; tl : biskra\n? gelechia arundinetella stainton , 1858 ; ent . annual 1858 : 91 ( zeller )\naristotelia chromophanes meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 3\naristotelia cleodora meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 583\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213 ; [ fe ]\nlarva on lysimachia vulgaris , primula spp . , primula jesoana ssp . pubscens sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213\ngelechia dellabeffai rebel , 1932 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver 17 ( 1 ) : 1\ngelechia disconotella chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 86 ; tl : kentucky\naristotelia discriminata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 ; tl : canada , toronto , l . muskoka , parry sound\nweu , ceu , seu , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 179 ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249\nlarva on iris pseudacorus , iris ensata var . spontanea sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251\naristotelia drosocrypta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\ngelechia fervidella mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 187 , pl . 5 , f . 4\naristotelia fragariae busck , 1919 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 21 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : victoria , british columbia\ngelechia gilvolinella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 119\napodia gracilella chr\u00e9tien , 1908 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1908 : 140 ; tl : biskra\ngriseella ( heinemann , 1870 ) ( doryphora ) ; schmett . dtl . schweitz ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 301\naristotelia harrisonella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 756 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia ; seattle , washington\neu , european russia , w . siberia , transbaikalia , se . siberia , korea . see [ maps ]\naristotelia ingravata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 118 ; tl : nw . india , peshawar ; bengal , pusa\nlarva on polygonum thunbergii sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 253\naristotelia leptocrossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\n= ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 209 ; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on eleocharis palustris , scirpus lacustris sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 211\nanacampsis melagonella constant , 1895 ; bull . soc . ent . fr : liii\naristotelia monactis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 ; tl : canada , toronto ; north carolina , southern pines\nlarva on scirpus maritimus uffen , 1991 , br . j . ent . nat . hist . 4 ( 1 ) : 1\ngelechia nomadella zeller , 1868 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 18 : 616\naristotelia pentameris meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 66\naristotelia perterrita meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 11 ; tl : canada , toronto\naristotelia pessocrossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nxystophora plusia caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106 ( walsingham ) ; tl : kasakewitsch\naristotelia quinquepunctella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 804 ; tl : pennsylvania\nxystophora rebeli hering , 1927 ; zool . jahrb . syst . 53 : 444\naristotelia repudiata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ngelechia rhenanella heyden , 1863 ; stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 10 - 12 ) : 343\naristotelia robusta braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 8 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on scirpus atrovirens braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9\nxystophora rufulella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 175 , pl . 9 , f . 9 ; tl : irkutzk\ninfima rumicetella ; omelko & omelko , 2010 , amurian zool . j . 2 ( 1 ) : 55\nxystophora rutilella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 174 , pl . 9 , f . 8 ; tl : blagowestchenk\ninfima sepicolella ; omelko & omelko , 2010 , amurian zool . j . 2 ( 1 ) : 55\nxystophora saltenella benander , 1928 ; svensk . insektfauna 10 ( 2 ) : 89\nxystophora scutatella m\u00fcller - rutz , 1920 ; mitt . ent . z\u00fcrich 1920 ( 5 ) : 341 , pl . 2 , f . 9\nlarva on juncus sp . sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )\nlarva on eriophorum angustifolium , carex sp . sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 248\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nfj\u00e4rilar , lepidoptera . ii . sm\u00e5fj\u00e4rilar , microlepidoptera . tredje familjegruppen : maltfj\u00e4rilar , tineina . 1 familjen gelechiidae\nb\u00e1torliget \u00e9l\u00f5vil\u00e1ga . ( die tier - und pflanzenwelt des naturschutzgebietes von b\u00e1torliget und seiner umgebung . ) b\u00e1torliget molylepke - faun\u00e1ja . microlepidoptera . [ microlepidoptera fauna of b\u00e1torliget , lepidoptera . ] in sz\u00e9kessy ,\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1874 lepidoptera der westk\u00fcste amerika ' s verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 : 423 - 448 , pl . 12\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . - gelechiidae 2 ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini . in microlepidoptera of europe 6 . stenstrup . i n prep . 2010\njunnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j . - p . , nupponen , t . & olschwang , v . - the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . in zootaxa 2367 : 1 - 68 . 2010\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nvi anv\u00e4nder cookies f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttra din upplevelse av v\u00e5r webbplats . l\u00e4s mer . . . ok , jag f\u00f6rst\u00e5r ( st\u00e4ng )\ndenna sida anv\u00e4nder javascript . din webbl\u00e4sare st\u00f6der antingen inte javascript eller s\u00e5 har du den avst\u00e4ngd . f\u00f6r att se denna sida som det \u00e4r t\u00e4nkt att visas v\u00e4nligen anv\u00e4nd en webbl\u00e4sare med javascript aktiverat .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi"]}
{"id": 2313, "summary": [{"text": "streptoperas luteata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the north-eastern himalayas and on borneo , sumatra , java , bali and sulawesi .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 44 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are yellow , suffused and irrorated with red-brown , the forewings with an indistinct antemedial line which is highly angled in the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two specks at the end of the cell and the inner margin is more yellow and crossed by numerous indistinct waved rufous lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a waved submarginal line and some white subapical spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have a yellow subbasal area , crossed by waved rufous lines and there is a black speck at the end of the cell , as well as a double postmedial line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the area beyond it is yellow , crossed by waved rufous lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a more distinct submarginal waved line and a rufous marginal band from vein 3 to the anal angle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "streptoperas luteata", "paragraphs": ["the two species in streptoperas are very similar in appearance . the shape of the hindwing , with the margin smooth convex anterior to the angle and shallowly concave posterior to it , and the multiple crenulate fasciation on pale yellow between the postmedial and the margin are diagnostic for luteata .\nthe facies , particularly the forewing shape and fasciation is similar to that of luteata , but crenelata has uniform darker grey hindwing , the margin scalloped on either side of the central angle and with white beading along the medial .\ntype species : luteata hampson the forewings in this genus are narrowly falcate at the apex , the hindwings strongly angled where vein cua1 meets the margin . there are double postmedials on both wings , that of the forewing acutely angled subcostally , that of the hindwing straight . on the underside of the forewing there is a white zone over the posterior half of the wing between the postmedial and subbasal fasciae . the male antennae are lamellate . in the male abdomen the eighth segment is unmodified . the uncus is narrowly bifid as in gogana and other genera in the palm - feeding sequence , and the saccus is narrow , digitate as in some of these genera . the valve is triangular , with a subbasal spur or flap on the costa . in the female genitalia ( luteata ) the ovipositor lobes are simple . the ductus is very long and slender , extending with the corpus bursae to about half as long again as the abdomen . the corpus bursae is large , spherical , finely scobinate , with a slight , umbonate signum . both included species occur in borneo . the biology of one is described in s . crenelata swinhoe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nn . e . himalaya , borneo , sumatra , java , bali , sulawesi .\nof the only two bornean specimens seen , one is without altitude data , collected by waterstradt in the kinabalu area , and the other is from lowland forest at 75m near labi in brunei .\nthe facies is a rather washed out grey and pale orange with some similarity in the extent of the latter to the more conspicuous , well - defined markings of nummularia , except they do not extend obliquely across the centre of the forewing , and there is an additional pale orange area at the forewing tornus .\n[ sic ] crenelata swinhoe , 1902 , trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1902 : 590 .\nthe only bornean specimen seen is the holotype , a female from pulo laut .\nh . steiner ( in litt . ) has reared the species from the palm , pinanga scortechinii , in peninsular malaysia . a cast larval skin has scoli as in other genera of the palm - feeding complex .\nthe syntypes are male , from pulo laut , but have not been located definitely : the only old specimens from that locality are not labelled as types . one is illustrated . it has an oblique darker brown triangle on the forewing costa at two thirds , and the postmedials are also evident , rows of fine , dark brown lunules . the male genitalia resemble those of g . kerara above , and species a and b below .\npulo laut is a low lying island at the south east corner of borneo .\n14mm . the hindwing postmedial is straight as in semisecta , but otherwise the species is distinctive , with an excavate hindwing apex and a generally rather reticulated rich dark brown pattern with an oblique , straight postmedial on the forewing that has a large , rather elongate translucent patch just distal to it opposite the more posterior half of the margin as illustrated . the male genitalia have socii and gnathus as in nigridorsoides , but the aedeagus lacks apical processes though has scobination in the vesica . the valves are somewhat deeper . the eighth sternite bears a pair of widely spaced spines on its distal margin .\nsarawak : gunung mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8\nsite 20 , mar . - apr . , west melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas , bm drepanid slide 2090 .\n1 as holotype ; 1 brunei : rampayoh , 200m 2 . iii . 1982 ( t . w . harman ) .\ntwo specimens are from wet heath ( kerangas ) forest on a river terrace and one from an area of lowland forest .\nthere is only slight sexual dimorphism in this straw - coloured species . the fasciation is fine , brown , rather indistinct , lunulate . confusion with euphalacra semisecta is possible , but the hindwings are shorter , and the forewing postmedial fasciation is more oblique .\nthis is the only truly montane member of the genus , known from g . kinabalu where it occurs from 1760m to 2110m , with three out of four known specimens taken at the latter altitude ."]}
{"id": 2321, "summary": [{"text": "daniel 's tufted-tailed rat ( eliurus danieli ) is a species of rodent in the family nesomyidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was discovered in 2003 in the parc national de l\u2019isalo in south-central madagascar .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is named for daniel rakotondravony , professor of animal biology at the university of antananarivo , madagascar .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "daniel 's tufted-tailed rat first became known in 1995 , when a specimen was found to belong to the majori-penicillatus complex .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "molecular data suggested that major 's tufted-tailed rat ( eliurus majori ) was a close relative ; study of two more animals found in 2002 indicated that the two are different species . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "daniel ' s tufted - tailed rat", "paragraphs": ["the dormouse tufted - tailed rat ( eliurus myoxinus ) is a species of rodent in the nesomyidae family . it is found only in madagascar .\ndue to its nocturnal and arboreal nature , there have been few observations of white - tailed rat communication behaviors . like most nocturnal mammals , olfaction is likely to be an important way of sensing the environment .\n( hairy - tailed antsangys ) by its nearly furless tail . though smaller than\ncarleton , m . , s . goodman . 2003 . rodentia : brachytarsomys , white - tailed tree rats , anstangy . pp . 1368 - 1370 in s goodman , j benstead , eds . the natural history of madagascar . chicago : the university of chicago press .\nwhite - tailed rats do not appear to be endangered . the iucn redlist recognizes them as\nleast concern .\nhowever , continuing human - induced habitat changes may impact populations of white - tailed rats negatively .\nnowak , r . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world . baltimore : the john hopkins university press .\ndollman ' s tree mouse is nocturnal and arboreal . nowak ( 1999 ) suggests that the naked tip of its tail might be prehensile .\nno information on the ecological role of white - tailed rats is available . however , they may play a role in seed dispersal through their frugivorous habits .\n, white - tailed rats are up to 50 cm long . they are easily identifiable by the white tip on the tail , which averages 230 mm long . white - tailed rats are covered in a thick coat of brownish - grey fur with a white underside . they have short snouts , giving the face a blunt look .\nlittle is known about parental care in white - tailed rats . observations suggest males may remain nearby after offspring are born and defend the nest while the female takes care of young .\nit appears to be more common in deciduous forest than in spiny forest . at other sites such as analavelona , it is very abundant ( s . m . goodman , unpubl . ) .\nwhite - tailed rats are generally described as frugivorous . according to some , their craniodental characteristics would be better suited for a leaf - eating ( folivorous ) diet . they have short rostra , broad zygomatic arches , relatively wide incisors and a long row of molars that have ridged masticatory surfaces . when offered an assortment of leaves in captivity , white - tailed rats refused to eat them , preferring only fruit . they may also eat seeds .\ndollman ' s tree mouse ( prionomys batesi ) is a poorly understood climbing mouse from central africa . it is unique enough that it has been placed in a genus of its own , prionomys , since its discovery in 1910 .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\ndenys , c . , j . michaux , f . catzeflis , s . ducrocq , and p . chevret . 1995 . morphological and molecular data against the monophyly of dendromurinae ( muridae : rodentia ) . bonner zoologische beitrage , 45 : 173 - 190 .\ndenys , c . , m . colyn , and v . nicolas . 2006 . first record of the dollman ' s tree mouse ( prionomys batesi ; mammalia : nesomyidae ) in the republic of congo and additional description of this rare central african rodent . zootaxa , 1318 : 59 - 68 .\ndenys et al . ( 2006 ) note that the coronoid process on the mandible is reduced and that the animal appears to have the ability to push its lower jaw ( and thereby its incisors ) strongly forward . they suggest that dollman ' s tree mouse uses this feature to dig its burrow with its lower incisors .\ndollman ' s tree mouse has only been recorded in four localities in three countries . these are bitye and obala in cameroon , la mabok\u00e9 in central african republic , and odzala in republic of the congo . in total only 23 specimens are known to be present in museums throughout the world ( denys et al . , 2006 ) .\nthough there is little information available on the mating behavior of white - tailed rats , it is known that they can have litters of at least 6 in the wild . a female of this species was captured in late october with 6 well - formed embryos . similarly , individuals held in captivity produced litters of 6 young . unfortunately no other information about the offspring is reported\nwhite - tailed rats have strong , sharp , curved claws . this characteristic and many others indicate a high degree of specialization for arboreal life . that parallels the way it nests in tree holes . they live in tropical forested areas in madagascar . they nest in tree holes , some have been observed in holes near the base of trees , most have been observed within 2 . 5 m of the ground .\nthis predominantly scansorial species is found in lowland humid forest of the north - east , dry deciduous forest in the west , and spiny forest in the south and south - west of its range . it can also be found in dry - humid transitional forest ( carleton 2003 ) . this species nests in tree holes and has a gestation period of 24 days , after which it gives birth to a litter of up to three young ( carleton 2003 ) . this species also occurs in secondary forest , including areas with regenerating forest after fire ( randrianjafy 2003 ; s . m . goodman pers . comm . ) . this species is dependent on forest , though it can occur in heavily degraded forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , because whilst it has a limited range with extent of occurrence of approximately 989 km\u00b2 , it is within isalo national park and there are no major threats to this species . surveys are required to understand more about the distribution of the species .\nknown only from the isalo national park in south - central madagascar . collecting localities with recorded elevation info range from 650 - 700 m asl .\nthis species is known only from four specimens ( carleton and goodman 2007 ) .\nthis species is at least in part terrestrial and lives outside forest formations ( carleton and goodman 2007 ) .\ncurrently , all known specimens of this recently described species are recorded from the isalo national park . it is not likely that there are any threats to the species , but further survey work is needed .\nfurther survey work is needed to determine whether this species may occur more widely than currently known .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t136251a115205056 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is endemic to madagascar , where it ranges widely from lowland humid forest in the north - east to dry forests formations in the western and southern portions of the island . it occurs from the rserve naturelle intgrale d ' ankarafantsika in the north to the vicinity of bevilany in the south - east . it has been recorded from near sea level to 1 , 250 m asl ( carleton et al . 2001 ; carleton 2003 ) .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & hoffmann , m . ( global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presence in a number of protected areas , and because it shows some adaptability to anthropogenic disturbance , even though it is dependent on forest .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss through livestock grazing , charcoal production and wildfires . this species is also locally threatened by domestic and feral dogs and cats . this species is not susceptible to plague as the only humid forest areas that it occurs in are below 800 m .\nit has been recorded from a numerous protected areas including ankarana special reserve , rserve naturelle intgrale d ' ankarafantsika , kirindy forest and zombitse and vohibasia forests .\nbaillie , j . 1996 . eliurus myoxinus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .\nmusser , g . g . and m . d . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . pp . 894\u20131531 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\neliurus is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae . it contains the following species :\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neliurus is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae . [ 1 ] it contains the following species :\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n, can be found in eastern madagascar from marojejy ( northeast ) to andringitra massif ( southeast ) . this is a long narrow strip of land stretching from north to south which has patches of rainforest . this is considered only the extent of their potential range , due to the rarity of human encounters with these rats . they have been confirmed at various locations in this range but not everywhere in it .\nbaillie , j . 2006 .\nbrachytarsomys albicauda\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed january 26 , 2009 at urltoken .\ngarbutt , n . 2007 . mammals of madagascar . new haven , connecticut : yale university press .\nmiljutin , l . 2008 . probability of competition between introduced and native rodents in madagascar : an estimation based on morphological traits . . estonian journal of ecology , 57 : 133 - \u00e2\u2013152 . accessed february 15 , 2009 at urltoken .\nis available . their nocturnality is an anti - predator adaptation and their brown coloration serves as camouflage .\ng\u00fcnther , albert ( 1875 ) .\nnotes on some mammals from madagascar\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london : 78\u201380 .\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\ndenys et al . ( 2006 ) indicate that prionomys has a unique association with forest - savannah mosaics in central africa . during interglacial periods , this region has undergone varying degrees of wet and dry periods . savannah expands during dry periods and forest expands during wet periods , but there are small scale shifts in which regions are dry or wet . prionomys appears to be associated with forest habitat on the edge of savannah patches . in particular , the species occurs as forest is recolonizing areas that were once savannah . thus it is thought to be associated with younger , earlier successional forest but is no longer present in mature , late successional forest .\nare narrow , ungrooved , orange , and short . the lower incisors project forward (\n) and are sharply pointed ( denys et al . , 2006 ; nowak , 1999 ) .\nprionomys appears to feed almost exclusively on certain species of ants , particularly tetramorium aculeatum ( denys et al . , 2006 ) . denys et al . ( 2006 ) suggest that this unusual diet may be part of the reason that so few individuals have been captured for study . sherman live traps baited with vegetable - derived matter may not attract this species to the same degree that it does other small rodents . in many ways prionomys is more shrew - like in its habits . individuals have only been obtained in pitfall traps , captured by hand , or obtained from local hunters .\nas with many other mice historically referred to as the\ndendromurines\n, the phylogenetic position of prionomys is somewhat uncertain . denys et al . ( 1995 ) demonstrated a close association between prionomys and dendroprionomys on the basis of molar structure . this association has been widely noted elsewhere . musser and carleton ( 2005 ) suggest that the two are related may warrant a distinct tribe within the dendromurinae . they also noted the retention of these two genera in the dendromurinae seems reasonable but requires further testing . denys et al . ( 2006 ) note the similarities between prionomys and the deomyine deomys , but suggest this is due to convergence due to similar diet and habits .\nmammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 2323, "summary": [{"text": "the short-headed broad-nosed bat , platyrrhinus brachycephalus , is a bat species from south america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , northwestern brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname and venezuela . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "short - headed broad - nosed bat", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern as it is widespread , presumed abundant and presumed to have a large population . when considering the range as a whole , it general occupies areas that are not currently under threat .\nthis species is confined to lowland areas ( patterson pers . comm . ) of northern south america in the amazonian portion of brazil , the guianas , southern venezuela , colombia , ecuador and amazonian peru and bolivia ( eisenberg 1989 , koopman 1993 ) . its westernmost limit is the flank of the andes .\nit is strongly associated with multistratal tropical evergreen forest and moist sites . it is basically frugivorous and roosts in small groups of three to 10 in leafy tangles , tree hollows or caves . reproduction usually coincides with the onset of the rainy season and varies locally ( eisenberg 1989 ) .\nhabitat loss occurs in some parts of this species ' range , but this is not considered to be a major threat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\namazoninviiruselk\u00e4\nto\nplatyrrhinus brachycephalus ( rouk and carter , 1972 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ninfonatura : birds , mammals , and amphibians of latin america , via www , sept . 25 , 2007\nthe lc linked data service welcomes any suggestions you might have about terminology used for a given heading or concept .\nplease provide your name , email , and your suggestion so that we can begin assessing any terminology changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bennett , coleman & co . ltd . all rights reserved . for reprint rights : times syndication service\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bennett , coleman & co . ltd . all rights reserved . for reprint rights : times syndication service\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2324, "summary": [{"text": "mordellistena squamipilosa is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by ermisch in 1967 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mordellistena squamipilosa", "paragraphs": ["\u00bfqu\u00e9 significa mordellistena ? existen 2 definiciones para la palabra mordellistena . tambi\u00e9n puedes a\u00f1adir tu mismo una definici\u00f3n para mordellistena\nthery , 1931 - philhammus parallelus wollaston , 1854 - tarphius paranana ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena paraobscurosuturalis ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena parapentas ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena pararhenana ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena parateneta kaszab , 1973 - laena paratentyrioides j . - k . li , 1992 - misolampidius paraweisei ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena parca tokeji , 1953 - falsomordellistena\nroubal , 1932 - corticeus purpurascens a . costa , 1854 - mordellistena purpurascens apfelbeck , 1914 - mordella\nmordellistena es un g\u00e9nero de cole\u00f3pteros de la familia mordellidae . incluye las siguientes especies : [ 1 ] \u200b\nescherich , 1895 - lytta aurasiacus peyerimhoff , 1919 - cis aurata kono , 1928 - mordellaria aureofasciatus pic , 1954 - holostrophus aureolopilosa stchegoleva - barovskaya , 1932 - mordellistena aureomicans ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena aureopubens pic , 1903 - scraptia aureotomentosa ermisch , 1966 - mordellistena aurichalcea adams , 1817 - thaumatoblaps aurichalceus m . chujo , 1978 - plesiophthalmus\npierre , 1968 - iranopachyscelis israelsoni j . ferrer et whitehead , 2002 - xanthomus istrica ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nchobaut , 1898 - aulacoderus minima a . costa , 1854 - mordellistena minima bogdanov - katjkov , 1915 - anatolica\nmotschulsky , 1872 - centorus tenuicornis reitter , 1895 - phtora tenuicornis schaufuss , 1870 - sitaris tenuicornis schilsky , 1899 - mordellistena tenuicornis solier , 1836 - pimelia tenuicorpra z . li et ren , 2004 - gnaptorina tenuimanus champion , 1927 - mordellistena\nm . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena shirozui m . chujo , 1967 - paramisolampidius shirozui m . chujo , 1957 - ectasiocnemis shirozui nakane , 1949 - glipa shirozui nakane , 1956 - stenochinus shirozui nomura , 1967 - mordella shirozui nomura , 1951 - mordellistena\nlarva : mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi ( comment by artjom zaitsev ) .\nmordellistena l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng trong h\u1ecd mordellidae . [ 1 ] chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u0103m 1854 b\u1edfi costa .\nsolier , 1848 - blaps austriaca schilsky , 1899 - mordellistena austriacensis ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena austriacus ganglbauer , 1881 - anogcodes austriacus pic , 1901 - clavicollis austriacus schrank von paula , 1781 - alosimus austrinus wollaston , 1854 - meloe autumnalis a . g . olivier , 1797 - meloe\nmulsant et rey , 1854 - phylan gutianshana fan et c . yang , 1995 - mordellistena gutianshana fan et j . yang , 1995 - mordellina\nroubal , 1930 - tetratoma pfeifferi koch , 1940 - hyperops phaea nomura , 1951 - mordellistena phaecus j . r . sahlberg , 1903 - nalassus\nuhmann , 1978 - anthelephila kira schawaller , 2001 - nepalolaena kirai nakane et nomura , 1950 - hoshihananomia kirai nomura , 1951 - mordellistena kirghisica reitter , 1896 - platyscelis kirghizica l . v . egorov , 1989 - oodescelis kirghizica odnosum , 2003 - mordellistena kirghizicus g . s . medvedev et kaltaev , 1979 - cabirutus\nmiller , 1858 - erodius nessebaricus batten , 1980 - mordellistena nesterovi bogatchev , 1953 - pimelia netolitzkyi penecke , 1912 - mycetochara netshaevae g . s . medvedev , 1970 - penthicinus netuschili reitter , 1904 - penthicus neuwaldeggiana panzer , 1796 - mordellistena nevadensis escalera , 1915 - mylabris nevadensis espanol , 1954 - akis nevadensis espanol , 1953 - colpotus\nermisch , 1956 - mordellistena korschefskyi kaszab , 1940 - bioramix korunolena skopin , 1964 - anatolica kotenkoi odnosum , 1990 - mordellistena kotoensis kono , 1937 - eobia kotoensis nomura , 1967 - glipa kotoensis nomura , 1967 - falsomordellistena kozlovi bogatchev , 1961 - anatolica kozlovi g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria kozlovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - gnaptorina kozlovi kaszab , 1966 - microdera\nfranz , 1982 - langelandia gallaeciana escalera , 1923 - alphasida gallagheri ferrer , 2000 - scleropatroides gallagheri j . ferrer , 1997 - gonocephalum gallagheri lillig , 2001 - oxycara gallica ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena\nmulsant , 1856 - mordellistena liliputanus lucas , 1846 - tarphius liliputanus lucas , 1857 - leucolaephus liliputanus reitter , 1906 - catomus lilligi g . wagner , 2005 - capnisiceps lilliputana kaszab , 1968 - laena\nfabricius , 1801 - mordellistena brunnea g . s . medvedev , 1989 - colposcelis brunnea kaszab , 1962 - cyphostethe brunnea kaszab , 1960 - prosodes brunnea marseul , 1876 - symphora brunnea marseul , 1876 - tarpela\nmannerheim , 1844 - mordellistena troglophilus kocher , 1960 - megagenius trogosita motschulsky , 1872 - centorus tronqueti f . soldati et l . soldati , 2002 - stenohelops tronqueti f . soldati et l . soldati , 2003 - phtora\nbaudi di selve , 1875 - pachyscelis kraatzi emery , 1876 - mordellistena kraatzi haag - rutenberg , 1876 - thriptera kraatzi haag - rutenberg , 1876 - scaurus kraatzi heyden , 1881 - mylabris kraatzi j . frivaldszky , 1889 - sternotrigon\nescalera , 1925 - helops magnipunctatus m . chujo , 1966 - gnesis magnoguttata heyden , 1881 - mylabris magnus nobuchi , 1955 - nipponocis magnus pic , 1914 - anthicus magyari kaszab , 1968 - tarpela magyarica ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nfaust , 1875 - prosodes persica horak , 1985 - variimorda persica horak , 1983 - mordellistena persica kejval , 2000 - anthelephila persica koch , 1940 - adesmia persica kraatz , 1882 - zophosis persica l . redtenbacher , 1850 - iranopachyscelis\nnakane , 1954 - indasclera kyushuensis nakane , 1975 - neosteropalpus kyzylkumensis g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes labialis motschulsky , 1860 - mordellistena labiata a . costa , 1854 - anaspis labrana g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria\nnomura , 1967 - glipa takashii nomura , 1967 - glipostenoda takeii m . chujo , 1957 - anaspis takeii nakane , 1956 - platydema takeji m . chujo , 1957 - anaspis takizawai kono , 1932 - mordellistena takolana kaszab , 1973 - laena\nfabricius , 1801 - meloe limbu schawaller , 2002 - laena limitis reitter , 1914 - microtelus lincenti pic , 1938 - mordellistena lindaraja escalera , 1921 - asida lindbergi bonadona , 1960 - anthelephila lindbergi bonadona , 1964 - cyclodinus lindbergi bonadona , 1964 - nitorus lindbergi bonadona , 1960 - stenidius lindbergi ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena lindbergi ermisch , 1963 - stenalia lindbergi espanol , 1962 - nesotes lindbergi espanol , 1967 - litoborus lindbergi franciscolo , 1956 - anaspis lindbergi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - moragacinella\npic , 1938 - amarygmus duricornis reitter , 1886 - dichillus dushenkoi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes dux lewis , 1895 - holostrophus dvoraki bologna , 2006 - teratolytta dvoraki ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena dwejrensis scupola et mifsud , 2001 - heliopates\npic , 1893 - tenuicollis tangerianus solier , 1834 - erodius tanikadoi masumoto , 1998 - morphostenophanes tanikadoi masumoto , 1998 - strongylium tannuolensis g . s . medvedev et mordkovich , 1970 - penthicus tantilla menetries , 1848 - ectromopsis taorminensis ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena\nmulsant , 1856 - pentaria sericata wollaston , 1864 - mordellistena sericata zubkov , 1833 - platyesia sericea a . g . olivier , 1795 - asida sericea a . g . olivier , 1795 - pimelia sericea drapiez , 1820 - isomira sericea fairmaire , 1884 - mesostena\npic , 1898 - salpingus angustissima nakane , 1968 - synchita angustissimum pic , 1922 - strongylium angustitarsis g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps angustitarsis reitter , 1896 - dissonomus angustitarsis reitter , 1902 - raibosceles angustithorax pic , 1912 - zonitomorpha angustula ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nermisch , 1969 - mordella korlaensis fan et huang , 2005 - platyope korotyaevi g . s . medvedev , 1997 - prosodes korotyaevi g . s . medvedev , 1984 - penthicus korsakovi espanol , 1946 - thalpobia korschefskyana ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena korschefskyana kaszab , 1942 - stethotrypes\nsasaji , 1985 - sparedrus longicornis uhmann , 1983 - clavicollis longicornis wollaston , 1867 - corticeus longicornis z . li et ren , 2004 - gnaptorina longicornoides ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena longidentatus pic , 1957 - amblyderus longifoliae blair , 1930 - palorus longior fairmaire , 1892 - mycetochara\nl . redtenbacher , 1849 - meloe pygmaeus marsham , 1802 - cis pygmaeus ren , 1998 - foochounus pygmaeus semenov , 1903 - ctenopus pyrenaea baudi di selve , 1875 - asida pyrenaea ermisch , 1966 - mordellistena pyrenaea fairmaire et c . brisout de barneville , 1859 - anaspis\nespanol , 1943 - zidalus zolotarewi reitter , 1902 - zophohelops zolotarewi reitter , 1906 - omophlus zoltani ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena zoltani g . s . medvedev , 1997 - prosodes zoltani g . s . medvedev et iwan , 2006 - penthicus zoltani masumoto , 1981 - tarpela\nw . l . e . schmidt , 1842 - notoxus majuscula ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena majuscula nakane , 1994 - arthromacra makiharai m . chujo , 1977 - plesiophthalmus makii miwa , 1939 - amarygmus malandriosum antoine , 1942 - opatrum malatyensis kaszab , 1951 - cerocoma malayanum gebien , 1935 - gonocephalum\ncanzoneri , 1961 - phaleria schatzmayri franciscolo , 1949 - mordellistena schatzmayri h . wagner , 1928 - anogcodes schatzmayri koch , 1940 - adesmia schatzmayri koch , 1940 - alphasida schatzmayri koch , 1937 - erodius schatzmayri koch , 1941 - pimelia schatzmayri koch , 1937 - pseudolamus schatzmayri koch , 1948 - dendarus\nskopin , 1965 - oodescelis alticorne gravely , 1915 - platydema altifrons stchegoleva - barovskaya , 1927 - mordellistena altimontana g . s . medvedev , 2002 - asidoblaps altimontana g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes altivagans wollaston , 1864 - nesotes altomirana escalera , 1923 - alphasida altynemelis skopin , 1966 - blaps\ncanzoneri , 1961 - phaleria kochi ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena kochi ermisch , 1944 - anaspis kochi espanol , 1945 - phylan kochi espanol , 1950 - crypticus kochi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - dendarus kochi kaszab , 1959 - ascelosodis kochi kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum kochi kaszab , 1940 - bioramix\nantoine , 1957 - akis pentas mulsant , 1856 - mordellistena pentatomus c . g . thomson , 1864 - pseudanidorus pentheri ganglbauer , 1905 - omophlina pentheri ganglbauer , 1905 - mylabris pentheri reitter , 1905 - probaticus pentheri reitter , 1905 - crypticus peplifer marseul , 1879 - stricticollis peragalloi pic , 1902 - microhoria\nbaudi di selve , 1877 - conopalpus thoracicus fabricius , 1792 - bius thoracicus fairmaire , 1891 - cheirodes thoracicus fischer von waldheim , 1812 - pogonocerus thoracicus grimm , 1991 - helops thoracicus j . r . sahlberg , 1908 - cabirutus thoracicus nikitsky , 1987 - salpingoides thoracicus rosenhauer , 1856 - opatroides thoracoxantha franciscolo , 1943 - anaspis thunbergii steven , 1829 - tentyria thurepalmi ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena thuringiaca ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena thyreocephalus solsky , 1866 - anthicus thyrrena leoni , 1910 - asida tianshanica semenov et bogatchev , 1936 - blaps tibetana blair , 1927 - lagria tibetana chen et x . yang , 1997 - arthromacra\nm . chujo , 1981 - promethis aritai nomura , 1964 - mordellistena armata blair , 1913 - dila armata boheman , 1858 - anthelephila armata kaszab , 1942 - reichardtiellina armaticornis l . n . medvedev , 1974 - anthicus armatum waltl , 1835 - sclerum armatus panzer , 1799 - eledonoprius armatus truqui , 1855 - anthicus\nnomura et hayashi , 1960 - symphora miyakense nakane , 1963 - gonocephalum miyakensis nakane , 1963 - dioedus miyakoensis nakane , 1985 - stenochinus miyamotoi h . kamiya , 1961 - omineus miyamotoi nakane , 1956 - mordellistena miyarabi nomura , 1962 - variimorda miyatakei masumoto , 1994 - derispia miyatakei shiyake , 2000 - asiatolida mizusawai yamazaki , 1968 - amarygmus\nnakane , 1956 - mordellistena tokaraensis nomura , 1961 - cistelina tokaraensis nomura , 1962 - anthelephila tokaraensis nomura , 1962 - omonadus tokarana nakane , 1956 - falsomordellistena tokaranus nakane , 1963 - dioedus tokarensis nakane , 1968 - synchita tokarensis nakane , ? - pentaphyllus tokarensis nakane , 1963 - paramisolampidius tokarensis nakane , 1954 - dryopomera tokarensis okada , 2005 - colobicones tokatensis pic , 1904 - cteniopus tokeji nomura , 1951 - mordellistena tokejii nomura , 1958 - mordella tokejii nomura et kato , 1958 - hallomenus tokejii nomura et nakane , 1959 - trigonodera tokioensis nakane , 1983 - stereopalpus tokunagai nobuchi , 1960 - strigocis tokunoshimana masumoto et akita , 2001 - tarpela tokunoshimana mt . chujo , 1995 - promethis\nwellman , 1910 - euzonitis confalonierii gridelli , 1930 - arthrodeis confalonierii gridelli , 1930 - pimelia confalonierii gridelli , 1930 - tentyria confertus wollaston , 1854 - nesotes confinalis antoine , 1949 - probaticus confinis a . costa , 1854 - mordellistena confinis g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps confluens antoine , 1933 - asida confluens borchmann , 1930 - cteniopinus\nreiche et saulcy , 1857 - blaps sodalis waterhouse , 1889 - adesmia soderbomi pic , 1933 - pentaria sogdiana g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes sogdiana semenov , 1893 - euzonitis sogdianus semenov , 1900 - ctenopus sokolowi semenov , 1900 - stenoria sola telnov , 2002 - macratria solanensis saha , 1979 - hycleus solarii franciscolo , 1942 - mordellistena\nreiche , 1866 - hycleus ustulatus scopoli , 1763 - anogcodes utakoae sasaji , 1988 - melandrya uvsensis ermisch , 1968 - mordellistena uzbekistanicus svihla , 2006 - sparedrus uzbekistanus kaszab , 1981 - lydulus uzboica bogatchev et kryzhanovskiy , 1955 - sternoplax vachshiana g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes vachshiana skopin , 1960 - diesia vachshiana skopin , 1964 - microdera\npeyerimhoff , 1920 - zophosis berbera horak , 1983 - mordellistena berberus peyerimhoff , 1945 - rhopalodontus bereai escalera , 1907 - asida berettai marcuzzi , 2001 - stenohelops berezowskii g . s . medvedev , 1998 - blaps berezowskii g . s . medvedev , 1998 - asidoblaps bergeri bonadona , 1986 - microhoria bergevini peyerimhoff , 1925 - pachychila bergi kuzin , 1934 - psammocryptus\npic , 1913 - chitona balcanicus apfelbeck , 1901 - pedinus balchanicus g . s . medvedev et nepesova , 1985 - turkmenohelops balchaschensis skopin , 1960 - microdera balchashense skopin , 1974 - pterocoma balchashense skopin , 1964 - colposcelis balchashensis g . s . medvedev , 1970 - nalassus balchashensis skopin , 1966 - blaps balchashensis skopin , 1966 - melanesthes balearica compte , 1985 - mordellistena\nescalera , 1909 - sitarobrachys bukharensis kejval , 2000 - anthelephila bulbifer champion , 1919 - xylophilus bulganica kaszab , 1967 - colposcelis bulganica kaszab , 1967 - scythis bulganicus g . s . medvedev , 1990 - penthicus bulgarica ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena bulgarica g . s . medvedev et angelov , 1981 - ectromopsis bulgaricus svihla , 2006 - sparedrus bulla semenov , 1896 - ammozoides\nl . redtenbacher , 1850 - mylabris excellens schilsky , 1908 - anaspis excelsa reitter , 1884 - mycetochara excisa gebien , 1914 - uloma excisa nomura , 1967 - glipostenoda excisofasciata heyden , 1883 - mylabris excisum seidlitz , 1894 - opatrum excisus har . lindberg , 1950 - hegeter excisus kuster , 1848 - notoxus excisus wollaston , 1857 - tarphius exclusa ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena\nchobaut , 1898 - anthicus mayumiae masumoto , 1981 - plesiophthalmus mayumiae masumoto , 1983 - corticeus mazaganica escalera , 1910 - alphasida mazedonica ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena mazetieri antoine , 1936 - stenosis meanderoides skopin , 1977 - blaps meaticollis bonadona , 1978 - rimaderus mecheriensis chobaut , 1896 - aulacoderus medae espanol , 1940 - alphasida media g . s . medvedev , 1998 - gnaptorina\nhar . lindberg , 1950 - sclerum fernandezi palm , 1976 - mordellistena fernandezi pardo alcaide , 1951 - meloe fernandezi svihla , 1996 - alloxantha fernandezlopezi franz , 1967 - tarphius fernandezlopezi machado , 1979 - pimelia fernanensis skopin , 1972 - stalagmoptera feroni bonadona , 1960 - microhoria ferozensis g . s . medvedev , 2003 - prosodes ferrantei peyerimhoff , 1943 - aulacoderus ferrantei pic , 1911 - sitaris\nermisch , 1954 - mordellistena michaelae horak , 1986 - hoshihananomia michailovi g . s . medvedev , 1975 - dichillus michailovi g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes michailovi l . v . egorov , 1992 - trichomyatis michailovi skopin , 1968 - trigonopachys michajlovi nabozhenko , 2001 - zophohelops michalki ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena michihidei mt . chujo et lee , 1993 - scaphidema michiochujoi kawanabe , 2005 - octotemnus michioi m . chujo , 1978 - eucrossoscelis michioi tsuru et takakuwa , 2005 - variimorda michitakai masumoto , 1990 - plesiophthalmus microcephala escherich , 1897 - zonitis microcephala fairmaire , 1899 - promethis microcephala solier , 1835 - adesmia microcephalus escalera , 1914 - scaurus microceps motschulsky , 1872 - centorus microdera fairmaire , 1899 - falsocamaria microderoides reitter , 1900 - colposcelis microderoides reitter , 1898 - stegastopsis\nbertolini , 1892 - isomira echidna fairmaire , 1875 - pimelia echidniformis reitter , 1915 - pimelia echinata fischer von waldheim , 1844 - sternoplax echinatus vauloger , 1900 - catomus echinatus wollaston , 1854 - tarphius echingolensis ermisch , 1969 - mordellistena echingolensis kaszab et g . s . medvedev , 1984 - penthicus eckerleini muche , 1964 - omophlus eckerleini muche , 1963 - podonta ecoffeti kuster , 1850 - nalassus\npic , 1919 - hycleus kurdistanus reitter , 1902 - odocnemis kuri nomura , 1951 - falsomordellistena kuriamuriaca schawaller , 1993 - mesostena kurinoensis maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula kuro nomura , 1951 - mordellistena kurosai h . akiyama , 1998 - dryopomera kurosai m . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena kurosai m . chujo et nakane , 1955 - hoshihananomia kurosai nakane , 1988 - nacerdes kurosawai masumoto , 1988 - donaciolagria kurosawai masumoto , 1991 - plesiophthalmus kurosawai masumoto , 1986 - augolesthus kurosawai masumoto , 1981 - hemicera kurosawai masumoto , 1982 - promethis kurosawai takakuwa , 1985 - glipa kurosawai takakuwa , 2001 - variimorda kurosawai toyama et hatayama , 1985 - nephrites kurosonis miyatake , 1964 - bolitotrogus kursistana girard , 1966 - tentyria kusamai takakuwa , 1999 - glipa kuschkensis kaszab , 1960 - hedyphanes kuschkensis pic , 1919 - xanthabris\ndeyrolle , 1867 - zophosis kollari seidlitz , 1893 - blaps koltzei heyden , 1892 - hedyphanes koltzei heyden , 1884 - cteniopinus koltzei reitter , 1917 - alphasida koltzei reitter , 1900 - anatolica koltzei reitter , 1895 - cyphostethe koltzei reitter , 1896 - penthicinus koltzei reitter , 1896 - mycetochara kolwensis c . r . sahlberg , 1833 - pytho koma nomura , 1951 - mordellistena komarowi dokhtouroff , 1889 - stenoria\nkoch , 1937 - scaurus pellucida herbst , 1799 - halammobia pellucidus mulsant et godart , 1865 - leptonychus pellucidus mulsant et rey , 1856 - xanthomus peloponesiaca svihla , 1991 - nacerdes peloponnesensis batten , 1980 - mordellistena peloroides reitter , 1909 - prosodes peltieri peyerimhoff , 1924 - ammogiton penicillata w . l . e . schmidt , 1846 - oedemera penicilligerum karsch , 1881 - sepidium penkinae kaszab , 1966 - microdera\nmaran , 1944 - mylabris tachdirtensis antoine , 1945 - crypticus tachtaensis g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes tachyptera semenov , 1893 - petria tachysoides kaszab , 1973 - laena taciturna peyerimhoff , 1949 - blaps tacorontinus franz , 1967 - tarphius tadafumii masumoto et akita , 2003 - uloma tadjikistanica horak , 1980 - mordellistena tadjikistanica odnosum , 2002 - mordella tadzhibaevi g . s . medvedev , 1979 - leptodes\npic , 1921 - mylabris ainonia m . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena ainu lewis , 1895 - nacerdes ainu nakane , 1963 - tetratoma ainu nomura , 1958 - variimorda ainunum lewis , 1895 - lissodema aitagiae escalera , 1913 - sepidium aiunica espanol , 1944 - bermejoina ajmonis gridelli , 1934 - syachis aka kono , 1928 - mordellistenoda akage nomura , 1958 - mordella akaira franciscolo , 1991 - anaspis akbesiana fairmaire , 1884 - pimelia\nbogatchev , 1972 - penthicus kaszabi bonadona , 1964 - anthelephila kaszabi bonadona , 1964 - anthicus kaszabi ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena kaszabi espanol , 1961 - solskyia kaszabi espanol , 1944 - mateuina kaszabi g . s . medvedev , 1972 - leptodes kaszabi g . s . medvedev , 1987 - zophohelops kaszabi g . s . medvedev et kabakov , 1996 - prosodes kaszabi gridelli , 1954 - bioramix kaszabi grimm , 1981 - gunarus kaszabi j . ferrer , 1992 - melansis\nkoch , 1935 - adelostoma grandii franciscolo , 1942 - mordellistena grandipalpis allard , 1869 - alphasida grandipennis pic , 1906 - phyllocladus grandipennis pic , 1906 - pseudodendroides grandipes fairmaire , 1893 - derosphaerus grandipunctata ren , 1999 - microdera grandis bates , 1879 - ascelosodis grandis desbrochers des loges , 1881 - pachychila grandis espanol , 1953 - hyonthosoma grandis faldermann , 1835 - sternotrigon grandis fursov , 1935 - prostomis grandis g . s . medvedev , 1978 - catomus grandis klug , 1830 - pimelia grandis kraatz , 1883 - lasiostola grandis kraatz , 1865 - trigonoscelis\nsolier , 1834 - erodius syriacus zoufal , 1893 - centorus syriacus zoufal , 1892 - tenebrio syriae pic , 1892 - anthicus syrites ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena syrtana normand , 1936 - tentyria syrtanus normand , 1938 - melambius syrtensis kaszab , 1962 - anatolica syrtica koch , 1939 - alphasida syrtica koch , 1937 - tentyria syrticus koch , 1937 - erodius syrticus koch , 1937 - oterophloeus szalaymarzsoi kaszab , 1972 - micrantereus szalaymarzsoi kaszab , 1978 - lydomorphus szechenyii j . frivaldszky , 1889 - sternoplax szekessyi kaszab , 1942 - lepidocnemeplatia szekessyi kaszab , 1962 - leptodes\nfischer von waldheim , 1837 - hedyphanes cruralis lewis , 1895 - anthicomorphus cruralis marseul , 1876 - borboresthes crux escherich , 1899 - mylabris crux kono , 1928 - paratomoxia crypticoides fairmaire , 1879 - arthrodeis crypticoides reitter , 1887 - bioramix crypticola reitter , 1896 - gnathosia cryptogramaca y . - x . yang et ren , 2006 - epicauta cryptomeriae lewis , 1895 - allecula crystallina semenov , 1896 - dengitha csiki ermisch , 1977 - mordellistena csikii kaszab , 1965 - melanesthes csikii kaszab , 1967 - scleropatrum csikii reitter , 1920 - centorus csikii reitter , 1917 - cybopiestes\npic , 1921 - mylabris hartliebi pic , 1899 - stenidius hartmanni schawaller , 2002 - laena hartungii wollaston , 1864 - arthrodeis haruhiae m . chujo , 1985 - scaphidema harwoodi blair , 1923 - pseudotomoderus hasagawai nomura , 1951 - ermischiella hasegawai nomura et kato , 1959 - mordellochroa hassani antoine , 1942 - melambius hatayamai takakuwa , 2000 - glipa hatorii tokeji , 1953 - mordellistena hauschildi kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum hauseri borchmann , 1936 - cerogria hauseri escherich , 1899 - mylabris hauseri escherich , 1904 - stenoria hauseri escherich , 1897 - zonitis hauseri heyden , 1887 - ischnomera\npic , 1925 - hycleus mongeneti solier , 1836 - pimelia mongolensis l . n . medvedev , 1974 - cyclodinus mongolica csiki , 1901 - melanesthes mongolica dokhtouroff , 1887 - mylabris mongolica ermisch , 1964 - mordella mongolica ermisch , 1964 - mordellistena mongolica ermisch , 1964 - anaspis mongolica ermisch , 1969 - pentaria mongolica faldermann , 1835 - platyope mongolica kaszab , 1968 - pterocoma mongolica kaszab , 1968 - cyphostethe mongolica kaszab , 1965 - epitrichia mongolica muche , 1972 - allecula mongolica reitter , 1889 - sternotrigon mongolica reitter , 1889 - microdera mongolica schuster , 1940 - mantichorula\nyamazaki , 1964 - plesiophthalmus yakushimensis kawanabe , 1993 - hyalocis yamaguchii kono , 1936 - schizotus yamamotoi kawanabe , 1997 - cis yamamotoi nomura , 1951 - mordellina yamato nakane , 1987 - nematoplus yami nomura , 1967 - mordella yamoto ishikawa et sakai , 2004 - microscapha yangi fan , 1995 - mordellistena yangi masumoto , 1986 - platycrepis yangi merkl et chen , 1997 - mimoborchmania yangi ren , 1995 - caedius yangmingense masumoto , 1982 - platydema yanma takakuwa , 1986 - glipa yanoi nomura , 1951 - mordellochroa yasuakii masumoto , 1996 - laena yasuhikoi masumoto , 1996 - strongylium yasumatsui m . chujo , 1968 - strongylium yatoi nakane , 1954 - dryopomera\nhope , 1843 - ceropria chrysotrichia nomura , 1951 - falsomordellistena chudeaui bedel , 1921 - mylabris chudeaui koch , 1940 - pimelia chudeaui peyerimhoff , 1942 - oxycara chui masumoto , 1986 - taiwanomenephilus chujoi ando , 2003 - euhemicera chujoi ando et mt . chujo , 2005 - enanea chujoi hatayama , 1985 - mordellistena chujoi kulzer , 1960 - usechus chujoi masumoto , 2005 - plesiophthalmus chujoi miyatake , 1982 - cis chujoi miyatake , 1960 - pisenus chujoi nakane et nobuchi , 1955 - ennearthron chujoi tsuru et takakuwa , 2005 - variimorda chutungense masumoto , 2005 - strongylium cicatricosus leach , 1815 - meloe cicatricosus wollaston , 1854 - tarphius cicatrix fairmaire , 1879 - arthrodibius cichorii linnaeus , 1758 - hycleus\nbremer , 2003 - amarygmus brancuccii horak , 1995 - mordella brancuccii svihla , 1997 - indasclera brancuccii svihla , 1983 - nacerdes brandti koch , 1943 - microdera brattiensis j . muller , 1917 - asida breddini ermisch , 1963 - mordellistena breiti antoine , 1937 - alphasida breiti koch , 1941 - pimelia breiti reitter , 1913 - blaps breiti schuster , 1916 - laena breiti schuster , 1928 - asida bremei laferte - senectere , 1842 - cyclodinus bremeri ardoin , 1979 - akis bremeri j . ferrer , 1997 - mesomorphus bremeri masumoto , 2005 - amarygmus bremondi antoine , 1934 - alphasida bremondi antoine , 1949 - gunarus bremondi koch , 1941 - pachychila bremondi pic , 1936 - microhoria brendelli schawaller , 2001 - laena brendelli svihla , 1987 - nacerdes\npic , 1923 - eucyrtus semiviolaceus nakane , 1968 - tetragonomenes semivittata pic , 1947 - mylabris semivittatus l . redtenbacher , 1844 - sybaris semnanicus nabozhenko , 2005 - hedyphanes senegalensis a . g . olivier , 1795 - pimelia senegalensis fairmaire , 1894 - gonocnemis senegalensis laferte - senectere , 1849 - notoxus senilis abeille de perrin , 1895 - teratolytta senilis wollaston , 1864 - endomia senkakuense m . chujo , 1973 - gonocephalum senkakuensis m . chujo , 1973 - gnesis sennarensis pic , 1907 - leptaleus sensitivus krekich - strassoldo , 1928 - nitorus senussianus koch , 1937 - catomus separanda ermisch , 1965 - mordellistena separanda krekich - strassoldo , 1929 - microhoria separanda reitter , 1882 - synchita separanda reitter , 1915 - pimelia separata pic , 1941 - glipa separata pic , 1908 - cistelomorpha\nmarseul , 1872 - lydus stilla penrith , 1986 - zophosis stillata baudi di selve , 1878 - mylabris stipae chobaut , 1924 - stenalia stocki krekich - strassoldo , 1929 - microhoria stockmanni bistrom , 1977 - sphaeriestes stoeckleini ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena stoeckleini kaszab , 1960 - dichillus stoeckleini kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum stoeckleini kaszab , 1960 - bioramix stoeckleini koch , 1940 - adesmia stoetzneri muche , 1981 - isomira stoetzneri schuster , 1923 - blaps stoliczkana bates , 1879 - blaps stoliczkanus bates , 1879 - coelocnemodes stoljarovi g . s . medvedev , 1970 - tadzhikistania strabonis seidlitz , 1893 - pedinus straminea champion , 1927 - ectasiocnemis straminea l . redtenbacher , 1868 - cistelomorpha straminea peyerimhoff , 1931 - scraptia strandi kono , 1936 - nacerdes strandi krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - anthelephila strandi lohse , 1969 - rhopalodontus\nreitter , 1872 - heliomophlus kiseritzkii g . s . medvedev , 1966 - asiocaedius klapperichi pic , 1954 - hylophilus klapperichi borchmann , 1941 - cerogria klapperichi borchmann , 1941 - zonitoschema klapperichi ermisch , 1940 - glipa klapperichi ermisch , 1952 - glipostenoda klapperichi ermisch , 1956 - mordellistena klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - arthrodosis klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - pachyscelis klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - pimelia klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - thriptera klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - afghanillus klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - dichillus klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - gnathosia klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - syachis klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - thraustocolus klapperichi kaszab , 1959 - zophosis klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - blaps klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - prosodes klapperichi kaszab , 1954 - apterotarpela klapperichi kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - bioramix klapperichi kaszab , 1960 - cechenosternum klapperichi kaszab , 1942 - derispia\nescalera , 1921 - asida zaida reitter , 1917 - asida zaidamica skopin , 1974 - pterocoma zaisanensis ermisch , 1967 - mordellistena zaissanica skopin , 1960 - epitrichia zaitzevi g . s . medvedev , 1979 - philhammus zakatalensis nabozhenko , 2001 - nalassus zamotailovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - agnaptoria zamotailovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - asidoblaps zamotailovi g . s . medvedev , 1998 - tagonoides zanoni schuster , 1922 - adesmia zapaterii perez arcas , 1872 - alphasida zaratustrai nabozhenko , 2006 - nalassus zarcoi espanol , 1943 - pimelia zarcoi espanol , 1947 - stenosis zarcoi espanol , 1944 - cimipsa zarcoi koch , 1944 - asida zariquieyi espanol , 1937 - dendarus zarjanovi g . s . medvedev , 1993 - lasiostola zarudniana semenov et bogatchev , 1936 - blaps zarudnyana schuster , 1938 - trichosphaena zarudnyi bogatchev , 1950 - capricephalius zarudnyi bogatchev , 1953 - pimelia\nhayashi , 1960 - dircaea shibatai kaszab , 1964 - diphyrrhynchus shibatai kiyoyama , 1987 - mordellochroa shibatai m . chujo et miyatake , 1961 - derispia shibatai masumoto , 1987 - macrolagria shibatai masumoto , 1990 - plesiophthalmus shibatai masumoto , 1982 - byrsax shibatai nakakita , 1987 - tetraphyllus shibatai nakane , 1961 - anaspis shibatai nomura , 1961 - glipostenoda shibatai nomura , 1964 - allecula shibatai nomura , 1963 - strongylium shibatai nomura , 1962 - clavicollis shibatai nomura , 1964 - syzeton shibatai sasaji , 1984 - bolcocius shigeoi masumoto , 1981 - plesiophthalmus shikokuana iga et nakane , 1954 - nacerdes shikokuensis miyatake , 1954 - ceracis shimomurai toyoshima et y . ishikawa , 2000 - phloiotrya shimoyamai hayashi , 1960 - melandrya shimoyamai m . chujo , 1957 - mordellina shimoyamai m . chujo , 1957 - mordellistena shinanoensis tokeji , 1953 - falsomordellistena shintaroi sasaji , 1988 - trogocryptoides shiraishii imasaka , 2005 - arthromacra\nnomura , 1963 - glipa ohgushii m . chujo , 1957 - glipa ohminesanus masumoto et akita , 2001 - misolampidius ohshimana maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula ohsumiana nakane , 1957 - falsomordellina ohsumiana nakane , 1957 - mordellistenoda oitaensis nakane , 1983 - neosteropalpus okamotoi kono , 1935 - falsomordellistena okamotoi kono , 1935 - pedilus okiana imasaka , 2005 - arthromacra okiensis nakane , 1983 - misolampidius okinawaensis maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula okinawana kono , 1937 - oedemera okinawana m . chujo , 1978 - promethis okinawana m . chujo et sato , 1972 - nacerdes okinawana mt . chujo , 1985 - lagria okinawana nomura , 1963 - mordellistena okinawana nomura , 1962 - anthelephila okinawanum m . chujo , 1963 - gonocephalum okinawanus nakane , 1968 - gnesis okinawanus nomura , 1964 - plesiophthalmus okinawensis miwa , 1928 - zonitoschema okinawensis nakane , 1991 - trachypholis okuezonis kono , 1939 - corticeus okumurai masumoto , 1981 - strongylium okumurai nakane , 1968 - misolampidius okushimai svihla , 1997 - ischnomera\nbogatchev , 1949 - trichosphaena zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1991 - cnemeplatia zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1993 - lasiostola zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - thriptera zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1978 - colposcelis zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - dissonomus zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1987 - zophohelops zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1976 - hedyphanes zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - neopachypterus zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - dilamus zarudnyi g . s . medvedev , 1968 - pseudoblaps zarudnyi semenov , 1900 - anisochroa zaslavskii g . s . medvedev , 1968 - cabirutus zavattarii koch , 1939 - erodius zavchanensis ermisch , 1970 - mordellistena zebraeus marseul , 1870 - hycleus zemensis antoine , 1946 - thalpobia zemensis escalera , 1925 - alphasida zenchii tokeji , 1953 - mordellaria zerchei gillerfors , 1997 - tarphius zhangi fan et j . yang , 1993 - glipa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense ; many spp . have been moved to other genera , incl .\nsmall , slender , linear or wedge - shaped . scutellum somewhat trianglular , rounded . antennae usually threadlike , sometimes slightly sawtoothed . eyes coarsely granulate . each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short , more or less oblique ridges on outer surface ; tarsal segments may also bear ridges . most are solid black , but some have red , orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family , some trees , mostly oak . for many species , food in unknown .\nford e . j . , jackman j . a . ( 1996 ) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles ( coleoptera : mordellidae ) in north america . coleopterists bulletin 50 : 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae ( coleoptera ) in north america j . a . jackman & w . lu . 2001 . insecta mundi 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae ( coleoptera ) a . e . lisberg . 2003 . insecta mundi 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon , elizabeth s . , and dillon , lawrence . 1961 . row , peterson , and company .\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside : open - country weeds , trees , and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman , amelia hansen . 2003 . stackpole books .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nv\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh theo gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p creative commons ghi c\u00f4ng\u2013chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung . v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trang web n\u00e0y , b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang t\u01b0 . wikipedia\u00ae l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a wikimedia foundation , inc . , m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 20 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 17 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved 19 may 2012 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 19 may 2012 .\nmordellidae species list at joel hallan\u2019s biology catalog . texas a & m university . retrieved on 18 may 2012 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nreiche et saulcy , 1857 - sclerum abbreviatus a . g . olivier , 1795 - phylan abbreviatus brulle , 1838 - hegeter\nreitter , 1914 - scaurus abbreviatus wollaston , 1865 - tarphius abdelkaderi escalera , 1909 - mylabris abderoides chobaut , 1893 - pentaria abdeselami escalera , 1914 - microhoria abdita g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria\nreinig , 1931 - blaps abiadensis marseul , 1870 - hycleus abieticola j . r . sahlberg , 1875 - pytho\nc . muller , 1887 - zophosis acoriaceum m . chujo , 1975 - gonocephalum\nabeille de perrin , 1896 - oedemera adachii mt . chujo et imasaka , 1982 - misolampidius adaliae reitter , 1890 - megischina\npic , 1935 - euzonitis addendus krekich - strassoldo , 1928 - omonadus adebratti j . ferrer et l . soldati , 1999 - colpotus adelae l . soldati et f . soldati , 1999 - blaps adenensis franciscolo , 1956 - scraptia adenensis pic , 1957 - anthicus\nmarseul , 1876 - plesiophthalmus aenescens pic , 1925 - morphostenophanes aenescens reiche , 1861 - nesotes aeneus a . g . olivier , 1807 - cariderus aeneus fabricius , 1787 - stenotrachelus\nallard , 1885 - adesmia aethiopia ardoin , 1971 - cheirodes aethiopium gredler , 1878 - oxycara aethiops j . ferrer , 1993 - gonocephalum aethiops latreille , 1827 - epicauta aethiops wollaston , 1864 - nesotes aetnensis rottenberg , 1871 - gerandryus aetolicus apfelbeck , 1901 - pedinus afer erichson , 1841 - nesotes afer linnaeus , 1767 - oenas affine billberg , 1815 - gonocephalum affine nikitsky , 1985 - mycetoma affinis ballion , 1878 - scythis\nwollaston , 1865 - tarphius affinis zubkov , 1833 - sternoplax afganica bogatchev , 1947 - gnathosia afghana gridelli , 1954 - penthicus afghana kaszab , 1958 - mylabris afghana svihla , 1993 - oedemera afghanica g . s . medvedev , 2004 - mitotagenia\nmarsham , 1802 - scaphidema ahngeri g . s . medvedev , 1998 - nalassus ahngeri g . s . medvedev , 1964 - reitterohelops\nsemenov , 1900 - mecynotarsus ahngeriana semenov , 1896 - euzonitis aideriensis g . s . medvedev , 1993 - lasiostola aikoae m . chujo , 1983 - scaphidema aindarensis kaszab , 1981 - scelosodis\nreitter , 1901 - cis albohumeralis har . lindberg , 1950 - pimelia albonotatus motschulsky , 1860 - inopeplus albopilosa dvorak , 1993 - cerocoma albopilosa krekich - strassoldo , 1929 - microhoria albopilosum gebien , 1914 - strongylium\nkaszab , 1951 - alosimus albopilosus kocher , 1956 - heliomophlus albopilosus mt . chujo et lee , 1993 - cryphaeus albopilosus semenov , 1893 - lydulus albopubens svihla , 1987 - alloxantha alborana baudi di selve , 1883 - zophosis alboscutellata kono , 1934 - glipa\nj . r . sahlberg , 1913 - hycleus aliferum erichson , 1841 - sepidium alinae dajoz , 1973 - coxelus aliquoi f . soldati et l . soldati , 2002 - pedinus alishanum masumoto , 1981 - strongylium\nmiller , 1851 - omophlus alpinus w . l . e . schmidt , 1846 - anogcodes alpinus wollaston , 1854 - hadrus\nescalera , 1905 - alphasida altaica g . s . medvedev , 1990 - scythis altaica kaszab , 1967 - melanesthes altaica kaszab et g . s . medvedev , 1972 - anatolica\nreitter , 1909 - prosodes altaicus gebler , 1829 - penthicus altaicus gebler , 1829 - cteniopinus altaicus l . n . medvedev , 1975 - anthicus\npic , 1916 - liparoderus alutaceum fairmaire , 1875 - amblycarenum alvearium blair , 1938 - platybolium alveatus peyerimhoff , 1931 - oterophloeus alziari ardoin , 1978 - pedinus alziari grimm , 1991 - cephalostenus amabilis r . f . sahlberg , 1834 - phytobaenus amabilis vauloger de beaupre , 1900 - catomus amaena laferte - senectere , 1849 - anthelephila amamense miyatake , 1959 - ennearthron amamiana miyatake , 1961 - derispia amamiana miyatake , 1985 - indasclera amamiana nakane , 1963 - arthromacra amamiana nakane , 1988 - pseudodendroides amamiana nomura , 1962 - symphora amamiana nomura , 1962 - hoshihananomia amamiana nomura , 1961 - falsomordellina amamianum nomura , 1963 - strongylium amamianus m . chujo , 1966 - basanus\nkaszab , 1964 - tetraphyllus amamiensis maeda et nakane , 1988 - allecula amamiensis nomura , 1951 - mordellina amamiensis nomura , 1962 - anthicomorphus amamiensis nomura , 1964 - phytobaenus amanda reitter , 1900 - colposcelis amandana reitter , 1887 - pterocoma amandanus reitter , 1902 - entomogonus amandus reitter , 1922 - odocnemis amaniensis pic , 1913 - stricticollis amanoi masumoto , 1987 - promethis amaroides baudi di selve , 1874 - calyptopsis amaroides gebien , 1927 - androsus amaroides har . lindberg , 1953 - crypticus\nreitter , 1922 - nalassus ambulator laferte - senectere , 1849 - stricticollis ambusta lewis , 1895 - eobia ambusta pallas , 1781 - epicauta ambustus krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - clavicollis amdoensis g . s . medvedev , 2006 - agnaptoria amdoensis l . v . egorov , 1989 - platyscelis\nkirsch , 1869 - omophlus ami nomura , 1967 - mordellina amica g . s . medvedev , 2001 - prosodes amicitiae dufour , 1849 - microhoria\nseidlitz , 1896 - cteniopus ananensis chatzimanolis , 2002 - dendarus anaphiana koch , 1948 - dailognatha anaphianus koch , 1948 - dendarus anaspiformis weise , 1974 - isomira anaspioides motschulsky , 1845 - orchesia anastasei pic , 1935 - anthelephila anatoliae pic , 1893 - cyclodinus anatolica ganglbauer , 1905 - adesmia anatolica j . frivaldszky , 1880 - paralederia anatolica j . frivaldszky , 1884 - stenodera anatolica korge , 1971 - zilora anatolica muche , 1965 - podonta\npic , 1945 - corticeus andersoni bogdanov - katjkov , 1915 - gnathosia andoi masumoto , 1993 - tarpela andoi masumoto , 1992 - andocamaria andoi masumoto , 1996 - strongylium andreevae l . v . egorov , 1990 - bioramix andreinii dodero , 1916 - pachychila\ngridelli , 1929 - pimelia andreinii gridelli , 1930 - sclerum andreinii schuster , 1925 - nesotes andrejevae g . s . medvedev , 1990 - leptodes\nmotschulsky , 1860 - blaps angulicollis mulsant et wachanru , 1853 - entomogonus angulicollis pic , 1920 - sora angulifemoralis masumoto , 1996 - laena angulifer pic , 1893 - clavicollis angulithorax desbrochers des loges , 1881 - cobososia angulitibia koch , 1948 - dendarus angulosa a . g . olivier , 1795 - pimelia angulosa gebler , 1832 - melaxumia angulosicolle chobaut , 1924 - cyphostethe\nsolier , 1835 - tentyria angusticollis wollaston , 1860 - tarphius angustiformis fairmaire , 1893 - anthelephila angustifrons reitter , 1899 - mycetochara angustilineata fan et j . yang , 1993 - glipa angustior krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - nitorus angustior pic , 1944 - scraptia angustipennis espanol , 1958 - heliopates angustipennis fairmaire , 1875 - micipsa angustipennis gressitt , 1939 - oedemera angustipleuris reitter , 1893 - prosodes\nreitter , 1887 - colpotus angustulus wollaston , 1862 - tarphius angustum har . lindberg , 1950 - gonocephalum\nmiller , 1861 - sclerum angustus j . l . leconte , 1851 - cynaeus\nmarseul , 1879 - hedyphanes angustus reiche , 1864 - scaurus angustus ren et yuan , 2005 - ainu angustus zoufal , 1892 - tenebrio anhuiense masumoto , 2000 - strongylium animata pic , 1903 - anthelephila anisocera wiedemann , 1823 - cerogria annae g . s . medvedev , 2002 - asidoblaps annae grimm , 1991 - eutagenia annamariae antoine , 1934 - alphasida annamita chatanay , 1917 - gonocephalum\nfaldermann , 1837 - blaps anthracina g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria anthracina klug , 1830 - adesmia anthracina mulsant , 1856 - prionychus\nchatanay , 1917 - zophosis arabs marseul , 1879 - leptaleus aradasiana patti , 1840 - mordella aragonica koch , 1944 - tentyria araii m . chujo , 1980 - strongylium arakii nakane et nomura , 1950 - mordellaria arakii saito , 2003 - ischalia aralensis g . s . medvedev , 1978 - dilamus\nescalera , 1914 - pachychila arimotoi toyoshima et y . ishikawa , 2000 - hallomenus arisana kono , 1935 - ischalia\nroubal , 1937 - cis armifrons reitter , 1913 - rhopalodontus armiger laferte - senectere , 1849 - anthicus armillata brulle , 1832 - megischina arnoldianus bogatchev , 1951 - penthicus arnoldii bogatchev , 1947 - dailognatha arnoldii dubrovina , 1976 - mycetochara arnoldii g . s . medvedev , 1995 - prosodes arnoldii l . v . egorov , 1992 - somocoelia arnoldii nikitsky , 1985 - orchesia arnoldii skopin , 1964 - anatolica\ngestro , 1895 - zophosis arribasi cobos , 1961 - asida arrundarum koch , 1945 - opatrum artemisiae mulsant , 1856 - tolida arthritica fairmaire , 1896 - allecula articulatus reitter , 1911 - mycterus artvinensis svihla , 1999 - oedemera aruanachalae saha , 1979 - meloe aruktavica l . v . egorov , 1990 - bioramix aruktavicus g . s . medvedev , 1991 - dichillus aruktavikus g . s . medvedev , 2004 - blaps arun schawaller , 2002 - laena arunvallis kejval , 2000 - anthelephila arvatensis g . s . medvedev , 1964 - turkmenohelops asahiensis maeda et nakane , 1991 - hymenalia asahinai nakane , 1958 - nacerdes asahinai nakane et nomura , 1950 - glipa asanovitshae g . s . medvedev , 1990 - leptodes ascaniaenovae lazorko , 1975 - stenalia ascendens wollaston , 1864 - pimelia\nvoigts , 1902 - mylabris ascoensis f . soldati et l . soldati , 2001 - asida ashkhabadensis bogatchev et kryzhanovskiy , 1960 - lasiostola ashuensis nobuchi , 1959 - nipponocis asiatica fairmaire , 1892 - prionychus\nfabricius , 1801 - curtimorda atomarius fabricius , 1787 - mycetophagus atomus a . costa , 1884 - otolelus\nbaudi di selve , 1875 - alphasida atrata kiesenwetter , 1873 - podonta atrata nomura , 1962 - macratria atrata w . l . e . schmidt , 1846 - oedemera\ngressitt , 1941 - macrosiagon atropos a . costa , 1847 - cnemeplatia atropterus nomura , 1962 - omonadus\nlewis , 1887 - pseudopyrochroa aurita pallas , 1781 - cyphogenia aurita reitter , 1889 - microdera auritus motschulsky , 1845 - phryganophilus aurociliata escherich , 1899 - mylabris aurofasciata comolli , 1837 - mordellaria aurofasciata nakane , 1949 - falsomordellistena auromaculata kono , 1928 - falsomordellistena auromaculata m . chujo , 1935 - hoshihananomia\nbaudi di selve , 1878 - hycleus australis fairmaire , 1856 - dircaea australis g . s . medvedev , 1989 - melanesthes\nmotschulsky , 1872 - mylabris axillaris paykull , 1799 - mycetochara axillaris w . l . e . schmidt , 1842 - anthicus ayachiensis antoine , 1942 - pachychila ayahime nomura , 1967 - falsomordellistena\nreitter , 1916 - adesmia bacaresensis escalera , 1905 - asida bacarozzo schrank von paula , 1786 - akis bacillus marseul , 1876 - stenochinus bactriana bogatchev , 1964 - pimelia bactriana bogatchev , 1959 - blaps bactriana semenov , 1894 - prosodes bactrianiformis reitter , 1901 - prosodes badachshanicus g . s . medvedev , 1970 - catomus badakhshanicus g . s . medvedev , 1990 - leptodes badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - laena badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - stalagmoptera badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - blaps badakschanica kaszab , 1960 - prosodes\nkaszab , 1959 - microdera badeni haag - rutenberg , 1880 - epicauta badghysi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - dissonomus badghysi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - dissonomus badghysi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - reitterohelops badghysi g . s . medvedev et nepesova , 1985 - microdera badia kiesenwetter , 1861 - hymenalia badia krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - anthelephila badia rosenhauer , 1847 - pentaria badius l . redtenbacher , 1849 - odocnemis\npic , 1901 - cyclodinus baghlana g . s . medvedev , 2003 - prosodes baguenai escalera , 1943 - asida baguenai espanol , 1948 - lamprocrypticus bahrainicus kaszab , 1981 - piestognathoides baibarana kono , 1932 - nacerdes\npic , 1919 - mylabris baicalicus mulsant et rey , 1866 - cordicollis bairinana ren et dong , 2001 - platyope baishanzuna fan , 1995 - falsomordellistena baishuica schawaller , 2001 - laena bajanus g . s . medvedev , 1989 - penthicus bajsunensis svihla , 2004 - ischnomera bajula klug , 1830 - pimelia bajulus laferte - senectere , 1849 - anthicus balachana koch , 1949 - gnathosia balachanus pic , 1906 - anthicus balachowskyi girard , 1965 - tentyria balachowskyi peyerimhoff , 1931 - sitaris balachowskyi pierre , 1968 - pimelia balachowskyi pierre , 1958 - oxycara balashovi bogatchev et g . s . medvedev , 1974 - blaps\nescalera , 1922 - asida balearica pic , 1904 - microhoria balearicus espanol , 1980 - probaticus balearicus espanol , 1951 - heliopates balearicus espanol , 1950 - crypticus balearicus l . w . schaufuss , 1879 - neoisocerus\nheyden , 1886 - mylabris bangi pic , 1902 - notoxus baratovi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes\nsumakov , 1902 - platyesia barclayi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - pseudopodhomala\npic , 1925 - hycleus barnevillei pic , 1892 - tenuicollis barrosi escalera , 1921 - asida barrosi pic , 1938 - microhoria barschewskyi reitter , 1896 - gnathosia barthelemyi baudi di selve , 1878 - cerocoma barthelemyi solier , 1836 - pimelia barthelemyi solier , 1848 - entomogonus barypithoides schuster , 1916 - laena basalis a . costa , 1854 - variimorda\nchevrolat , 1877 - oedemera basalis emery , 1876 - anaspis basalis faust , 1877 - hymenalia basalis hope , 1831 - cerogria basalis krekich - strassoldo , 1931 - anthelephila basalis kuster , 1849 - oedemera basalis l . w . schaufuss , 1869 - tentyria\npic , 1923 - phaleria beloni pic , 1892 - omonadus belousovi g . s . medvedev , 1997 - leptodes belousovi g . s . medvedev , 2002 - agnaptoria belousovi g . s . medvedev , 2002 - asidoblaps belousovi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes\npic , 1913 - anthelephila bhutanensis sengupta , 1980 - elacatis bhutanensis slipinski , 1981 - namunaria bhutanica merkl , 1990 - bothynogria bhutanica svihla , 1980 - chrysanthia bhutanicum masumoto , 1999 - strongylium bhutanicus masumoto , 2002 - asbolodomimus bianera g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps\na . g . olivier , 1795 - macrosiagon bicolor a . g . olivier , 1790 - corticeus\nchatanay , 1917 - zophosis bidens antoine , 1932 - melambius bidentatum solier , 1844 - sepidium bidentatus a . g . olivier , 1790 - cis bidentulus fairmaire , 1879 - bulbulus bidentulus fairmaire , 1892 - cheirodes bidentulus rosenhauer , 1847 - sulcacis\nkaszab , 1964 - melanesthes bienerti a . f . morawitz , 1865 - cyphogenia bieti wellman , 1912 - lytta bifasciata marseul , 1877 - macrosiagon bifasciata marsham , 1802 - abdera\npic , 1938 - omonadus bifida g . s . medvedev , 2005 - asidoblaps bifida rosenhauer , 1865 - pachychila\nreitter , 1915 - pimelia bipunctatus a . g . olivier , 1811 - hycleus bipunctatus megerle von muhlfeld , 1812 - apalus\nreiche , 1862 - dichillus bisetiger m . chujo , 1939 - cis bisetosa g . s . medvedev , 1998 - itagonia\nvauloger de beaupre , 1900 - catomus bison a . g . olivier , 1811 - mecynotarsus bispilifasciata marseul , 1878 - microhoria bispilifasciata pic , 1897 - anthelephila\npic , 1909 - mylabris bogatchevi kwieton , 1982 - bogatshevia bogatschevi iablokoff - khnzorian , 1984 - laena bogatschevi iablokoff - khnzorian , 1957 - ectromopsis bogatschevi kaszab , 1968 - gnathosia bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 2004 - cyphogenia bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1976 - arthrodosis bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1975 - dichillus bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - dailognatha bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1964 - blaps bogatshevi g . s . medvedev , 1996 - prosodes bogatshevi kaszab , 1970 - penthicus bogatshevi kaszab , 1970 - bioramix bogatshevi kaszab , 1958 - mylabris bogatshevi l . v . egorov , 1989 - platyscelis bogatshevi skopin , 1960 - sternoplax bogdanovi gebien , 1937 - tentyria boghariensis raffray , 1873 - mylabris bogosensis reitter , 1886 - stenosis\nlokay , 1907 - oochrotus boyeri solier , 1834 - erodius boyeri solier , 1836 - pimelia bozbutavicus g . s . medvedev , 1987 - zophohelops bozdaglariensis novak , 2006 - megischina braaschi muche , 1982 - mycetocharina brachati daffner , 1983 - langelandia brachelytra kaszab , 1952 - gonocephalum brachycera antoine , 1937 - alphasida brachycerus faldermann , 1837 - notoxus"]}
{"id": 2330, "summary": [{"text": "amphipyra is a genus of moths .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is the only genus remaining in the subfamily amphipyrinae , the others having been removed , e.g. , to the hadeninae . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "amphipyra", "paragraphs": ["patrick coin marked\namphipyra pyramidoides\nas trusted on the\namphipyra pyramidoides\npage .\npatrick coin marked\ncopper underwing\nas trusted on the\namphipyra pyramidoides\npage .\npatrick coin marked\ncopper underwing ( corrected ! )\nas trusted on the\namphipyra pyramidoides\npage .\nthis species is nearly identical to amphipyra glabella , an eastern species that enters our area in the northeast . these species are easily separated by locality since a . brunneoatra only occurs in southwestern oregon .\n) . however , the relative distributions of each species are still not fully known , as the differences between them are becoming clearer .\nthere are a number of subtle ways to help distinguish the two species , but one recently quoted feature is the detail of the labial palps when viewed head - on . svensson ' s has dark palps with pale tips , whereas copper underwing ' s palps are pale throughout .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 18 20 : 08 : 57 page render time : 0 . 2610s total w / procache : 0 . 3019s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 51 . 35f ; p . 286 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\none generation per year ; larvae active in spring ; when ready to pupate they build a shelter by rolling a leaf . aggregations of newly eclosed adults found under bark , etc . in mid - summer\n1 : caterpillar . 2 : caterpillar , later instar . 3 : rolled leaf shelter . 4 : pupa . 5 and 6 : adults\nnot one of the\ntrue\nunderwings ( catocala spp . ) which have either all - black or banded hindwings .\nthe coppery - orange hindwing of a . pyramidoides is diagnostic but rarely visible in live moths , as they tend to keep their forewings together , covering the hindwings .\nlive larva image by lance risley , william paterson u . , new jersey ( insectimages . org )\ncommon name reference [ humped green fruitworm ; larva ] ( insectimages . org )\npeterson field guides : eastern moths charles v . covell . 1984 . houghton mifflin company .\nowlet caterpillars of eastern north america david l . wagner . 2011 . princeton university press .\ncaterpillars of eastern north america david l . wagner . 2005 . princeton university press .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nyou appear to have javascript disabled or are using a browser that does not support it . please enable javascript to experience all features of the site !\nca : lake co . anderson springs , 1338 ft 38 . 8 , - 122 . 7 july 08 , 1949 , wr bauer . specimen courtesy of lgcc photograph copyright : merrill a . peterson\nthis species is widely distributed in the southwest . in the pacific northwest , it appears to be narrowly restricted to riparian habitats along rivers at low elevations in southwest oregon .\nthe range of this species includes most of california west of the sierra nevada . it probably occurs in the southwest , possibly as far east as colorado , but the eastern limits seems uncertain due to possible confusion with a . glabella .\nno information is presently available regarding larval foodplants of this species , but it probably feeds on cottonwoods ( populus spp . ) in the salicaceae based upon the habitat and closely related species .\nthe adults of a . brunneoatra fly in late summer . they are nocturnal and come to lights .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4 . 0 international license\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\na fairly large ( 3 . 2 - 5 . 8 cm wingspan ) broad - winged moth with glistening dark sooty brown forewings and copper - orange hindwings . the forewing basad to the postmedian line is darker than the terminal area . the postmedian line , the orbicular spot and to a lesser degree the antemedian line are light brown to dirty white . the antennae are simple , and the sexes are essentially alike . the large size and shining , coppery - orange unbanded hindwings will separate the copper underwing from all other alberta moths .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ cite : 744566 ] profiles of > 2000 spp . from europe jump to : odonata | orthoptera | auchenorhyncha | heteroptera adults \u2022 nymphs | diptera |\na collection of resources providing detailed information on major taxa of nc aquatic insects ( ept , beetles , chironomids ) . some of these guides are posted as separate ref entries\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\na resident species , generally occurring singly or sparingly at mv light in a wide range of habitats , but often fairly common to occasionally very common on sugar in woods . well and probably generally distributed but high numbers are local and distinctly episodic . single - brooded , flying mainly from mid - july to late september . larvae feed on a variety of trees and shrubs , including honeysuckle and apple . ( pratt , 2011 )\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nsome larger moths , even common ones found in gardens , are difficult to identify . this book gives naturalists the means to tackle these tricky species .\nbritish and irish moths : an illustrated guide to selected difficult species ( covering the use of genitalia characters and other features ) makes available up - to - date information on the identification of difficult macro - moths , beyond what is currently available in the field guides . written by moth experts martin townsend , jon clifton and brian goodey , and originally published in 2010 , 72 larger moth species ( plus their subspecies and forms ) are included .\nmuch of the guide is focussed on genitalia characteristics , although there are discussions of other characteristics such as wing markings ( see example pages shown below ) . it provides the next step for those wishing to make definitive determinations of difficult moths such as ear moths , dark / grey daggers , copper underwings and the november moth group .\nthe book itself is out of print and there are no plans to reprint it . however , the full contents are now available online here .\nat the moment the 72 larger moth species ( plus their subspecies and forms ) from the original publication are included in this online version . simply click on the species of interest in the table below to view the text , keys and illustrations . the introductory text and how to use the guide can be found here . details on dissection methods , morphology and the glossary can be found here . the references and further reading can be found here .\nsome of the files are quite large and may take several minutes to download . you will need a . pdf viewer to open the files .\nplease note that the key and figure relating to female satin beauty deileptenia ribeata ( pages 40 & 41 ) are the corrected versions .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthe data comes from archaeological sites , essentially directly related to human activity . species presence can have a varied origin : food leftovers ( farming , hunting , fishing or harvesting ) ; crafts ( working shell , horn , but also bones preserved inside prepared skin , etc . . . ) with the possibility of interaction between human group ; commensal anthropophilic species ( rat , mouse , sparrow , cockroach ) ; or accidentally present species .\ndo not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages ( 14th - 15th c . ) . . . the sea did not come that far , but trade did .\nin compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world , unpublished data under five years ( from excavation reports , analyses , but also academia ) is never communicated .\nthe dots represent the sites for which a study ( or a simple recording ) of fauna and / or flora was performed ; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france ( i2af ) . the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .\nthe dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site . symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .\nto select / deselect one or more periods or to remove the dots corresponding to the listed sites , check / uncheck in the right side .\nhovering a dot reveals in the left corner at the bottom of the map , the name of the department or municipality . one click enables the list of sites present on the municipality .\nthe selection of a site opens a new page that displays general information relating thereto ( other name ( s ) known , location . . . ) , the bibliographical reference ( s ) connected to the species , and a summary of plant and animal species identified per large time period .\na timeline summarizes all known information on the species . the relevant periods or sub - periods when the detail is known , are highlighted in red . tool tip : passing over a period ( palaeolithic for example ) displays the date range of the period .\naccess to more detailed information is accessible only by convention , after login , for scientists affiliated to groups or institutional programs ( national center of scientific research , national institute of preventive archaeological research , for example ) or associations ( international council for archaeozoology , for example ) .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more ."]}
{"id": 2366, "summary": [{"text": "pseudosimnia pyrulina is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ovulidae , the ovulids , cowry allies or false cowries . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "pseudosimnia pyrulina", "paragraphs": ["species margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) accepted as pseudosimnia pyrulina ( a . adams , 1855 )\nworms - world register of marine species - pseudosimnia pyrulina ( a . adams , 1855 )\n( of margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) ) cate c . n . ( 1978 ) . new species of ovulidae and reinstatement of margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) . the nautilus 92 ( 4 ) : 160 - 167 [ details ]\nspecies pseudosimnia pyrifera c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as pseudosimnia vanhyningi ( m . smith , 1940 )\nspecies pseudosimnia sphoni c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as pseudosimnia vanhyningi ( m . smith , 1940 )\nto barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym margovula pyrulina ( a . adams , 1854 ) ) to encyclopedia of life\nno one has contributed data records for pseudosimnia lacrima yet . learn how to contribute .\n( of amphiperas pyrulina a . adams , 1855 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\npseudosimnia albomarginata cate , c . n . , 1978 : solomons ; japan ( ? )\nspecies pseudosimnia filia azuma , 1974 accepted as primovula rosewateri ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia whitworthi c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula whitworthi c . n . cate , 1973\nspecies pseudosimnia coroniola c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula coroniola ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia culmen c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula culmen ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia emilyreidae c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula kosugei ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia perilla c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula dautzenbergi ( f . a . schilder , 1931 )\nspecies pseudosimnia striola c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula dautzenbergi ( f . a . schilder , 1931 )\nspecies pseudosimnia translineata c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as margovula translineata ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies pseudosimnia carnea sensu f . a . schilder , 1941 not poiret , 1789 accepted as sandalia triticea ( lamarck , 1810 )\n( of amphiperas pyrulina a . adams , 1855 ) adams a . ( 1855 [\n1854\n] ) . descriptions of thirty - nine new species of shells , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 22 : 130 - 138 , pl . 28 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspecies pseudosimnia incisa azuma & c . n . cate , 1971 accepted as diminovula incisa azuma & c . n . cate , 1971\nspecies pseudosimnia marginata g . b . sowerby i , 1828 accepted as margovula marginata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1828 )\nspecies pseudosimnia pyriformis sensu kuroda , 1958 not g . b . sowerby i , 1828 accepted as diminovula alabaster ( reeve , 1865 )\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ndwarf red simnia\nto\npseudosimnia carnea ( poiret , 1789 )\n.\n\u00bb species pseudosimnia ( diminovula ) fruticum ( reeve , 1865 ) accepted as prionovolva brevis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1828 )\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\ndwarf red egg cowrie\nto\npseudosimnia carnea ( poiret , 1789 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nblood - stained simnia\nto\npseudosimnia carnea ( poiret , 1789 )\n.\nspecies pseudosimnia fulguris azuma & c . n . cate , 1971 accepted as primovula fulguris ( azuma & c . n . cate , 1971 )\nspecies pseudosimnia kandai c . n . cate & azuma in c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as testudovolva nipponensis ( pilsbry , 1913 )\nspecies pseudosimnia nubila c . n . cate & azuma in c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula whitworthi c . n . cate , 1973\nspecies pseudosimnia pyriformis sensu f . a . schilder , 1941 not g . b . sowerby i , 1828 accepted as diminovula alabaster ( reeve , 1865 )\nspecies pseudosimnia aurantiomacula c . n . cate & azuma , 1973 accepted as diminovula aurantiomacula ( c . n . cate & azuma , 1973 ) ( original combination )\n( of aperiovula aurora omi , 2003 ) omi y . 2003 . a nnew species of aperiovula ( gastropoda : ovulidae ) collected near the boso peninsula , japan . venus 62 ( 1 - 2 ) : 11 - 18 [ details ]\nlorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of aperiovula aurora omi , 2003 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of aperiovula albomarginata c . n . cate , 1978 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aperiovula albomarginata c . n . cate , 1978 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of aperiovula yukitai azuma , 1974 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aperiovula yukitai azuma , 1974 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of prionovolva aureomarginata shikama , 1973 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of prionovolva aureomarginata shikama , 1973 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]\n( of prionovolva aureomarginata shikama , 1973 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of aperiovula c . n . cate , 1973 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 36 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - margovula c . n . cate , 1973\nspecies margovula aboriginea c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula aboriginea ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\nspecies margovula changi ma , 1997 accepted as diminovula margarita ( g . b . sowerby i , 1828 )\nspecies margovula kosugei c . n . cate , 1973 accepted as diminovula kosugei ( c . n . cate , 1973 )\niredale t . ( 1935 ) . australian cowries . the australian zoologist . 8 ( 2 ) : 96 - 135 , pls 8 - 9 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 103 ; note : not available : no description [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . 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{"id": 2383, "summary": [{"text": "the jujuy tuco-tuco ( ctenomys juris ) is a species of rodent in the family ctenomyidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known only from one location with an elevation of 500 m in jujuy province in northern argentina . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "jujuy tuco - tuco", "paragraphs": ["a province of nw argentina ; 22 , 952 square miles ; capital , jujuy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwoods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\ncomments : cabrera ( 1961 ) synonymized juris under mendocinus . included within mendocinus by redford and eisemberg ( 1992 ) and woods ( 1993 ) , but considered specifically distinct by galliari et al . ( 1996 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe new international webster ' s comprehensive dictionary . copyright \u00a9 2010 , standard international copyright leasing ."]}
{"id": 2384, "summary": [{"text": "bombus rufocinctus is a species of bumblebee known by the common name red-belted bumblebee .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is native to north america where it has a wide distribution across canada and the western , midwestern , and northeastern united states .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it may occur in mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the queen is 1.6 to 1.8 centimeters long and just under a centimeter wide at the abdomen .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is black with scattered gray and yellowish hairs on the head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the abdomen has many bright yellow hairs and areas of reddish hairs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the worker is 1.1 to 1.2 centimeters long and half a centimeter wide at the abdomen .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is similar to the queen but it may have longer hairs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the male is 1.2 to 1.3 centimeters long and half a centimeter wide at the abdomen .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is mostly black with more yellow on the head and abdomen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species displays four genetically-controlled color polymorphisms : the second and third abdominal terga may have red or black hairs , and the fourth and fifth may be either yellow or black .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this small , short-tongued bee lives in and around wooded areas and it can be found in urban parks and gardens .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it feeds on several kinds of plants , including chicories , snakeroots , strawberries , gumweeds , sunflowers , goldenrods , clovers , vetches , and goldeneyes .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it usually nests on or above ground level . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "bombus rufocinctus", "paragraphs": ["for further information about this species , see 21215145 _ bombus _ rufocinctus . pdf .\nthose with red on the metasoma are often confused with various pyrobombus whereas those without can be confused with bombus bimaculatus and various other species , but in rufocinctus the malar space is exceptionally short .\nbombus rufocinctus cresson : apidae ( bombini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from macior and thomson et al . ) araliaceae : aralia hispida ( tmp ) ; primulaceae : dodecatheon meadia cp ( mc )\nlectotype for bombus rufocinctus cresson , 1863 catalog number : usnm collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of entomology sex / stage : male ; worker ; preparation : pinned locality : colo . , colorado , united states\nrichardson , l . l . 2013 . bumble bees of north america : a database of specimen records for the genus bombus . data contributors available : urltoken\nbombus rufocinctus cresson : apidae ( bombini ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from macior , thomson et al . , discover life ) araliaceae : aralia hispida ( tmp ) ; primulaceae : dodecatheon meadia cp ( mc ) ; rosaceae : spiraea tomentosa ( dl ) insect activities : cp = collects pollen scientific observers : ( mc ) = l . w . macior ( tmp ) = thomson , maddison , and plowright\nmacior , l . w . 1968 . bombus ( hymenoptera , apidae ) queen foraging in relation to vernal pollination in wisconsin . ecology 49 ( 1 ) : 20 - 25\ncarvell , c . 2002 . habitat use and conservation of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) under different grasslands management regimes . biological conservation 103 ( 1 ) : 33 - 49 .\nno recent studies suggest that this species to be threatened on a large scale ( natureserve 2014 ) . the apparent decline around san francisco might be related in part to competition from b . vosnesenskii , a species which has increased dramatically in abundance in the region . it should be noted , however , that bombus rufocinctus was historically known from low numbers in the city of san francisco , so the lack of recent detection ( e . g . , mcfrederick and lebuhn 2006 ) is not very alarming .\nsavard , m . 2009 . aper\u00e7u sur la diversit\u00e9 des bourdons de la minganie , qu\u00e9bec ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus ) . le naturaliste canadien 133 ( 2 ) : 31 - 36 .\nin females with red on the metasoma the red is on the apicolateral corners of t2 and on t3 and t4 , with t1 and most of t2 yellow , whereas in species such as ternarius and huntii t2 - t3 are entirely red and t4 is yellow . bombus centralis can be confusing in that its metasoma is yellow basally and red apically , but in that species t2 is entirely yellow and the facial hairs are all yellow ( also usually true of huntii and bifarius but not ternarius , sylvicola , or rufocinctus ) . the dorsum of the scutum has black as in other species , but this is often a rather diffuse blotch as opposed to a narrow , well - defined interalar band ( as in huntii ) or clearly extending to form a notch in the scutellum posteriorly ( as in bifarius and to a lesser degree ternarius ) . however , rufocinctus females can have a complete , broad interalar band .\nmcfrederick , q . s . , and g . lebuhn . 2006 . are urban parks refuges for bumble bees bombus spp . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) ? biological conservation 129 ( 3 ) : 372 - 382 [ includes corrigendum ] .\ncolla , s . , and l . packer . 2008 . evidence for decline in eastern north american bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with special reference to bombus affinis cresson . biodiversity and conservation 17 ( 6 ) : 1379 - 1391 .\nevans , e . , r . thorp , s . jepson and s . hoffman - black . 2008 . status review of three formerly common species of bumble bees in the subgenus bombus . the xerces society . 63 pp . accessed at urltoken\ngrixti , j . c . , l . t . wong , s . a . cameron , and c . favret . 2008 . decline of bumble bees ( bombus ) in the north american midwest . biological conservation 142 ; 75 - 84\ngolick , d . a . , and m . d . ellis . 2006 . an update on the distribution and diversity of bombus in nebraska ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 79 ( 4 ) : 341 - 347 .\ngrixti , j . c . , l . t . wong , s . a . cameron , and c . favret . 2009 . decline of bumble bees ( bombus ) in the north american midwest . biological conservation 142 ( 1 ) : 75 - 84 .\nhatfield , r . g . , and g . lebuhn . 2007 . patch and landscape factors shape community assemblage of bumble bees , bombus spp . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , in montane meadows . biological conservation 139 ( 1 - 2 ) : 150 - 158 .\nsuper , p . e . , and a . t . moyer . 2003b . bombus affinis cresson , bumble bee - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park . in : nps , dlia . 2007 . discover life in america , great smoky mountains national park , gatlinburg , tennessee . online . available : urltoken\nwilliams , p . h . 2008a . bombus , bumblebees of the world . web pages based on williams , p . h . 1998 . an annotated checklist of bumblebees with an analysis of patterns of description ( hymenoptera : apidae , bombini ) . bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) 67 : 79 - 152 . online . available : urltoken accessed 2008 - oct .\ngenerally , bumble bees ( bombus spp . ) are threatened by a number of factors including habitat loss , pesticide use , pathogens from managed pollinators , competition with non - native bees , and climate change ( reviewed in goulson 2010 , williams et al . 2009 , williams and osborne 2009 , f\u00fcrst et al . 2014 , cameron et al . 2011 , hatfield et al . 2012 ) . reduced genetic diversity resulting from any of these threats can be particularly concerning for bumble bees , since their method of sex - determination can be disrupted by inbreeding , and since genetic diversity already tends to be low in this group due to the colonial life cycle ( i . e . , large numbers of bumble bees found locally may represent only one or a few queens ) ( goulson 2010 , hatfield et al . 2012 , but see cameron et al . 2011 , lozier et al . 2011 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nantweiler , g . , arduser , m . , ascher , j . , bartomeus , n . , beauchemin , a . , beckham , j . , cromartie , j . , day , l . , droege , s . , evans , e . , fiscus , d . , fraser , d . , gadallah , z . , gall , l . , gardner , j . , gill , d . , golick , d . , heinrich , b . , hinds , p . , hines , h . , irwin , r . , jean , r . , klymko , j . , koch , j . , macphail , v . , martineau , r . , martins , k . , matteson , k . , mcfarland , k . , milam , j . , moisan - deserres , j . , morrison , f . , ogden , j . , packer , l . , richardson , l . , savard , m . , scott , v . , scully , c . , sheffield , c . , sikes , d . , strange , j . , surrette , s . , thomas , c , thompson , j . , veit , m . , wetherill , k . , williams , n . , williams , p . , winfree , r . , yanega , d . & zahendra , s .\nfoltz jordan , s . , hatfield , r . , colla , s . & macphail , v .\njustification : according to our analysis , this widespread north american species has not exhibited rangewide decline in recent years ( hatfield et al . 2014 ) . specifically , the average decline of 0 % ( based on relative abundance , persistence , and range ) suggests a least concern category for this species . note that this analysis did not consider the mexican distribution of this species , however , since this species is known from very few records in a small area of mexico ( labougle 1990 , ecosur 2014 ) , the mexican data would not have significantly impacted the above results . our findings are consistent with other reports that the species is stable or increasing throughout the eastern and central portions of its range ( colla and packer 2008 , grixti et al . 2009 , colla et al . 2012 ) . based on the above calculations and trends , along with published reports of bumble bee decline and the assessors ' best professional judgement , we recommend this species for the least concern red list category at this time .\n2014 ) . it also occurs rarely in mexico , where it is limited in distribution to the trans - mexican volcanic belt ( eje volc\u00e1nico transversal ) , a volcanic belt that extends from west to east across central - southern mexico ( labougle 1990 ) . known mexican localities are from ( 1 ) the state of mexico ( estado de m\u00e9xico ) : toluca and santa elena - toluca ; ( 2 ) the federal district ( distrito federal ) ; ( 3 ) the volc\u00e1n , popocat\u00e9petl ( labougle 1990 ) ; and ( 4 ) the states of tlaxcala and hidalgo ( r . vandame pers . comm . 2014 ) . there are 21 records for this species in the current database of mexican bumble bee records ( ecosur 2014 , including holdings from ecosur and other collections ) .\nfor a graph and map of relative abundance and range changes of this species over time see the supplementary material .\ncanada ( alberta , british columbia , manitoba , new brunswick , newfoundland i , northwest territories , nova scotia , ontario , prince edward i . , qu\u00e9bec , saskatchewan ) ; mexico ( m\u00e9xico distrito federal , m\u00e9xico state ) ; united states ( alaska , arizona , california , colorado , idaho , illinois , iowa , kansas , maine , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , missouri , montana , nebraska , nevada , new hampshire , new jersey , new mexico , new york , north dakota , ohio , oregon , south dakota , utah , vermont , washington , west virginia , wisconsin , wyoming )\npopulations of this bee appear to be stable in most of its range , and may even be increasing in some areas . in a study in illinois , 2007 surveys of 57 sites across the state revealed\n2009 ) . in another regional study in southern ontario , colla and packer ( 2008 ) found this species had over two times greater relative abundance in 2004 - 2006 than was exhibited during surveys at these same sites a few decades earlier ( 1971 - 1973 ) .\nrange - wide , this species also appears to be stable . in a large study considering over 69 , 000 bumblebee specimens representing 21 species collected from 1865 - 2010 in eastern north america , colla\n. ( 2012 ) assessed changes in relative abundance and occupancy of this species and ranked its conservation status throughout the entire united states and canadian range . this study found\npersisted in 67 % of re - sampled historically occupied 50 x 50 km grid cells throughout its united states and canada range , and significantly increased in relative abundance over the time periods examined .\ncommon throughout its range , but note that it had disappeared from the san francisco bay area by 2002 , an area where it was historically uncommon ( mcfrederick and lebuhn 2006 ) .\nthe population of this species in central mexico is apparently isolated from the united states populations , and with very few ( 21 ) records , its status is not well - known . surveys in this region from 2012 to 2014 were unable to detect this species ( r . vandame pers . comm . 2014 ) .\n2014 ) . we also assessed changes in the species\u2019 relative abundance ( see figure 1 in the supplementary material ) , which we consider to be an index of abundance relevant to the taxon , as specified by the iucn red list categories and criteria ( iucn 2012 ) . for all three calculations we divided the database into historical ( 1805 - 2001 , n = 128 , 572 ) and current ( 2002 - 2012 , n = 74 , 682 ) records . this timeframe was chosen to meet the iucn criteria stipulation that species decline must have been observed over the longer of three generations or 10 years . average decline for this species was calculated by averaging the change in abundance , persistence , and eoo . this analysis yielded the following results ( see also the graph of relative abundance and map of change in eoo over time in the supplementary material ) :\nconservation needs : specific conservation needs for this species have not been identified . due to the inherent vulnerability of many bumble bee species and importance of supporting wild bee populations for pollination services , the following general conservation practices are recommended :\nrestore , create and preserve natural high - quality habitats to include suitable forage , nesting and overwintering sites .\nrestrict pesticide use on or near suitable habitat , particularly while treated plants are in flower .\npromote farming practices that increase of nitrogen - fixing fallow ( legumes ) and other pollinator - friendly plants along field margins .\nresearch needs : in addition , the northern area of this species ' range is undersampled ( hatfield et al . 2014 ) . further surveys of this species are needed in mexico , where the status and population trends are not well - known ( r . vandame pers . comm . 2014 ) . additional research needs for north american bumble bees ( as a whole ) are summarized in cameron et al . ( 2011 ) , the final report for the 2010 north american bumble bee species conservation planning workshop .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nreprinted with permission from : mitchell , t . b . 1962 bees of the eastern united states . north carolina agricultural experiment station technical bulletin no . 152 .\nworker\u2014length 11 - 12 . 5 mm . , breadth of abdomen 5 - 5 . 5 mm . ; quite similar to queen but pubescence relatively more elongate , with considerable variation in the pattern of pubescence on abdominal terga , with some black pubescence evident on the more median terga in some specimens .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis species is a relatively widespread northern and western bumble bee that is not reported by any recent sources to be declining widely . while it seems to have disappeared around san franciso , it appears to be increasing in some places . it is also not a member of any subgenus in which declines have been reported or documented . it is secure for now but , like most bumblebees , its status should be monitored .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nmitchell ( 1962 ) gives the range as pacific coast to michigan , maine and quebec , so apparently this is a rather northern species at least eastward . the urltoken site gives a very similar eastern range and indicates the species to be very widespread ( south to arizona ) in the west ( www . bumblebee . org ) . schmidt and jacobson ( 2005 ) confirm the species as widespread , mostly above 2500 meters , in northern arizona .\nno recent studies suggest this species to be threatened on a large scale . at a more localized scale habitat changes , pesticides etc . can have a negative impact . the decline around san francisco might be relate in part to competition from b . vosnesenskii .\nno recent sources report this species to be in serious range - wide decline , and colla and packer ( 2008 ) report a slight , but statistically significant , increase recently in southern ontario . see also williams et al . ( 2009 ) . it possibly has also increased in northern illinois , which would be at the southern edge of the eastern range ( grixti et al . , 2009 ) . tuell et al . ( 2008 ) also had this species in their samples in michigan . mcfrederick and lebuhn ( 2005 ) were unable to detect this recently common species in the san francisco area .\nqueens of this species begin activity later in the season than most others ( grixti et al . , 2009 ) , a trait that is shown by williams et al . ( 2009 ) to predispose bumblebees to declines in various parts of the world .\n( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) mitchell ( 1962 ) gives the range as pacific coast to michigan , maine and quebec , so apparently this is a rather northern species at least eastward . the urltoken site gives a very similar eastern range and indicates the species to be very widespread ( south to arizona ) in the west ( www . bumblebee . org ) . schmidt and jacobson ( 2005 ) confirm the species as widespread , mostly above 2500 meters , in northern arizona .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nabbott , v . a . , j . l . nadeau , h . a . higo , and m . l . winston . 2008 . lethal and sub - lethal effects of imidacloprid on osmia lignaria and clothianidin on megachile rotundata ( hymenoptera : megachildae ) . journal of economic entomology 101 : 784 - 796 .\nascher , j . s . , s . kornbluth , and r . g . goelet . 2014 . bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea : anthophila ) of gardiners island , suffolk county , new york . northeastern naturalist 21 ( 1 ) : 47 - 71 .\nbhattacharya , m . , r . b . primack , and j . gerwein . 2003 . are roads and railroads barriers to bumblebee movement in a temperate suburban conservation area ? biological conservation 109 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 .\nbowers , m . a . 1985 . bumble bee colonization , extinction , and reproduction in subalpine meadows in northeastern utah . ecology 66 ( 3 ) : 914 - 927 .\nbrown , m . j . f . , and r . j . paxton . 2009 . the conservation of bees : a global perspective . apidologie 40 ( 3 ) : 410 - 416 .\nbyrne , a . , and u . fitzpatrick . 2009 . bee conservation policy at the global , regional and national levels . apidologie 40 ( 3 ) : 194 - 210 .\ncane , j . 2009 . how to identify bumble bees of northern utah . agricultural research service , united states department of agriculture . available at : urltoken ; = 1 & cg ; _ id = 0\ncannings , r . 2009 . checklist of the bumble bees of british columbia . e - fauna bc , electronic atlas of the wildlife of british columbia . available : urltoken\ncolla , s . r , m . c otterstatter , r . j . gegear , and j . d . thomson . 2006 . plight of the bumble bee : pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations . biological conservation 129 ( 4 ) : 461467 .\ncommittee on the status of pollinators in north america ( m . berenbaum , chair ) . 2007 . status of pollinators in north america . national research council of the national academies , the national academy press , washington , d . c . 307 pp .\ndanforth , b . n . and k . n . magnacca . 2002 . bees of new york state . new york state biodiversity clearinghouse , new york state biodiversity project and new york state biodiversity research institute . online at urltoken\ndevore , b . 2009 . a sticky situation for pollinators . minnesota conservation volunteer . 2 pp . accessed september 13 , 2009 at urltoken\ndramstad , w . e . 1996 . do bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) really forage close to their nests ? journal of insect behavior 9 ( 2 ) : 163 - 182 .\nentomological society of america . 2006 . insect common names proposed for membership consideration . esa newsletter 29 ( 1 ) : 4 - 6 .\nfederman , a . plight of the bumblebee . earth island journal , autumn , 2009 . earth island institute . online . available : urltoken\nfetridge , e . d , j . s . ascher , and g . a . langellotto . 2008 . the bee fauna of residential gardens in a suburb of new york city ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . annals of the entomological society of america 101 ( 6 ) : 1067 - 1077 .\nfrankie , g . w . , r . w . thorp , j . hernandez , m . rizzardi , b . ertter , j . c . pawelek , s . l . witt , m . schindler , r . coville , and v . a . wojcik . 2009 . native bees are a rich natural resource in urban california gardens . california agriculture 63 ( 3 ) : 113 - 120 .\nfrison , t . h . 1919 . keys for the separation of the bremidae , or bumblebees , of illinois , and other notes . transactions of the illinois state academy of science 12 : 157 - 166 .\ngoulson d . , m . e . hanley , b . darvill , j . s . ellis , and m . e . knight . 2005 . causes of rarity in bumblebees . biological conservation 122 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .\nhines , h . , and s . d . hendrix . 2005 . bumble bee ( hymenoptera : apidae ) diversity and abundance in tallgrass prairie patches : the effects of local and landscape features . environmental entomology 34 ( 6 ) : 1477 - 1484 .\nhopwood , j . l . 2008 . the contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation . biological conservation 141 ( 10 ) : 2632 - 2640 .\nhusband , r . w , r . l fischer , and t . w porter . 1980 . description and biology of bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in michigan . great lakes entomologist 13 : 225 - 239 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2008 . world bee checklist project ( version 03 - oct - 2008 ) . integrated taxonomic information system : biological names . online . available : http : / / www . itis . gov .\njepsen , s . 2008 . invertebrate conservation fact sheet , bumble bees in decline . the xerces society for invertebrate conservation . available : urltoken\nkearns , c . a . , and d . m . oliveras . 2009 . boulder county bees revisited : a resampling of boulder colorado bees a century later . journal of insect conservation 13 ( 6 ) : 603 - 613 .\nlaberge , w . e . , and m . c . webb , 1962 . the bumblebees of nebraska . university of nebraska college of agriculture , agricultural experiment station , research bulletin 205 : 1 - 38 .\nlongcore , t . , c . rich , and l . m . sullivan . 2009 . critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap - neuter - return . conservation biology 23 ( 4 ) : 887 - 894 .\nloose , j . l . , f . a . drummond , c . stubbs , s . woods , and s . hoffman . 2005 . conservation and management of native bees in cranberry . maine agricultural and forest experiment station . the university of maine , orono , maine , usa . technical bulletin 191 . 27 pp .\nmedler , j . t , and d . w carney . 1963 . bumblebees of wisconsin ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . university of wisconsin research bulletin 240 : 1 - 47 .\nmitchell , t . b . 1962 . bees of the eastern united states . ii . technical bulletin ( north carolina agricultural experiment station ) , 152 , 1 - 557 . [ megachilidae , anthophoridae , apidae s . s . ]\nnoordijk , j . , k . delille , a . p . schaffers , and k . v . s\u00fdkora . 2009 . optimizing grassland management for flower - visiting insects in roadside verges . biological conservation 142 ( 10 ) : 2097 - 2103 .\notterstatter , m . c . , and j . d . thomson . 2008 . does pathogen spillover from commercially reared bumble bees threaten wild pollinators ? plos one 3 ( 7 ) : e2771 .\nplath , o . e . 1922b . notes on the nesting habits of several north american bumblebees . psyche 29 : 189 - 202 .\nplath , o . e . 1927 . notes on the nesting habits of some of the less common new england bumble - bees . psyche 34 : 122 - 128 .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 2 ( hymenoptera , mecoptera , megaloptera , neuroptera , raphidioptera , trichoptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\npyke , g . h . 1982 . local geographic distributions of bumblebees near crested butte , colorado : competition and community structure . ecology 63 ( 2 ) : 555 - 573 .\nrussell , k . n , h . ikard , and s . droege . 2005 . the potential conservation value of unmowed powerline strips for native bees . biological conservation 124 ( 1 ) : pages 133 - 148 .\nschmidt , j . o . , and r . s . jacobson . 2005 . refugia , biodiversity , and pollination roles of bumble bees in the madrean archipelago . usda forest service proceedings rmrs - p - 36 . pages 127 - 130 .\nschweitzer , d . f . , n . a . capuano , b . e . young and s . r . colla . 2012 . conservation and management of north american bumble bees . natureserve , arlington , virginia , and usda forest service , washington , d . c . 17 pp .\nsheffield , c . s . , p . g . kevan , a . pindar , and l . packer . 2013 . bee ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) diversity within apple orchards and old fields in the annapolis valley , nova scotia , canada . the canadian entomologist 145 ( 01 ) : 94 - 114 .\nsheffield , c . s . , p . g . kevan , and r . f . smith . 2003 . bee species of nova scotia , canada , with new records and notes on bionomics and floral relations ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 76 ( 2 ) : 357 - 384 .\nthorp , r . w . , d . s . horning , and l . l dunning . 1983 . bumble bees and cuckoo bumble bees of california ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . bulletin of the california insect survey 23 : viii + 79 pp .\ntuell , j . k . , a . k . fielder , d . landis , and r . isaacs . 2008 . visitation by wild and managed bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) to eastern u . s . native plants for use in conservation programs . environmental entomology 37 ( 3 ) : 707 - 718 .\nturnock , w . j . , p . g . kevan , t . m . laverty , and l . dumouchel . 2007 . abundance and species of bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea : bombinae ) in fields of canola , brassica rapa l . , in manitoba : an 8 - year record . journal of the entomological society of ontario 137 : 31 - 40 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1999 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; proposed threatened status for the plant silene spaldingii ( spalding ' s catchfly ) . federal register 64 ( 232 ) : 67814 - 67821 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2008 . draft recovery plan for the prairie species of western oregon and southwestern washington . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon . x + 212 pp . available : urltoken\nwatson , j . c . , a . t . wolf , and j . s . ascher . 2011 . forested landscapes promote richness and abundance of native bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea : anthophila ) in wisconsin apple orchards . environmental entomology 40 ( 3 ) : 621 - 632 .\nwilliams , p . , s . colla , and z . xie . 2009c . bumblebee vulnerability : common correlates of winners and losers across three continents . conservation biology 23 ( 4 ) : 931 - 940 .\nwilliams , p . h . , r . w . thorp , l . l . richardson , and s . r . colla . 2014b . bumble bees of north america : an identification guide . princeton university press . 208 pp .\nwilliams , p . h . , and j . l . osborne . 2009 . bumblebee vulnerability and conservation world - wide . apidologie 40 ( 3 ) : 367 - 387 .\nwilson , j . s . , l . e . wilson , l . d . loftis , and t . griswold . 2010a . the montane bee fauna of north central washington , usa , with floral associations . western north american naturalist 70 ( 2 ) : 198 - 207 .\nwojcik , v . a . , g . w . frankie , r . w . thorp , and j . l . hernandez . 2008 . seasonality in bees and their floral resource plants at a constructed urban bee habitat in berkeley , california . journal of the kansas entomological society 81 ( 1 ) : 15 - 28 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - 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disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\noften cited as\nredbelted\nbumble bee , but use of a hyphen is generally preferred when citing common names ( see aou and bou bird checklists ) .\nthe female castes can differ in color of facial hairs as this is often yellow in queens but mostly black in workers .\nmales have large eyes and are relatively small . those with red on t3 - t4 are distinctive but those without can be confused with griseocollis ( not black corners on t2 in most of those ) and nevadensis ( note yellow on t3 in that species ) . antennal proportions are quite helpful . the eyes are less closely approximated above than in nevadensis .\ntranscontinental . best known at northern sites and in the western mountains . very local in occurrence in the northeastern united states but locally numerous at some sites , such as near albany , new york . some surprising , disjunct records are known from new york and also new jersey ( j . s . ascher , unpublished ) .\ntypical open sites , especially prairies , but also mountain meadows and sometimes unusual places such as quarries or pine barrens . not generally distributed and seems to avoid cities .\nthe hosts section of its discover life species page lists known associations based on specimen records and images .\n18 pinned adult images plus detailed description of queen , worker , male , distribution , seasonality ( discoverlife . org )\ncontributed by beatriz moisset on 6 july , 2005 - 5 : 51pm additional contributions by robin mcleod , mike quinn , john s . ascher , h . go last updated 7 march , 2016 - 5 : 47pm\nglobal range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) mitchell ( 1962 ) gives the range as pacific coast to michigan , maine and quebec , so apparently this is a rather northern species at least eastward . the urltoken site gives a very similar eastern range and indicates the species to be very widespread ( south to arizona ) in the west ( www . bumblebee . org ) . schmidt and jacobson ( 2005 ) confirm the species as widespread , mostly above 2500 meters , in northern arizona .\nlectotype : 1863 . proceedings of the entomological society of america . 2 : 106 .\nhilty , j . editor . 2015 . insect visitors of illinois wildflowers . world wide web electronic publication . illinoiswildflowers . info , version ( 09 / 2015 ) see : abbreviations for insect activities , abbreviations for scientific observers , references for behavioral observations\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 7 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nreasons : this species is a relatively widespread northern and western bumble bee that is not reported by any recent sources to be declining widely . while it seems to have disappeared around san franciso , it appears to be increasing in some places . it is also not a member of any subgenus in which declines have been reported or documented . it is secure for now but , like most bumblebees , its status should be monitored .\ncomments : queens of this species begin activity later in the season than most others ( grixti et al . , 2009 ) , a trait that is shown by williams et al . ( 2009 ) to predispose bumblebees to declines in various parts of the world .\ncomments : no recent sources report this species to be in serious range - wide decline , and colla and packer ( 2008 ) report a slight , but statistically significant , increase recently in southern ontario . see also williams et al . ( 2009 ) . it possibly has also increased in northern illinois , which would be at the southern edge of the eastern range ( grixti et al . , 2009 ) . tuell et al . ( 2008 ) also had this species in their samples in michigan . mcfrederick and lebuhn ( 2005 ) were unable to detect this recently common species in the san francisco area .\ncomments : no recent studies suggest this species to be threatened on a large scale . at a more localized scale habitat changes , pesticides etc . can have a negative impact . the decline around san francisco might be relate in part to competition from b . vosnesenskii .\ncomments : at least many current habitats are secure , possibly unprotected from other threats .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchecklist of apoidea of north america . . . - 12 - oct - 2006 , manuscript ( version 12 - oct - 06 )\njohn ascher , connal eardley , terry griswold , gabriel melo , andrew polaszek , michael ruggiero , paul williams , ken walker , and natapot warrit . additional credits noted at : urltoken ; = apoidea _ species\nkrombein , karl v . , paul d . hurd , jr . , david r . smith , and b . d . burks\ncatalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico , vol . 2 : apocrita ( aculeata )\nbulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) , vol . 67 , no . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2386, "summary": [{"text": "nassarius coralligenus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "nassarius coralligenus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is nassarius coralligenus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the nassarius coralligenus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of nassarius coralligenus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species nassarius coralligenus .\nhow to identify nassarius coralligenus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species nassarius coralligenus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species nassarius coralligenus are marked in green .\nwhere is nassarius coralligenus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species nassarius coralligenus can be found .\nsubgenus nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 accepted as nassarius dum\u00e9ril , 1805\nspecies nassarius brychius ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as nassarius frigens ( martens , 1878 ) accepted as tritia frigens ( martens , 1878 )\nspecies nassarius antiquatus ( r . b . watson , 1897 ) accepted as nassarius recidivus ( martens , 1876 ) accepted as tritia recidiva ( von martens , 1876 )\nsubgenus nassarius ( usita ) [ sic ] accepted as nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826 ( incorrect subsequent spelling )\nsubgenus nassarius ( telasco ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826\nsubgenus nassarius ( uzita ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as tritia risso , 1826\nspecies nassarius denticulatus ( a . adams , 1852 ) accepted as tritia denticulata ( a . adams , 1852 )\n( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nnassarius - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n( of nassarius ( plicarcularia ) thiele , 1929 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of nassarius ( aciculina ) a . adams , 1853 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\n( of nassa coralligena pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 275 ; pl . 6 fig . 13 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\npallary , p . 1900 . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partement d ' oran . - journal de conchyliologie 48 : 211 - 422 , pl . vi - vii [ = 6 - 8 ] . paris .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\n( pallary , 1900 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . ( 1805 ) . zoologie analytique , ou m\u00e9thode naturelle de classification des animaux , rendue plus facile \u00e0 l\u2019aide de tableaux synoptiques . paris , allais . pp . i - xxxiii + 1 - 344 [ imprint date 1806 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]\ndum\u00e9ril , 1805 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 138235 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\n( of arcularia link , 1807 ) link d . h . f . ( 1807 - 1808 ) . beschreibung der naturalien - sammlung der universit\u00e4t zu rostock . rostock : adlers erben . 1 abt . [ part 1 ] , pp . 1 - 50 ; 2 abt . [ part 2 ] , pp . 51 - 100 ; 3 abt . [ part 3 ] , pp . 101 - 165 ; abt . 4 [ part 4 ] , pp . 1 - 30 ; abt . 5 [ part 5 ] , pp . 1 - 38 [ 1808 ] ; abt . 6 [ part 6 ] , pp . 1 - 38 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 126 [ details ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of arcularia link , 1807 ) m\u00f6rch o . a . l . ( 1863 ) . on the genera of mollusca established by h . f . link in the catalogue of the rostock museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london . for 1862 : 226 - 228 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 227 [ details ]\n( of arcularia link , 1807 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\n( pallary , 1900 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140493 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]"]}
{"id": 2400, "summary": [{"text": "polyipnus polli , commonly known as the round hatchetfish , is a species of ray-finned fish in the family sternoptychidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it occurs in deep water in the eastern atlantic ocean , at depths between about 250 and 600 metres ( 800 and 2,000 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "polyipnus polli", "paragraphs": ["there is currently no information regarding the use and / or trade of polyipnus polli .\npolyipnus polli is found along the eastern atlantic continental margins , from the gulf of guinea to approximately 25\u00b0s ( baird 1971 , 1986 ) . polyipnus polli is characterized as endemic to the subtropical to tropical eastern atlantic . however , unverified occurrences , most likely misidentifications , have been recorded off of greenland and in the eastern gulf of mexico .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for polyipnus polli . more research is needed regarding its current population size and trend , as well as its habitat , ecology and life history .\npolyipnus polli is mesopelagic and known to be present above 200 m at night ( harold 1994 ) . it inhabits waters below the photic zone ( bowmaker and wagner 2004 ) . more research is needed regarding its habitat , ecology and life history .\njustification : polyipnus polli is characterized as endemic to the subtropical to tropical eastern atlantic . however , there are unverified records from off greenland and in the eastern gulf of mexico . there is no use and trade information available for this species . there are no species - specific threats to this species . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . therefore , this species is listed as least concern , with a need to verify records outside of the eastern atlantic .\nharold , a . s . , 1994 . a taxonomic revision of the sternoptychid genus polyipnus ( teleostei : stomiiformes ) with an analysis of phylogenetic relationships . bull . mar . sci . 54 ( 2 ) : 428 - 534 . ( ref . 26382 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 250 - 600 m ( ref . 4462 ) . deep - water ; 31\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26382 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 16 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 18 . deep body and deeper caudal peduncle ( ref . 37473 ) .\nnon - migrant . dioecious , adult photophore complement acquired at about 20 mm sl ( ref . 4739 ) .\n) : 4 . 4 - 10 . 8 , mean 7 . 3 ( based on 114 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01585 ( 0 . 00626 - 0 . 04016 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnon - migrant . dioecious , adult photophore complement acquired at about 20 mm sl ( ref . 4739 ) .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374\nschultz , 1961 . in : froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . ( 2014 ) fishbase . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\ne & oe . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 by fishwisepro . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nolivar , m . pilar ; hulley , p . alexander ; castell\u00f3n , arturo ; emelianov , mikhail ; l\u00f3pez , cristina ; tuset , v\u00edctor m . ; contreras , tabit ; mol\u00ed , balbina\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\nschultz , leonard p . , 1961 , revision of the marine silver hatchetfishes ( family sternoptychidae ) , proceedings of the united states national museum , 3 112 , pp . 587 - 649 : 635\nthis treatment is a stub . you can help plazi making the full treatment available by uploading the source publication .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 17 . 11 . 05 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by sortiz , 06 . 27 . 17\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 250 - 600 m ( ref . 4462 ) . deep - water , preferred ? ; 31\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\ndistribution : atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . branchiostegal rays 10 , except sternoptyx with 6 ; 3 on epihyal . branchiostegal photophores 3 - 7 ( mode 6 ) . branchiostegal pseudobranch present . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 .\ngreek , sternon = chest , breast + greek , ptyx , - ychos = fold , crease ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font ."]}
{"id": 2405, "summary": [{"text": "the rock darter ( etheostoma rupestre ) is a species of darter endemic to the southeastern united states where it is found only in mobile bay drainage .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is an inhabitant of swiftly flowing riffles of creeks to medium-sized rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.3 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl though most only reach about 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "rock darter", "paragraphs": ["range included the alabama and tombigbee river systems ( mobile bay drainage ) , alabama , mississippi , georgia , and extreme southeastern tennessee ( page and burr 2011 ) . this darter is common , especially near the fall line where rapids prevail ( page and burr 1991 ) . it is common in the black warrior and cahaba systems of alabama , rarer and spotty elsewhere , especially in the lower parts of the mobile bay drainage ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations and locations , and large population size , and because the species probably is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .\nhabitat includes swift riffles over rocky bottom or bedrock in creeks and small to medium rivers ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) .\nhabitat in larger rivers has been much reduced by impoundments , but most habitat and populations in creeks and medium rivers are secure ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said\nvarious mouths\n, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as\nheterostoma ( ref . 45335 )\nnorth america : found only in mobile bay drainage of georgia , alabama , mississippi and extreme southeastern tennessee in the usa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 )\ninhabits fast rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers ( ref . 5723 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclick here to download an adobe acrobat version of the above map that also includes streams .\nthe information provided here is free of charge . if you would like to support this and other similar projects provided by the georgia museum of natural history , consider making a donation . ( click here ) ."]}
{"id": 2412, "summary": [{"text": "the blister beetle genus meloe is a large , widespread group commonly referred to as oil beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are known as \" oil beetles \" because they release oily droplets of hemolymph from their joints when disturbed ; this contains cantharidin , a poisonous chemical causing blistering of the skin and painful swelling .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "members of this genus are typically flightless , without functional wings , and shortened elytra .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as in other members of the family , they are hypermetamorphic , going through several larval stages , the first of which is typically a mobile triungulin that finds and attaches to a host in order to gain access to the host 's offspring .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in this genus , the host is a bee , and each species of meloe may attack only a single species or genus of bees ; while sometimes considered parasitoids , it appears that in general , the meloe larva consumes the bee larva along with its provisions , and can often survive on the provisions alone , thus they do not truly qualify ( see parasitoid for definition ) . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "meloe", "paragraphs": ["separating the sexes of the short - necked meloe brevicollis , rugged meloe rugosus and mediterranean oil beetles meloe mediterraneus requires examining the underside of the last segment of the abdomen . this is distinctly notched in males and rounded in females .\noil beetles can sometimes be difficult to identify particularly the black meloe proscarabaeus and violet oil beetles meloe violaceus . see buglife oil beetle guide and below are some extra notes and photographs .\nmeloe - 1 is a new antigen overexpressed in melanomas and involved in adoptive t cell transfer efficiency .\nprivacy policy \u00a9 copyright 2018 . all rights reserved by erica meloe physical therapy . inspiration and design by greta rose agency\nmeloe - 1 is a new antigen overexpressed in melanomas and involved in adoptive t cell transfer efficiency . - pubmed - ncbi\nblack meloe proscarabaeus and violet oil beetles meloe violaceus vary greatly in colour . some violet oil beetles are all black and some black oil beetles can be violet - blue . despite their names colour is not always the best way to separate them .\nwhat made you want to look up meloe ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - oil beetle ( meloe proscarabaeus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - oil beetle ( meloe proscarabaeus )\ntitle =\narkive species - oil beetle ( meloe proscarabaeus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nit is fairly easy to tell the sexes of the _ black meloe proscarabaeus and violet oil beetles meloe violaceus apart as the males have a distinct kink in their antennae and the antennal segments are very broad at the kink . the females have slightly kinked antennae with all segments about the same width .\npreferential expression of meloe cdna in melanoma cell lines measured by qpcr , and impact of meloe expression on specific ctl clone activation . ( a ) four melanoma , one breast cancer , two renal carcinoma , and one lung cancer cell lines were tested by qpcr for the expression of meloe . rplpo and \u03b22 - microglobulin gene expression were used as internal controls . the relative expression of meloe was calculated after normalization on the efficiency of the pcr reaction and the mean expression of these two housekeeping genes , reported to its normalized expression in melanocytes . ( b ) tnf secretion by the m170 . 48 ctl clone in response to hla - a2 tumor cell lines nontransfected ( open bars ) or transfected with meloe ( hatched bars ) or meloe - 1 ( shaded bars ) expression plasmids . tumor cells were transiently transfected with 100 ng of each plasmid with a lipofectamine reagent kit . 10 4 ctls were added to 3 \u00d7 10 4 target cells , and the ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( c ) meloe relative expression measured by qpcr in 16 human healthy tissues .\ndetection of meloe - 1 / a2\u2013specific ctls in tils infused to relapse - free melanoma patients and analysis of their repertoire diversity . ( a ) hla - a2 til populations labeled with the a2 / meloe - 1 36 - 44 tetramer . ( top ) tils infused to relapse - free patients . ( bottom ) tils infused to patients who relapsed . tils were coincubated with meloe - 1 tetramer and anti - cd8 mab . values indicate the percentage of tetramer - positive cells among cd8 + tils . ( b ) repertoire diversity of multimer - sorted populations was evaluated by labeling with 25 anti - v\u03b2 mabs . insets illustrate the purity of each sorted til population , assessed by meloe - 1\u2013specific tetramer labeling .\nbland r . g . ( 1986 ) antennal and mouthpart sensilla of the blister beetle , meloe campanicollis ( coleoptera : meloidae ) . great lakes entomologist 19 ( 4 ) : 209\u2013215 .\nshort - necked oil beetle meloe brevicollis \u2013 rectangular shaped thorax which is wider than long , shiny blue - black upperparts , short straight antennae which thicken towards the tip , up to 24 mm long .\nthe bionomics of blister beetles of the genus meloe and a classification of the new world species pinto j . d . , selander r . b . 1970 . ill . biol . monogr . 42 : 1 - 222 .\ncharacterization of the cdna coding for the recognized antigen . ( a ) m170 . 48 tnf responses to cos - 7 cells ( e / t ratio = 1 : 3 ) transfected with the indicated plasmids . the t cell clone was added 2 d after the transfection , and the ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( b ) comparison of the nucleotide sequences of meloe and bc008026 cdnas and the localization of this sequence on the hdac - 4 gene . the indicated nucleotides correspond to snps between the meloe sequence isolated from m134 and a498 tumor cell lines and the meloe sequence isolated from the m117 and sw480 cell lines , and the bc008026 cdna sequence .\nrugged oil beetle meloe rugosus and mediterranean oil beetle meloe mediterraneus \u2013 are very similar in appearance , both have a rectangular shaped thorax which is wider than long , rough matt black upperparts , long straight antennae , up to 22 mm long ( rugosus ) and 36mm ( mediterraneus ) . the rugged oil beetle has a sulcus ( narrow slit ) running down the middle of the thorax this is lacking in the mediterranean oil beetle . the thorax is more densely punctured in the rugged oil beetle .\ncharacterization of meloe - derived peptide recognized by the m170 . 48 t cell clone . ( a ) structure of meloe cdna . boxes illustrate orfs > 120 bp present along the meloe sequence , and black boxes correspond to orfs tested for recognition by the ctl clone . ( b ) m170 . 48 tnf responses to cos - 7 cells ( e / t ratio = 1 : 3 ) transfected with the indicated plasmids . the t cell clone was added 2 d after the transfection , and the ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( c ) nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the orf 1 , 230\u20131 , 370 of meloe isolated from the m134 cdna library . the two candidate peptides are bolded . ( d ) cytotoxicity of the m170 . 48 ctl clone against peptide - pulsed t2 cells . target cells were 51 cr - labeled for 60 min and incubated for 30 min with a range of the indicated peptides . the m170 . 48 t cell clone was added ( e / t ratio = 10 : 1 ) , and chromium release was then measured after a 4 - h incubation period .\na cytotoxic t lymphocyte ( ctl ) clone was derived from a tumor - infiltrating lymphocyte ( til ) population infused to a melanoma patient who remained relapse free for 10 yr after this adoptive transfer . this clone recognized all melanoma cell lines tested and , to a lower extent , melanocytes , in the context of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen a2 ( hla - a2 ) , but it did not recognize other tumor cell types . the gene coding for the antigen recognized by this clone was identified by the screening of a melanoma complementary dna expression library . this antigen is overexpressed in melanomas , compared with other cancer cell lines and healthy tissues , and was thus called melanoma - overexpressed antigen ( meloe ) . remarkably , the structure of meloe was unusual , with multiple short open reading frames ( orfs ) . the peptide recognized by the ctl clone was encoded by one of these orfs , called meloe - 1 . using a specific hla - a2 / peptide tetramer , we showed a correlation between the infusion of tils containing meloe - 1 - specific t cells and relapse prevention in hla - a2 patients . indeed , 5 out of 9 patients who did not relapse were infused with tils that contained meloe - 1 - specific t cells , whereas 0 out of the 21 patients who relapsed was infused with such til - containing lymphocytes . overall , our results suggest that this new antigen is involved in immunosurveillance and , thus , represents an attractive target for immunotherapy protocols of melanoma .\nreactivity of meloe - 1 / a2\u2013specific tils against hla - a2 tumor cell lines . ( a ) lysis of the m170 melanoma cell line ( closed circles ) and of the 1355 lung carcinoma cell line ( open circles ) by the m170 . 48 ctl clone and meloe - 1\u2013specific til populations . 51 cr - labeled tumor cells were co - cultured with t cells at various e / t ratios . chromium release in the supernatants was measured after a 4 - h incubation period . ( b ) cytokine production by the m170 . 48 ctl clone and meloe - 1\u2013specific til populations in response to m170 melanoma cells . effector and target cells were incubated at a 1 : 2 ratio in the presence of brefeldin a and stained with anti - tnf antibody ( open bars ) , anti\u2013 ifn - \u03b3 antibody ( hatched bars ) , or anti\u2013il - 2 antibody ( closed bars ) , and 10 4 t cells were analyzed by flow cytometry .\nthe oil beetles are a family of beetles that share a fascinating life - cycle in which the larvae are parasites of certain bees or grasshoppers ( 2 ) . this species , meloe proscarabaeus is bluish black in colour with a long swollen abdomen ( 2 ) , which is particularly pronounced in females when they are producing eggs . females are usually much bigger than males ( 4 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nprimarily holarctic ( mostly palaearctic ) , with meager representation in more southern areas ; throughout na ( to nw . colombia ; hispaniola )\nin some species , triungulins aggregate and use chemical signals to attract male bees to which they attach themselves . this allows transport ( and transfer ) to a female bee who carries them back to her nest ( saul - gershenz & millar 2006 ) .\nfirst - instar larvae climb to the top of a plant as a group , clump together in the shape of a female solitary ground bee , exude a scent imitating the female bee pheromone . when a male bee comes and tries to mate with the clump of larvae , some of these clamp onto his hairs and eventually get to female bees when he mates for real . impregnated female bees fly off and build nests in burrows ; triungulins move to the new nests and feed on honey and pollen stocked by the bee for her own young . - - jim mcclarin ' s comment\npinto j . , mayor a . ( 1986 ) size , mating success and courtship pattern in the meloidae ( coleoptera ) . ann . ent . soc . am . 79 : 597\u2013604 .\nsaul - gershenz l . s . , millar j . g . ( 2006 ) phoretic nest parasites use sexual deception to obtain transport to their host ' s nest . pnas 103 : 14039 - 14044 ( abstract )\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\nthe new world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis pinto j . d . , bologna m . a . 1999 . j . nat . hist . 33 : 569 - 620 .\ncontributed by troy bartlett on 16 february , 2004 - 12 : 32pm additional contributions by mike boone , cotinis , beatriz moisset , mcclarinj , chuck entz , mike quinn , aaron schusteff , ceiseman , v belov , harsi s . parker last updated 30 september , 2015 - 9 : 11pm\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the american oil beetle .\nplain and small in stature , the seemingly simple american oil beetle has a few noteworthy tricks up its sleeve .\namerican oil beetles are a type of blister beetle . when threatened or squeezed under pressure , they emit a chemical called cantharidin that creates blisters and irritates human skin . these wounds will heal , but they are painful . this chemical defense can ward off predators and give the beetle time to escape . american oil beetles have a soft , yet stout abdomen with a shell covering that looks like a series of overlapping plates . the insect can appear as a dull black or , in some cases , a shiny black or dark blue . the surface texture is slightly bumpy , not slick and smooth . antennae are visible on the head . these particular beetles do not fly and are slow movers . adults can be found gingerly walking around plants they eat , such as buttercups , and in grass . they are active all year , but more so in the spring , when they are more likely to be seen . the larvae are somewhat devious . one will sit on flowers , waiting for a bee to land . it will latch onto the bee for a free ride back to the hive . once there , the beetle larva feeds on the same food as the bee larvae . it will pupate safely inside and emerge in the spring .\nantennae : beetles have a pair of antennae on the head used as sensors .\nhead : the head is home to the insect ' s eyes , antennae , and mandibles ( jaws ) .\nthorax : holds the three pairs of legs as well as vital internal organs .\nelytron : one of two wing cases on a beetle that protects its wings ( plural : elytra ) .\nlegs : beetles have three pairs of legs located at the thorax , numbering six legs in all .\nan insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the american oil beetle may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\nsite disclaimer | privacy policy | cookies | site map urltoken \u2022 content \u00a92005 - urltoken \u2022 all rights reserved \u2022 site contact email : insectidentification at gmail . com . the urltoken logo is unique to this website and protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws . written content , illustrations and photography is unique to this website ( unless where indicated ) and not for reuse in any form . material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice ( regarding bites , etc . . . ) . please consult licensed , degreed professionals for such information . by submitting images to us ( urltoken ) you acknowledge that you have read and understood our site disclaimer as it pertains to\nuser - submitted content\n. when emailing please include your location and the general estimated size of the specimen in question if possible .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprovides general illumination in residential and light commercial applications . ideal for use in foyers , hallways , bedrooms , offices , utility work areas , stairways and many other rooms in the house .\nul listed to us safety standards and suitable for damp locations . energy star\u00ae qualified .\n( zool . ) a genus of beetles without wings , but having short oval elytra ; the oil beetles . these beetles are sometimes used instead of cantharides for raising blisters . see oil beetle , under oil .\nproscarabaeus , and gooden ' s nomad bee nomada goodeniana - both found at cwm tydu , in ceredigion .\nbrevicollis , was found by entomologist bob beckford on trust land in south devon .\nbrevicollis - were found near salcombe , south devon - more than 200 miles from their last sighting in sussex nearly 60 years ago .\n( 1990 , 73 ) : one should situate oneself within the practice that the object belongs to , and then investigate the object and its contribution to that practice .\namericanus ( leach ) 1 05 - 05 monotomidae pycnotomina cavicolle ( horn ) 4 05 - 05 to 06 - 03 mordellidae mordella marginata melsheimer 3 06 - 16 to 08 - 17 mordellistena aspersa ( melsheimer ) 1 06 - 09 mordellistena bihamata ( melsheimer ) 1 07 - 14 mycetophagidae litargus balteatus leconte 4 06 - 09 to 11 - 04 litargus tetraspilotus leconte 1 06 - 09 mycetophagus melsheimeri leconte 1 05 - 05 oedemeridae asclera ruficollis ( say ) 3 04 - 28 to 05 - 19 passandridae catogenus rufus ( f .\nassociados , in the dominican republic , pelier presents a formal aspect of the organization with structuring and negotiating agreements , and brings to the table a vital knowledge of privacy and health laws .\n,\namerican labor - - a 50 - year chronology ,\nmonthly labor review , july 1950 , pp .\nfranciscanus marks the first recorded case of parasitic insects cooperating to mimic their target , report hafernik and his san francisco state colleague leslie saul - gershenz .\nah , my pretty , you ' re . . . # & ! a beetle pile !\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\noil beetles have fascinating life - cycles . the larvae are parasites of a number of species of ground - nesting solitary bee . towards the end of spring , female oil beetles dig burrows in the ground close to colonies of host bees , into which they lay around 1000 eggs . these eggs usually hatch the following year in order to coincide with the emergence of the bees . the oil beetle larvae ( known as tringulins ) are very active , and climb up onto flowers where they wait for a host bee . they attach themselves to the bee , and if they are lucky and attach to the right type of species they will be flown to the host\u2019s burrow , where the tringulin oil beetle turns into a grub - like larva , and develops , feeding upon the pollen stores and eggs of the host . the larva pupates and the resulting adult beetle spends the winter inside the host\u2019s burrow before emerging the following spring ( 4 ) .\nonly three of the nine oil beetle species native to britain remain , and the number of sites supporting these species has declined drastically . this beetle was once common ( 3 ) , but is now restricted to the west of britain ( 4 ) . it is also found in europe ( 2 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\nin europe , the black oil beetle shows a preference for low - lying flat terrain ( 2 ) . in britain it is found on heaths , coastal cliffs and moors ( 1 ) .\nthe reasons for the decline of this species may reflect declines in host bee populations .\nbuglife , the invertebrate conservation trust , is currently running the oil beetle project , which aims to establish the current range of britain\u2019s remaining oil beetles and to carry out research into their life - cycles and ecology in order to guide conservation actions targeted at these beetles ( 4 ) .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( e . g . crabs ) some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . in vertebrates the abdomen is the part of the body that contains the internal organs ( except the heart and lungs ) . larvae stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . parasites organisms that derives food from , and live in or on , another living organism at the host\u2019s expense . pupates pupation is the the process of forming a pupa , the stage in an insect ' s development when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form . in butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis .\nharde , k . w . ( 2000 ) a field guide in colour to beetles silverdale books , leicester .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ngodet y 1 , moreau - aubry a , guilloux y , vignard v , khammari a , dreno b , jotereau f , labarriere n .\ninstitut national de sant\u00e9 et de recherche m\u00e9dicale , unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 892 , 44093 nantes , france .\npmid : 18936238 pmcid : pmc2571940 doi : 10 . 1084 / jem . 20081356\nt cell clone selection and characterization . ( a ) percentage of tnf - producing t cells and of hla - a2 / melan - a a27l tetramer\u2013positive t cells in the m170 til population in response to the autologous melanoma cell line . 10 5 tils and 2 \u00d7 10 5 melanoma cells were incubated for 5 h in the presence of brefeldin a , stained with hla - a2 / melan - a a27l tetramer , fixed , and stained with anti - tnf antibody in a permeabilization buffer . 10 4 t cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry . ( b ) tnf secretion by the m170 . 48 t cell clone in response to the autologous melanoma cell line . 10 4 ctls were added to 3 \u00d7 10 4 m170 melanoma cells in the presence of blocking antibodies directed against class i , a2 , and b / c hla , diluted to 1 : 50 ( shaded bars ) , 1 : 500 ( hatched bars ) , and 1 : 5 , 000 ( open bars ) . ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( c ) tnf response of the m170 . 48 ctl clone to hla - a * 0201 tumor cell lines . the m6 cell line ( hla - a2 negative ) was used as a negative control . ( d ) ifn - \u03b3 response of the m170 . 48 ctl clone ( shaded bars ) and of a melan - a / a2\u2013specific ctl clone ( hatched bars ) to hla - a * 0201 melanocytes . the m170 cell line was added as a positive control .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nany oil beetles over 2 . 5 cm long with kinked anteannae will be either black or violet oil beetles though there is great size variation in all species \u2013 see photos . newly emerged oil beetles have very short abdomens , they usually feed up quickly and the abdomen swells enormously . females generally have very large bloated looking abdomens but the males can have large abdomens as well .\nthe males of the black and violet oil beetles have very kinked antennae ( the antennae of the females is slightly kinked ) . the rugged , mediterranean and short - necked oil beetles have straight antennae in both sexes .\nviolet oil beetle \u2013 square shaped thorax , indented lower edge of thorax with depressed area at base , large tooth at base of thorax , fine punctures on thorax , up to 30 mm long .\nblack oil beetle \u2013 square shaped thorax , almost straight lower edge of thorax which is flat ( not with depressed area at base ) , small tooth at base of thorax , large coarse punctures on thorax , up to 30 mm long .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2417, "summary": [{"text": "myrmecia midas is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species is native to australia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "myrmecia midas is distributed mainly across the coastline of several eastern australian states .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it was first described by clark in 1951 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "workers are typically 13-15 millimetres long , with the queens bigger at 18-19 millimetres and males are smaller .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the head and thorax are a red colour , gaster black , and the mandibles , antennae , and the legs are brownish red . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "myrmecia midas", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia midas for further details\npolarized light use in the nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia midas . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe study site for the nocturnal ant myrmecia midas . the field site was located on the macquarie university campus . the four nests were located within 100 m of each other .\nfreas ca , narendra a , lemesle c & cheng k . 2017 polarised light use in the nocturnal bull ant myrmecia midas . royal society open science 4 : 170598 [ pdf ]\nfreas ca . wystrach a , narendra a & cheng k . 2018 . the view from the trees : nocturnal bull ants , myrmecia midas , use the surrounding panorama while descending from trees . frontiers in psychology 9 : 16 . [ pdf ]\njayatilaka p , raderschall ca , narendra a & zeil j . 2014 . individual foraging patterns of the jack jumper ant , myrmecia croslandi . myrmecological news 19 : 75 - 83 .\nramirez - esquivel f , zeil j & narendra a . 2014 . the antennal sensory array of the nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia pyriformis . arthropod structure and development 43 : 543 - 558\nraderschall ca , narendra a & zeil j . 2016 . head roll stabilisation in the nocturnal bull ant myrmecia pyriformis : implications for visual navigation . journal of experimental biology 219 : 1449 - 1457\nnarendra a & ribi wa . 2017 . ocellar structure is driven by the mode of locomotion and activity time in myrmecia ants . journal of experimental biology 220 : 4383 - 4390 . [ pdf ] featured inside jeb\nnarendra a , greiner b , ribi wa & zeil j . 2016 . light and dark adaptation mechanisms in the compound eyes of myrmecia ants that occupy discrete temporal niches . journal of experimental biology 219 : 2435 - 2442 . featured inside jeb\nexperiments were conducted from april 2015 to october 2016 on four m . midas nests located at the northern end of the macquarie university campus in sydney , australia ( 33\u00b046\u203211\u2033s , 151\u00b006\u203240\u2033e ) . all testing was conducted on nests that were located within a 100 m area ( fig . 1 ) . the area ' s vegetation consisted of stands of eucalyptus trees with largely barren understories interspersed with grassy areas . myrmecia midas nests were located at or close to the base of a tree ( 25 . 6\u00b14 . 36 cm mean\u00b1s . d . , n = 20 ) , and a portion of the nest ' s nightly foragers ( \u223c30 % ) travelled straight up the nest tree while the remaining foragers travelled to one of the surrounding trees ( observations : c . a . f . , three m . midas nests ) . we used headlamps with red filters to observe the ants at night , and forager behaviour suggests they were not affected by this light . working with this ant species requires no animal ethical approval within australia . all collection and testing procedures were non - invasive and we witnessed no adverse effects either in the tested individuals or in their nests during or after testing . all displacement collection and testing procedures occurred during the evening or morning twilight .\nhere , we investigated the compass cues used by a nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia midas clark 1951 . first , we determined their daily activity schedule . next , we tested whether foragers use a home vector to orient in the absence of familiar landmark information , by displacing foragers to unfamiliar locations . we then asked how ants weight their home vector and terrestrial cues by creating a conflict between the two cue sets . to explore the possibility that foragers navigate using cues beyond the surrounding landmarks , we displaced foragers locally near the nest with the surrounding landmark panorama obscured . finally , we compared the navigational knowledge of ants when they had to travel different distances ( 0 . 3\u201314 . 0 m ) from the nest to reach their foraging tree .\nnightly foraging activity pattern of m . midas foragers . the observation period began on 2 april 2016 with sunset at 18 : 49 h . bars indicate outgoing foragers ( blue , n = 171 ) and incoming foragers ( red , n = 169 ) . the black line indicates the number of individuals actively foraging away from the nest site during this period . data are shown in 10 min bins .\nmyrmecia midas appear to detect and use both path integration and the surrounding terrestrial landmarks to navigate at low light levels during twilight . our results suggest that vector cue strength is weighted by vector length , as only at the longest observed vector lengths did foragers orient successfully in unfamiliar surroundings . the lack of orientation to smaller ( 2\u20135 m ) home vectors in the presence of unfamiliar terrestrial cues and the very weak orientation at the maximum observed natural vector ( 12 . 8\u201314 . 0 m ) coupled with the lack of orientation to all vector lengths ( 2\u201314 m ) when in the presence of conflicting familiar terrestrial cues indicates that vector cues may be weakly integrated during orientation and can be overridden by stronger terrestrial cues or that these foragers do not path integrate over short distances . additionally , terrestrial visual cues appear critical to successful homeward orientation , as blocking these cues in local environments results in foragers no longer being oriented to the nest direction . finally , our results show that a portion of m . midas ' foraging force lacks the ability to navigate back to the nest site using landmark cues over short distances , and that these ants may be unable to extrapolate beyond the nest site panorama even over short distances if they have only experienced the terrestrial panorama immediately surrounding the nest site .\ncircular distributions of individual m . midas foragers ' headings during the long - vector 1\u20132 m inbound condition . histograms show raw data of exit orientation under the filter with the individual ' s initial orientation and reorientation with the forager ' s exit orientation under the filter . the triangle denotes 45\u00b0 in each distribution . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector direction . n , number of individuals ; \u00f8 , mean vector ; r , length of the mean vector .\nthe overnight and morning inbound testing conditions were chosen so as to mirror the typical inbound activity patterns of this species , with foragers being released during the pre - dawn twilight when motivation to return to the nest should be high . our 15 min delay conditions were chosen as this holding period allows time for the forager to feed in the collection tube while still being tested during twilight , as the navigational abilities of nocturnal myrmecia have been shown to suffer after twilight ends ( narendra et al . , 2013a , b ) .\nwe carried out a 24 h observation at one m . midas nest on 2 april 2016 to establish the species ' activity pattern . we set up a 60 cm diameter reference marker around the nest entrance and filmed ants departing and entering the nest with an hd c920 webcam ( logitech international ) . a lamp covered with a red filter was placed 50 cm away from the nest entrance . filming was carried out for a 24 h period from 1 h before sunset . astronomical data were obtained from calculations in the astronomical almanac ( urltoken ) .\ncircular distributions of individual m . midas foragers ' headings during the inbound conditions . histograms show raw data of exit orientation under the filter with the individual ' s initial orientation and reorientation with the forager ' s exit orientation under the filter . the triangle denotes 45\u00b0 in each distribution . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector and mean direction . ( a ) orientations for nest 1 during the 4\u20136 m inbound condition . ( b ) orientations for the 1\u20132 m inbound condition . n , number of individuals ; \u00f8 , mean vector ; r , length of the mean vector .\nsolitary foraging ants have a navigational toolkit , which includes the use of both terrestrial and celestial visual cues , allowing individuals to successfully pilot between food sources and their nest . one such celestial cue is the polarization pattern in the overhead sky . here , we explore the use of polarized light during outbound and inbound journeys and with different home vectors in the nocturnal bull ant , myrmecia midas . we tested foragers on both portions of the foraging trip by rotating the overhead polarization pattern by \u00b145\u00b0 . both outbound and inbound foragers responded to the polarized light change , but the extent to which they responded to the rotation varied . outbound ants , both close to and further from the nest , compensated for the change in the overhead e - vector by about half of the manipulation , suggesting that outbound ants choose a compromise heading between the celestial and terrestrial compass cues . however , ants returning home compensated for the change in the e - vector by about half of the manipulation when the remaining home vector was short ( 1 - 2 m ) and by more than half of the manipulation when the remaining vector was long ( more than 4 m ) . we report these findings and discuss why weighting on polarization cues change in different contexts .\nobservations of forager activity at the nest indicate that a portion ( \u223c30 % ) of m . midas foragers do not travel farther than 30 cm to reach their foraging tree . to determine the navigational knowledge of these foragers , we displaced outbound full - vector ants 5 m away from the nest , either directed toward the nest entrance ( nest - side condition ) or directed toward the tree ( tree - side condition ; see fig . 2 b ) . foragers were collected on their outbound trip as they reached the base of the foraging tree . these individuals were fed , held for 15 min , and then released on the goniometer at one of the displacement sites . foragers ' orientations at 20 cm were determined at nests 1 , 2 and 3 . after testing , individuals were marked and returned to the nest .\ncircular distributions of individual m . midas foragers ' headings during outbound conditions . histograms show raw data of exit orientation under the filter and the reorientation after exiting the filter . the triangle denotes 45\u00b0 in each distribution . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector and the mean direction . ( a ) orientations for nest 1 during the 4\u20136 m outbound condition . ( b ) orientations for nest 2 during the 4\u20136 m outbound condition . ( c ) orientations for nest 1 during the 1\u20132 m outbound condition . closed circles indicate individuals that continued on to the forging tree after testing . open circles represent foragers that retreated once the filter was placed overhead and these individuals returned to within 30 cm of the nest entrance after testing . n , number of individuals ; \u00f8 , mean vector ; r , length of the mean vector .\ncircular histograms of initial headings of individual m . midas foragers at 20 cm in nest - tree experiments . nest location for both conditions was set at 0 deg . histograms show orientation data in 15 deg bins . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector direction and the filled triangle designates the true nest direction . outbound foragers travelling up the nest - tree were collected at the tree base and displaced 5 m from the nest site either ( a ) on the nest side of the tree ( nest - side condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = \u22120 . 04 , p = 0 . 101 ) or ( b ) with the tree in between the nest site and the displacement site ( tree - side condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 143 , p = 0 . 639 ) .\ncircular histograms of initial headings of individual m . midas foragers at 20 cm in unfamiliar location experiments . nest direction indicated by path integration was at 0 deg and the actual nest site direction was at 180 deg . histograms show orientation data in 15 deg bins . the arrow in each histogram denotes the length of the mean vector and the direction of the average orientation . the filled triangle in each histogram indicates the true nest direction and the open triangle indicates the vector direction . ( a ) foragers were collected during their morning inbound trip and displaced to a site 100 m away ( inbound 100 m condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 085 , p = 0 . 225 ) . ( b ) foragers were collected during the outbound trip , at the base of the foraging tree , 2\u20135 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released 100 m from the nest site ( outbound 15 min delay 100 m condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = \u22120 . 139 , p = 0 . 906 ) . ( c ) foragers were collected during their outbound trip , held for 12 h , and displaced to a site 100 m away ( outbound overnight delay 100 m condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 083 ; p = 0 . 240 ) . ( d ) foragers were collected during the outbound trip with the longest observed vectors ( 12 . 8\u201314 . 0 m ) , held for 15 min and displaced to a site 100 m away ( outbound long vector 15 min delay condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 2 . 361 , p = 0 . 009 ) . n , number of individuals in each condition ; \u00f8 , mean vector ; r , length of mean vector .\ncircular histograms of initial headings of individual m . midas foragers at 20 cm in local displacement experiments . nest direction indicated by the home vector was at 270 deg and the actual nest site direction was at 0 deg . histograms show orientation data in 15 deg bins . the arrow denotes the length of the mean vector direction . in all off - route conditions , the filled triangle indicates the true nest direction and the open triangle indicates the vector direction . ( a ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of the foraging tree , held for 15 min and then released at the base of the tree on their foraging route ( outbound 15 min delay on - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 351 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( b ) inbound foragers were collected during their morning inbound trip and displaced to a site 5 m away ( inbound off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 703 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( c ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of the foraging tree 2\u20135 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released at the 5 m displacement site ( outbound 15 min delay off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 580 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( d ) foragers were collected during their outbound trip , held for 12 h and then displaced to a site 5 m away ( outbound overnight delay off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 554 , p < 0 . 001 ) . ( e ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of their foraging tree 14 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released at the 5 m displacement site ( outbound long vector 15 min delay off - route condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = 0 . 618 , p < 0 . 001 ) . nest direction indicated by path integration was at 270 deg and is marked with an open triangle . ( f ) outbound foragers were collected at the base of their foraging tree 2\u20135 m from the nest entrance , held for 15 min and then released at the 5 m displacement site with the surrounding landmarks blocked from the forager ' s view ( landmark blocking 15 min delay condition ; v - test at 0 deg ; v = \u22120 . 04 , p = 0 . 631 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 01578355 - d3ed - 4ee5 - 98b6 - 92a08e997572\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 372e9441 - f8fb - 49d6 - a902 - 08e17802f9a4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a348904 - 9724 - 45d1 - b9c3 - fcf10537ea7a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3aeadb95 - 2eda - 4cb9 - a84d - 4c8a94d674d9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 44a93557 - dc44 - 493d - bfd4 - fab223a41666\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6db81751 - 9dbb - 4b3d - 854c - c680cc3a266e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b882cdd8 - f06c - 4d9d - 9f32 - fa7026e4f9b6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c95cb2c0 - 5717 - 459f - a407 - 0ad17da8ea27\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cdc577e8 - 9c0b - 444f - b777 - 0e9faabecf80\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 292566\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nholotype , worker , dorrigo , new south wales , australia , froggatt , w . w . , anic32 - 006507 , australian national insect collection .\nparatype , 1 worker , tambourine mtn , queensland , australia , hacker , h . , anic32 - 006513 , australian national insect collection .\nparatype , 4 workers , dorrigo , new south wales , australia , heron , w . , anic32 - 012805 , australian national insect collection .\nclark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf\nthis page was last modified on 19 august 2015 , at 14 : 39 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nclark , 1951 pdf : 55 , figs . 34 , 35 ( w . q . )\n0 times under rock , 0 times mound , parasite in nest of m . pyriformis , 0 times under large rock , 0 times under flat rock , rare non - agressive , 0 times on rainforest foliage , 0 times on logs , stones and tree trunks , 0 times on foliage .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nthese vision - based navigational abilities have been widely studied in diurnal ants , which are active when visual cues are easy to distinguish ( wehner et al . , 1996 ; fukushi , 2001 ; beugnon et al . , 2005 ; cheng et al . , 2009 ; b\u00fchlmann et al . , 2011 ) . nocturnal foragers have the challenge of navigating during twilight or at night when ambient light levels drop significantly and visual cues become increasingly difficult to detect ( warrant , 2008 ; warrant and dacke , 2011 ) . yet , little is known about navigation in ant species that forage at low light intensities .\nwe displaced full - vector foragers in three conditions . in the first , we collected inbound homing ants at the base of the tree during the morning twilight as they travelled down the foraging tree ( inbound 100 m condition ) . in the second condition , we collected individuals during their nightly outbound trip at the base of the foraging tree , held them for 15 min with a small amount of honey and released them at the distant displacement site ( outbound 15 min delay 100 m condition ) . in the third condition , we collected outbound foragers during the evening twilight , offered them a small amount of honey and stored them overnight ( 11\u201312 h ) . these foragers were tested in the morning twilight ( outbound overnight delay 100 m condition ) . after testing and marking , foragers were returned to the nest site . foragers ' orientations did not differ between nests and results were pooled across all four nests .\nadditionally , we determined whether the length of the home vector itself affected the ability to orient using path integration . for this test , we studied a subset of ants from nest 1 and nest 3 that foraged on a tree 14 . 0 and 12 . 8 m from the nest entrance , respectively , which were the maximum observed foraging distances at any nest at this site , distances we term long vector . we again collected outbound foragers at the base of the foraging tree , but only during the evening twilight . foragers were held for 15 min , and given a small amount of honey , then released at the 100 m displacement site ( outbound long vector 15 min delay 100 m condition ) , where we recorded their initial orientations . tested foragers were marked and returned to the nest site . foragers ' orientations from the two nests were pooled .\nnext , we asked how ants weight path integration and landmark cues while returning home to the same four nests . we addressed this by capturing ants at the base of their foraging tree under identical collection conditions to the unfamiliar displacements and then displacing them locally . we first tested foragers in a control condition without creating a conflict between the home vector direction and the local landmarks . for this , we released outbound ants during the evening twilight after a 15 min holding period on the goniometer at the base of their foraging tree ( outbound 15 min delay on - route condition ) . we then tested a separate group of foragers with conflicting terrestrial landmarks and the home vector by displacing foragers away from the nest site and perpendicular to the foraging route . the displacement site was 90 deg clockwise from the individual ' s foraging tree with respect to the nest location and 5 m from the nest entrance ( fig . 2 a ) .\nschematic diagram of the experimental setup . ( a ) diagram of collection and displacement conditions for the experiments on cue conflict . ( b ) diagram of collection and displacement conditions for the nest - tree foragers .\nforagers were tested in three separate conditions , similar to the procedures for testing the use of path integration . in the first condition , incoming foragers were collected during the morning twilight at the base of their foraging tree ( inbound off - route condition ) and then tested . in the second and third conditions , foragers were collected on their outbound trip as they reached one of the foraging trees 2\u20135 m from the nest ; foragers were either held for 15 min ( outbound 15 min delay off - route condition ) and then tested or held until morning twilight ( outbound overnight delay off - route condition ) and then tested . at the testing site , under all conditions the forager ' s initial orientation was recorded using the goniometer at 20 cm . after testing , individuals were marked and returned to the nest entrance . we analysed foragers ' initial orientations toward both the true nest direction and the vector from path integration . orientations were pooled across all four nests .\nagain , we determined whether the length of the home vector itself affected the weighting of the home vector . for this test , we studied a subset of ants ( n = 30 ) from nest 1 that foraged on a tree 14 . 0 m from the nest ( outbound long vector 15 min delay off - route condition ) . we collected outbound foragers at the base of the foraging tree , but only during the evening twilight . foragers were held for 15 min , given a small amount of honey , and then released at a displacement site 90 deg clockwise from the foraging tree with respect to the nest and 5 m from the nest entrance ( fig . 2 a ) . at the release site , we recorded initial orientations , and then tested foragers were marked and returned to the nest site .\nnext , we asked whether foragers successfully orient to the nest direction after local displacement in the absence of familiar terrestrial landmark cues . for this test , we collected outbound foragers at the base of their foraging tree 2\u20135 m from nest 1 , nest 3 or nest 4 during the evening twilight ( landmark blocking 15 min delay ) . foragers were held for 15 min , offered a small amount of honey , and then released at a displacement site 90 deg clockwise from the foraging tree with respect to the nest and 5 m from the nest entrance ( fig . 2 a ) . at the release location , a 38 cm high plastic sheet was used to block the landmark cues below 50 deg . the plastic sheet was erected into a 55 cm diameter circle around the goniometer . this sheet was raised 5 cm off the ground to allow any potential scent cues to reach foragers at the centre of the goniometer . after releasing the forager onto the goniometer , we recorded the orientation of animals at 20 cm . after testing , individuals were marked and returned to the nest .\nfor statistical analysis , a minimum of 30 foragers were collected for each condition . in each testing condition , foragers were collected as they were discovered and assigned a condition within that experiment group randomly . data were analysed with circular statistics ( batschelet , 1981 ; zar , 1998 ) using the statistics package oriana version 4 ( urltoken ) . watson and wheeler f - tests were used to compare mean vectors between testing conditions . a rayleigh ' s test was conducted on each displacement condition , to test whether the data met the conditions of a uniform distribution ( p > 0 . 05 ) . we used a v - test , with \u03b1 set at p = 0 . 05 , to determine whether the initial orientation of ants at the release site was significantly towards the nest direction or to the home vector . during displacement tests where foragers did not orient to the nest direction , v - tests were conducted across all 15 deg sections of the goniometer to test whether foragers were oriented to directions other than the nest . all data are available upon request .\nthe onset of foraging activity occurred just before sunset , with most foragers heading out from the nest in the evening twilight ( fig . 3 ) . a small number of foragers left the nest after twilight ended . foragers began returning during the evening twilight , with some individuals carrying insect prey . foragers returned throughout the night , and a burst of incoming foragers arrived at the nest during the morning twilight and just after sunrise . activity was greatly reduced after this burst , and activity ceased completely after 1\u20132 h from sunrise .\nants released on the goniometer would initially remain motionless while within the tube . after emerging from the tube and onto the wooden goniometer board , ants typically scanned the environment along the horizontal axis and then headed off in a chosen direction . the nest - tree distance varied between nests ( fig . 1 ; nest 1 , 2 m ; nest 2 , 2 . 5 m ; nest 3 , 4 m ; nest 4 , 5 m ) , and we found no difference between nests in forager orientation to a home vector .\nants with home vectors ranging from 2 to 5 m when displaced to distant locations did not successfully orient in the direction indicated by their path integrator under any collection condition . foragers ' initial orientations met conditions of a uniform distribution and they were not significantly oriented in the direction of their home vector at 0 deg ( fig . 4 a\u2013c , table 1 ) . foragers from all three conditions were not oriented in any direction on the goniometer , even when using v - tests ( p > 0 . 05 , orientation data binned at 15 deg ) . further observations of individuals with 5 m vectors after distant displacement indicate that they do not continue in this initial direction but loop back to the release point , a behaviour indicative of systematic search .\nin contrast , ants that travelled long distances to their nest - specific tree ( nest 1 and 3 ) and were then displaced to the distant site within 15 min of capture were significantly orientated toward their home vector and away from the true nest location when analysed using a v - test . yet , forager orientations also met the conditions of a uniform distribution when analysed using a rayleigh ' s test , indicating random initial headings and no orientation . as results from nest 1 and nest 3 did not differ ( v - test , p < 0 . 05 ; rayleigh ' s test , p > 0 . 05 ) and had similar mean vectors ( watson and wheeler f - test , p > 0 . 05 ) , they were pooled ( table 1 , fig . 4 d ) . at the end of each experiment , foragers were returned to the nest vicinity , and all foragers immediately searched for and entered the nest .\nfor local on - and off - route displacement tests , full - vector ants were displaced either back at their foraging tree or off - route ( fig . 2 a ) . outbound forager orientations when displaced back on - route after 15 min were non - uniform and were directed towards the nest ( outbound 15 min delay on - route condition ; fig . 5 a , table 1 ) . the orientation of full - vector ants , displaced ( 5 m off - route ) to create a conflict between the vector and local landmark cues , was non - uniform . these ants were significantly oriented toward the nest ( fig . 5 b\u2013d ) and not toward the home vector at 270 deg ( inbound off - route condition , v - test , v = 0 . 776 , p = 0 . 22 ; outbound 15 min delay off - route condition , v - test , v = 0 . 844 , p = 0 . 34 ; outbound overnight delay off - route condition , v - test , v = \u22120 . 771 , p = 0 . 779 ) . in all local displacement conditions , mean vector did not significantly differ between conditions ( watson and wheeler f - test , p > 0 . 05 ) .\nthe orientation of long - vector foragers , accumulating 14 m vectors to their nest - specific tree ( nest 1 ) , then displaced locally with a 90 deg cue conflict within 15 min of collection ( outbound long vector 15 min delay off - route condition ) was also significantly non - uniform and oriented toward the true nest direction and not the vector at 270 deg ( table 1 , fig . 5 e ) . different holding durations did not have an effect on the heading directions in all off - route conditions ( watson and wheeler f - test ; p > 0 . 05 ) .\nthe initial orientation of foragers displaced locally without access to familiar landmark cues within 15 min of collection met the conditions of a uniform distribution , and ants were not significantly oriented in the direction of their nest at 0 deg ( table 1 , fig . 5 f ) .\nfull - vector ants , when displaced 5 m either side of the nest ( fig . 2 b ) , did not orient significantly toward the nest direction . their initial orientation had a uniform distribution at both displacement sites ( nest - side condition , fig . 6 a ; tree - side condition , fig . 6 b ; table 1 ) . foragers from both conditions were not oriented in any direction or toward any other tree ( v - tests , p > 0 . 05 ) . at the end of the experiment , foragers were returned to the nest vicinity , and all foragers immediately searched for and entered the nest .\nin the current study , we show that nocturnal ants with short home vectors of \u22645 m when displaced to distant unfamiliar locations did not orient toward the fictive nest . but ants with longer home vectors of 12 . 8\u201314 . 0 m weakly oriented toward the fictive nest , suggesting vector length influences cue strength . additionally , when foragers were displaced locally with conflicting vector and landmark cues , they oriented exclusively using landmark cues and ignored any potential home vector regardless of vector length . when the landmark panorama ( up to 50 deg elevation ) around the displacement site was obscured , foragers could no longer orient to the nest direction , suggesting terrestrial cues are critical to homeward orientation . finally , we found that the nest - tree forager subset did not orient to local landmark cues when displaced , and these animals appear to have reduced navigational knowledge compared with their nest mates that travel away from the nest to forage .\nconceived and designed experiments : c . a . f . , a . n . , k . c . collected data : c . a . f . drafted and revised paper : c . a . f . , a . n . , k . c .\nthis research was supported by the australian research council through a discovery grant to k . c . and a . n . ( dp150101172 ) and a future fellowship to a . n . ( ft140100221 ) .\nhoming strategies of the australian desert ant melophorus bagoti i . proportional path integration takes the ant half - way home\nhoming strategies of the australian desert ant melophorus bagoti ii . interaction of the path integrator with visual cue information\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n\u201cone of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . \u201d\nin our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso\u2019s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields . we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science . find out more here and apply by the extended deadline , 20 july 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nr soc open sci . 2017 aug 30 ; 4 ( 8 ) : 170598 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rsos . 170598 . ecollection 2017 aug .\nfreas ca 1 , narendra a 1 , lemesle c 1 , cheng k 1 .\ndepartment of biological sciences , macquarie university , sydney , new south wales 2109 , australia .\npmid : 28879002 pmcid : pmc5579118 doi : 10 . 1098 / rsos . 170598\nschematics of the polarization filter and experimental set - up . ( a ) diagram of the polarization filter . during the forager ' s outbound trip to the foraging tree , a polarization filter was placed over the forager with the polarization e - vector rotated \u00b145\u00b0 of the ambient e - vector . this filter apparatus was used in a previous study [ ] . ( b ) diagram of measurements collected during polarization filter test . measurements were made using a compass application on a smartphone . initial orientation routes were measured from the nest entrance ( a ) to when the polarization filter was centred over the forager ( b ) . initial route directions ( a \u00b0 ) were calculated with the tree direction from the nest as 0\u00b0 . the magnitude of angle a has been artificially enlarged in this diagram for clarity , with angle a averaging 4 . 42\u00b0 across all conditions during testing . exit orientations were measured from the centre of the polarization filter ( b ) to the exit location of the ant on the filter ' s edge ( c ) . route directions under the filter ( b \u00b0 ) were calculated from the forager ' s initial route direction . reorientations were measured from the forager ' s exit location from the polarization filter ( c ) to the forager ' s path 50 cm after exiting the filter ( d ) . reorientation route directions ( c \u00b0 ) were calculated from the under - filter route direction .\nr soc open sci . 2017 aug ; 4 ( 8 ) : 170598 .\ni am interested in how animals navigate in their natural habitats , the information content in the environment they use , the sensory structures they have and the central processing units that allow them to memorise , integrate and recall information .\nmy research has largely focused on ants to take advantage of the inter - and intra - specific variation in size , in locomotion , in tasks and also in the different ecological and temporal niches they occupy .\ni have a keen interest in photography and love to experiment with macro - photography when time permits . some of my pictures are here .\nphd in biological sciences ; 1 book ; 47 publications ; 3 australian research council fellowships ; 10 research grants .\n2016 . macquarie research and development grant ( with lead ci frances kamhi ) , macquarie university , australia . ( $ 50k )\npalavalli - nettimi r and narendra a . 2018 . does size affect orientation usage celestial cues . insects sociaux . [ in press ]\npalavalli - nettimi r and narendra a . 2018 . miniaturisation decreases visual navigational competence in ants . journal of experimental biology . doi : 10 . 1242 / jeb . 177238\nramirez - esquivel f , ribi wa and narendra a . 2017 . techniques to investigate the anatomy of the ant visual system . journal of visualized experiments 129 : e56339 . [ pdf ]\nnarendra a , kamhi jf & ogawa y . 2017 . moving in dim light : behavioural and visual adaptations in nocturnal ants . integrative and comparative biology 57 : 1104\u20131116 [ pdf ]\nramirez - esquivel f , leitner ne , zeil j & narendra a . 2017 . the sensory arrays of the ant , temnothorax rugatulus . arthropod structure and development 46 : 552 - 563 [ pdf ]\nnarendra a & ramirez - esquivel f . 2017 . subtle changes in the landmark panorama disrupts visual navigation in a nocturnal bull ant . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 372 : 20160068 . [ pdf ]\nfreas ca , narendra a & cheng k . 2017 . compass cues used by a nocturnal bull ant ,\ncard a , mcdermott c & narendra a . 2016 . multiple orientation cues in the trunk trail forming ant , iridomyrmex purpureus . australian journal of zoology 64 : 227 - 232 .\nnarendra a , ramirez - esquivel f & ribi wa . 2016 . compound eye and ocellar structure for walking and flying modes of locomotion in the australian ant , camponotus consobrinus . scientific reports 6 : 22331\nschultheiss p , raderschall ca , narendra a . 2015 follower ants in a tandem pair are not always na\u00efve . scientific reports 5 : 10747\nogawa y , falkowski m , narendra a , zeil j , hemmi jm . 2015 . three spectrally distinct photoreceptors in diurnal and nocturnal australian ants . proceedings of the royal society b 282 : 20150673\nst\u00fcrzl w , grixa i , mair e , narendra a & zeil j . 2015 . three - dimensional models of natural environments and the mapping of navigational information .\nzeil j , ribi wa & narendra a . 2014 . polarization vision in ants , bees and wasps . in polarized light and polarization vision in animal sciences ( ed . horv\u00e1th g ) . springer series in vision research ( eds . collin s & marshall j ) . details here .\ncheung a , collett m , collett ts , dewar a , dyer f , graham p , mangan m , narendra a , philippides a , st\u00fcrzl w , webb b , wystrach a & zeil j . 2014 . still no convincing evidence for cognitive map use by honeybees . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa 111 : 4396\u20134397\nzeil j , narendra a & st\u00fcrzl w . 2014 . looking and homing : how displaced ants decide where to go . philosophical transactions of the royal society b 369 : 20130034"]}
{"id": 2430, "summary": [{"text": "sapphirina , also called the sea sapphires , is a genus of parasitic copepod , containing the following species : sapphirina angusta dana , 1849 sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina auronitens claus , 1863 sapphirina bella dana , 1849 sapphirina bicuspidata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina clausii ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina coruscans dana , 1849 sapphirina cylindrica lubbock , 1860 sapphirina danae lubbock , 1856 sapphirina darwinii haeckel , 1864 sapphirina detonsa dana , 1849 sapphirina edwardsii ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina elegans lubbock , 1860 sapphirina fulgens templeton , 1836 sapphirina gastrica giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina gegenbauri ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina gemma dana , 1852 sapphirina gibba rose , 1929 sapphirina granulosa giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina inaequalis dana , 1852 sapphirina indicator j. v. thompson , 1829 sapphirina indigotica dana , 1849 sapphirina intestinata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina iris dana , 1849 sapphirina lactens giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina lomae esterly , 1905 sapphirina longifurca a. scott , 1909 sapphirina maculosa giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina metallina dana , 1849 sapphirina nigromaculata claus , 1863 sapphirina nitens lubbock , 1860 sapphirina obesa dana , 1849 sapphirina obtusa dana , 1849 sapphirina opaca lubbock , 1856 sapphirina opalina dana , 1849 sapphirina opalina-darwini lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina orientalis dana , 1849 sapphirina ovalis dana , 1849 sapphirina ovata dana , 1849 sapphirina ovatolanceolata dana , 1849 sapphirina ovatolanceolata-gemma lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina pachygaster claus , 1863 sapphirina parva lubbock , 1860 sapphirina pseudolactens lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina pyrosomatis giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina reticulata brady , 1883 sapphirina sali farran , 1929 sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 sapphirina scarlata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina serrata brady , 1883 sapphirina sinuicauda brady , 1883 sapphirina splendens dana , 1852 sapphirina stellata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina stylifera lubbock , 1856 sapphirina tenella dana , 1849 sapphirina thomsoni lubbock , 1860 sapphirina uncinata leuckart , 1853 sapphirina versicolor dana , 1849 sapphirina vorax giesbrecht , 1891 various species of male sapphirina shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is partially due to structural coloration in which microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells which are separated by minute distances , and these distances equal the same wavelength of the corresponding color of their \" shine \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the females are translucent , as are the males when they are not shining . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "sapphirina", "paragraphs": ["species sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 accepted as sapphirina iris dana , 1849 ( listed as synonym by lehnhofer , 1929 )\nsapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ( listed as synonym by lehnhofer , 1929 )\ntable of key features separating adult u . sapphirina and lowii ( u . of florida )\n( of sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht , 1891 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina lomae esterly , 1905 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine planktonic copepods ( banyuls / oob / upmc / cnrs ) note : including taxonomic identification plates , remarks , geographic distribution , ecological information & reference list to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 25 publications ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 4 records ) to itis\n( of sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsaphirina pachygaster claus , 1863 ( p . 152 , fig . f ) ; haeckel , 1864 ( p . 107 ) ; ? sapphirina darwini haeckel , 1864 [ see to the species and remarks below ] ; sapphirina opalina - darwini lehnhofer , 1929 p . 295 , figs . f , m rem . ) [ see remarks below ] .\nvalidity lehnhofer ( 1929 , p . 295 ) considers this form as a variation of sapphirina opalina , position followed by boxshall & halsey ( 2004 , p . 653 ) . [ details ]\nsapphirina : el zafiro marino que desaparece . the secret to the sea sapphire\u2019s colors and invisibility : urltoken copepodo en micro acuario : urltoken estrategias adaptativas : hip\u00f3tesis de la\nalarma contra ladrones\n: urltoken\nthe small creature is a sapphirina copepod ( or , in short , a sea sapphire ) . copepods are the rice of the sea \u2013 tiny shrimp - like animals at the base of the ocean food chain . and like rice , they are generally not known for their charisma .\n3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - carcinium ( from synonym carcinium meyen , 1834 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - cyanomma ( from synonym cyanomma haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - edwardsia ( from synonym edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - pyromma ( from synonym pyromma haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - sapphiridina ( from synonym sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - sapphirina 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - sapphirina to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to itis\n( of sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) scott , a . ( 1909 ) . the copepoda of the siboga expedition . part i . free - swimming , littoral and semi - parasitic copepoda . siboga expeditie , monograph , leiden 29a : 1 - 323 , pls . 1 - 69 . ( ix - 1909 ) [ details ]\noverall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) ; sapphirina opalina - darwini lehnhofer , 1929 ( f , m ) syn . : ? sapphirina darwinii haeckel , 1864 ( p . 105 ) ref . : lehnhofer , 1929 ( p . 295 , rem . , figs . f , m ) ; rose , 1933 a ( p . 316 , rem . f , m ) ; giron - reguer , 1963 ( p . 59 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1963 ( p . 88 , rem . ) ; sewell , 1947 ( p . 267 ) ; 1948 ( p . 462 ) ; marques , 1958 a ( p . 138 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1981 ( p . 671 , figs . f , m ) ; bradford - grieve & al . , 1999 ( p . 887 , 972 , figs . f , m ) ; ref . compl . : mazza , 1966 ( p . 74 ) ; binet & al . , 1972 ( p . 71 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1973 ( p . 370 , 389 ) loc . : angola , ivorian shelf , rio de janeiro , m\u00e9dit . , arabian sea , laquedives is . , maldives is . , nicobar is . ( nankauri harbour ) , chili n n : 9 lg . : ( 618 ) f : 2 , 64 - 2 ; m : 3 , 98 - 2 , 55 ; { f : 2 , 00 - 2 , 64 ; m : 2 , 55 - 3 , 98 } . lehnhofer ( 1929 ) considers that sapphirina opalina and sapphirina darwini correspond to variations in the same species . position followed by boxshall & halsey ( 2004 , p . 653 ) who only hold the designation of sapphirina opalina . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nssued from : d . gur , b . leshem , v . farstey , d . oron , l . addadi & s . weiner in adv . funct . mater . , 2016 , 26 [ p . 1394 , fig . 1 , a , b ) . optical response ( reflection mode ) of sapphirinid male of sapphirina metallina to either dark or light conditions . a : dark - adapted ; b : light - adapted .\n( of sapphirina darwini haeckel , 1864 ) boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsapphirina , or sea sapphire , has been called \u201cthe most beautiful animal you\u2019ve never seen , \u201d and it could be one of the most magical . some of the tiny , little - known copepods appear to flash in and out of brilliantly colored blue , violet or red existence . now scientists are figuring out the trick to their hues and their invisibility . the findings appear in the journal of the american chemical society and could inspire the next generation of optical technologies .\nthe researchers measured the light reflectance \u2014 which determines color \u2014 of live sapphirina males and the spacing between crystal layers . they found that changes of reflectance depended on the thickness of the spacing . and for at least one particular species , when light hits an animal at a 45 - degree angle , reflectance shifts out of the visible light range and into the ultraviolet , and it practically disappears . their results could help inform the design of artificial photonic crystal structures , which have many potential uses in reflective coatings , optical mirrors and optical displays .\ncopepods are tiny aquatic crustaceans that live in both fresh and salt water . some males of the ocean - dwelling sapphirina genus display striking , iridescent colors that scientists think play a role in communication and mate recognition . the shimmering animals\u2019 colors result when light bounces off of the thin , hexagonal crystal plates that cover their backs . these plates also help them vanish , if only fleetingly . scientists didn\u2019t know specifically what factors contributed to creating different shades . scientists at the weizmann institute and the interuniversity institute for marine sciences in eilat wanted to investigate the matter .\nthompson , j . v . ( 1829 ) . on the luminosity of the ocean , with descriptions of some remarkable species of luminous animals ( pyrosoma pigmaea and sapphirina indicator ) and particularly of the four new genera , nocticula , cynthia , lucifer and podopsis , of the shizopodae , in : thompson , j . v . ( 1828 - 1834 ) . zoological researches , and illustrations ; or , natural history of nondescript or imperfectly known animals , in a series of memoirs , illustrated by numerous figures . pp . 37 - 61 , plates v - viii ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe small creature i\u2019d found was a sapphirina copepod , or as i like to call it , a sea sapphire . copepods are the rice of the sea , tiny shrimp - like animals at the base of the ocean food chain . and like rice , they are generally not known for their charisma . sea sapphires are an exception . though they are often small , a few millimeters , they are stunningly beautiful . like their namesake gem , different species of sea sapphire shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue . africa isn\u2019t the only place they can be found . i\u2019ve since seen them off the coasts of rhode island and california . when they\u2019re abundant near the water\u2019s surface the sea shimmers like diamonds falling from the sky . japanese fisherman of old had a name for this kind of water , \u201ctama - mizu\u201d , jeweled water .\nissued from : d . gur , b . leshem , m . pierantoni , v . farstey , d . oron , s . weiner & l . addadi in j . am . chem . soc . , 2015 , 137 . [ p . 8409 , fig . 1 ] ultrastructure of sapphirina metallina . ( a ) light microscope image viewed through the dorsal surface showing an array of tightly packed hexagonal crystals . inset : fourier transform of the image demonstrating the regular packing . ( b , c ) cryo - sem micrographs of a high - pressure - frozen , freeze - fractured s . metallina copepod : ( b ) transverse view showing the guanine crystals aligned perpendicular to the dorsal surface of the animal . the iridophores ( ir ) are located just beneath the animal chitin procutile ( pc ) . inset : schematic representation of the position of the crystal - containing cells ( ir ) relative to the copepod anatomy . the copepod is presented in dorsal view . the right - hand side is a schematic representation of the cross section of the region indicated , which corresponds to the cryo - sem micrograph . ( c ) dorsal view showing the tightly packed perfectly hexagonal crystals and the alternating layers of guanine crystals and cytoplasm beneath the procuticle .\nissued from : d . gur , b . leshem , m . pierantoni , v . farstey , d . oron , s . weiner & l . addadi in j . am . chem . soc . , 2015 , 137 . [ p . 8410 , fig . 2 , a - d ] . reflectance and structural properties of individual copepods : ( a - d ) sapphirina metallina column 1 ( left ) shows light microscope images of representative sapphitinid male specimens and column 2 their measured reflectances . column 4 shows representative cryo - sem images of the crystal - cytoplasm layer arrays and column 3 the simulated reflectance spectra . the simulated reflectance was calculated on the basis of thecytoplasm ( cy ) and crystal ( cr ) thicknesses measured in cryo - sem images from many differently colored specimens . the results of these measurements are shown in column 3 for each color . the measured reflectance en each spectrum is normalized to a silver mirror ; the measured reflectance of ( d ) was also normalized to the crystal coverage area because of the lack of uniformity of the specimen . the seeming disagreement between the measured and calculated reflectance spectra at short wavelengths in ( c ) and ( d ) is due to the short - wavelength edge of the light source\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 209 , fig . 4 ) . schematic representation of the structure of the dorsal integument male in sapphirinidae . membrane structures supporting the platelets not shown . bl = basal lamina ; cm = cell membrane ; d , platelet diameter ; e , epicuticule ; m = mitochondrion ; mls = multilayer structure ; n , nucleus ; p , procuticle ; t = platelet thicness nota : multilayered , hexagonal platelets exist in the dorsal epidermal cells of the male sapphirinids . the absence of platelets in the female is consistent with the fact that iridescence is observed only in the male and confirms that this structure is responsible for generating the iridescence . iridescent , integumental structures with multilayered crystals have been well known in various animal taxa , such fishes , amphibians and reptiles , but we know of no other litterature referring to any such structures in the integument of crustacea , although multilayer structures have been found in the nauplius eyse of copepods ( land , 1984 , etc . ) including sapphirina sp . itself ( elofsson , 1969 ) . the causal mechanism of structural colors in animals is explained by the theory of multiple thin - layer interfernce ( for explanation p . 209 - 210 in chae & nishida , 1994 ) . the fact that only males iridesce , the specific differences in iridescent colors , and the well - developed eyes all suggests that iridescence of sapphirinids has a important role in mate finding , prsumably by the female ( heron , 1973 ) .\nwhen i first saw a sea sapphire i thought i was hallucinating . the day had been anything but normal , but this part will always stand out . i\u2019d spent the afternoon on a small dingy off the coast of durban , south africa . it was muggy , and i\u2019d been working for hours\u2013 - throwing a small net out , and pulling in tiny hauls of plankton that i\u2019d then collect in jars . as i looked through one jar , the boat rocking up and down , i saw for an instant a bright blue flash . gone . then again in a different place . an incredible shade of blue . maybe i\u2019d been in the sun too long ? maybe i was seeing things ? it wasn\u2019t until i got back to the lab that i discovered the true beauty and mystery of these radiant flashes .\nthe reason for their shimmering beauty is both complex and mysterious , relating to their unique social behavior and strange crystalline skin .\na key clue : this sparkle is only seen in males . males live free in the water column , but females make their home in the crystal palaces of a strange , barrel - shaped jellies called salps . and though they\u2019re not flashy , these parasitic princesses have huge eyes relative to males . perhaps female sea sapphires look out upon an endless expanse of ocean sparkling with blue and gold , searching for the a particularly luminous shine . or it could be that males use their shimmer to compete with one another , like jousting knights in shining armor , while the females watch on . about the social life of sea sapphires , we know very little . but how do they shine in the first place ?\nthe secret to the sea sapphire\u2019s shine is in microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells . in the case of blue sea sapphires , these crystal layers are separated by only about four ten thousandths of a millimeter ; about the same distance as a wavelength of blue light . when blue light bounces off these crystal layers , it is perfectly preserved and reflected . but for other colors of light , these small differences in distance interfere , causing the colors to cancel out . so while white light is composed of all colors , only blue light is reflected back . this type of coloration is known as structural coloration , and though resembling a gem in hue , a sea sapphire\u2019s color has more in common with an oil sheen than a pigmented jewel . combine this nifty trick with the sea sapphire\u2019s impressively transparent body , and you have an animal as radiant as a star in one moment , and invisible in the next .\ni was lucky to find one , but sometimes they are found in astonishing numbers . my friend and colleague erik thuesen once told me about his work on an rov , as the submersible was coming to the surface , \u201cit passed through this amazingly sparkling layer of iridescent sapphrina\u201d . a rare sight to see ; not , perhaps , due to the rarity of these ocean gems , but the rarity at which we enter their world . even as you read this , wherever you are and whatever you\u2019re doing , they\u2019re out there right now . quietly shining in their own private universe of stars .\nyuval baar , joseph rosen , nadav shashar ( 2014 ) . circular polarization of transmitted light by sapphirinidae copepods . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0086131\nrr helm is a postdoc studying sea anemones and jellyfish at woods hole oceanographic institution .\ni have seen these on safety stops diving in the tortugas , fl keys . they were not uncommon when oceanic water was inshore ( if i remember correctly ) , some dives you could see around 80 - 100 while going down and while at the safety stop on the way back up . this was most often when looking down ( reflected light ) and often flashing and disappearing fooling us as well as their predators . for a small size they are very conspicuous for that second .\njust a note that your caption for the side by side images is reversed .\nwhat an amazing creature ! i wonder if the cause for the coloring is similar to the iridescence in beetles and butterfly wings . i did a story about this for the nsf image gallery ( see urltoken ) .\ngreat story ! i\u2019ve never heard the term \u201cliquid crystal\u201d before , but it\u2019s awesome ! i bet it\u2019s the same phenomenon as what we\u2019re seeing here . the technical term is thin film interference , and this type of structural coloration can be found in a variety of iridescent animals .\noohhhh we had lots of salp around our lab in the earlier part of summer at goat island ( new zealand ) , and there was also iredecent blue flecks in the water\u2026 . could this be it ? so stunning ! i wish i brought some to have a look under a microscope but we were just enjoying being in the water\u2026 .\ngreat story and spectacular movie . do you know the nature of that cristalline structure ? is is calcite ? or something else ? thanks !\ni\u2019m not sure , and i\u2019m not sure the authors are either . here\u2019s what the paper said : \u201cthis structure consists of 10 to 14 pairs of closely spaced membranes , lying parallel to each other and to the cuticular plane ( fig . 1b ) \u2026the spaces between the laminated membranes of the thin sections often had gaps of various sizes , suggesting that some hard materials originally present at the gap sites were lost during sectioning\u201d\nwhen a teacher & i saw the picture of this magnificent creature , the character , rainbow fish , was the thing that kept popping into our minds . rainbow dash was the second character that popped into my head . funny , in a way\u2026\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of carcinium meyen , 1834 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyanomma haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pyromma haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrebecca helm does not work for , consult , own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article , and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment .\nrepublish our articles for free , online or in print , under creative commons license .\nwhen i first saw a sea sapphire i thought i was hallucinating . the day had been anything but normal , but this part will always stand out . i had spent the afternoon on a small dingy off the coast of durban , south africa . it was muggy , and i had been working for hours \u2013 throwing a small net out , and pulling in tiny hauls of plankton to put in jars .\nas i looked through one jar , the boat rocking up and down , i saw a bright blue flash . it lasted for an instant and then it was gone . then i saw another one in a different place . it was an incredible shade of blue . maybe i had been in the sun too long ? maybe i was seeing things ? it wasn\u2019t until i got back to the lab that i discovered the true beauty and mystery of these radiant flashes .\nsea sapphires are an exception among copepods . though they are often small , a few millimeters , they are stunningly beautiful . like their namesake gem , different species of sea sapphire shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue . africa isn\u2019t the only place they can be found . i have since seen them off the coasts of rhode island and california in the us . when they are abundant near the water\u2019s surface the sea shimmers like diamonds falling from the sky . japanese fishermen of old had a name for this kind of water , \u201ctama - mizu\u201d , jewelled water .\nthe reason for their shimmering beauty is both complex and mysterious , relating to their unique social behaviour and strange crystalline skin . a key clue is that these flashes are only seen in males .\nmales live free in the water column , but females make their home in the crystal palaces of strange , barrel - shaped jellies called salps . and though they are not flashy , these parasitic princesses have huge eyes relative to males .\nperhaps female sea sapphires look out upon an endless expanse of ocean sparkling with blue and gold , searching for a particularly luminous shine . or it could be that males use their shimmer to compete with one another , like jousting knights in shining armor , while the females watch on . but how do they shine in the first place ?\nthe secret to the sea sapphire\u2019s shine is in microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells . in the case of blue sea sapphires , these crystal layers are separated by only about four ten thousandths of a millimetre \u2013 about the same distance as the wavelength of blue light .\nleft : a single layer of hexagonal plates in the sea sapphire\u2019s skin , as viewed from above . right : layers of plates as viewed from the side .\nwhen blue light bounces off these crystal layers , it is perfectly preserved and reflected . but for other colors of light , these small differences in distance interfere , causing the colors to cancel out . so while white light is composed of all colors , only blue light is reflected back . this type of coloration is known as structural coloration , and though resembling a gem in hue , a sea sapphire\u2019s color has more in common with an oil sheen than a pigmented jewel . combine this nifty trick with the sea sapphire\u2019s impressively transparent body , and you have an animal as radiant as a star in one moment , and invisible in the next .\ni was lucky to find one , but sometimes they are found in astonishing numbers . my friend and colleague erik thuesen once told me about his work on an underwater vessel . as the submersible was coming to the surface , he said , \u201cit passed through this amazingly sparkling layer of iridescent sapphrina\u201d . a rare sight to see ; not , perhaps , due to the rarity of these ocean gems , but the rarity at which we enter their world .\nthis is an edited version of an article that was first published in deepseanews . lead picture by stefan siebert .\nwhere all the water in the ocean came from is a very good question . scientists have been wondering about it for a long time .\nwe estimate china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone \u2013 and that\u2019s why trump\u2019s trade war is futile\nwrite an article and join a growing community of more than 69 , 700 academics and researchers from 2 , 408 institutions .\nstay informed and subscribe to our free daily newsletter and get the latest analysis and commentary directly in your inbox .\ndana , j . d . ( 1849 ) . conspectus crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione , carolo wilkes e classe reipublicae foederatae duce , lexit et descripsit . the american journal of science and arts . series 2 , 8 : 424 - 428 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphiridina darwinii ( haeckel , 1864 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyanomma darwinii haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrevis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]\nsu\u00e1rez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841\u2013869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college statio [ details ]\n( of sapphiridina nigromaculata claus , 1885 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]\nto get the best possible experience using our website , we recommend that you upgrade to latest version of this browser or install another web browser . see our browser support / compatibility page for supported browsers list .\nthe authors acknowledge funding from the israel science foundation , the crown center of photonics and the icore : the israel excellence center \u201ccircle of light\u201d and the interuniversity institute for marine sciences in eilat ( israel ) .\nfor your security , this online session is about to end due to inactivity .\nif you do not respond , everything you entered on this page will be lost and you will have to login again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsaphirina metallina : brady , 1883 ( p . 128 , figs . f , m ) ; t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 125 , fig . m )\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 94 , lam . xix , figs . 159 , 163 ] . male ( from off mar del plata ) : 159 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 163 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 6 ( 159 ) ; 0 . 3 ( 163 ) .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 612 , fig . 32 ] . male ( from strait of messina ) : habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 612 , fig . 33 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , a2 .\nissued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 116 , fig . 71 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; c , a2 ; d , p2 ; e , endopodal segment 3 of p2 ; f , p4 . male : g , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; i , a2 ; j , p2 ; k , endopodal segment 3 of p2 ; l , p4 . scale bars in mm .\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 208 , table 2 , c ) . specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light . nota : color observed with reflected ( r ) and transmitted light ( t ) : metallic gold or silver , strong reflexion , rapidly changing ( r ) ; gold at pigment sites , broad spectrum , red , yellow , blue , magenta and violet where cuticles overlap ( t ) .\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 208 , table 2 , e - h ) . specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light . e - h , the same individual as in ( c ) , showing color change due to the specimen ' s slight movement .\nissued from : t . mori in the pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of japan , 1937 ( 1964 ) . [ pl . 67 , figs . 14 - 18 ] . female : 14 , a2 ; 15 , p2 ; 16 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 17 , p4 ; 18 , p1 .\nissued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 285 , fig . 18 ] . female : 3 , a2 . male : 1 , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , a1 . hy = hyaline margin .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 52 ] . male : 52 , habirus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 48 ] . male : 48 , abdomen ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 47 ] . male : 47 , a1 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 49 , 50 , 51 ] . male : 49 , p1 ( endopod ) ; 50 , p4 ; 51 , p3 ( endopod ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 53 , 54 , 55 ] . male : 53 , mx1 ; 54 , mxp ; 55 , a2 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 56 ] . male : 56 , p2 ( endopod ) .\nissued from : p . e . lapernat & c . razouls in vie milieu , 2002 , 52 ( 1 ) . [ p . 27 , pl . v , fig . 2 ] . female ( from off malta , mediterranean sea ) : 2 , md .\nissued from : d . gur , b . leshem , v . farstey , d . oron , l . addadi & s . weiner in adv . funct . mater . , 2016 , 26 . [ p . 1396 , fig . 3 , a , b ) . the reflectance and structural properties that accompany the male sapphirinid color change . c : dark - adapted ; d , light - adapted . column i : light microscope images of the specimens ; column ii : measured reflectance ; column iii : simulated reflectance spectrum . the simulated reflectance was calculed based on the cytoplasm ( cy ) and the crystal ( cr ) thickness measured in cryo - sem images : dark - adaptated cy : 190 \u00b1 8 nm , cr : 72 \u00b1 4 nm . light - adaptated cy : 135 \u00b1 5 nm , cr : 69 nm \u00b1 5 nm . column iv : representative cryo - sem images of the crystal - cytoplasm layer arrays .\nissued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 327 , fig . 58 ] . zoogeographical distribution of s . metallina .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 116 , table 57 ] . vertical distribution of sappjirina metallina at the ' ' 40 - mile station ' ' in the florida current ( e miami : \u00b1 25\u00b035 ' n , 79\u00b027 ' w ; depth 738 m ) . sl 55 : 21 vii 1958 . b : during midnight .\nantarct . ( indian : continent , very rare ) ( in wolfenden , 1911 ) , south africa ( e ) , angola , congo , off st . helena is . ( n & se ) , off trindade is . , off ascension is . , g . of guinea , ivorian shelf , dakar , off cape verde is . ( s , n & nw ) , off mauritania , canary is . , off madeira , lisboa , rio de janeiro , guadeloupe , caribbean sea , caribbean colombia , yucatan , venezuela , g . of mexico , cuba , florida , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , off sw azores , medit . ( algiers bay , ligurian sea , napoli , strait of messina , off malta , n & s adriatic sea , ionian sea , aegean sea , w egyptian coast , iskenderun bay , lebanon basin ) , red sea , g . of aden , off socotra , arabian sea , maldive is . , madagascar ( nosy b\u00e9 ) , indian , india ( lawson ' s bay ) , bay of bengal , nicobar is . ( nankaurie harbour ) , w australia , straits of malacca , indonesia - malaysia , philippines , g . of thailand , viet - nam , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , taiwan strait , south china sea ) , taiwan ( e , nw , n : mienhua canyon ) , s . japan ( kuchinoerabu is . ) , japan , off kamtchatka , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , pacific ( central gyres : n & s ) , australia ( great barrier ) , new zealand , gilbert is . , hawaii , off s hawaii , california , w baja california , w mexico , g . of tehuantepec , clipperton is . , galapagos , peru , n chile\nepi - mesopelagic , ( off malta : 2000 - 3000 m ) . sampling depth ( antarct . ) : 1200 m . overall depth range : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) . 0 - 217 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is . , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nu . anhydor syntheta same as u . anhydor anhydor except lateral iridescent stripe continuous from anterior promontory to wing base , and range includes texas , oklahoma , new mexico , southern kansas , and parts of arkansas\nphotos of 3 life stages with links to photos indicating key id features ( u . of florida )\nlarval description plus distribution , seasonality , habitat , biology ( wayne crans , rutgers u . , new jersey )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naparecieron estos bichos en mi acuario de camarones cherry . . . que son ? ?\nbrady , 1883 ( p . 126 , figs . f ) ; giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 620 , 644 , 775 , figs . f , m ) ; t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 123 ) ; a . scott , 1909 ( p . 257 , rem . ) ; wolfenden , 1911 ( p . 360 ) ; pesta , 1920 ( p . 642 , fig . ) ; farran , 1929 ( p . 290 ) ; lehnhofer , 1929 ( p . 296 , rem . ) ; farran , 1929 ( p . 210 , 290 ) ; rose , 1929 ( p . 60 ) ; 1933 a ( p . 317 , figs . f , m ) ; dakin & colefax , 1933 ( p . 210 ) ; farran , 1936 a ( p . 131 ) ; mori , 1937 ( 1964 ) ( p . 126 , figs . f ) ; dakin & colefax , 1940 ( p . 109 , figs . f , m ) ; wilson , 1942 a ( p . 206 , fig . f ) ; chiba & al . , 1957 a ( p . 12 ) ; crisafi & mazza , 1966 ( p . 566 , 569 , 584 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; crisafi , 1966 ( p . 658 , figs . juv . ) ; saraswathy , 1966 ( 1967 ) ( p . 103 ) ; owre & foyo , 1967 ( p . 116 , figs . f , m ) ; corral estrada , 1970 ( p . 231 , rem . ) ; ramirez , 1971 ( p . 90 , fig . m ) ; chen & al . , 1974 ( p . 48 , figs . f , m ) ; marques , 1976 ( p . 1004 , fig . f ) ; 1982 ( p . 774 ) ; zheng & al . , 1982 ( p . 123 , figs . f , m ) ; baessa de aguiar , 1986 ( 1989 ) ( p . 63 , figs . f , m ) ; chae & nishida , 1994 ( p . 205 , 208 , integumental structure , pattern color ) ; chihara & murano , 1997 ( p . 990 , pl . 230 : f , m ) ; boxshall , 1998 ( p . 230 ) ; hure & krsinic , 1998 ( p . 104 ) ; conway & al . , 2003 ( p . 240 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; boxshall & halsey , 2004 ( p . 655 ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2010 ( p . 381 , figs . f , m , rem . )\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in revta mus . la plata , seccion zool . , 1971 , xi . [ lam . iii , fig . 2 ] . male ( from off mar del plata ) : 2 , habitus ( dorsal ) . scale bar in mm : 1 .\nissued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 12 , figs . 1 - 4 ] . female ( from china seas ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , a2 . male : 3 , posterior part of body ; 4 , terminal spines of endopodite segment 3 of p2 .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 586 , fig . 11 ] . female ( from strait of messina ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , distal portion of a1 .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 587 , fig . 12 ] . male : habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 125 , fig . 77 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p2 ; f , endopod of p2 ; g , p4 . male : h , habitus ( dorsal ) ; i , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; j , a1 ; k , a2 ; l , p2 ; m , endopod of p2 ; n , p4 . scale bars in mm .\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 206 , fig . 1 ] . male : transmission electron microscopy photographs . a , sagittal section of dorsal integument , gaps of different sizes shown ( arroheads ) b , sagittal section of dorsal integument at high magnification , showing multilayered - membrane structure . c , frontal section of integument , showing honeycomb arrangement of dorso - ventrally oriented membrane and gaps ( arrowheads ) . d , frontal section of integument , showing honeycomb structure and borders of epidermal cells ( arrowheads . bl = basal lamina ; c = cuticle ; m = mitochondrion ; n , nucleus . nota : color observed with reflected ( r ) and transmitted light ( t ) : monotonic violet , occasionally green / orange caudal rami ( r ) ; yellow , occasionally brown and orange ( t ) .\nissued from : t . mori in zool . mag . tokyo , 1929 , 41 ( 486 - 487 ) . [ pl . ix , fig . 2 ] . female ( from chosen strait , korea - japan ) : 2 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : t . mori in zool . mag . tokyo , 1929 , 41 ( 486 - 487 ) . [ pl . ix , fig . 10 - 12 ] . female : 10 , p4 ; 11 , a1 ; 12 , a2 .\nissued from : t . mori in the pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of japan , 1937 ( 1964 ) . [ pl . 69 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female : 1 , a2 ; 2 , endopodite of p2 ; 3 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 4 , a1 ; 5 , p4 .\nissued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 295 , fig . 29 , 3b ] . male : 3b , caudal ramus . l = length ; w = width\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , fig . 46 ] . female : 46 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , figs . 52 , 54 ] . female : 52 , posterior body ( dorsal ) ; 54 , mx2 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , figs . 4 , 22 ] . female : 4 , a1 ; 22 , md ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , fig . 34 ] . female : 34 , a2 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , fig . 56 ] . female : 56 , p4 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 34 ] . female : 34 , mxp .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 64 ] . female : 64 , mx1 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , fig . 44 ] . male : 44 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 3 ] . male : 3 , p2 ( endopod ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 32 - 33 ] . male : 32 - 33 , mxp .\nsouth africa ( e ) , namibia , angola , off trindade is . , off s ascension is . , g . of guinea , cape verde is . , off nw cape verde , off mauritania , cap ghir ( morocco ) , canary is . , off madeira , azores , argentina , s brazil , barbados is . , caribbean sea , jamaica , caribbean colombia , yucatan , g . of mexico , florida , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , medit . ( alboran sea , gulf of annaba , g . of lion , ligurian sea , napoli , messina , malta , n & s adriatic sea , ionian sea , w egyptian coast , lebanon basin , bardawill lagoon ) , red sea , madagascar ( nosy b\u00e9 ) , seychelles , indian , india ( lawson ' s bay ) , bay of bengal , w australia , indonesia - malaysia , philippines , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea ) , taiwan , mienhua canyon , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , tanabe bay , kamchatka , bering sea , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , australia ( g . of carpentaria , great barrier , new south wales ) , new zealand , bikini is . , hawaii , gulf of california , w costa rica , central america , g . of panama , bahia cupica ( colombia ) , galapagos - ecuador , peru , chili ( n , concepcion )\n( 34 ) f : 3 , 3 ; m : 3 , 9 ; ( 35 ) [ atlant . ] f : 2 , 45 - 2 , 35 ; m : 2 , 64 - 2 , 45 ; [ n - z ] f : 3 , 9 - 2 , 94 ; m : 3 , 9 - 2 , 55 ; ( 46 ) f : 3 , 5 - 3 ; m : 3 , 35 - 3 , 15 ; ( 91 ) f : \u00b1 3 ; ( 104 ) f : 3 , 25 ; m : 2 , 9 ; ( 109 ) f : 2 , 25 - 2 , 12 ; m : 2 , 85 - 2 , 7 ; ( 180 ) f : 2 , 59 - 2 , 5 ; m : 2 , 87 ; ( 332 ) f : 2 , 83 ; m : 2 , 96 - 2 , 33 ; ( 333 ) f : 2 , 62 - 1 , 61 ; ( 449 ) f : 3 , 5 - 2 , 2 ; m : 3 , 35 - 3 , 15 ; ( 458 ) f : 2 , 74 ; 2 , 64 ; m : 3 , 5 - 2 , 64 ; ( 530 ) f : 2 ; ( 705 ) f : 4 , 054 - 2 , 866 ; m : 4 , 337 - 3 , 3 ; ( 805 ) f : 3 , 59 - 1 , 2 ; m : 3 , 39 - 1 , 4 ; ( 866 ) f : 3 , 52 - 2 , 02 ; m : 4 , 04 - 2 , 68 ; ( 991 ) f : 1 , 4 - 3 , 39 ; m : 1 , 2 - 3 , 59 ; ( 1023 ) f : 2 , 3 - 3 , 26 ; m : 2 , 9 - 3 , 2 ; { f : 1 , 200 - 4 , 054 ; m : 1 , 200 - 4 , 340 }"]}
{"id": 2433, "summary": [{"text": "carcineretidae is a prehistoric family of heterotrematan crustaceans .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are only known from cretaceous fossils .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these crabs are tentatively placed in the superfamily portunoidea and resemble the swimming crabs ( portunidae ) in having some paddle-shaped pereiopods .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "but it is not certain that this placement is correct , as the carcineretidae also show some similarities to the matutidae of superfamily leucosioidea and the goneplacidae of superfamily xanthoidea . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "carcineretidae", "paragraphs": ["a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize ) .\na new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nvega fj , feldmann rm , ocampo ac , pope ko . 1997 . a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize . jour . paleo . 71 : 615 - 620 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : portunoidea according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nluque , javier schweitzer , carrie e . santana , william portell , roger w . vega , francisco j . and klompmaker , adi\u00ebl a . 2017 . checklist of fossil decapod crustaceans from tropical america . part i : anomura and brachyura . nauplius , vol . 25 , issue . 0 ,\nvajda , vivi ocampo , adriana ferrow , embaie and koch , christian bender 2015 . nano particles as the primary cause for long - term sunlight suppression at high southern latitudes following the chicxulub impact \u2014 evidence from ejecta deposits in belize and mexico . gondwana research , vol . 27 , issue . 3 , p . 1079 .\nphillips , george e . nyborg , torrey and vega , francisco j . 2014 . icriocarcinidae : a family of portunoid crabs from the upper cretaceous of north america . pal\u00e4ontologische zeitschrift , vol . 88 , issue . 2 , p . 139 .\nfeldmann , rodney m . karasawa , hiroaki and schweitzer , carrie e . 2008 . revision of portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) with emphasis on the fossil genera and families . journal of crustacean biology , vol . 28 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .\nwigforss - lange , jane vajda , vivi and ocampo , adriana 2007 . trace element concentrations in the mexico - belize ejecta layer : a link between the chicxulub impact and the global cretaceous - paleogene boundary . meteoritics & planetary science , vol . 42 , issue . 11 , p . 1871 .\nfouke , bruce w . zerkle , aubrey l . alvarez , walter pope , kevin o . ocampo , adriana c . wachtman , richard j . grajales nishimura , jose manuel claeys , phillipe and fischer , alfred g . 2002 . cathodoluminescence petrography and isotope geochemistry of kt impact ejecta deposited 360km from the chicxulub crater , at albion island , belize . sedimentology , vol . 49 , issue . 1 , p . 117 .\nvega , francisco j . feldmann , rodney m . garc\u00eda - barrera , pedro filkorn , harry pimentel , francis and avenda\u00f1o , javier 2001 . maastrichtian crustacea ( brachyura : decapoda ) from the ocozocuautla formation in chiapas , southeast mexico . journal of paleontology , vol . 75 , issue . 02 , p . 319 .\nschweitzer , carrie e . and feldmann , rodney m . 2000 . new fossil portunids from washington , usa , and argentina , and a re - evaluation of generic and family relationships within the portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) . journal of paleontology , vol . 74 , issue . 04 , p . 636 .\npope , kevin o ocampo , adriana c fischer , alfred g alvarez , walter fouke , bruce w webster , clyde l vega , francisco j smit , jan fritsche , a . eugene and claeys , philippe 1999 . chicxulub impact ejecta from albion island , belize . earth and planetary science letters , vol . 170 , issue . 4 , p . 351 .\ninstituto de geolog\u00eda , unam , ciudad universitaria , m\u00e9xico , d . f . 04510\njet propulsion laboratory , california institute of technology , ms 183 - 601 , 4800 oak grove dr . , pasadena , california 91009\ngeo eco arch research , 2222 foothill blvd . , suite e - 272 , la ca\u00f1ada , california 91011\ntwo crabs , xandarus sternbergi ( rathbun 1926 ) n . gen . , and icriocarcinus xestos n . gen . , n . sp . , from the late cretaceous of san diego county , california , usa , and baja california norte , mexico\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njust enter the word in the field and the system will display a block of anagrams and unscrambled words as many as possible for this word .\nthe section is also useful for those who like compiling words from other words . you will get a list that begins with 3 letters and ends with 8 or more letters .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\narchaeoportunus isabenensis artal , oss\u00f3 & dom\u00ednguez , 2013 469 . 1 . 1 .\nartal , p . , oss\u00f3 , \u00e0 , & dom\u00ednguez , j . l . , 2013 . , archaeoportunus isabenensis , a new genus and species of portunoid crab ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the lower eocene of huesca ( spain ) . bolet\u00edn de la sociedad geol\u00f3gica mexicana 65 ( 2 ) : 307 - 317 .\nwithers , t . h . , 1922 . on a new brachyurous crustacean from the upper cretaceous of jamaica . ann . mag . nat . hist . 10 ( 9 ) , 534\u2013541 .\nsee vega at al . , 2018 review and additions to the maastrichtian ( late cretaceous ) crustacea from chiapas , mexico\neogeryonidae - upper cenomanian ( late cretaceous ) - condemios de arriba , guadalajara , spain .\noss\u00f3 , \u00e0 . , 2016 . , eogeryon elegius n . gen . and n . sp . ( decapoda : eubrachyura : portunoidea ) , one of the oldest modern crabs from the late cenomanian of the iberian peninsula . boletin de la sociedad geologica mexicana 68 ( 2 ) : 231 - 246\ngeryonidae ( tentatively ) - thanetian ( paleocene ) - haute garonne , france .\nvan straelen , v . , 1925 . , description de brachyoures montiens du cominges . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de g\u00e9ologie , 34 : 58 - 62 .\ngeryonidae ( tentatively ) - ilerdian ( lower ypresian , eocene ) - aragon pyrenees .\nartal , p . , v\u00eda , l . , 1989 , , xanthilites macrodactylus pyrenaicus ( crustacea , decapoda ) nueva subespecie del ilerdiense medio del pirineo de huesca : batalleria , 2 , 57 - 61 . jagt , j . w . m . et al . , 2010 , coeloma rupeliense ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) from the bilzen formation ( rupel group , lower oligocene ) in northeast belgium : bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre , 80 , 245 - 252 .\n? geryonidae - oligocene - peine , hannover , germany . 178 - 3 lepizig , germany .\nschl\u00fcter , c . , 1879 , neue und weniger gekannte kreide - und terti\u00e4rkrebse des n\u00f6rdlichen deutschlands . zeitschrift der deutschen eologischen gesellschaft ( berlin ) , 31 : 586 - 615 , pls . 13 - 18 .\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1881 . note sur quelques crustac\u00e9s fossils des environs de biarritz . annales des sciences g\u00e9ologiques , 11 : 1 - 8 .\n? geryonidae - ? geryonidae - ? upper eocene ? oligocene - somewhere of southeastern france .\nsorgenfrei , t . , 1940 , marines untermioc\u00e4n im klintinghoved auf der insel als . ein beitrag zur l\u00f6sung der aquitanien - frage . danmarks geologiske unders\u00f8gelse , 65 : 90 - 129 , pls . 4 - 8 .\nstainier , x . , 1887 . , coeloma rupeliens e , brachyure nouveau de l\u2019argile rup\u00e9lienne . annales de la societ\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de belgique , 14 : 86 - 96 , pl . 5 .\nstainier , x . , 1887 . , coeloma rupeliense , brachyure nouveau de l\u2019argile rup\u00e9lienne . annales de la societ\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de belgique , 14 : 86 - 96 , pl . 5 .\nvon meyer , h . , 1862 , tertiaere decapoden aus den alpen , von oeningen und dem taunus . palaeontographica , 10 : 147 - 178 , pls . 16 - 19 .\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1865c , . monographie des crustac\u00e9s de la famille canc\u00e9riens . annales des sciences naturelles , ( zoologie ) ( 5 ) 3 [ 1865 ] : 297 - 351 , pls . 5 - 13 .\nmilne - edwards , a . & brocchi , p . , 1879 . note sur quelques crustac\u00e9s fossiles appartenant au groupe des macrophthalmiens . bulletin de la societ\u00e9 philomathique de paris , 3 : 113 - 117 .\nvan binkhorst , j . t . , 1857 . , neue krebse aus der maestrichter tuffkreide . verhandlungen des naturhistorischen vereins der preussischen rheinlande und westfalens , 14 : 107 - 110 , pls . 6 , 7 .\nlongusorbiidae - northumberland fm , campanian ( upper cretaceous ) - shelter point , near cambell river british columbia , canada .\nrichards , b . c . , 1975 , longusorbis cuniculosus : a new genus and species of upper cretaceous crab with comments on the spray formation at shelter point , vancouver island , british columbia . canadian journal of earth sciences , 12 : 1850 - 1863 .\npsammocarcinidae - bartonian ( eocene ) - gu\u00e9 - \u00e0 - tresnes - sables de beauchamp . l ' oise , france .\ndesmarest , , a . g . , 1822 . , histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s fossiles . les crustac\u00e9s proprement dits : 67 - 154 , pls . 5 - 11 . ( f . g . levrault , paris ) .\n? - lillebaelt clay fm . , ypresian ( lower eocene ) - trelde naes , denmark .\ncollins , j . s . h . & s . l . jakobsen , s . l . , 2003 , new crabs ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the eocene ( ypresian / lutetian ) lilleb\u00e6lt clay formation of jutland , denmark . bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum 30 : 63\u201396 .\n? - lincoln creek fm . uperr eocene - oligocene - grays river county , washington , usa\nrathbun , m . j . , 1926 . , the fossil stalk - eyed crustacea of the pacific slope of north america . united states national museum bulletin , 138 : i - viii , 1 - 155 .\n? - reisbesher gestein , oligocene - escalante point , vancouver island , bc , canada .\n? - - eocene - hoko river fm . - near cape flattery , nw of olympic peninsula - washington - usa .\nnyborg , t . g . , r . e . berglund , and j . l . goedert , 2003 . , a new crab from the late eocene hoko river formation , olympic peninsula , washington : the earliest record of euphylax ( decapoda , portunidae ) . journal of paleontology , 77 : 323 - 330 .\nschweitzer , c . , iturralde - vinent , m . , hetler , j . l . & velez - juarbe , 2006 , oligocene and miocene decapods ( thalassinidea and brachyura ) from the caribbean . annals of the carnegie museum , vol . 75 , number 2 , pp . 111 - 136\n? - quimper fm . eocene - oak bay , near port townsend washington , usa .\nschweitzer , c . e . , feldmann , r . m . , tucker , a . b . & berglund , r . e . , 2000 , eocene decapod crustaceans from pulali point , washington . annals of carnegie museum 69 : 23\u201367 .\nphilippi , r . a . , 1887 . , los f\u00f3siles terciarios i cuartarios de chile : 1 - 256 , 56 pls . ( brockhaus , leipzig [ german version ] and santiago de chile [ spanish version ] ) .\nkarasawa , h . , 1990 . , decapod crustaceans from the miocene mizunami group , central japan . part 2 section oxyrhyncha , cancridea and brachyrhyncha bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum no . 17 .\nmaury , c . j . , 1930 . , o cretaceo da parahyba do norte . in : servi\u00e7o geologico e mineralogico do brasil , monografias , vol . 8 , p . 350\n? - calcaires \u00e0 slumps de taghit ( upper campanian , upper cretaceous - near merija , moyenne moulouya , morocco .\noss\u00f3 - morales , \u00e0 . , artal , p . , vega , f . j . , 2010 . , new crabs ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the upper cretaceous ( campanian ) of the moyenne moulouya , northeast morocco . revista mexicana de ciencias geol\u00f3gicas 27 , 213e224 .\n? - ypresian ( lower eocene ) - falaises near fresco , ivory coast .\nr\u00e9my , j . m . - \u00e9tudes pal\u00e9ontologiques et g\u00e9ologiques sur les falaises de fresco ( c\u00f4te divoire ) ii crustac\u00e9s . ann\u00e9e 1960 universit\u00e9 de dakar\n? - ypresian ( lower eocene ) - isle of sheppey , kent , uk .\nbell , t . , 1858 . , a monograph of the fossil malacostracous crustacea of great britain , pt . i , crustacea of the london clay . monograph of the palaeontographical society , london , 10 [ 1856 ] : i - viii , 1 - 44 , 11 pls .\nquayle , w . j . , 1984 . , a new crab , portunites stintoni ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the london clay . tertiary research , 5 : 173 - 178 .\noss\u00f3 , \u00e0 . & stalennuy , 2011 . description of the first fossil species of bathynectes ( brachyura , polybiidae ) in the badenian ( middle miocene ) of the medobory hills ( ukraine , central parathetys ) , with remarks on its habitat ecology . treb . mus . geol . barcelona , 18 ( 2011 ) : 37 - 46 .\ngarassino et al . , 2012 . the decapod community from the early pliocene ( zanclean ) of \u201cla serra\u201d quarry ( san miniato , pisa , toscana , central italy ) : sedimentology , systematics , and palaeoenvironmental implications . annales de pal\u00e9ontologie 98 ( 2012 ) 1\u201361\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1867 . , descriptions de quelques esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de crustac\u00e9s brachyoures . annales de la societ\u00e9 entomologique de france , 4 : 263 - 288 .\nportunidae - carupinae - badenian ( middel miocene ) maksymivka , ternopil , ukraine .\nm\u00fcller , p . , 1984 . , . decapod crustacea of the badenian . geologica hungarica , ( palaeontologica ) 42 : 1 - 317 , pls . 1 - 97 .\nvia , l . , 1959 , dec\u00e1podos f\u00f3siles del eoceno espa\u00f1ol : bolet\u00edn del instituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , 70 , 331 - 402 .\nhiroaki karasawa , carrie e . schweitzer , and rodney m . feldmann . 2008 . revision of portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) with emphasis on the fossil genera and families . journal of crustacean biology , 28 ( 1 ) : 82\u2013127 ,\nfabricius , j . c . , 1798 . , supplementatione entomologiae systematicae : i - iv , 1 - 572 . ( c . g . proft et storch , hafniae [ = copenhagen ] ) .\nportunidae , portuninae - beaumont clay fm . ( pleistocene ) - galveston county , tx , usa\nsmith , a . i . 1869 . , notice of the crustacea collected by prof . c . f . hart on the coast of brazil in 1867 , list of the described species of brazilian podophthalmia . transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 2 : 1 - 41 .\nsee also : collins , j . s . h . , garvie , c . l . & mellish , c . j . t . 2014 . ,\nl\u00f6renthey , e . , 1898 . , . beitr\u00e4ge zur decapodenfauna der ungarischen terti\u00e4rs . term\u00e9szetrajzi f\u00fczetek , 21 : 1 - 133 , figs . 1 - 9 .\nrathbun , m . j . 1935a , fossil crustacea of the atlantic and gulf coastal plain . geological society of america , ( special paper ) 2 : i - viii , 1 - 160 .\nportunidae , portuninae - collb\u00e0s fm . , bartonian ( upper eocene ) - anoia , catalonia .\nvia , l . , 1941 . , los cangrejos f\u00f3siles de catalu\u00f1a . bolet\u00edn del insituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , 55 : 3 - 73 , pls . 1 - 11 .\nportunidae , portuninae - oligocene - grancona , melledo , vicenza region , italy .\nbittner , a . , 1893 . , decapoden des pannonischen terti\u00e4re . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien , 102 : 10 - 37 , pls . 1 , 2\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1860 , histoire des crustac\u00e9s podophthalmaires fossils et monographie des d\u00e9capodes macroures de la famille des thalassiens fossiles . annales des sciences naturelles , ( zoologie ) ( 4 ) 14 : 129 - 293 , pls . 1 - 10 .\nbittner a . , 1875 , die brachyuren des vicentinischen terti\u00e4rgerbirges . denkschr . k . akad . wiss . , wien , 34 : 63 - 106 .\nportunidae , thalamitinae - ? pleistocene - mtwapa creek , near mombasa , kenya .\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . m\u00fcller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] ) .\nwee , d . p . c . & ng , p . k . l . , 1995 . swimming crabs of the genera charybdis de haan , 1835 and thalamita latreille , 1829 ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : portunidae ) from peninsular malaysia and singapore . the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 1 31st december 1995\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . m\u00fcller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] )\nfabricius , j . c . , 1798 . supplementum entomologiae systematicae , hafniae , 572 pp .\nportunidae , thalamitinae - lutetian ( middle eocene ) - chiampo valley , vicenza region , italy .\nbeschin , c . , busulini , a . , de angeli , a . , tessier , g . , 2002 , aggiornamento ai crostacei di cava \u201cmain\u201d di arzignano ( vicenza \u2013 italia settentrionale ) ( crustacea , decapoda ) . studi e ricerche . studi e richerche , pp . 7 - 28 ,\nuncertain family - ? campanian ( late cretaceous ) - moyenne moulouya , morocco .\nsecretan , s . ( 1961 ) , une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de xanthid\u00e9s au maroc : titanocarcinus meridionalis nov . sp . notes de service g\u00e9ologique de maroc , 20 ( 152 ) , 39\u201350 , pls . 1\u20133 . schweitzer , c . e . & feldmann , r . m . , 2012 , bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum , no . 38 . oss\u00f3 , \u00e0 . , 2016 . , eogeryon elegius n . gen . and n . sp . boletin de la sociedad geologica mexicana 68 ( 2 ) : 231 - 246\ntorrey g . nyborg ; francisco j . vega ; harry f . filkorn : new late cretaceous and early cenozoic decapod crustaceans from california , usa : implications for the origination of taxa in the eastern north pacific\nthe first is raninoides n . sp . , representing the earliest occurrence of the genus both in california and worldwide . the shape of the dorsal carapace , including the placement and lengths of the frontal spines , clearly justifies assignment to raninoides . well - preserved fossil material will allow a complete description of this new species and provide further insight into the evolution of the family raninidae ;\nthe second is archaeopus n . sp . , the second report of the genus from upper cretaceous rocks of california . the subquadrate carapace , long down turned front , relatively large orbits , and overall carapace shape allow confident assignment of this species to archaeopus . another species , a . antennatus , has been previously reported from an unnamed formation in the upper cretaceous of california ( rathbun , 1926 ) . the new taxon differs in having a less subquadrate carapace and better defined regions than a . antennatus .\nbarry w . m . van bakel , john w . m . jagt , ren\u00e9 h . b . fraaije , yvonne coole\nnatuurhistorisch museum maastricht , de bosquetplein 6 - 7 , p . o . box 882 , nl - 6200 aw maastricht\ncarcinologists dealing with fossil crabs are often faced with difficulties in classifying their material . with only a single or a handful of specimens available , more often than not consisting of only ( partial ) carapaces , dorsal carapace characters are the sole features to go on . classification of extant crabs mostly cannot be applied , since ventral morphology is here of prime importance ( guinot , 1977 , 1978 ) . having come to realize that carapace characters may overlap in representatives of unrelated families , in the past decade paleontologists have used the few cases in which crabs are preserved with well - preserved ventral parts with much success ( karasawa , 2003 , guinot & tavares , 2001 ) .\nfig . 1 . binkhorstia ubaghsii ( van binkhorst , 1857 ) ; upper nekum member ( maastricht formation , late maastrichtian ) of cbr - romontbos quarry , eben emael ( ne belgium ) . 1 , right cheliped . 2 , left cheliped of the same specimen . 3 , dorsal view of this specimen , showing complete carapace , both claws and limb fragments . 4 , dorsal view . 5 , ventral view , showing the delicate preservation .\nfig . 2 . binkhorstia ubaghsii ( van binkhorst , 1857 ) and binkhorstia euglypha collins , fraaye & jagt , 1995 . 1 , ventral view , with details of the sternum of b . ubaghsii . 2 , orbital view of this specimen , showing the unique spatulated rostrum . 3 , binkhorstia euglypha collins , fraaye & jagt , 1995 , ventral view of holotype ( mab . k . 1033 ) from the upper part of the meerssen member ( latest maastricht formation ) of the former blom quarry , berg en terblijt ( se netherlands ) . 4 , dorsal view of the holotype . 5 , dorsal view of assumed molt , b . ubaghsii , showing the left - hand claw , and flattened pereiopods .\nthe holotype of binkhorstia euglypha collins et al . , 1995 from the upper meerssen member at the former blom quarry ( berg en terblijt , se netherlands ) , shows details of the ventral parts as well , though not described in detail in the original description . a re - examination of the original material , together with the new data on b . ubaghsii , should provide more information on this little known genus .\nbeurlen k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte . grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der h\u00f6heren krebse . fortschr . geol . pal\u00e4ont . 8 : 317 - 586 .\nbinkhorst jt van . 1857 . neue krebse aus der maestrichter tuffkreide . verh . naturhist . ver . preuss . rheinl . westf . 14 : 107 - 110 .\ncollins jsh , fraaye rhb & jagt jwm . 1995 . late cretaceous anomurans and brachyurans from the maastrichtian type area . acta palaeont . pol . 40 : 165 - 210 .\nfeldmann rm , villamil t . 2002 . a new carcineretid crab ( upper turonian , cretaceous ) of colombia . jour . paleo . 76 : 718 - 724 .\nfeldmann rm , villamil t , kauffman eg . 1999 . decapod and stomatopod crustaceans from mass mortality lagerstatten : turonian ( cretaceous ) of colombia . jour . paleo . 73 : 91 - 101 .\nfraaye rhb . 1996 . late cretaceous swimming crabs : radiation , migration , competition , and extinction . acta geol . pol . 46 : 269 - 278 .\nfraaye rhb , van bakel bwm . 1998 . new raninid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) from the late maastrichtian of the netherlands . geol . mijnbouw 76 : 293 - 299 .\nglaessner mf . 1960 . the fossil decapod crustacea of new zealand and the evolution of the order decapoda . n . z . geol . surv . , paleontol . bull . 310 : 1 - 63 .\nglaessner mf . 1980 . new cretaceous and tertiary crabs ( crustacea : brachyura ) from australia and new zealand . trans . roy . soc . s . austr . 104 : 171 - 192 .\nguinot d . 1977 . propositions pour une nouvelle classification des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . c . r . acad . sci . paris d285 : 1049 - 1052 .\nguinot d . 1978 . principes d\u2019une classification \u00e9volutive des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . bull . biol . fr . belg . 112 : 209 - 292 .\nguinot d , tavares m . 2001 . une nouvelle famille de crabes du cr\u00e9tac\u00e9 , et la notion de podotremata guinot , 1977 ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) . zoosystema 23 : 507 - 546 .\njagt jwm , fraaye rhb & van bakel bwm . 2000 . late cretaceous decapod crustacean faunas of northeast belgium and the southeast netherlands . studi e ricerche , assoc . amici mus . civ . \u2018g . zannato\u2019 , montecchio maggiore ( vicenza ) : 37 - 42 .\nkarasawa h , kato h . 2003 . the systematic status of the genus miosesarma karasawa , 1989 with a phylogenetic analysis within the family grapsidae and a review of fossil records ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) . paleont . res . 5 : 259 - 275 .\nnoetling f . 1881 . ueber einige brachyuren aus dem senon von mastricht [ sic ] und dem terti\u00e4r norddeutschlands . z . dt . geol . ges . 33 : 357 - 371 .\nortmann a . 1892 . die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums . v . theil . die abteilungen hippidae , dromiidae , und oxystomata . zool . jb . 6 : 532 - 588 .\nrathbun mj . 1935 . fossil crustacea of the atlantic and gulf coastal plain . geol . soc . am . , spec . paper 2 : 1 - 160 .\nstenzel hb . 1952 . decapod crustaceans from the woodbine formation of texas . u . s . geol . surv . prof . paper 242 : 212 - 217 .\nvega fj , feldmann rm . 1991 . fossil crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the maastrichtian difunta group , northeastern mexico . ann . carnegie mus . 60 : 163 - 177 .\nvega fj , feldmann rm , sour - tovar f . 1995 . fossil crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the late cretaceous c\u00e1rdenas formation , east - central mexico . jour . paleo . 69 : 340 - 350 .\nvega fj , feldmann rm , garc\u00eda - barrera p , filkorn h , pimentel f & avenda\u00f1o j . 2001 . maastrichtian crustacea ( brachyura : decapoda ) from the ocococuautla formation in chiapas , southeast mexico . jour . paleo . 75 : 319 - 329 .\nwithers th . 1922 . on a new brachyurous crustacean from the upper cretaceous of jamaica . ann . mag . nat . hist . 10 : 534 - 541 .\nwoods jt . 1953 . brachyura from the cretaceous of central queensland . mem . qld mus . 13 : 50 - 57 .\nwright cw . 1997 . new information on cretaceous crabs . bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( geol . ) 53 : 135 - 138 .\nwright cw , collins jsh . 1972 . british cretaceous crabs . palaeontogr . soc . monogr . 126 ( 533 ) : 1 - 114 .\nwe thank rudi w . dortangs ( amstenrade ) for taking photographs , robert pieters ( geel ) for donation of material .\nsuggests that it was a back - burrower , rather than an active swimmer .\ntwo crabs , xandarus sternbergi ( rathbun , 1926 ) n . gen . , and icriocarcinus xestos n . gen . , n . sp . , from the late cretaceous of san diego county , california , usa , and baja california norte , mexico\ndie decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums . v . theil . die abteilungen hippidae , dromiidae , und oxystomata"]}
{"id": 2449, "summary": [{"text": "eleotrica cableae , cable 's goby , is a species of goby endemic to reefs around the galapagos islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eleotrica cableae", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is only known from one location ( gal\u00e1pagos islands ) . regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range , shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific . this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .\nthis reef - associated species inhabits shallow sand - rubble substrate adjacent to rocky reefs to depths of five m .\nthis species has a restricted distribution and shallow water habitat . in the eastern tropical pacific , severe localized fish species declines have occurred after strong enso events that result in shallow waters that are too warm and nutrient poor for extended periods of time ( grove 1985 , edgar et al . 2009 ) . the frequency and duration of enso events in this region of the eastern tropical pacific ( e . g . the up - welling zone off the coast of peru , ecuador , colombia , panama and the offshore islands ) appears to be increasing ( glynn and ault 2000 , soto 2001 , chen et al . 2004 ) . given this species\u2019 restricted distribution and shallow water habitat , oceanographic environmental changes , such as those associated with future enso events , may have detrimental effects on the survival of this species .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls into a marine protected area in gal\u00e1pagos islands ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 28023 )\ndistinguished by the following characteristics : body lacks scales except for several enlarged basicaudal scales at base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins almost completely separate ; maximum length of 7 . 0 cm sl ( ref . 92840 ) .\ninhabits sand - rubble bottoms adjacent to rocky reefs . common in tide pools and near - shore areas ( ref . 28023 ) .\nallen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\ncabeza plana dorsalmente ; ojos sobre la cabeza ; mech\u00f3n de cirros peque\u00f1os arriba de la parte posterior del labio superior ; 5 poros con solapas en la regi\u00f3n occipital , sin poros en el op\u00e9rculo ; la narina posterior mas larga que la narina anterior ; radios dorsales vii + i , 9 - 11 ; radios anales i , 10 ; radios pectorales 18 - 19 ; aletas p\u00e9lvicas separadas excepto por una cresta baja conectando las bases de los radios internos ; sin escamas ( peces m\u00e1s grandes que 3cm ) o con 2 o 4 escamas \u00e1speras que est\u00e1n empotradas en la base de la caudal .\ncolor caf\u00e9 a casi blanco ; cabeza con puntitos blancos ; cuerpo con puntos blancos m\u00e1s grandes o a veces con manchas o l\u00edneas onduladas verticales ; machos con una fila medio lateral de pares de manchas caf\u00e9s , y franjas oblicuas oscuras en las aletas dorsales ; una barra oscura corta en el parte inferior del margen del op\u00e9rculo .\nbirdsong , r . s . , murdy , e . o . and pezold , f . l . , 1988 . , a study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships . , bull . mar . sci . , 42 : 174 - 214 .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . e and robins , c . r . , 1968 . , western atlantic seven - spined gobies , with descriptions of ten new species and a new genus , and comments on pacific relatives . , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . , 120 ( 3 ) : 45 - 174 .\nginsburg , i . , 1933 . , descriptions of new and imperfectly known species and genera of gobioid and pleuronectid fishes in the united states national museum . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 82 ( 20 ) : 1 - 23 .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhead - maxilla extends to the posterior of the eye ; anterior nostril narrow elongate tube ; posterior nostril a wider elongate tube ; both nostrila about the same length .\npapillae - a transverse pattern with three rows anterior to row b ; no vertical rows extending below the level of row d ; row 5i / 6i anterior to row b , not attached to it .\ncolor - brown to nearly white ; head with small white spots ; body with larger white spots and sometimes blotches or wavy vertical lines ; males with midlateral row of double brown spots and oblique dark stripes on dorsal fins ; a distinctive , short , dark brown bar on lower part of gill cover , just behind cheek . ( allen and robertson , 1994 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2454, "summary": [{"text": "the heliconiinae , commonly called heliconians or longwings , are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies ( family nymphalidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they can be divided into 45 \u2013 50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family heliconiidae within the papilionoidea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the colouration is predominantly reddish and black , and though of varying wing shape , the forewings are always elongated tipwards , hence the common name .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "most longwings are found in the tropics , particularly in south america ; only the argynnini are quite diverse in the holarctic .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "especially tropical species feed on poisonous plants , characteristically passifloraceae vines , as larvae , becoming poisonous themselves .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the adult butterflies announce their acquired toxicity with strong aposematic colours , warning off would-be predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "there are several famous cases of batesian and m\u00fcllerian mimicry both within this group and with other butterflies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "other commonly seen food plants are fabaceae ( which also contain several toxic species ) , and particularly among northerly species of violaceae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "heliconiinae", "paragraphs": ["a generic revision of the heliconiinae ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 1197\nphylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use .\nphylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use . - pubmed - ncbi\nheliconiinae ( nymphalidae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 229 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , 261\nargynnini ( heliconiinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 235 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ nl4a ] , 261\npenz , c . , and d . peggie . 2003 . phylogenetic relationships among heliconiinae genera based on morphology ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . systematic entomology 28 : 451 - 479 .\nacraeini ( heliconiinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 236 ; [ wahlberg ] ; [ afrl ] ; [ nl4a ] , 262\npenz , c . m . & p . djunijanti . 2003 . phylogenetic relationships among heliconiinae genera based on morphology ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . systematic entomology 28 : 451 - 479 . [ links ]\npenz , c . m . 1999 . higher level phylogeny for the passion - vine butterflies ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) based on early stage and adult morphology . zoological journal of the linnean society 127 : 277 - 344 . [ links ]\nlamas , g . 2004 . heliconiinae , p . 262 - 274 . in : j . b . heppner ( ed . ) . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . gainesville , association for tropical lepidoptera , scientific publishers , vol . 5a , 439p . [ links ]\npaluch , m . ; m . m . casagrande & o . h . h . mielke . 2005 . comportamento de agrega\u00e7\u00e3o noturna dos machos de actinote surima surima ( schaus ) ( lepidoptera , heliconiinae , acraeini ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 22 : 410 - 418 . [ links ]\nfreitas , a . v . l . ; r . b . francini & t . s . souza . 2009b . immature stages and natural history of the threatened butterfly actinote quadra ( nymphalidae : heliconiinae : acraeini ) . tropical lepidoptera research 19 ( 2 ) : 82 - 88 . [ links ]\nfreitas , a . v . l . ; l . a . kaminski ; r . g . matos & k . l . silva - brand\u00e3o . 2009a . immature stages of the andean butterfly actinote rufina ( nymphalidae : heliconiinae : acraeini ) . tropical lepidoptera research 19 ( 1 ) : 18 - 21 . [ links ]\nthe subfamily heliconiinae is composed of a diverse group of species distributed widely in the new and old world tropics , and it also includes the largely holarctic fritillaries ( argynnini ) . many species in heliconiini and acraeini sequester and / or synthesize cyanogenic glucosides , which render them unpalatable to predators . as a result , they act as m\u00fcllerian mimics or models for palatable batesian species in other groups .\nfrancini , r . b . ; a . v . l . freitas & k . s . brown jr . 2005 . rediscovery of actinote zikani ( d ' almeida ) ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae , acraeini ) : natural history , population biology and conservation of an endangered butterfly in se brazil . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 59 ( 3 ) : 134 - 142 . [ links ]\nsilva - brand\u00e3o , k . l . ; n . wahlberg ; r . b . francini ; a . m . l . azeredo espin ; k . s . brown jr ; m . paluch ; d . c . lees & a . v . l . freitas . 2008 . phylogenetic relationship of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 515 - 531 . [ links ]\nsilva - brand\u00e3o , k . l . , wahlberg , n . , francini , r . b . , azeredo - espin , a . m . l . , brown , k . s . j . , paluch , m . , lees , d . c . & freitas , a . v . l . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe acraeini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) and the evolution of host plant use . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 , 515 - 531 .\na higher level phylogeny for the passion - vine butterflies ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) was generated by cladistic analysis of 146 morphological characters from all life stages . the 24 species studied were selected representatives of the ten currently accepted genera of the sub - tribe heliconiiti . analyses of only characters from larvae and pupae did not produce well resolved trees . however , some characters of the immature stages provided critical support for the monophyly of two clades . analysis of only adult characters yielded a tree that closely resembled that obtained from all data combined . the phylogeny here derived from the combined analysis of early stage and adult characters differed in topology from all previously proposed hypotheses , and supported the monophyly of all currently recognized genera . characters supporting each clade are described and illustrated , and various hypotheses of phylogenetic relatedness of passion - vine butterfly taxa are discussed .\nthe tribe acraeini ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) is believed to comprise between one and seven genera , with the greatest diversity in africa . the genera abananote , altinote , and actinote ( s . str . ) are distributed in the neotropics , while the genera acraea , bematistes , miyana , and pardopsis have a palaeotropical distribution . the monotypic pardopsis use herbaceous plants of the family violaceae , acraea and bematistes feed selectively on plants with cyanoglycosides belonging to many plant families , but preferentially to passifloraceae , and all neotropical species with a known life cycle feed on asteraceae only . here , a molecular phylogeny is proposed for the butterflies of the tribe acraeini based on sequences of coi , ef - 1alpha and wgl . both maximum parsimony and bayesian analyses showed that the tribe is monophyletic , once the genus pardopsis is excluded , since it appears to be related to argynnini . the existing genus acraea is a paraphyletic group with regard to the south american genera , and the species of acraea belonging to the group of\nold world actinote\nis the sister group of the neotropical genera . the monophyly of south american clade is strongly supported , suggesting a single colonization event of south america . the new world actinote ( s . str . ) is monophyletic , and sister to abananote + altinote ( polyphyletic ) . based on the present results it was possible to propose a scenario for the evolution in host plant use within acraeini , mainly concerning the use of asteraceae by the south american genera .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nthis neotropical forest genus is characterized by expanded androconial areas on the costal margin of the hindwing in adult males .\netymology : turner 1976 named this new genus after the chilenian poet pablo neruda , who won the nobel prize for literature in 1971 .\nturner jrg . 1976 . adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butterfly genus heliconius ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . zool . j . linn . soc . 58 : 297 - 308 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nbrower , a . v . z . 2000 . phylogenetic relationships among the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera ) , inferred from partial sequences of the wingless gene . proceedings of the royal society of london series b biological sciences 267 : 1201 - 1211 .\nfreitas , a . v . l . , and k . s . j . brown . 2004 . phylogeny of the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . systematic biology 53 : 363 - 383 .\nwahlberg , n . , e . weingartner , and s . nylin . 2003 . towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 28 : 473 - 484 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike license - version 2 . 0 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 2 . 0 .\nactinote discrepans photographed in rio grande do sul , brazil , in april 2010 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to niklas wahlberg at and andrew v . z . brower at\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nymphalidae is a family of several thousand species found in all zoogeographical regions of the world . most are medium or large in size , but the family is highly variable given that it also includes the satyrinae , a subfamily that has been designated as a family in its own right in earlier classifications .\nthe forelegs in both sexes are vestigial and useless for walking . in the male , there are typically only 2 tarsal joints and the legs have a brush - like appearance , resulting in a common name for this family - the\nbrush - footed butterflies\n. the female foreleg has 4 tarsal joints which , when compared with the male , provides a mechanism of determining the sex of the adult . the midleg and hindleg are normal in both sexes and both tibia and tarsus may have spines .\nthe forewing always has 12 veins . given the variability of this family , there are no further distinguishing characteristics that apply to the family as a whole .\ncopyright \u00a9 peter eeles 2002 - 2018 . all rights are reserved . team member login\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nkunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsilva - brand\u00e3o kl 1 , wahlberg n , francini rb , azeredo - espin am , brown ks jr , paluch m , lees dc , freitas av .\ndepto . de zoologia , ib , universidade estadual de campinas , cp 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\ntowards a better understanding of the higher systematics of nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) . - pubmed - ncbi\ntowards a better understanding of the higher systematics of nymphalidae ( lepidoptera : papilionoidea ) .\ndepartment of zoology , stockholm university , s - 106 91 stockholm , sweden . niklas . wahlberg @ urltoken\nhigher classification is mainly after [ wahlberg ] , november 2005 , except some clump / split of genera is not done yet .\nthe exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nvane - wright & de jong , 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island faunda zool . verh . leiden 343 : 3 - 268 , pl . 1 - 16\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address : department of biology , university of oregon , eugene or 97403 , u . s . a . e - mail : penz @ darkwing . uoregon . edu . from april 2000 : dept . invertebrate zoology , milwaukee public museum , 800 west wells street , milwaukee , wi 53233 , u . s . a .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nignore this text box . it is used to detect spammers . if you enter anything into this text box , your message will not be sent .\nresponsibility michael parsons . imprint san diego ; london : academic press , c1999 . physical description xvi , 736 p . , [ 172 ] p . of plates : ill . ( some col . ) , maps ; 30 cm .\nzoologia ( curitiba , impr . ) vol . 28 no . 5 curitiba oct . 2011\ni museo entomol\u00f3gico piedras blancas , comfenalco antioquia . medell\u00edn - colombia . e - mail : paduve12 @ urltoken ii grupo de entomolog\u00eda universidad de antioquia geua , universidad de antioquia . calle 67 , no . 53 - 108 , medell\u00edn - colombia , aa 1226 . e - mail : mwolff @ urltoken\nthe immature stages ( eggs , larvae and pupae ) , oviposition and larval behavior of altinote ozomene ( godart , 1819 ) are described here for the first time . larvae were reared from egg clutches collected from the host plants erato vulcanica ( klatt ) h . rob and munnozia senecionidis benth ( asteraceae ) . eggs were laid in groups on the undersides of leaves . the number of instars varied from five to eight within the same egg clutch , and the corresponding development time from larva to adult varied from 91 to 115 days . most ( 72 % ) larvae pupated during the sixth instar . the first four instars fed only on the leaf cuticle , whereas later instars consumed the whole leaf . larvae were gregarious during all instars but rested together only during the day in later instars , either hidden inside dry leaves , on the stem at the base of the host plants , or in the leaf litter . larvae showed similar morphology and behavior to those previously described for species of actinote h\u00fcbner , 1819 from southeastern brazil and the andes .\nkey words : host plant ; immature behavior ; lepidoptera ; life cycle ; neotropical .\nthe nymphalid acraeini ( lepidoptera ) comprises between one and seven genera , depending on the taxonomy adopted , and occurs both in the neotropics and the old world , with the greatest diversity in africa ( silva - brand\u00e3o et al . 2008 ) . three genera are found in the neotropics : actinote h\u00fcbner , 1819 , abananote potts , 1943 and altinote potts , 1943 ( lamas 2004 ) . according to the most recent phylogeny of acraeini , which was proposed by silva - brand\u00e3o et al . ( 2008 ) , altinote and abananote are embedded within actinote . several species , however , were not included in that study , including altinote ozomene ( godart , 1819 ) . given the current disarray in the systematics of acraeinae at the generic level , knowledge of the morphology and biology of the immature stages of the species in this subfamily could be of particular value in developing a stable classification ( harvey 1991 , penz 1999 , penz & peggie 2003 , freitas & brown 2004 , silva - brand\u00e3o et al . 2008 ) .\nmost of the existing descriptions of the immature stages of neotropical acraeini involve members of actinote ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . currently , no detailed descriptions exist for species of altinote , except for brief notes on altinote ozomene nox ( h . w . bates , 1864 ) ( sensu lamas 2004 , harvey 1983 , devries 1987 ) . the present paper thus provides the most complete description to date of the biology and morphology of the immature stages of an altinote species , focusing on al . ozomene .\nthe study was conducted between january 2006 and december 2009 in the parque ecol\u00f3gico piedras blancas nature reserve in the northeastern region of medell\u00edn , colombia ( 6\u00ba17 ' 40 . 68\nn , 75\u00ba30 ' 4 . 32\nw ) . the altitude at this site is 2350 m , and the average temperature is 15\u00bac . the area consists primarily of large pine plantations interspersed with small fragments of native forest dominated by quercus humboldtii bonpl ( fagaceae ) . observations of the behavior of the immature stages were conducted in the field . host plants were identified , collected and deposited in the herbarium of the universidad de antioquia ( hua ) .\neggs were collected in the field and taken to the laboratory where they were reared in plastic containers with host plant leaves . to determine the time spent in the embryonic phase ( from oviposition to eclosion of the eggs ) , five egg clusters were observed daily after oviposition . to determine the time spent in each larval instar , 4680 eggs from 39 egg clusters collected in the field were monitored daily from the hatching of larvae to the emergence of adults .\nthe samples of first instar larvae were placed in acetic acid for 48 hours , and the samples of other instars were fixed in kahle solution ( borror & delong 1971 ) and then transferred to 80 % ethyl alcohol . adults were mounted on entomological pins and deposited in the museo entomol\u00f3gico de piedras blancas ( mepb ) and in the laboratorio de colecciones entomol\u00f3gicas , universidad de antioquia ( ceua ) . in the following descriptions , t1 - t3 refer to thorax segments and a1a10 to abdominal segments . chaetotaxy of the first instar is described using the terminology of stehr ( 1987 ) . body length was measured at each stage using a millimeter rule under a stereomicroscope .\neggs of al . ozomene were collected from leaves of the asteraceae plants erato vulcanica ( klatt ) h . rob ( fig . 1 ) and munnozia senecionidis benth ( fig . 2 ; velez et al . 2008 ) . the former is a shrub , 4 m in height , with a 5 - cm diameter stem ; the latter has a prostrate habit of growth . both species are abundant in the study area , especially in open areas , scrub and forest edges and along stream margins , paths and tracks ( toro 2000 ) .\neggs were laid in clusters on the undersides of leaves . females typically alighted on the underside of the leaf around noon and remained there for over 2 . 5 hours , laying eggs ( fig . 3 ) . eggs and / or larvae were often found concentrated on plants within close proximity . eggs were sometimes laid on plants where eggs or larvae were already present ( up to two egg clutches were found on the same plant ) , generally on different leaves on large plants , and rarely on the same leaf . the number of eggs in each clutch varied from 100 to 380 ( n = 39 clutches ) . several clutches included four or five infertile eggs ( fig . 6 ) . larvae from clutches that contained fewer than 30 viable eggs ( either because oviposition was interrupted or because most of the eggs died from fungal attack ) died within the first three instars .\neggs from a single clutch hatched within 24 hours of one another . in 92 % ( 36 ) of the clutches , the number of instars varied within the same clutch from five to eight ( tab . i ) . in each of the other three clutches , all larvae showed the same number of instars : five in one clutch and six in the other two clutches . most of the larvae that reached adulthood ( 72 % , n = 349 ) pupated during the sixth instar , and 17 % pupated during the seventh instar ( tab . i ) .\nthe total developmental time was directly related to the number of molts : the time from egg to adult was 91 , 97 , 110 and 115 days for larvae that passed through five to eight instars , respectively ( tab . i ) . this is related to the fact that all instars are of similar duration ( 8 - 10 days ) , except for the final instar ( whether it is the fifth or the eighth ) , which typically lasts 13 - 14 days ( tab . i ) . however , a few larvae that passed through more than five instars pupated after only two or three days in their last instar . no relationship was observed between either the number of instars or the total developmental time and the sex of the adult butterfly . after emerging from pupae , the adults spend two or three days hanging , eliminating meconium , before they fly .\neggs ( figs 4 - 5 ) of al . ozomene are 0 . 6 - 0 . 8 mm in diameter , 0 . 9 - 1 . 1 in height ( n = 14 ) and barrel shaped , with a flat base adhered to the leaf and a flat apical region . the micropyle region resembles a rosette , with tiny ridges surrounded by a ring of polygonal cells , and a similar ring is present in the preapical area . slightly elevated longitudinal ridges run from the apex to the base , varying in number from 17 to 22 ( n = 16 ) and separated by slight grooves . poorly defined transverse ridges are also observed . eggs are ivory - colored from oviposition until the day preceding eclosion , when they become translucent , with the dark - colored head of the larva visible in the apical region . in many cases , the apical region of the egg was observed to be covered with a drop of viscous , transparent liquid throughout the embryonic period . eggs without this liquid were observed to develop a fungus .\nfirst instar larvae ( figs 6 - 12 ) have a round , smooth head without scoli and with golden setae . the body is cylindrical , without scoli and with simple , dark brown setae arising from sclerotized brown pinacula standing out slightly from the skin . the head is black , and the body is ivory - colored immediately after hatching , becoming greenish - white the next day , once food is observable through the translucent skin . the prothoracic shield and anal shield are dark brown . the thorax becomes brown or chestnut and is darkest in t1 and fades through t3 . a1 is brown or dark yellowish ochre , and a2 is similar but has diffuse brown dorsolateral marks . the rest of abdomen is pale , clear yellow or greenish - yellow due to food showing through the skin .\nchaetotaxy is illustrated in figures 10 - 12 . d1 and d2 are present in all body segments . d1 is posterior and dorsal to d2 in t1 and anterior and dorsal to d2 in the remaining segments . d1 is shorter in a1 - a7 than in a8 - a9 . sd2 is absent in a1 - a9 . l2 is absent in t2 , t3 and a9 , and l3 is absent in all segments . sv1 is present in all segments . sv2 is absent in a1 , a7 , a8 and a9 . sv1 and sv2 originate on the same sclerotized plate in a2 and are located on the lateral shield , outside of the prolegs , in a3 - a6 , with sv2 being anterior and shorter and sv1 lateral and longer . sv3 is found on t1 and a10 and sometimes on t2 and / or t3 . v1 is present on a1 , a2 and a10 . the coxae of the thoracic legs are surrounded by a laterally open , chitinous horseshoe - shaped plate with five setae : one anterior , one posterior and three setae on the internal mesal margin . exv1 is located very close to the midline in a10 , and the setae on both sides of the body originate on the same plate . the spiracles are circular and are larger on t1 and a8 , with protruding edges .\nsecond instar larvae ( fig . 13 ) exhibit a shiny black head with thin pale setae , a translucent white clypeus , a brown labrum and a brown mandible . the thorax and a1 are generally brown , and the other abdominal segments are creamy yellow , with or without diffuse brown marks . on a few individuals , the abdomen is dark brown . from the second instar on , the larvae have ivory - colored infraspiracular bands that generally extend from t1 to a10 , and the subventral and ventral regions of the abdomen are creamy yellow . scoli are generally brown on the thorax and on a1 , and the abdominal infraspiracular scoli are creamy yellow . the other scoli vary from brown to creamy yellow . the scoli setae range from chestnut and creamy yellow to brown .\nthe head is smooth , without scoli , spines or chalazae . a pair of dorsal scoli is arranged linearly on each segment except for a10 , where it is absent . the t1 scoli are slightly longer than the remaining thoracic scoli , and the abdominal scoli are uniform in size and slightly smaller than those of t3 . from a1 to a8 , a second line of supraspiracular scoli appears below the dorsal scoli , each slightly anterior to a spiracle . one scolus is present adjacent to the anal shield on a10 , in line with the other supraspiracular scoli on the abdomen . in the lateral region of the thorax , one scolus appears between t1 and t2 and another between t2 and t3 ; both of these are in line with the abdominal spiracles . a third line of infraspiracular scoli that are posterior to the spiracles also appears on a1 to a8 . these scoli are the same size as the supraspiracular scoli and slightly shorter than the dorsal scoli on the abdomen .\nthe chitinous prothoracic shield is shiny black and almost oval in shape , with two setae that are longer than the dorsal scoli of the same segment . the anal shield is black , round and convex . chitinous plate on t1 - t3 and a9 , located below dorsal scolus : on t1 above spiracle , almost triangular in shape , with several setae , on t2 , t3 and a9 rounded in shape ; very small plate under these : on t1 anterior and opposite spiracle , almost square in shape , with several setae , on t2 and t3 , posterior to lateral scoli , rounded in shape . only the plates on t1 protrude from the skin . subventral , elliptic verruca with numerous setae are present above each thoracic leg , and these are arched in t2 and t3 . several ventral setae are clustered together on a1 , a2 , a7 and a8 , with one seta in each cluster that is longer than the others . the circular spiracles are the same size on t1 and a8 and larger on the remaining segments . the spiracle on t1 is slightly more ventrally located .\nthe chitinous plate surrounding the coxa of each thoracic leg is horseshoe - shaped , outwardly open , and of the same dark brown or gray color as the legs . prolegs exhibit dark grey plates on their lateral margins , with uniserial , biordinal crochets arranged in a mesal penellipse . two small grey verrucae are present in the region posterior to a10 under the anus , one of which is inferior and smaller .\nthe arrangement of scoli , plates , and verrucae in the third through eighth instars is the same as described for the second instar .\nthird instar larvae ( figs 14 - 15 ) are slightly variable in coloration , but the thorax is generally brown , the abdomen is brown or dark chestnut , and the thorax and a1 are darker than the abdomen . the abdomen is creamy yellow below the infraspiracular band . the scoli on the thorax and the back of the abdomen are dark brown , the abdominal supraspiracular and infraspiracular scoli are creamy yellow , and the supraspiracular scoli on a1 are typically brown . the spiracles on t1 and a8 are elliptical , equal in size and slightly larger than those on the rest of the abdomen , which are circular .\nfourth instar larvae ( figs 16 - 18 ) exhibit a shiny black head and a dark brown , almost black body . the scoli are generally brown , although the infraspiracular scoli tend to be creamy yellow but are also occasionally brown . all of the body plates , including the prothoracic and anal shields , are shiny and black .\nfifth to eighth instar larvae ( figs 19 - 21 ) are very similar to the fourth instar and to each other in color and morphology ( except in the shape of the spiracle ; see below ) , whether in their last instar or not . for example , all sixth instar larvae are similar to each other regardless of whether they then molt to a seventh instar larvae or whether they pupate . after the fifth instar , all body spiracles are elliptical in shape .\nbody length varies considerably within and between the fifth to eighth instars ( tab . ii ) . for example , in some cases , fifth instar larvae have the same body length as those of the sixth , seventh or eighth instars ; yet at the same time , sibling larvae at the same instar can exhibit differences in length of up to 10 mm . no relationship was found between the size of the larvae and the number of molts . the larvae pupated independently of their final size ( 25 - 40 mm ) . although it was not determined whether adult size is related to the size of the last instar larvae , it seems likely that the smaller pupating larvae become male butterflies , which are smaller than females .\npupae ( figs 23 - 24 ) are white , with thin , discontinuous black lines on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the abdomen and a thick discontinuous band on both sides of the ventral midline that forms a barrel - like figure on each segment . a black outline is present on the proboscis , legs , antennae , eyes , labrum and wings . the clypeus and labrum are black . barely noticeable tiny black setae are distributed over the entire body , except the wing pads , antennae and legs . the cephalic region contains a pair of small protuberances , and the pronotum and mesonotum each possess a pair of aligned dorsal protuberances ; these proturbances decrease in size on the metanotum , where they appear only as small buttons . t2 exhibits a lateral protuberance at the base of the wings , crossed by a thick black line . lateral projections are present at the base of the wing pads . the spiracles on t1 are crescent - shaped and partially visible . the spiracles on a1 are hidden , those on a2 are hidden at the posterior end , and all others are elliptical and black . five pairs of identically shaped black dorsal spines without ramifications or setae appear on a2 to a6 , along the same line as the thoracic protuberances . a v - shaped marking that opens toward the anterior end appears at the base of each spine on a3 - a7 . posterior to this v - shaped marking , there is a transverse line and several supraspiracular lines . a cremaster formed by the ventral region of a9 and the dorsal and ventral regions of a10 is completely modified into a corrugated black structure .\nlarvae emerge at the preapical region of the egg ( fig . 5 ) and immediately feed on the chorion and on infertile eggs , if present . all activities including feeding , molting , resting and displacing are gregarious , from hatching to adulthood .\nwithin the first several hours after hatching , larvae form a close line such that each individual is in physical contact with its neighbors and begin to feed simultaneously , starting at the edge of the leaf ( fig . 9 ) . the first to fourth instars eat only the leaf cuticle ( figs . 9 and 16 ) and frequently consume less than half of the leaf before passing on to the next leaf . third and fourth instars rapidly devour the leaf cuticle ; the leaf then dries and folds and the two ends are joined with silk ( fig . 18 ) . the first instars weave silk threads on the leaf surface , forming a dense web , under which they move and deposit their feces ( figs . 9 and 18 ) or spend periods of rest or premolt .\nbeginning at the fifth or sixth instar , larvae rest during the day and become active in the early evening . beginning at 06 : 00 to 07 : 00 h , they climb down the stem , one after the other , and hide either among dry leaves attached to branches close to the ground , at the base of the stem , among cracks in the stem or under dry leaves on the ground near the plant ( fig . 22 ) . between 18 : 30 and 19 : 30 h , the larvae emerge from their hiding place and climb , single file , back up the stem of the same plant until they reach the leaves , where they form small groups to feed . in the later instars , the larvae feed simultaneously on the leaves from the edges ( fig . 19 ) and either eat the whole leaf or leave only the veins uneaten .\nduring the first four instars , larvae from different egg clutches do not mix ; each group remains on its own leaf . however , groups of older larvae may hide in the same places close to or on the ground , and these groups may mix when they climb back up the plant to feed . one or two later - instar larvae have been observed together with early - instar larvae on the same leaf . when larvae begin to pupate , they individually move three or four meters away from the host plant and attach themselves to the undersides of leaves on other plants at a minimum height of 60 cm above the ground .\nlarvae of the syrphid fly xanthandrus bucephalus ( wiedemann , 1830 ) ( diptera : syrphidae ) were observed preying on first - to third - instar al . ozomene larvae ( fig . 15 ) . this solitary predator apparently goes unnoticed inside the silk mass of larvae and feces . occasionally , spiders were also seen preying on larvae . larvae and pupae collected in the field were often found to be parasitized by different species of tachinidae ( diptera ) and braconidae ( hymenoptera ) . predation on adults was not observed .\nduring the first three or four instars , when one individual in a group is threatened , the whole group reacts simultaneously by raising their bodies , standing on the last pair of prolegs ( fig . 17 ) and / or moving the anterior half of the body rhythmically from side to side . older larvae entwine themselves together and fall freely from the leaf , suspended by a silk thread . when the pupae are disturbed , they move the first abdominal segments from one side to the other , forming an angle of up to 120\u00ba .\naltinote ozomene adults were normally observed in open areas and at forest edges . males ( fig . 25 ) fly low , frequently alighting on the ground , and can be caught by hand . adults form small groups of four or five individuals while feeding on the ground or on avian ( duck ) excrement on the banks of a reservoir . on several occasions , adults were observed feeding on the ground together with males of gnathotriche mundina steinii ( dewitz , 1877 ) ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) , an unrelated species with a very similar wing pattern . females ( fig . 26 ) were observed less often than males .\naltinote ozomene feed on asteraceae , as has also been observed of al . ozomene nox ( sensu lamas 2004 ; harvey 1983 , devries 1987 ) and species of actinote ( devries 1987 , paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , francini et al . 2004 , 2005 , francini & freitas 2010 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . valencia et al . ( 2005 ) recorded clibadium sp . ( asteraceae ) as a host plant for al . ozomene in the western cordillera of the colombian andes .\nas in all known species of actinote , al . ozomene lays egg clutches under leaves ( devries 1987 , paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , francini et al . 2004 , 2005 , francini & freitas 2010 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . the maximum number of eggs per oviposition in al . ozomene is notably less than that in actinote pellenea pellenea h\u00fcbner , 1821 ( francini & freitas 2010 ) and slightly less than that in actinote surima ( schaus , 1902 ) ( paluch et al . 1999 ) and ac . carycina jordan ( paluch et al . 2001 ; table iii ) . the number of eggs per oviposition in al . ozomene is likely a limiting factor for larval survival because first - instar larvae in groups of fewer than 20 died and larvae of the first four instars generally only survived if they were in large groups , which was probably due to a better response to leaf structural defenses . when the number of larvae is small , the silk web on which the larvae move is equally small ( pers . obs . ) , leaving the leaf trichomes exposed , which may impede larval displacement and anchorage on the leaf and therefore affect feeding , as suggested by fordyce & agrawal ( 2001 ) . in addition , oviposition in al . ozomene tends to occur in a grouped fashion , on closely spaced plants or on leaves of the same plants , as has been described for ac . pellenea pellenea ( francini & freitas 2010 ) . other factors , including habitat and plant characteristics , may also affect female preference during oviposition . although the general behavior of al . ozomene is similar to that described for species of actinote ( tab . iv ) , nocturnal gregarious feeding has only been recorded in al . ozomene , and hiding in dry leaves during later instars has only recently been described for ac . conspicua ( freitas et al . 2010 ) . however , in contrast to al . ozomene , larvae of ac . conspicua hide individually or in pairs and only during the last instar .\nmost species of actinote have univoltine or bivoltine life cycles ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , 2005 , francini et al . 2005 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . a multivoltine cycle is presently known for only ac . pellenea pellenea ( francini & freitas 2010 ) . since 2004 , we have found al . ozomene frequently throughout the year , at low densities , except during the second half of 2005 , when no adults or immature stages were found .\na variable number of instars , as observed here in al . ozomene , has never been recorded in actinote ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , paluch et al . 2005 , francini et al . 2005 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . however , our observations suggest that such variation may occur in other species of altinote ( unpubl . data ) , and further investigation of this phenomenon might reveal both why it occurs and whether it is restricted to this genus .\nthe immature stages of al . ozomene are similar to those of some species of actinote from brazil and the andes in several morphological features . these include the initial color , shape and size of the eggs , the body color and arrangement of the setae in the first instar , the absence of spines on the head , the arrangement of scoli in other instars , the shape of the pupa and the number and arrangement of its abdominal spines ( paluch et al . 1999 , 2001 , francini et al . 2005 , freitas et al . 2009a , b , 2010 ) . al . ozomene differs from the species of actinote in egg color during the days following oviposition ( the eggs become reddish in actinote ) and in the color pattern of the larvae after the first instar . additional studies are clearly needed to identify additional characters that vary within the tribe and thus might provide useful information for phylogenetic studies .\nwe thank eliana fl\u00f3rez , juan d . mar\u00edn , diana grisales , andr\u00e9s v\u00e9lez , and marisol ortega for help with rearing the larvae in the laboratory and alvaro idarraga for the identification of the host plants . this study was funded by comfenalco - antioquia .\nborror , d . j . & d . m . delong . 1971 . an introduction to the study of insects . new york , holt , rinehart and winston . 812p . [ links ]\nbrower , a . v . z . 2010 . neotropical actinote clade . version 13 february 2010 , the tree of life web project , available online at : urltoken [ accessed : 04 / iii / 2011 ] [ links ]\ndevries , p . j . 1987 . the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history . princeton , princeton academic press , 327p . [ links ]\nfrancini , r . b . ; a . v . l . freitas & c . m . penz . 2004 . two new species of actinote ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) from southeastern brasil . zootaxa 719 : 1 - 10 . [ links ]\nfrancini , r . b . & a . v . l . freitas . 2010 . aggregated oviposition in actinote pellenea pellenea h\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . the journal of research on the lepidoptera 42 : 74 - 78 . [ links ]\nfreitas , a . v . l . & k . s . brown jr . 2004 . phylogeny of the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic biology 53 ( 3 ) : 363 - 383 . [ links ]\nharvey , d . j . 1983 . actinote leucomelas , p . 679 - 680 . in : d . h . janzen ( ed . ) . costa rican natural history . chicago , university of chicago press , 816p . [ links ]\nharvey , d . j . 1991 . higher classification of the nymphalidae , p . 225 - 273 . in : h . f . nijhout ( ed . ) . the development and evolution of butterfly wing patterns . washington , d . c , smithsonian series in comparative evolutionary biology , 297p . [ links ]\npaluch , m . ; m . m . casagrande & o . h . h . mielke . 1999 . est\u00e1gios imaturos de actinote surima ( schaus ) ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , acraeinae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia , 16 ( supl . 2 ) : 129 - 140 . [ links ]\npaluch , m . ; m . m . casagrande & o . h . h . mielke . 2001 . est\u00e1gios imaturos de actinote carycina jordan ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , acraeinae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 18 ( 3 ) : 883 - 896 . [ links ]\nstehr , f . w . 1987 . order lepidoptera , p . 288 - 596 . in : f . w . stehr ( ed . ) immature insects . dubuque , kendal / hunt , 750p . [ links ]\ntoro , j . l . 2000 . \u00e1rboles y arbustos del parque regional arv\u00ed . medell\u00edn , corantioquia , 281p . [ links ]\nv\u00e9lez , a . ; p . duque & m . wolff . 2008 . mariposas del parque ecol\u00f3gico piedras blancas . gu\u00eda de campo . medell\u00edn , fondo editorial comfenalco antioquia , 204p . [ links ]\nvalencia , c . a . ; z . n . gil & l . m . constantino . 2005 . mariposas diurnas de la zona central cafetera colombiana . gu\u00eda de campo . chinchin\u00e1 , cenicaf\u00e9 , 244p . [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\npapilio doris linnaeus , 1771 ; mantissa plant . 2 : 356 ; tl :\nsurinami\n[ surinam ]\ncrenis brylle h\u00fcbner , 1821 ; index exot . lep . : [ 2 ]\ne - mail : jshuey at tnc . org ; director of conservation science ; indiana office of the nature conservancy ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nweymer , 1891 exotische lepidopteren . v stettin ent . ztg 51 ( 7 - 12 ) : 280 - 294\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions for enabling javascript in your web browser . orcid uses cookies to improve your experience and to help us understand how you use our websites . learn more about how we use cookies .\nother organization identifiers provided by { { group . getactive ( ) . disambiguationsource . value } }\nsource : { { ( group . getactive ( ) . sourcename = = null | | group . getactive ( ) . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? group . getactive ( ) . source : group . getactive ( ) . sourcename } }\n{ { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }\nsource : { { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }"]}
{"id": 2468, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia alexiae is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in kashmir .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are warm brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia alexiae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for alexiae definition . you find here alexiae meaning , synonyms of alexiae and images for alexiae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word alexiae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word alexiae and , of course , alexiae synonyms and on the right images related to the word alexiae .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nhave a fact about eupithecia succenturiata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia succenturiata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nnemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .\nnemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .\northoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .\nof syndicalism and fascism there appears for the first time in europe a type of man who does not want to give reasons or to be right , but simply shows himself resolved to impose his opinions .\nto survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .\nand kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction ."]}
{"id": 2472, "summary": [{"text": "lottia septiformis is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family lottiidae , one of the families of true limpets . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "lottia septiformis", "paragraphs": ["choose one > lottia alveus > lottia antillarum > lottia argrantesta > lottia asmi > lottia atrata > lottia austrodigitalis > lottia cassis > lottia cf . kogamogai ak - 2016 > lottia cf . kogamogai alo - 2016 > lottia cf . pelta rpk - 2010 > lottia digitalis > lottia dorsuosa > lottia filosa > lottia gigantea > lottia goshimai > lottia jamaicensis > lottia kogamogai > lottia langfordi > lottia limatula > lottia lindbergi > lottia luchuana > lottia mesoleuca > lottia onychitis > lottia orbigny > lottia paradigitalis > lottia pelta > lottia persona > lottia scabra > lottia scutum > lottia septiformis > lottia smithi > lottia sp . cf . borealis > lottia sp . esu 1 > lottia sp . esu 2 > lottia sp . esu 3 > lottia sp . jl - 2014 > lottia strigatella > lottia subrotundata > lottia tenuisculpta all lower taxonomy nodes ( 39 )\nthe following term was not found in genome : lottia septiformis [ orgn ] .\nspecimen shell : lottia septiformis each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( western australia - albany ) , divers , lottiidae specimen shell : lottia septiformis quoy & gaymard 1834\nsea shell information on : ts126491 - lottiidae lottia - > septiformis . this specimen is of lottiidae . the specimen shell of groupe : lottia . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information\nnakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79\u201399 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhow to buy ? if you want to buy an item , click the\nbuy now\nbutton on this page . once you ' ve pressed the\nbuy now\nitem , you will be forwarded to a fill - up form page . after filling up the form and when you submit your order , the item will be reserved for you automatically after a few hours .\nterms of payment / shipping all prices are in us dollars and the shipment cost is not include . all orders will be confirmed by e - mail with the cost of shells and postage included . the parcel will be sent via registered air mail at the cost price following receipt of payment .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 467 seconds . )"]}
{"id": 2474, "summary": [{"text": "pyrausta antisocialis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by munroe in 1976 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new mexico and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pyrausta antisocialis", "paragraphs": ["researching further this could be pyrausta antisocialis - hodges # 5076 . i will do more checking .\nmoved from sociable pyrausta moth . bob patterson agrees this is most likely pyrausta antisocialis - hodges # 5076 still a new species for bug guide and this will be the only photo on moth photographers group ! only a few pinned photos exist on bold . thanks\nat mpg but i have no idea of its range . in the huachuca mountains i have most commonly collected pyrausta arizonicalis 5066 but it does not look like it .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 141 ; pl . 9 . 38 - 39 order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nholotype : usa : new mexico , mckinley co . , mcgaffey , zu\u00f1i mts . @ 7500 ' .\n. the wedge entomological research foundation . p . 141 , pl . 9 , figs . 38 - 39 , pl . k , fig . 7 , pl . t , fig . 11 .\nthe moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 13 . 2b . pyraloidea , pyralidae ( part ) , pyraustinae , pyraustini ( conclusion ) . . . munroe , eugene . 1976 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2011 - 9 : 36pm additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 25 march , 2016 - 10 : 06pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naspen trail , santa catalina mts . , pima county , arizona , usa june 3 , 2011\ncan someone id this very colorful moth ? found at 8 , 000 feet during the day . don ' t know if i scared it up or if it was a day - flier ?\nmoved from id request . i agree with charles nice addition to bug guide !\nwish i ' d gotten a sharper image , but one shot and it was gone .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nmunroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of scopariinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]\nmunroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of nymphulinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]\nmunroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of odontiinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]\nmunroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of glaphyriinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]\n[ mona 5042 ] - - [ source uaic ] potential miss - ided , munroe ( 1976 ) seems to indicate texas as western limit .\n( b & mcd . ) [ mona 5133 ] - - [ source c . ferris ]\nfrom the pollination garden at the arizona sonora desert museum ( tucson ) from 28 oct 2006 . notice the hair - pencils at the end of the abdomen .\nbruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page ."]}
{"id": 2476, "summary": [{"text": "myxophaga is the second smallest suborder of the coleoptera after archostemata , consisting of roughly 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the members of this suborder are aquatic and semiaquatic , and feed on algae . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "myxophaga", "paragraphs": ["tree of life web project . 2007 . myxophaga . version 07 august 2007 ( temporary ) .\nlawrence , j . f . & h . reichardt . 1991 . torridincolidae ( myxophaga ) , microsporidae ( myxophaga ) ( = sphaeriidae ) , hydroscaphidae ( myxophaga ) . immature insects , vol . 2 . ( ed . by f . w . stehr ) , pp . 302 - 304 . kendall / hunt publishing company , dubuque , iowa .\nreichardt , h . , 1976 . revision of the lepiceridae ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . papeis avulsos de zoologia , 30 : 35\nreichardt , h . , 1976 . a new african torridincolid ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . rev . zool . afr . , 90 : 209\nhinton , h . e . 1969 . plastron respiration in adult beetles of the suborder myxophaga . journal of zoology , 159 , 131 - 137 .\non the systematic position of the genera lepiceroides gen . n . and haplochelus , with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the myxophaga ( coleoptera )\nl\u00f6bl , i . ( 2003 ) suborder myxophaga , p . 25 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 819\u2013819 .\n> on the systematic position of the genera lepiceroides gen . n . and haplochelus , with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the myxophaga ( coleoptera )\non the systematic position of the genera lepiceroides gen . n . and haplochelus , with notes on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the myxophaga ( coleoptera ) \u00bb brill online\nhinton , h . e . , 1967 . on the spiracles of the larvae of the suborder myxophaga ( coleoptera ) . australian journal of zoology , 15 : 955\u2013959 .\nhinton , h . e . 1967 . on the spiracles of the larvae of the suborder myxophaga ( coleoptera ) . australian journal of zoology , 15 , 955 - 959 .\nendrody - younga , s . 1997 . microsporidae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) , a new family for the african continent . annals of the transvaal museum 36 : 309 - 311 .\nbeutel , r . g . , 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleopter ) with a redescription of lepicerus horni ( lepiceridae ) . zool . anz . , 237 [ 1998 ] : 291\u2013308 .\nl\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( 2003 ) catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , 819 pp .\nabdullah , m . , 1974 . notes of sphaeriformia abdullah , particularly torridincolidae steffan ( col . myxophaga ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( n . s . ) , 10 : 959\u2013962 .\nbeutel , r . g . , maddison , d . r . , haas , a . , 1998 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleoptera ) using larval characters . systematic entomology , 24 : 171\u2013192 .\nbeutel , r . g . 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleoptera ) with a redescription of lepicerus horni ( lepiceridae ) . zool . anz . , ( 1998 / 99 ) : 291 - 308 .\nbeutel , r . g . , d . r . maddison , and a . haas . 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of myxophaga ( coleoptera ) using larval characters . systematic entomology , 24 : 171 - 192 .\nendr\u00f6dy - younga , s . , 1997 . active extraction of water - dissolved oxygen and descriptions new taxa of torridincolidae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) . annale van die transvaal museum , 36 ( 24 ) : 313\nreichardt , h . , 1973 . more on myxophaga : on the morphology of scaphydra angra ( reichardt , 1971 ) ( coleoptera ) . revista brasileira de entomologia , 17 ( ! 5 ) , 109 - 110 .\nreichardt , h . and s . a . vanin . , 1976 . two new torridincolidae from serra do cipo , minas gerais , brazil ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . studia entomologica 19 ( 1\u20134 ) : 211\u2013218 .\nfik\u00e1\u010dek , m . & \u0161\u00edpkov\u00e1 , h . , 2009 . new asian hydroscapha , with comments on male - female association of co - occuring species ( coleoptera , myxophaga , hydroscaphidae ) . zootaxa , 2286 , 31\u201348 .\nreichardt , h . & c . costa , 1967 . ptyopteryx britskii , a new neotropical genus and species of the hitherto ethiopian torridincolidae ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . pap\u00e9is avulsos zool . , s\u00e3o paulo , 21 : 13\nreichardt , h . 1973 . a critical study of the suborder myxophaga , with a taxonomic revision of the brazilian torridincolidae and hydroscaphidae ( coleoptera ) . arquivos de zoologia , s . paulo 24 ( 2 ) : 73 - 162 .\nreichardt , h . , 1973 . a critical study of the suborder myxophaga , with a taxonomic revision of the brazilian tridincolidae and hydroscaphidae ( coleoptera ) . arquivos de zoologia , s . paulo , 24 : 73\u2013162 , 8 pls .\nvanin , s . a . 1978 . ytu reichardti , a new torridincolid from serra do cipo , minas gerais , brazil ( coleoptera , myxophaga , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 .\nanton , e . & r . g . beutel , 2006 . on the head morphology of lepiceridae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) and the systematic position of the family and suborder . eur . j . entomol . , 103 : 85\u201395 .\nkirejtshuk a . g . , poinar g . . , 2006 . haplochelidae , a new family of cretaceous beetles ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) from burmese amber . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 108 ( 1 ) : 155 - 164 .\nnavarrete - heredia , j . l . , cort\u00e9s - aquilar , j . & beutel , r . g . , 2005 . new findings on the enigmatic beetle family lepiceridae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) . entomol . abh . , 62 : 193\nreichardt , h . 1974 . relationships between hydroscaphidae and torridincolidae , based on larvae and pupae , with the description of the immature stages of scaphydra angra ( coleoptera , myxophaga ) . revista brasileira de entomologia , 18 ( 4 ) , 117 - 122 .\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\nsuborder myxophaga wing with base of rs vein absent ; prothorax usually with distinct notopleural suture . family hydroscaphidae ( skiff beetles ) size about 1 . 5 mm ; found in algae on rocks in streams ; sometimes placed in staphylinoidea ; generic example hydroscapha ; widely distributed .\nh\u00e1jek , j . & fik\u00e1\u010dek , m . , 2008 . a review of the genus satonius ( coleoptera : myxophaga : torridincolidae ) : taxonomic revision , larval morphology , notes on wing polymorphism , and phylogenetic implications . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae , 48 , 655\u2013676 .\nshepard , w . d . , r . e . roughley and w . porras . 2005 . the natural history of lepicerus inaequalis motschulsky in costa rica , and additional morphological descriptions ( coleoptera : myxophaga : lepiceridae ) . folia entomologica mexicana , 44 supplemento 1 : 97 - 105 .\nfalamarzi , s . , p\u00fctz , a . , heidari , m . & nasserzadeh , h . ( 2010 ) confirmed occurrence of hydroscapha granulum in iran , with notes on its biology ( coleoptera : myxophaga : hydroscaphidae ) . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae , 50 ( 1 ) , 97\u2013106 .\nbell , r . t . ( 2003 ) family rhysodidae , 78\u201379 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga - adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 819\u2013819 .\nnilsson , a . n . ( 2003 ) family noteridae , 33\u201335 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 819\u2013819 .\nmazzoldi , p . ( 2003 ) family gyrinidae . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata \u2013 myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , pp . 26\u201330 . [ 819 pp . ]\nvondel , b . j . van . ( 2003 ) family haliplidae , pp . 30\u201333 . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & smetana , a . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 1 . archostemata - myxophaga \u2013 adephaga . stenstrup , denmark ( apollo books ) , 819 pp .\nh\u00e1jek , j . , h . yoshitomi , m . fikackek , m . hayashi & f . - l . jia , 2011 . two new species of satonius endr\u00f6dy - younga from china and notes on the wing polymorphism of s . kurosawai sat\u00f4 ( coleoptera : myxophaga : torridincolidae ) . zootaxa , 3016 : 51\u201362 .\nshort , a . e . z . , l . j . joly , m . garc\u00eda , a . wild , d . d . bloom , & d . r . maddison . 2015 . molecular phylogeny of the hydroscaphidae ( coleoptera : myxophaga ) with description of a remarkable new lineage from the guiana shield . systematic entomology 40 : 214 - 229 .\ndettner , k . ( 2016 ) noteridae thomson , 1857 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , , pp . 98\u2013107 .\nbeutel , r . g . ( 2016 ) rhysodidae laporte , 1840 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 190\u2013197 .\nvondel , b . j . van . ( 2016 ) haliplidae aub\u00e9 , 1836 , pp . 89\u201398 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta .\nbeutel , r . g . & arce - p\u00e9rez , r . ( 2016 ) sphaeriusidae erichson , 1845 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 70\u201371\nbeutel , r . g . & roughley , r . e . ( 2016 ) gyrinidae latreille , 1810 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 80\u201389 .\nan annotated checklist of myxophaga ( hydroscaphidae and sphaeriusidae ) and adephaga ( including gyrinidae , haliplidae , noteridae , rhysodidae ) from iran is compiled . the total number of taxa include 39 species of 15 genera . the family haliplidae is represented by 15 species , gyrinidae by 12 species , noteridae by seven species , rhysodidae by three species , and hydroscaphidae and sphaeriusidae by one species each . two species , gyrinus ( gyrinus ) dejeani brull\u00e9 1832 ( gyrinidae ) and haliplus ( haliplidius ) confinis stephens 1828 ( haliplidae ) are new records for the fauna of iran .\nvanin , s . a . , beutel , r . g . & arce - p\u00e9rez , r . ( 2016 ) hydroscaphidae leconte , 1874 . in : beutel , r . g . & leschen , a . b . ( eds . ) , coleoptera , beetles . morphology and systematics . archostemata , adephaga , myxophaga , polyphaga partim , vol . 1 , 2 nd edition . in : beutel , r . g . & kristensen , n . p . ( eds . ) , handbook of zoology , arthropoda : insecta , pp . 71\u201375 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\ntree from beutel , maddison , and haas ( 1999 ) and beutel ( 1999 ) .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nlawrence , j . f . , and a . f . newton , jr . / pakaluk , james , and stanislaw adam slipinski , eds .\nbiology , phylogeny , and classification of coleoptera : papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a . crowson , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018 , at 16 : 38 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3717c802 - bced - 437f - b3da - 94087e7ac12c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255036\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsynonymy of two genus - group names is substantiated : tricholicinus poppius , 1912 ( type species : tricholicinus setosus j . r . sahlberg , 1880 ) = martyr semenov et znojko , 1929 ( type species : martyr praeteritorum semenov et znojko , 1929 ) , syn . n . and psammodromius peyerimhoff , 1927 ( type species : psammodromius noctivagus peyerimhoff , 1927 ) = xanthomelina iablokoff - khnzorian , 1964 ( type species : apristus zajtzewi eichler , 1924 ) , syn . n . synonymy of the following names of the species - group taxa is established : calosoma ( callisthenes ) elegans ( kirsch , 1859 ) = c . ( callisthenes ) declive ( dohrn , 1884 ) , syn . n . , lectotype of the latter is designated ; carabus ( semnocarabus ) erosus erosus motschulsky , 1866 = c . ( semnocarabus ) erosus karascharensis ( eidam , 1931 ) , syn . n . , lectotype of the latter is designated ; c . ( semnocarabus ) cicatricosulus pseudoerosus mandl , 1955 = c . ( semnocarabus ) bogdanowi semnocosulus deuve et tian , 2013 , syn . n . ; chlaenius ( dinodes ) viridis ( m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1832 ) = ch . pallidicornis ballion , 1871 , syn . n . ; licinus ( tricholicinus ) setosus ( j . r . sahlberg , 1880 ) = licinus mongolicus reitter , 1900 , syn . n . = martyr praeteritorum semenov et znojko , 1929 , syn . n . = martyr alter semenov et znojko , 1929 , syn . n . ; psammodromius zajtzewi ( eichler , 1924 ) , comb . n . ( transferred from the genus xanthomelina iablokoff - khnzorian , 1964 ) = psammodromius pallidicolor ( mandl , 1973 ) , syn . n . = psammodromius damanabii morvan , 1977 , syn . n . calosoma ( callisthenes ) rostislavi semenov , 1906 , stat . resurr . is resurrected from synonyms of c . ( callisthenes ) declive ( dohrn , 1884 ) .\nthis article was originally submitted by the author in russian and is first published in translation .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 440\u2013443 .\nbousquet , y . , brezina , b . , davies , a . , farkac , j . , and smetana , a . , \u201ccarabini , \u201d in\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 118\u2013206 .\n, ed . by junk , w . and schenkling , s . ( w . junk , berlin , 1927 ) .\n, ed . by junk , w . and schenkling , s . ( w . junk , berlin , 1931 ) , pp . 739\u20131022 .\n, ed . by junk , w . and schenkling , s . ( w . junk , berlin , 1932 ) , pp . 1279\u20131598 .\ndeuve , th . , \u201cune classification du genre carabus\u201d biblioth\u00e8que entomologique . 5 . sciences nat . ( 1994 ) .\n( pensoft , sofia , moscow , 2013 ) , series faunistica , vol . 105 .\ndeuve , th . and tian , m . - y . , \u201cnouveaux carabus et cychrus des collections de l\u2019academia sinica \u00e0 p\u00e9kin et du mus\u00e9um de l\u2019universit\u00e9 du hebei ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d col\u00e9opt\u00e8res\nnew species from china ( coleoptera carabidae ) , \u201d nouvelle revue d\u2019entomologie ( n . s . )\nlist of chinese insects , vol . 2 . xxiii . order coleoptera . a . suborder adephaga . ( i ) superfamily caraboidea\n( zhongshan ( sun yat - sen ) university press , guangzhou , 2002 ) .\niablokoff - khnzorian , s . m . , \u201cnew genera and species of coleoptera from the transcaucasia and middle asia , \u201d zoologicheskii sbornik\n, 151\u2013186 ( 1964 ) ( zoological institute , academy of sciences of the armenian soviet socialist republic ) .\nthe fauna of the armenian soviet socialist republic . coleoptera . ground beetles ( carabidae ) . part i\n( academy of sciences of the armenian soviet socialist republic , yerevan , 1976 ) [ in russian ] .\nimura , y . and mizusawa , k . , \u201cthe carabus of the world , \u201d mushi - sha\u2019s iconographic series of insects\nthe beetles of russia and western europe . a guide to identification of the beetles . issue iv\njeannel , r . , \u201cles calosomes ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d m\u00e9moires du museum national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( n . s . )\nadvantages of entomology in the ussr : coleoptera . proceedings of the x congress of the all - union entomological society , september 11\u201315 , 1989\n( nauka , leningrad , 1990 ) , pp . 56\u201358 [ in russian ] .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 408\u2013439 .\nkabak , i . i . and ovtchinnikov , s . v . , \u201csupplements and improvements to the cadastre of the genetic material of kyrgyzstan . families cicindelidae and carabidae ( coleoptera ) , \u201d entomologicheskie issledovaniya v kirgizii . bishkek\nkhobrakova , l . ts . , shilenkov , v . g . , and dudko , r . yu . ,\n( buryat scientific center , siberian branch , russian academy of sciences , ulan - ude , 2014 ) [ in russian ] .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstup , 2003 ) , pp . 347\u2013356 .\n( academy of sciences of the ussr , moscow , leningrad , 1953 ) ( keys to the fauna of the ussr , vol . 52 ) [ in russian ] .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . and atamuradov , kh . i . , \u201ca survey of the ground - beetle fauna ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of western kopetdagh and its zoogeographical features . communication 2 , \u201d izvestiya an turkmenskoi ssr , seriya biologicheskikh nauk\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . , belousov , i . a . , kabak , i . i . , kataev , b . m . , makarov , k . v . , and shilenkov , v . g . ,\n( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae ) ( pensoft , sofia , moscow , 1995 ) , series faunistica , vol . 3 .\nli , j . - k . and zhang , x . p . , the carabinae of china , private edition ( 2005 ) .\nsystematic list of extant ground beetles of the world ( insecta coleoptera \u201cgeadephaga : \u201d trachypachidae and carabidae incl . paussinae , cicindelinae , rhysodinae )\nsystematic list of extant ground beetles of the world ( insecta coleoptera \u201cgeadephaga : \u201d trachypachidae and carabidae incl . paussinae , cicindelinae , rhysodinae )\nmateu , j . , \u201cresultats de l\u2019exp\u00e9dition entonologique tch\u00e9coslovaque - iranienne \u00e0 l\u2019iran . coleoptera : carabidae , lebiinae . remarques sur le genres microdaccus schaum et psammodromius peyerimhoff , \u201d acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae\nmandl , k . , \u201cergebnisse einer revision der carabiden - sammlung des naturhistorischen museums ( 4 . teil ) , \u201d annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien\nmandl , k . , \u201cbausteine zur kenntnis der familie carabidae ( col . ) , \u201d entomologische arbeiten aus dem museum g . frey\ncatalogue raisonn\u00e9 des objets de zoologie recueillis dans un voyage au caucase et jusqu\u2019aux fronti\u00e8res actuelles de la perse entrepris par ordre de s . m . l\u2019empereu\nmorawitz , a . , \u201czur kenntnis der adephagen coleopteren , \u201d m\u00e9moires de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences . st . - p\u00e9tersburg . 7 s\u00e9r .\nmotschulsky , v . , \u201c\u00e9num\u00e9ration des nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de col\u00e9opt\u00e8res rapport\u00e9es de ses voyages . 4 - \u00e8me article . ( suite ) , \u201d bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 imp\u00e9riale des naturalistes de moscou ( 1865 )\nsahlberg , j . r . , \u201cbidrag till nordvestra sibiriens insektfauna . coleoptera . insamlade under expeditionerna till obi och jenessej 1876 och 1877 . i . cicindelidae , carabidae , dytiscidae , hydrophilidae , gyrinidae , dryopidae , georyssidae , limnichidae , heteroceridae , staphylinidae och micropeplidae , \u201d kongliga svenska vetenskaps - academiens handlingar ( n . f . )\nsch\u00fctze , h . and kleinfeld , f . , \u201cdie carabenformen chinas mit dem ausf\u00fchrlichen verzeichnis ihrer fundorte . supplement . taxonomischer katalog shinesischer carabiden ( coleoptera carabidae ) , \u201d coleoptera . sonderheft\nsch\u00fctze , h . and kleinfeld , f . , \u201cneuauflage . die carabenformen chinas mit dem auf\u00fchrlichen verzeichnis ihrer fundorte ( coleoptera carabidae ) , \u201d coleoptera . sonderheft\nneuauflage . die caraben chinas . systematicalle taxa\u2013bibliographie\u2013lexicon aller literaturbekannten fundorte . 3 . v\u00f6llig \u00fcberarbeite auflage\nsemenov - tian - shanskij , a . , \u201canalecta coleopterologica xxi , \u201d revue d\u2019entomologie de l\u2019urss\nsemenov - tian - shanskij , a . p . and znojko , d . v . , \u201cad cognitionem licinorum ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d revue russe d\u2019entomologie\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhigh - level phylogeny of the coleoptera inferred with mitochondrial genome sequences . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyuan ml 1 , zhang ql 2 , zhang l 2 , guo zl 2 , liu yj 2 , shen yy 2 , shao r 3 .\nstate key laboratory of grassland agro - ecosystems , college of pastoral agricultural science and technology , lanzhou university , lanzhou , gansu 730020 , people ' s republic of china . electronic address : yuanml @ lzu . edu . cn .\nstate key laboratory of grassland agro - ecosystems , college of pastoral agricultural science and technology , lanzhou university , lanzhou , gansu 730020 , people ' s republic of china .\ngenecology research centre , faculty of science , health , education and engineering , university of the sunshine coast , maroochydore , queensland 4556 , australia .\nthe head morphology of clambidae and its implications for the phylogeny of scirtoidea ( coleoptera : polyphaga ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe head morphology of clambidae and its implications for the phylogeny of scirtoidea ( coleoptera : polyphaga ) .\ninstitut f\u00fcr spezielle zoologie und evolutionsbiologie , fsu jena , jena , 07743 , germany .\nbiological faculty , department of entomology , lomonosov moscow state university , leninskie gory 1 - 12 , moscow , russia .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nyour browser must support javascript to view this content . please enable javascript in your browser settings then try again .\ndr . short ' s research program centers on elucidating the diversity , biology , and evolutionary history of aquatic beetles .\nmiller , k . b . , and a . e . z . short . 2015 . belladessus n . gen . from venezuela & suriname with two new species b . femineus n . sp . and b . puella n . sp . ( coleoptera : dytiscidea : hydroporinae : bidessini ) : parthenogenetic diving beetles ? coleopterists bulletin 69 : 498 - 503 .\nshort , a . e . z . , and c . e . mcintosh , iv . 2015 . hydrophilus harpe sp . nov . , a remarkable new species of giant water scavenger beetle from brazil ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 55 : 665 - 671 .\nfikacek , m . m . maruyama , t . komatsu , c . von beeren , d . vondracek , a . e . z . short , 2015 . protosternini ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) corroborated as monophyletic and its larva described for the first time : a review of the myrmecophilous genus . invertebrate systematics 29 : 23 - 36 .\nmckenna , d . d . , b . d . farrell , m . s . caterino , c . w . farnum , d . c . hawks , d . r . maddison , a . e . seago , a . e . z . short , a . f . newton , & m . k . thayer . 2014 . phylogeny and evolution of the staphyliniformia and scarabaeiformia : forest litter as a stepping - stone for diversification of non - phytophagous beetles . systematic page 3 of 15 entomology doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12093 .\nshort , a . e . z . & m . garc\u00eda . 2014 . a new genus of egg case - carrying water scavenger beetle from the guiana shield ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : acidocerinae ) . zootaxa 3835 : 251\u2013262 .\nbloom , d . d . , m . fik\u00e1cek , & a . e . z . short . 2014 . clade age and diversification rate variation determine species richness patterns in aquatic beetle lineages . plos one 9 ( 6 ) : e98430 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone\nshort , a . e . z . & c . e . mcintosh * * . 2014 . review and distribution of the giant water scavenger beetle genus hydrophilus geoffory of the united states and canada ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) . coleopterists bulletin 68 : 187\u2013198 .\nshort , a . e . z . , l . greene * * , & m . garc\u00eda . 2013 . new species and new records of the hygropetric water beetle genus oocyclus sharp from south america ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae ) . zootaxa 3741 : 349\u2013358 .\njia , f . l . & a . e . z . short . 2013 . enochrus algarum sp . nov . , a new hygropetric water scavenger beetle from china ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : enochrinae ) . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 53 : 609\u2013614 .\nfik\u00e1cek , m . , m . maruyama , d . vondracek , & a . e . z . short . 2013 . chimaerocyon gen . nov . , a morphologically aberrant myrmecophilous genus of water scavenger beetle ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : sphaeridiinae ) . zootaxa 3716 : 277\u2013288 .\nshort , a . e . z . 2013 . aquatic beetles of the grensgebergte and kasikasima regions , suriname ( insecta : coleoptera ) . rap bulletin of biological assessment 67 : 79\u201389 .\nshort , a . e . z . & m . fik\u00e1cek . 2013 . molecular phylogeny , evolution , and classification of the hydrophilidae ( coleoptera ) . systematic entomology 38 : 723\u2013752 .\ndescription of cymbiodyta orientalis sp . n . , the first species of the genus from the oriental region ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae )\ndescription of hydrobius orientalis sp . n . , the first species of the subtribe hydrobiusina from the oriental region ( coleoptera : hydrophilidae : hydrophilini )\none of 34 u . s . public institutions in the prestigious association of american universities\nthe university of kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race , color , ethnicity , religion , sex , national origin , age , ancestry , disability , status as a veteran , sexual orientation , marital status , parental status , gender identity , gender expression , and genetic information in the university\u2019s programs and activities . retaliation is also prohibited by university policy . the following persons have been designated to handle inquiries regarding the nondiscrimination policies and are the title ix coordinators for their respective campuses : executive director of the office of institutional opportunity & access , ioa @ urltoken , 1246 west campus road , room 153a , lawrence , ks 66045 , 785 - 864 - 6414 , 711 tty ( for the lawrence , edwards , parsons , yoder , and topeka campuses ) ; director , equal opportunity office , mail stop 7004 , 4330 shawnee mission parkway , fairway , ks 66205 , 913 - 588 - 8011 , 711 tty ( for the wichita , salina , and kansas city , kansas , medical center campuses ) .\nincludes information about u . s . species of sphaerius , including sem images of s . texanus . full text\ncontributed by edward l . ruden on 22 august , 2015 - 5 : 42pm\nprice , p . w . & m . f . willson . 1979 . abundance of herbivores on six milkweed species in illinois . american midland naturalist 101 ( 1 ) : 76\u201386 .\nasclepias incarnata , a . sullivantii , a . syriaca , a . verticillata , a . amplexicaulis\n. these species occur in this order on a moisture gradient from wet to dry soil conditions . this survey revealed that 12 species occurred at an abundance of at least one individual per 100 host stems in 1 plot - year on one host species :\noncopeltus fasciatus * , lygaeus kalmii * , aphis nerii * , labidomera clivicollis * , tetraopes tetrophthalmus * , t . femoratus , t . quinquemaculatus , rhyssomatus lineaticollis * , danaus plexippus , cycnia tenera * , euchaetias egle\nare specific to milkweeds in illinois . seven of these species , marked with asterisks , were abundant enough to act as major selective forces on the life history patterns of the milkweed species , populations and clones concerned .\n) in south - east michigan are correlated with differences in microhabitat , in exposure to herbivores , and in competition . components of each species ' reproductive strategy include : number of stems per plants , number of umbels per stem , number of flowers and pods per umbel , number of seeds per pod , seed weight and annual increase in reproductive potential . components of each species ' selective regime include : the herbivore load ( measured by the frequency of plants damaged by predators or animal parasites ) , competition ( measured by the proportion of non - flowering plants and by the density of competitors ) , and environmental uncertainty ( measured by annual mortality rates ) .\nby dailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver .\nthe coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 . , 1978\ndailey , p . j . , r . c . graves and j . m . kingsolver . 1978 . survey of coleoptera collected on the common milkweed ,\n, at one site in ohio . the coleopterists bulletin , 32 ( 3 ) : 223 - 229 .\nl . , were collected daily for 90 consecutive days . of the 132 species listed , 18 were considered to be common ( 50 or more collected ) while the majority of species were considered temporary visitors . the host specific milkweed beetle , [ i ] tetraopes tetr\nby fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell .\nfull text fall , h . f . and t . d . a . cockerell . 1907 . the coleoptera of new mexico . transactions of the american entomological society 33 : 145 - 272 .\nfull text knull , j . n . 1938 . five new species of coleoptera ( corynetidae , elateridae and buprestidae ) . ohio journal of science 38 : 97 - 100 .\narce - p\u00e9rez , r . & novelo - gui\u00e9rrez , r . , 1988 . primer registro de lepicerus bufo ( hinton , 1934 ) ( coleoptera : lepiceridae ) para el estado de morelos , m\u00e9xico . folia entomol . mex . , 75 : 156\u2013158 .\nbertrand , h . , 1962 . contribution \u00e0 l \u00e9tude des premiers \u00e9tats des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res aquatiques de la r\u00e9gion \u00e9thiopienne ( 4e note ) . bulletin de l\u2019institut fran\u00e7ais d\u2019afrique noire , 24 : 1065\u20131114 .\nbeutel , r . g . , 1998 . torridincolidae : ii . description of the larva of satonius kurosawai ( sat\u00f4 , 1982 ) ( coleoptera ) , p . 53\u201359 . \u2013 in j\u00e4ch , m . a . & ji , l . ( eds . ) : water beetles of china . vol . ii . \u2013wien : zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in \u00f6sterreich and wiener coleopterologenverein , 371 pp .\nbeutel , r . g . and g . b . raffaini , 2003 . first record of sphaeriusidae for argentina . koleopterologische rundschau 73 : 1 - 6 .\nbritton , e . b . , 1966 . the larva of sphaerius and the systematic position of the shaeriidae ( coleoptera ) . australian journal of zoology , 14 : 1193\u20131198 .\ncrowson , r . a . , 1955 . the natural classification of the families of coleoptera . nathaniel lloyd , london , 187 pp . , 212 figs .\nfreude , h . , 1971 . 20 . familie : shaeriidae . in : freude , h . , harde , k . w . & a . lohse : die k\u00e4fer mitteleuropas . band 3 . goecke & evers , krefeld .\npy - daniel and u . c . barbosa . 1991 . uma nova especie de hintonia reichardt , 1973 da amazonica brasileira ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 35 ( 2 ) : 293\u2013295 .\nhayashi , m . , 2007 . distributional records and ecological notes on aquatic coleoptera of shimane prefecture . bulletin of the hoshizaki green fondation , ( 10 ) : 77\nhayashi , m . & h . kadowaki , 2007 . records on aquatic coleoptera from ribers in and around mt . daisen , tottori prefecture , japan . bulletin of the hoshizaki green fondation , ( 10 ) : 149\nhayashi , m . & j . fujiwara , 2007 . [ records on aquatic coleoptera of yakushima , kagoshima prefecture , japan ] . coleopterists\u2019 news , ( 159 ) : 7\nhinton , h . e . , 1934 . two coleopterous families new to mexico . pan pacific entomologist , 9 : 160 - 162 .\ninternational committee of zoological nomenclature . 2000 . opinion 1957 , sphaerius waltl , 1838 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : conserved ; and sphaeriidae erichson , 1845 ( coleoptera ) : spelling emended to sphaeriusidae , so removing the homonymy with sphaeriidae deshayes , 1854 ( 1820 ) ( mollusca , bivalvia ) . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 57 ( 3 ) : 182 - 184 .\nj\u00e4ch , m . a . , 1998 . annotated check list of aquatic and riparoan / littoral beetle families of the world , p . 25\u201342 . \u2013 in j\u00e4ch , m . a . & ji , l . ( eds . ) : water beetles of china . vol . ii . \u2013wien : zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in \u00f6sterreich and wiener coleopterologenverein , 371 pp .\nj\u00e4ch , m . a . , 1998 . torridincolidae : i . first record of torridincolidae from china ( coleoptera ) , p . 51\u201352 . \u2013 in j\u00e4ch , m . a . & ji , l . ( eds . ) : water beetles of china . vol . ii . \u2013wien : zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in \u00f6sterreich and wiener coleopterologenverein , 371 pp .\nj\u00e4ch , m . a . , 1999 . case 3052 . sphaerius waltl , 1838 and sphaeriusidae erichson , 1845 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : proposed conservation by the partial revocation of opinion 1331 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 56 ( 2 ) : 117 - 120 .\nkamite , y . , 2003 . [ records of satonius kurosawai from shikoku ] . heriguro , ( 24 ) : 82 . ( in japanese . )\nlesne , p . , 1936 . nouvelle donn\u00e9es sur les col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de la famille des shaeriidae . livre jubilaire bouvier , paris , pp . 241\nlesne , p . , 1940 . entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india . coleoptera : sphaeriidae et bostrychidae recueillis par ren\u00e9 malaise . ark . zool . , 32b : 1\nl\u00f6bl , i . , 1995 . new species of terrestrial microsporus from the himalaya ( coleoptera : microsporidae ) . entomologische bl\u00e4tter , 91 : 129\u2013138 .\nmatthews , a . , 1888 . shaeriidae . in : biologia centrali - americana , insecta , coleoptera 2 , part 1 : 156\u2013158 .\nmatthews , a . , 1899 . a monograph of the coleopterous families coryphidae and sphaeriidae . p . b . masson , london , 220 pp .\npy - daniel , c . r . v . da fonseca , and u . c . barbosa . 1993 . iapir nom . n . para hintonia reichardt , 1973 ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 37 ( 4 ) : 671 .\nreichardt , h . and h . e . hinton . 1976 . on the new world beetles of the family hydroscaphidae . papeis avulsos zool . , s . paulo 30 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 .\nrichoux p . & doledec , s . , 1987 . hydroscapha granulum ( motschulsky , 1855 ) . description of the larva and ecological notes . aquatic insects , 9 , 137 - 144\nruter , g . 1978 . un coleoptere meconnu : hydroscapha gyrinoides [ col . hydroscaphidae ] . l ' entomologiste 34 ( 6 ) : 232 - 237 .\nsaito , t . , 2006 . [ record of satonius kurosawai from hyogo prefecture ] . gekkan - mushi , ( 430 ) : 26 . ( in japanese . )\nsat\u00f4 , m . 1972 . description of a new species of hydroscaphidae from sebu island , the philippines . bulletin of the japan entomological academy , 6 : 25\u201327 .\nsat\u00f4 , m . , 1982 . discovery of torridincolidae ( coleoptera ) in japan . annotationes zoologicae japonenses , 55 ( 4 ) : 276\u2013283 .\nsharp , d . , 1882 . fam . cyathoceridae . in : biologia centrali - americana . insecta , coleoptera . vol . i ( part 2 ) . taylor and francis , london , pp . 141\nsteffan , a . w . , 1964 . torridincolidae , coleopterorum nova familia e regione aethiopica . entomologische zeitschrift , 74 : 193\nspangler , p . j . 1980 . a new species of ytu from brazil ( coleoptera : torridincolidae ) . coleopterists bulletin 34 ( 2 ) : 145 - 158 .\ntakai , y . , 1999 . [ record of satonius kurosawai from toyama prefecture ] . gekkan - mushi , ( 345 ) : 47 . ( in japanese . )\nvanin , s . a . and c . costa . , 2001 . description of immature stages of claudiella ingens reichardt & vanin , 1976 and comparative notes on other torridincolidae ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . aquatic insects 23 ( 1 ) : 1\u201310 .\nvanin , s . a . 1991 . ytu cleideae , a new species of torridincolid from mato grosso , brazil ( coleoptera , torridincolidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 35 ( 3 ) : 573 - 576 .\nyoshitomi , h . , 1997 . [ records of delevea kurosawai from ch\u00fbbu district , japan ] . coleopterists\u2019 news , ( 117 ) : 7 . ( in japanese . )\nnew data on the distribution of the ground beetle eremosphodrus ( s . str . ) rotundicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) | springerlink\nnew data on the distribution of the ground beetle eremosphodrus ( s . str . ) rotundicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) ( coleoptera , carabidae )\ndata on the distribution of eremosphodrus ( s . str . ) rotundicollis ( reitter , 1894 ) are discussed . the species is recorded for the territory of uzbekistan for the first time ( termez district of surkhan - darya province ) .\nthis article was originally submitted by the authors in russian and is first published in translation .\nanufriev , g . a . and rakhimov , t . u . , \u201cthe joint russia\u2013uzbekistan entomological expedition of 2014 to the arid areas of uzbekistan , \u201d\natamuradov , kh . i . and kryzhanovskij , o . l . , \u201cthe contribution to the fauna and ecology of ground beetles of badkhyz ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d\n( musaeo regionale di scienze naturali , torino , 1988 ) , p . 1024 .\n, ed . by l\u00f6bl , i . and smetana , a . ( apollo books , stenstrup , 2003 ) , pp . 532\u2013544 .\nthe beetles of russia and western europe . a guide to identification of the beetles , issue 4\nthe fauna of the ussr . coleoptera , vol . i , no . 2 . beetles of the suborder adephaga : families rhysodidae , trachypachidae ; family carabidae ( introduction , a review of the fauna of the ussr )\n( nauka , moscow , leningrad , 1987 ) [ in russian ] , p . 419 .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . and atamuradov , kh . i . , \u201ca review of the fauna of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of the western kopet - dagh and its zoogeographical characters , \u201d\na checklist of the ground - beetles of russia and adjacent lands ( insecta , coleoptera , carabidae ) . series faunistica , no 3\n( pensoft publishers , sofia , moscow , 1995 ) , p . 271 .\nsemenov , a . p . , \u201ccoleoptera nova faunae turanicae . iii , \u201d\n( ylym , ashkhabad , 1991 ) [ in russian ] , p . 455 .\n1 departamento de zoolog\u00eda y antropolog\u00eda f\u00edsica . facultad de veterinaria , universidad de murcia . 30071 murcia , spain\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\na new species of the genus parazuphium ( coleoptera , carabidae , zuphiini ) , parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . , is described from the tingitan peninsula in north morocco . the only known specimen was found under a large deeply buried boulder , and belongs to an anophthalmous , depigmented and flattened species . this is the second species of blind parazuphium known so far , the other being parazuphium feloi machado 1998 from a lava tube in the canary islands . molecular data of the only known parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . specimen are provided , and a reconstructed phylogeny based on these molecular data confirms its inclusion inside zuphiini within harpalinae . identification keys to the mediterranean and macaronesian species of parazuphium are provided .\nthe species of the genus seem to be associated with deep soil or the soil crevices near rivers or temporary flooded areas ( baehr 1985 , machado 1992 ) , and generally show a flattened habitus , some degree of depigmentation and microphthalmy . some species are known from caves , one of them being the only previously known blind species of the genus ( parazuphium feloi machado , from the canary islands ) ( machado 1998 ) .\nduring an entomological expedition to north morocco we found the single specimen of a new species of parazuphium , anophthalmous and with strong modifications apparently related to its endogean habitat . despite an attempt to collect additional material the following year no other specimen was found , possibly due to the endogean habits of this species . we describe the species here , and provide some molecular data to characterize it and to postulate its phylogenetic position among the zuphiini for which genetic data are available ( ribera et al . 2006 ) .\nthe unique specimen was killed and stored in absolute ethanol in the field , and total dna was extracted using the qiagen dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) , without destroying the external cuticle . the extracted specimen was mounted in dmhf ( dimethyl hydantoin - formaldehyde ) on a transparent acetate label . for the morphological study and photographs we used a zeiss stemi 2000c trinocular zoom stereomicroscope with spot insight firewire digital camera and software .\nsp . n . was extracted using qiagen dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) . to characterize the new species we amplified fragments of six genes , four mitochondrial and two nuclear : 3 ' end of cytochrome c oxidase subunit (\n) , which were amplified for the same molecular gene fragments . pcr reactions were made using puretaq ready - to - go pcr beads ( ge healthcare , uk ) and standard conditions [ 39 cycles using 48\u201350\u00b0c as annealing temperature ] . new sequences have been deposited in genbank ( ncbi ) with acc . nos\n. each individual gene matrix was aligned in mafft with the q - ins - i option and default parameters . the four genes fragments were concatenated to get a final dataset of 20 taxa and 3376 bp that was employed in phylogenetic analyses .\nprimers used in the study . f , forward ; r , reverse . length refers to the aligned matrix .\nspecies , locality of collection , voucher reference and accession numbers for each sequence .\nbayesian phylogenetic analyses ( ba ) were performed with mrbayes v . 3 . 1 . ( huelsenbeck and ronquist 2001 , ronquist and huelsenbeck 2003 ) , partitioning by gene with a gtr + g model applied to each partition . two independent runs of 20 , 000 , 000 generations were conducted , each with three hot and one cold chain , whereby trees were sampled every 100 generations . sampled trees were analysed with tracer v . 1 . 5 ( rambaut and drummond 2007 ) and their half compact consensus tree was calculated with a burning value of 10 % with node posterior probabilities used as support values , checking for an appropriate degree of convergence between chains with the effective sample size in tracer v . 1 . 5 . mrbayes was run on - line at the freely available computational service of bioportal ( www . bioportal . uio . no ) . trees were visualized in figtree v . 1 . 3 . 1 ( rambaut 2008 ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b4718866 - da9e - 4096 - 9291 - a38e90fd7a0a\nline drawing ofhabitus of parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . total length 2 . 7 mm .\nphotographic images of parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . a whole specimen b head in dorso - lateral view c labial palpus ; ( d ) , maxillary palpus c antenna f margin of left elytron in lateral view g margin of right elytron , detail for anterior umbilicate setae , numbers 1 to 5 h margin of right elytron , detail of posterior umbilicate setae , numbers 6 to10 , arrows over them point other smaller setae i\u2013n details of anterior , median and posterior legs respectively .\nphotographic image of median lobe of parazuphium aguilerai sp . n . left lateral aspect .\nholotype : 1\u2642 , \u201cmorocco 28 - iii - 2008 / souk - khemis - des - anjra , tetuan / 123m n35\u00b043 ' 18\nw5\u00b031 ' 23\n/ and\u00fajar , hernando , ribera & aguilera leg .\n; voucher number label \u201c31 _ en\n; plus red holotype label . type specimen mounted in dmhf in a transparent acetate label , genitalia dissected and mounted in dmhf in a separate label pinned with the specimen . deposited in the museu de ci\u00e8ncies naturals de barcelona ( mcnb ) , dna aliquots deposited in the ibe ( csic ) and univ . murcia ( zafumu col . ) .\ntotal length 2 . 7 mm ( from apex of mandible to apex of elytra ) . body depressed , flattened , light brown (\n) . first antennomere ( 0 . 41mm ) as long as antennomeres 2\u20134 combined ( 0 . 37 mm ) (\nlength of holotype : 2 . 7 mm . body depressed , flattened and depigmented , light brown . surface microreticulate , with mesh pattern regular polygonal ( observed on the dried specimen ) and scattered short setae .\n) . length of head ( from apex of mandible to base ) 0 . 63 mm ; maximum width close to base ( 0 . 51 mm ) . surface microreticulate , microlines deeper on sides . neck pedunculate . with three long setae , two lateral and one basal . appendages : antennae (\n) with first antennomere ( 0 . 41mm ) as long as total length of antennomeres 2\u20133 - 4 together ( 0 . 37 mm ) ; second antennomere pedunculate ( 0 . 1 mm ) , slightly shorter than third ( 0 . 13 mm ) and fourth ( 0 . 14 mm ) ; from fifth to tenth with same length ( 0 . 16\u20130 . 17 mm ) ; last antennomere longer ( 0 . 23mm ) . antennomeres from 3\u00b0 to 11\u00b0 cylindrical . labial and maxillary palpi as in\n) , longer ( 0 . 60 mm ) than wide ( 0 . 51\u20130 . 27 mm ) , maximum width ( 0 . 51 mm ) close to anterior angles , almost double minimum width ( 0 . 27 mm ) , at the posterior angles . anterior angles obtuse , rounded . anterior margin regularly convex . median line apparent , marked with two depressions . two lateral setae at anterior and posterior angles . lateral margin sinuate before posterior angles .\n) flattened , short , not totally covering abdomen , wider apically ( maximum width , 0 . 90mm , close to apex ) ; width at humeral angle 0 . 65mm . punctuation forming longitudinal series , more evident at basal third , disappearing towards apex . entire surface with short pubescence . anterior umbilicate series with 5 spatuliform setae ("]}
{"id": 2482, "summary": [{"text": "banjos banjos ( banjofish ) is a perciform fish , the only species in the monotypic genus banjos and in the family banjosidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is native to coastal waters of the western pacific ocean , from japan to the south china sea .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it grows up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) in standard length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "banjos banjos", "paragraphs": ["a banjofish , banjos banjos , trawled off ballina , new south wales , in 135 m . source : ken graham / nsw fisheries . license : all rights reserved\nsubspecific name from latin ' brevispinis ' meaning short - spine , referring the relatively short dorsal - fin spines when compared with b . b . banjos .\nwelcome to ome banjos ! we are a small , family - owned company specializing in building exceptional bluegrass , old - time , irish , and jazz banjos . the models and styles we now offer have evolved since 1960 and have been continuously refined and perfected to create the finest possible tone , playability , longevity , beauty and value .\nclareen banjos are the premier banjo manufacturer in ireland . we manufacture instruments to provide musicians with the best possible range of banjos . each one is hand crafted to the highest quality and the best materials are used at all times . modifications and customisations can be made to any instrument to suit individual customer requirements within reason . we hope that you enjoy browsing through the clareen banjo range .\nthe subspecific name brevispinis is derived from the latin word meaning ' short - spine ' , alluding to the subspecies possessing relatively short dorsal - fin spines , compared with b . b . banjos .\ndiagnosis . a subspecies of banjos banjos distinguished from other subspecies by the following combination of characters : least interorbital width 5 . 8\u20138 . 1 ( mean 6 . 8 ) % of sl ; first dorsal - fin spine length 4 . 5\u20138 . 0 ( 6 . 1 ) % of sl ; second dorsal - fin spine length 11 . 2\u201318 . 3 ( 14 . 0 ) % of sl ; eighth dorsal - fin spine length 9 . 5\u201318 . 7 ( 12 . 5 ) % of sl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 50 - 400 m ( ref . 11230 ) . tropical\nindo - west pacific : from the southeastern indian ocean , including the west coast of australia and indonesia to northwestern pacific , ranging from the south china sea north to japan .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\nthis species is distinguished from its congeners by the following set of characters : 0 - 22 serrae on ventral margin of lacrimal ; in specimens 15 . 0 - 20 . 0 cm sl , 14 - 36 serrae on cleithrum ; in specimens > 10 . 0 cm sl , head length 33 . 2 - 39 . 6 ( mean 36 . 5 ) % of sl , orbit diameter 11 . 2 - 16 . 6 ( 14 . 1 ) % of sl , vertical orbit diameter 9 . 5 - 14 . 9 ( 13 . 5 ) % of sl ; least interorbital width 5 . 8 - 10 . 3 ( mean 7 . 3 ) % of sl ; postorbital length 11 . 5 - 15 . 7 ( mean 13 . 3 ) % of sl ; in specimens > 10 . 0 cm sl pre - pelvic - fin length 38 . 0 - 44 . 7 ( mean 41 . 5 ) % of sl ; first dorsal - fin spine length 4 . 5 - 11 . 7 ( 6 . 7 ) % of sl ; second dorsal - fin spine length 11 . 2 - 22 . 7 ( 16 . 1 ) % of sl ; in juveniles < 7 . 0 cm sl , spine at angle of preopercle relatively short , moderately serrated and membrane of spinous dorsal - fin with broad central translucent area ( ref . 116322 ) .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 13 . 6 - 26 . 5 , mean 19 . 7 ( based on 395 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 67 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nnorth west cape ( 21\u00ba47\u00b4s ) to rankin rank , northwest shelf ( 19\u00ba40\u00b4s ) , wa and off southern qld to northern nsw . also off lord howe island . elsewhere in the tropical , west pacific\n( perciformes : banjosidae ) with descriptions of two new species and a new subspecies .\nour price is lower than the manufacturer ' s\nminimum advertised price .\nas a result , we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page . you have no obligation to purchase the product once you know the price . you can simply remove the item from your cart .\nwe want to help educate kids about nutrition , to learn what\u2019s in their food , the importance of eating healthy and to opt for unpackaged snacks . find out how your school or club can get involved , build a relationship with your local bakery and reap the rewards . plus there are great prizes to be won each month !\n\u2018at banjo\u2019s you can taste the difference\u2019 you will hear people say . a tasmanian \u2018staple\u2019 since 1984 and now with almost 40 bakeries across australia , banjo\u2019s is home to the freshest and best tasting breads . but , it\u2019s not just bread \u2013 the range of delicious products extends to sweet , savoury , salads and the highest quality coffee created by qualified baristas . join us and make banjo\u2019s part of your every day !\npacked solid with seeds and grains our sunflower finnen is a truly satisfying bread filled with a variety of healthy seeds and grains to make it an important part of your diet .\ndid you know , sourdough breads contain lots of natural goodness particularly for digestive health and keeps you satisfied longer . add some of our preservative free sourdough to your diet today !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2484, "summary": [{"text": "nebria kratteri kratteri is a subspecies of ground beetle in the nebriinae subfamily that can be found in albania , greece , italy , and republic of macedonia . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "nebria kratteri kratteri", "paragraphs": ["nebria ( nebria ) kratteri dejean & boisduval , 1830 = nebria violacea o . g . costa 1839 = nebria pindica jeanne 1974 = nebria valonensis apfelbeck 1904 .\nground beetle nebria kratteri ( carabidae ) | trichas , a . - europeana collections\nhow can i put and write and define nebria kratteri in a sentence and how is the word nebria kratteri used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528nebria kratteri\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528nebria kratteri\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528nebria kratteri\u9020\u53e5 , nebria kratteri meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nnebria kratteri \u2013 carabidae | carabidae : ground beetles . bombadie , ant nest beetles | pinterest | insects , beetles and bug insect\nphoto of the ground beetle nebria kratteri ( carabidae ) , a south balkan species rather common on the mountains of greece . specimen from pindos mt , greece .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2487, "summary": [{"text": "antaeotricha lindseyi is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by william barnes and august busck in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california , arizona and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 25 \u2013 28 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are similar to antaeotricha schlaegeri , but the forewings are somewhat longer , narrower and more pointed and the dark dorsal area , which in schlaegeri is interrupted by white shortly beyond the middle of the wing , is continued to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the males are dark brownish or blackish fuscous , very considerably darker than those of schlaegeri . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "antaeotricha lindseyi", "paragraphs": ["\u00a9 copyright ron parry 2016 \u00b7 3 antaeotricha schlaegeri , male - or - a . - lindseyi\nantaeotricha lindseyi ( barnes and busck , 1920 ) : az , cochise co . , mgcl 2075\u2642 .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 32032 genus : antaeotricha species : lindseyi sex : location : cottonwood camp county : sierra collector : g . kareofelas coll _ date : jul 22 99 sp . . . more\nantaeotricha lindseyi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 30 , pl . 1 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1012 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nstenoma lindseyi barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 29 , f . 2 ; tl : paradise ; white mts . , arizona ; fort wingate , new mexico\nantaeotricha decorosella : mo , benton co . , mgcl 2166\u2642 ( mgcl ) .\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth , 1964 : az , cochise co . , mgcl 1728\u2642 .\na new antaeotricha species from southeastern arizona ( gelechioidea , elachistidae , stenomatinae ) .\nantaeotricha suffumigata walsingham , 1897 ; 98 ; tl : mount gay est . , grenada\nthe new species keys to couplet 8 in barnes and busck ( 1920 : 238 ) , requiring a new line , \u201cforewings pure white without discal spots . \u201d in the key of duckworth ( 1964 : 27 ) , males run to couplet 13 ( antaeotricha unipunctella or antaeotricha vestalis ) , and females run to antaeotricha osseella or antaeotricha unipunctella . new keys are provided below that include antaeotricha floridella and another species described after 1964 .\nantaeotricha spp . habitus . 1 antaeotricha floridella , holotype male , dorsum 2 same , venter 3 labels of holotype 4 female , marion co . florida ( fsca ) 5 antaeotricha floridella , marion co . florida ( t . s . dickel collection ) , lateral view of male head 6 antaeotricha osseella , putnam co . florida ( fsca ) 7 antaeotricha albulella , male , alachua co . florida ( fsca ) 8 antaeotricha albulella , male with grayish hind wings , suwannee co . florida ( fsca ) 9 antaeotricha albulella , female , alachua co . florida ( fsca ) . scale bars = 5 mm .\nantaeotricha haesitans ( walsingham , 1912 ) : tx , hidalgo co . , mgcl 2065\u2642 .\na new antaeotricha species from utah and new mexico ( gelechioidea : elachistidae : stenomatinae ) .\ntwo new species of antaeotricha zeller from southeastern arizona ( gelechioidea : elachistidae : stenomatinae ) .\nthe antaeotricha albulella group ( including antaeotricha osseella , antaeotricha unipunctella , and antaeotricha decorosella ) is probably a recent radiation , with antaeotricha floridella as a peninsular vicariant . it is not simply a peripheral isolate of antaeotricha albulella , because it lacks the autapomorphies of the latter species ( the broad gnathos and prominent sviii pads ) . preliminary genetic data corroborates the species\u2019 distinct status . a specimen of antaeotricha floridella in the cnc , dissected by j . - f . landry , has a slightly greater percentage distance than intraspecific clusters of antaeotricha albulella based on mtco1 ( j . - f . landry , pers . comm . 2014 ) . the sequence data are available at : urltoken . study of more genetic data should be useful to clarify the antaeotricha albulella group . all species and populations should be sampled and the data analyzed with character - based phylogenetic methods to discover diagnostic apomorphies . collection of antaeotricha specimens across known phylogeographic discontinuities in north central florida and the panhandle could demarcate the northern limit of the distribution of antaeotricha floridella ( soltis et al . 2006 ) .\nantaeotricha albulella , antaeotricha osseella , and antaeotricha floridella adults are active at the same time and location . john b . heppner has caught all three species at the welaka forest conservation station , 28\u201331 july 1986 . a male specimen each of antaeotricha albulella and antaeotricha floridella were collected at pellicer creek ( flagler co . ) on 10 april 1954 ( cmnh ) . the road numbers in ocala national forest changed in 2008 : forest road 88 is now 11 , and 97 is now 09 .\nantaeotricha irene ( barnes and busck , 1920 ) : tx , hidalgo co . , mgcl 2066\u2642 .\nantaeotricha malachita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 404 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha parastis van gyen , 1913 ; bol . mus . nac . chile 5 : 339 ; tl : collipulli\nantaeotricha platydesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha praerupta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha utahensis : az , cochise co . , mgcl 1703\u2642 ; nm , grant co . , mgcl 1720\u2642 .\nantaeotricha brochota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : peru , yquitos\nantaeotricha carabophanes meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 289 ; tl : colombia , san antonio\nantaeotricha epignampta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha gravescens meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , minero\nantaeotricha iras meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : peru , 12000ft\nantaeotricha isotona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : panama , trinidad river\nantaeotricha lysimeris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha nerteropa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha neurographa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 614 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo\nantaeotricha serangodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 400 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nantaeotricha arystis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 402 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha camarina meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha deltopis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha hapsicora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : brazil , sao paulo\nantaeotricha lecithaula meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha monocolona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 293 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca\nantaeotricha pactota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha paracrypta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha phaeosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha protosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 406 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha pseudochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 393 ; tl : bartica , british guiana\nantaeotricha sparganota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha thesmophora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha trochoscia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nthe two previously published keys to antaeotricha are based on wing pattern ( barnes and busck 1920 ) or genitalia ( duckworth 1964 ) . we provide two revised keys based on maculation and genitalia that treat pale - winged species of antaeotricha and similar gelechioids .\nantaeotricha aglypta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha amicula zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 317 , pl . 4 , f . 96\nantaeotricha capsulata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha cleopatra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha congelata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 236 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\nantaeotricha cryeropis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : mexico , guerrero\nantaeotricha eucoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nantaeotricha hydrophora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha manceps meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nantaeotricha milictis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha nimbata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha nitescens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , para\nantaeotricha orthriopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha percnogona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha plerotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha resiliens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha sana meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : colombia , sosomoko , 2650ft\nantaeotricha sarcinata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha serarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , caraca\nantaeotricha sortifera meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 557 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba\nantaeotricha stringens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 164 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha suffumigata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha superciliosa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 198 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha synercta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha tornogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha tractrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nantaeotricha xuthosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris , 2010 : az , cochise co . , mgcl 1733\u2642 ; az , cochise co . , mgcl 1734\u2640 .\nantaeotricha spp . dissected genitalia . 10\u201315 ( males ) : 10 antaeotricha floridella male genitalic capsule and phallus ( marion co . florida , mgcl slide 1672 ) 11 antaeotricha floridella ( martin co . florida , mgcl slide 1679 ) 12 antaeotricha floridella , male genitalia in external view 13 antaeotricha albulella , sarasota co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1736 ) ; 14 . antaeotricha osseella , marion co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1698 ) 15 antaeotricha albulella , levy co . florida , detail ( fsca , mgcl slide 1681 ) 16\u201319 ( females ) : 16 antaeotricha floridella , martin co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1680 ) 17 same as ( 16 ) , detail of signum 18 antaeotricha albulella , escambia co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1691 ) 19 antaeotricha osseella , new mexico , otero co . detail of signum ( fsca , mgcl slide 1721 ) . a a , anterior apophysis ( reduced ) ; b s , bifid setae ; d , central denticle of signum ; d l , dorsal ( interior ) lobe of annellus ; gn , gnathos ; s p , setose pads of sternum viii ; s t , subapical tooth of phallus ; th , thumb - like process of valva ; v l , ventral ( exterior ) lobe of annellus . scale bars = 1 mm .\nantaeotricha acronephela meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nantaeotricha brachysaris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha campylodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha coriodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; bartica\nantaeotricha encyclia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 403 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha euthrinca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha exusta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha glycerostoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha helicias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha himaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha incrassata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha insimulata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6600ft\nantaeotricha staurota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha substricta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha xylocosma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ( depressariidae ) ; urra , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 102 ( note )\nantaeotricha celidotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha cycnomorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nantaeotricha fulta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550\nantaeotricha gubernatrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha gymnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos\nantaeotricha haplocentra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins\nantaeotricha melanopis meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 31 ; tl : peru , huancabamba\nantaeotricha mesostrota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : venezulea , carupano\nantaeotricha nuclearis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 181 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo\nantaeotricha phryactis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha sardania meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha sellifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos\nantaeotricha semiovata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550ft\nantaeotricha teleosema meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha tritogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 176 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha humilis ( zeller , 1855 ) : fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1677\u2642 ; fl , marion co . , mgcl 1678\u2640 .\nantaeotricha deridens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 162 ; tl : bolivia , del sara , 1500ft\nantaeotricha nitrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ophrysta meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo\nantaeotricha furcata ( walsingham , 1889 ) : az , gila co . , mgcl 1735\u2642 ; tx , jeff davis co . , mgcl 2074\u2640 .\nantaeotricha albovenosa zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 321 , pl . 4 , f . 99 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris , 2010 ; zookeys 57 : 60 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , hauchuca mts . , carr canyon , 5300 '\nantaeotricha assecta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 313 , pl . 3 , f . 94 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha cathagnista meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha christocoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 398 ; tl : peru , pacaya ; conamano , r . ucuyali\nantaeotricha generatrix meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 239 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul\nantaeotricha thammii zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 89 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha vacata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : st . george ' s , grenada\nantaeotricha albifrons zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 323 , pl . 4 , f . 100 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha amphilyta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha anaclintris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha axena meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha compsographa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha diffracta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha excisa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer , 1937 ; calif . dept . agric . bull . 26 : 334 ; tl : shingle springs , el dorado co . , california\nantaeotricha melanarma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha oxycentra meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha palaestrias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha pseudochyta ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha purulenta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 318 , pl . 4 , f . 97 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha tibialis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 307 , pl . 3 , f . 90 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha vacata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha venatum ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha amphizyga meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 234 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; tl : par\u00e1 , belem\nantaeotricha enodata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; nouveau chantier , r . maroni\nantaeotricha immota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni ; british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha orthotona meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ribbei zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 309 , pl . 3 , f . 91 ; tl : chiriqui - vulcan\nantaeotricha smileuta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , s . laurient\nantaeotricha trichonota meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; paraguay\nantaeotricha floridella sp . n . is described and diagnosed from the closely similar antaeotricha albulella ( walker ) . the species is distributed in xeric sandhill and scrub habitats in peninsular florida , usa , and larvae feed on quercus species . keys are given for pale - winged stenomatinae and similar gelechioidea based on external characters and genitalia .\nantaeotricha corvigera meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; peru , contamano , r . ucuyali\nantaeotricha diplophaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha laudata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean and godebert , r . maroni\nantaeotricha praecisa meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 709 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo\nbecker ( 1981 ) synonymized antaeotricha vestalis ( zeller , 1873 ) with antaeotricha albulella ( walker , 1864 ) , and he remarked that the lectotype of antaeotricha albulella and the available specimens of antaeotricha vestalis all had black discal spots . zeller ( 1873 ) stated that the type of cryptolechia vestalis had white forewings \u201c ohne jede zeichnung \u201d ( without any marking ) , but the hind wings are white like the forewings . the lectotype specimen , deposited in the museum of comparative zoology ( cambridge , ma , usa ) is a female from texas . its forewings have faint black discal spots , and sternum viii has the typical setose protuberances , which are visible without dissection .\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer , 1937 : ca , el dorado co . , mgcl 1731\u2642 ( mgcl ) ; ca , el dorado co . , mgcl 1732\u2640 ( mgcl ) .\nantaeotricha demas ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha illepida ; duckworth , 1966 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 68 ( 3 ) : 196 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lampyridella ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana ( zeller , 1854 ) : fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1689\u2642 ; fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1690\u2640 ; me , waldo co . , mgcl 2076\u2642 .\nantaeotricha cyprodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; organ mtns , nova friburge\nantaeotricha floridella hayden & dickel , 2015 ; zookeys 533 : 135 ; tl : usa , florida , marion co . , ocala national forest , fr 88 , 3 . 9mi se of sr 316 , longleaf pine sandhills\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41 , pl . 3 a ; tl : south fork of cave creek , chiricahua mts . , arizona\nhayden je , dickel ts ( 2015 ) a new antaeotricha species from florida sandhills and scrub ( lepidoptera , depressariidae , stenomatinae ) . zookeys 533 : 133\u2013150 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 533 . 6004\nantaeotricha utahensis ferris , 2012 ; j . lep . soc . 66 ( 3 ) : 168 ; tl : utah , san juan co . , 37\u00b044 . 90 ' n , 109\u00b024 . 75 ' w ( 2220m )\nantaeotricha humilis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1019 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha decorosella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35 , pl . 1 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1016 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha furcata ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1017 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha haesitans ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 40 , pl . 2 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1022 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha irene ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1018 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32 , pl . 1 d ; [ nacl ] , # 1014 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha manzanitae ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 43 , pl . 3 c ; [ nacl ] , # 1025 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha osseella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 34 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1015 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha schlaegeri ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 29 , pl . 1 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1011 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha thomasi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 39 , pl . 2 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1021 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha unipunctella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 31 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1013 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha vestalis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 42 , pl . 3 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1024 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8641 genus : antaeotricha species : manzanitae sex : location : 2331 del norte , so . l tahoe county : el dorado collector : d . a . bauer coll _ date : . . . more\nantaeotricha floridella is described as a new species because no other white species with similar genitalia were described by meyrick ( clarke 1955 ) , walsingham ( 1909\u20131915 ) , walker ( 1864 ) , zeller ( 1854 , 1855 , 1873 , 1877 ) or other authors . the west indian antaeotricha fauna is depauperate , with only three species ( duckworth 1969 ) . descriptions and illustrations of all species currently placed in antaeotricha were examined , a task greatly facilitated by the illustration of meyrick\u2019s numerous species by clarke ( 1955 ) and by the concentration of other descriptions among a few authors ( e . g . walker 1864 ; walsingham 1909\u20131915 ; busck 1911 , 1920 ; zeller 1854 , 1877 ; see becker 1984 for complete list ) . almost all species are described as having some forewing maculation , and those without are some shade of brown .\nantaeotricha unipunctella : fl , escambia co . , mgcl 1714\u2642 ; fl , hernando co . , mgcl 2992\u2640 ; fl , highlands co . , mgcl 2078\u2640 , 2399\u2642 ; fl , manatee co . , mgcl 1673\u2642 , 2167\u2640 ; fl , marion co . , mgcl 1674\u2640 , 1712\u2642 .\nthe following keys apply only to taxa with white or pale - colored wings ( yellowish , pale orange , or beige ) that are effectively concolorous . species of antaeotricha that have a dark shade on the the forewing posterior margin are excluded . other stenomatines ( gonioterma walsingham ) and oecophoridae that have similarly concolorous wings are included .\nantaeotricha floridella has been reared on leaves of quercus geminata small ( sand live oak ) and quercus minima ( sarg . ) ( dwarf live oak ; identified with \u201c ? \u201d ) . d . h . habeck reared a specimen on galactia regularis ( l . ) ( downy milkpea ) . adults have been collected april 10\u2013october 30 .\nwith minimal host information , it is open to question whether antaeotricha floridella is monophagous on quercus geminata , oligophagous on oaks with overwintering foliage , or has more hosts . sand live oak occurs in both plant communities and others in florida . it occurs on the southeastern coastal plain from virginia to mississippi ( godfrey 1988 ) , so the plant\u2019s distribution cannot explain the moth\u2019s restriction to peninsular florida . on the other hand , a broader host range would predict occurrence in non - xeric habitats . the phenology of the immature stages is unknown , in particular of the overwintering stages . it is not obvious that antaeotricha floridella has adaptations to abiotic characteristics of xeric habitats , so affinity for some host is assumed .\nthe second author ( tsd ) discovered the presently described species by dissection , as it is externally very similar to the widely distributed antaeotricha albulella ( walker , 1864 ) ( more often called by its junior synonym antaeotricha vestalis ( zeller , 1873 ) [ becker 1981 ] ) . the search of other collections by jeh yielded more specimens , including ones overlooked by duckworth . the species description necessitates a revised key to pale - colored nearctic stenomatinae . the species is known only from xeric habitats in peninsular florida . this pattern of endemism of species in florida sandhills is common among other orders of insects and arthropods but is infrequent in lepidoptera ( deyrup 1989 ) , so the addition of another endemic species is significant .\nantaeotricha floridella is known to feed on two species of oak : quercus geminata and possibly quercus minima . the latter species may be misidentified , since it resembles juvenile or rhizomatous forms of other oaks ( nixon 1993 ) . host plants of antaeotricha albulella , recorded from pinned specimens donated to the fsca by d . h . habeck , include quercus laevis walter ( turkey oak ) , quercus nigra l . ( water oak ) ( with feeding habits \u201cgalls\u201d and \u201cleaf tier\u201d ) , quercus incana w . bartram ( bluejack oak ) , quercus myrtifolia willd . ( myrtle oak ) , quercus inopina ashe ( scrub oak ) , and quercus chapmanii sarg . ( chapman\u2019s oak ) . the plant voucher specimens could not be located , so their identifications could not be verified .\nthe genus antaeotricha zeller , 1854 ( lepidoptera : depressariidae : stenomatinae ) is endemic to the new world and includes nearly 400 species , mostly in the neotropics ( becker 1984 ) . twenty nearctic species are known ( ferris 2013 ) , including the one described below . duckworth ( 1964 ) comprehensively revised the nearctic stenomatinae , and four species were recently described from the southwestern united states ( ferris 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) .\nantaeotricha schlaegeri ( zeller , 1854 ) : canada , nova scotia , mgcl 2375\u2642 ; usa , az , santa cruz co . , mgcl 1702\u2640 ; fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1687\u2642 , 1688\u2640 ; ma , plymouth co . , mgcl 2365\u2642 ; ma , plymouth co . , mgcl 2366\u2640 ; mo , barry co . , mgcl 2370\u2640 ; mo , clay co . , mgcl 2367\u2642 ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 2373\u2642 ; tn , sullivan co . , mgcl 2374\u2642 .\nantaeotricha osseella : fl , alachua co . , mgcl 2077f , 2966f , 2967\u2642 ; fl , escambia co . , mgcl 1676\u2640 ; fl , highlands co . , mgcl 1675\u2642 ; fl , marion co . , mgcl 1698\u2642 , 2400\u2642 ; fl , putnam co . , mgcl 1713\u2642 ; mo , carter co , mgcl 2164\u2642 ( mgcl ) ; mo , carter co . , mgcl 2165\u2640 ( mgcl ) ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 1711\u2642 ; nm , otero co . , mgcl 1721\u2640 .\nextensive collecting in a large mesic forest near anthony ( marion county , florida ) by tsd with mercury vapor and ultraviolet lights and sugar bait has failed to produce any specimens of antaeotricha floridella . this forest has large numbers of three species of oaks : quercus virginiana miller ( live oak ) , quercus hemisphaerica bartr . ex willd . ( laurel oak ) , and quercus nigra ( water oak ) . the leaves of all of these species are tardily deciduous with primary leaf fall occurring in late february and march just prior to flowering and new leaf growth .\ntwo plant communities in ocala national forest in marion and putnam counties , the sandhill and sand pine communities , have been collected extensively by tsd over the past several years using both mercury vapor light and ultraviolet light . antaeotricha floridella occurs in both plant communities , as well as in strict scrub habitat with minimal canopy not surveyed by tsd . in the sandhill community , the common species of pine is pinus palustris miller ( longleaf pine ) , and the common species of oak is quercus laevis . the leaves of turkey oak are deciduous , mostly falling in september and october , with a few leaves remaining on the trees during the winter . new foliage begins to appear in march and april . in the sand pine community , the predominant pine is pinus clausa chapman ex engelmann ( sand pine ) , and the common oak is quercus myrtifolia . in ocala national forest , myrtle oak tends to be a thicket - forming shrub . leaves are \u201ctardily deciduous , \u201d meaning that a few leaves fall during the winter months , but the majority of leaf fall occurs during late february and march , just as the trees begin to flower and new leaves develop . quercus geminata is also tardily deciduous ( godfrey 1988 ) . the type locality of antaeotricha floridella has quercus geminata , quercus laevis , and quercus hemisphaerica in abundance , and quercus myrtifolia and quercus nigra in small numbers .\nantaeotricha albulella : fl , collier co . fakahatchee strand , mgcl 1953\u2642 ; fl , collier co . , usnm slide 76303\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , duval co . , usnm slide 76306\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , escambia co . , mgcl 1691\u2640 ; fl , highlands co . , mgcl 1699\u2640 ( fsca ) , usnm slides 76318\u2640 , 76252\u2640 ( nmnh ) ; fl , hillsborough co . , mgcl 1686\u2642 ; fl , lee co . , usnm slide 76304\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , levy co . , mgcl 1681\u2642 ; fl , miami - dade co . , mgcl 495\u2642 ( fsca ) , usnm slides 76302\u2640 , 135307\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , polk co . , usnm slide 76301\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , putnam co . , mgcl 1697\u2642 ; fl , sarasota co . , mgcl 1736\u2642 ; fl , volusia co . , usnm slide 135306\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; ga , emanuel co . ohoopee dunes , jeh 2970\u2642 ( mem ) ; la , st . john parish , mgcl 1671\u2640 ; la , st . john parish , mgcl 1747\u2642 ; md , kent co . , jeh 2756\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; md , kent co . , jeh 2765\u2640 ( nmnh ) ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 1670\u2642 ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 1793\u2640 ; tx , anderson co . , jeh 2753\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; tx , anderson co . , jeh 2754\u2640 ( nmnh ) ; va , virginia beach co . , jeh 2775\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; [ no locality ] , usnm slide 135305\u2642 ( nmnh ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\naphanoxena acrograpta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma actista meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : venezuela , palma sola ; british guiana , r . demerata\nstenoma admixta walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 170 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , dos arroyos , 1000ft\nstenoma adornata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 442 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nstenoma aequabilis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean ; godebert , r . maroni\nstenoma aggravata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma agrioschista meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 365 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 8000ft\nstenoma ammodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 176 , pl . 6 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma arachnia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ncryptolechia aratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 724 ; tl : ega\nargocorys ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 34\naphanoxena astynoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma atmospora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 209 ; tl : colombia , minero and sosomoco , 2650ft\naphanoxena balanocentra meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nstenoma ballista meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : french guiana , . maroni\ncryptolechia basiferella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 744 ; tl : ega\nstenoma basilaris busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 45 ; tl : alphajuela , porto bello ; trinidad r . , panama\ncryptolechia basirubrella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 719 ; tl : ega\nstenoma bathrotoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 189 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nstenoma bilinguis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nbracatingae ( k\u00f6hler , 1943 ) ( stenoma ) ; rev . soc . ent . arg . 12 : 28\nstenoma caenochytis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 415 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\nalphanoxena cantharitis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 490 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma caprimulga walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 33 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyae\ncapsiformis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 25\nstenoma carabodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 435 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma carbasea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo\ncaryograpta ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26\nstenoma ceratistes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma chalastis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 413 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nchalinophanes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 42\nstenoma chilosema meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 208 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nphalaena ( tinea ) cicadella sepp , [ 1830 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 20 ) : 183 , pl . 80\nstenoma cirrhoxantha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nstenoma cnemosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , para\nstenoma colposaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nstenoma comosa walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 161 , pl . 5 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\nstenoma compsoneura meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 217 ; tl : brazil , para ; french guiana , r . maroni\ncryptolechia confixella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 731 ; tl : ega\nstenopa coniopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nstenoma constituta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma constricta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 226 ; tl : colombia , mt . socorro , 12500ft\ncryptoleciha costatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 737 ; tl : ega\nstenoma cremastis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 194 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas ; brazil , manaos\nstenoma crypsiphaea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 190 ; tl : brazil , para\nstenoma cycnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nstenopa cymogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : peru , r . napo , iquitos\nbrachyloma decorosella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : montclair , n . j\nlarva on quercus ilicifolia , quercus marilandia duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35\nstenoma demas busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 223 ; tl : st . jean , maroni r . , french guiana\nstenoma demotica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma desecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\ncryptolechia destillata zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 283 ; tl : chiriqui\nstenoma diacta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma diplosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndirempta ( zeller , 1855 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 10 : 154 , pl . 1 , f . 4\nstenoma discalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\nstenoma discolor walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 164 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san ger\u00f3nimo\ndisjecta ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 368\nstenoma dissona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nstenoma doleropis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 421 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma dromica meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nstenoma elaeodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 , pl . 6 , f . 22 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ncryptolechia elatior felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 67 ; tl : amazonas\nepicrossa ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294\naphanoxena episimbla meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nstenoma ergates walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 185 , pl . 6 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma erotica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 534 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma exasperata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 533 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma falsidica meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : dutch guiana , berg - en - daal\nstenoma fasciatum busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 217 ; tl : cayenne , french guiana\nbritish guiana , french guiana , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]\nstenoma forreri walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 172 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , durango , presidio\nstenoma fractilinea walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 166 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma fractinubes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 32 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ncryptolechia frontalis zeller , 1855 ; linn . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 1 , f . 7\nstenoma fumifica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 , pl . 5 , f . 31 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\nstenoma glaphyrodes meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient ; brazil [ ? ] , iquitos\nstenoma glaucescens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma gypsoterma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma habilis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 427 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naedemoses haesitans walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 154 , pl . 5 , f . 21 ; tl : presidio , durango , mexico\nlarva on pithecellobium flexicaule duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41\nstenoma hemiscia walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 163 ; tl : guatemala , san ger\u00f3nimo\nstenoma heterosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naphanoxena homologa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma horizontias meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nnorth carolina , south carolina , missouri , tennessee , virginia , illinois , maryland , texas , indiana , new jersey , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 38\nhyalophanta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294\nstenoma ianthina walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\nstenoma imminens meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo\ncryptolechia impactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 742 ; tl : ega\nstenoma impedita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : peru , pacaya\ncryptolechia indicatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 732 ; tl : ega\nstenoma infecta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 254 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nstenoma infrenata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma innexa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 190 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nstenoma insidiana meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : french guiana , , r . maroni\n= stenoma disjecta ; meyrick , 1925 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 192 ; [ nhm card ]\niopetra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295\nstenoma ioptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma irene barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 28 , f . 7 , 9 , pl . 30 , f . 1 ; tl : brownsville , texas\nlarva on sida sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37\nstenoma irenias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nstenoma isochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 420 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma isomeris meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 711 ; tl : brazil , tijuco\nstenopa isoplintha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nisoporphyra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( asapharca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 286\nisosticta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 299\nithytona meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 514\nstenoma juvenalis meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 240 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nauxocrossa lacera zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 103\nstenoma lampyridella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 41 ; tl : cabima , panama\nstenoma lathiptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 425 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma laxa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 428 ; tl : venezuela , ciudad bolivar\nstenoma lebetias meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : french guiana , s . laurent\nstenoma lepidocarpa meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 239 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\npsephomeres leptogramma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 506\nnew hampshire , massachusetts , new york , pennsylvania , district of columbia , virginia , north carolina , na . georgia , alabama , arkansas , missouri , kansas , illinois , iowa , texas , oregon , louisiana , manitoba , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on pyracantha crenulata , malus sp . , vaccinium corymbosum , acer sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32\nleucocryptis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295\nstenoma lophoptycha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nstenoma lophosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nloxogrammos ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 367 , pl . 3 , f . 17\nstenoma lucrosa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins\nstenoma lunimaculata dognin , 1913 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 57 : 417 ; tl : san antonio , colombia , 2000m\nstenoma machetes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma macronota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 716 ; tl : colombia , naranjito , r . dagua , 3900ft ; dutch guiana , paramaribo\nstenoma mesosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 178 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma microtypa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma mitratella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : porto bello , panama\nstenoma modulata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : british guiana , bartica"]}
{"id": 2495, "summary": [{"text": "the white-winged woodpecker ( dendrocopos leucopterus ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan , china , iran , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , uzbekistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the white-winged woodpecker 's natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "white - winged woodpecker", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . white - winged woodpecker > > male 2 . white - winged woodpecker > > at nest hole 3 . white - winged woodpecker > > female 4 . white - winged woodpecker > > male 5 . white - winged woodpecker > > female 6 . white - winged woodpecker > > female\n22\u201323 cm ; 67 g . male has white forehead , black crown , red nape , black hindneck ; thin white line above eye , white cheeks and ear - coverts ( often stained ) ; black malar . . .\ndescription . on outer webs of pm 4 - 6 white occupies all feathers except black tips , or dominant white interrupts by the small black spots located usually on unequal distance from each other . white spot on folded wing formed by white of secondaries is larger than leptorhynchus . white on outer pair of tail feathers dominates , black bands are narrow , sometimes intermittent . throat , breast , upper - belly and forehead in fresh plumage may be slightly buffy - tinged . distribution . lives in deserts from eastern coast of aral sea to western foothills of tien shan and karatau .\ndescription . on outer webs of pm 4 - 6 black and white spots arranged in correct sequence , black spots usually occupy more space than white ones ; black dominates above white . white spot on folded wing formed by white of secondaries is less than albipennis . white on outer pair of tail feathers less distributed than black , the black bands are broad and always solid . throat , breast , upper - belly and forehead in fresh plumage are buffy - tinged in a varying degree . distribution . lives from lower reaches of chu river , karatau and western foothills of tien shan eastward to northern tien shan and foothills of dzhungarskiy alatau , including southern trans - balkhash area and ile and lepsy valleys\nwinkler , h . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . white - winged woodpecker ( dendrocopos leucopterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmale on breeding plumage seems more piebald than great spotted woodpecker at the expense of larger white patches on scapulars . forehead is cream color , crown is black metal - glossed , on the nape there are rather narrow red spot . mantle , rump and uppertail coverts are black ; cheeks are white bottom - bordered by the black strip reached to nape and forked in a back part of a head , one branch reaches to the breast , another one to the nape . the flight feathers are blackish - brown but in the end of the breeding season become lighter owing to fading . the flight feathers are with white spots on webs width up to 8 - 12 mm . on inner webs these spots almost reach the feather core ( start with pm4 ) . on secondaries white spots merge . the tail feathers are black , two central pairs are wedge - shaped and longer than outer one on 15 - 20 mm ; the outer feathers have brown and white spots on webs . the throat and the breast are white , the abdomen and undertail coverts are bright red . the female is similar to male , but slightly smaller and without red spot on nape . dark color of plumage of female is slightly paler than at male . juveniles in the first plumage have on head the golden - red crown and more pale plumage . unlike adults primaries of juveniles have white tips width of 2 - 2 , 5 mm . throat and breast are dirty - white . uppertail reddens later than at juveniles of great spotted woodpecker ; anyway at the end of july it has only pale - yellow color . they also have less or lack dark streaks on flanks and breast . generally very similar to great spotted woodpecker , features a large of white on the folded wing .\nmy first - ever photo of the white - winged crossbill was an exciting few moments and i\u2019m not disappointed with the result , but will embrace an opportunity to improve , also part of the fun . i\u2019ve captured quite a few pine siskins this winter , but this one made me laugh as it seemed to be wearing a little red cap !\ni think the eastern phoebe was a first of year sighting and photo for me , perhaps it was a little early . the white - breasted nuthatch was very accommodating for it\u2019s portrait . at the junction of the fox hole trail this pileated woodpecker challenged me with his constant movement and by staying mostly just out of sight . that\u2019s the fun of wildlife picture taking .\na member of the d . major species - group ( which see ) ; has hybridized very occasionally with d . major . birds of the turkestan uplands , described as race leptorhynchus , tend to be less white , but difference minor and not constant , and racial separation regarded as unwarranted ; named races albipennis ( se turkmenia ) , jaxartensis ( lower r syr darya ) , korejevi ( sw alatau mts ) and spangenbergi ( chatkal tau , e uzbekistan ) likewise insufficiently differentiated . monotypic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species appears to be common ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndrum roll of male on telegraph post . seemingly utilising both wood and metal parts of telegraph pole !\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ne of aral sea to s kazakhstan , n & w kyrgyzstan ( n to s tip of l balkhash ) and w china ( n xinjiang to karamay and lop nur ) , and s to sw turkmenia ( possibly also extreme ne iran ) and ne afghanistan in w and chinese turkestan ( s to edge of kunlun shan ) in e .\negg - laying from late mar to apr . nest - hole at 1\u20135 m in softwood tree ( e . g . poplar , willow , walnut ) , also recorded in slope of . . .\nnot globally threatened . previously considered near threatened . appears to be common within its range . little - known species ; further study required , especially of its ecology .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dendrocopos leucopterus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbreeds in mountain and riparian forests , saxaul groves in deserts of southern kazakhstan and central asia , and also northern afghanistan and western china . please see the detailed distribution in kazakhstan in the section subspecies .\nrare resident . inhabits the riparian and saxaul plain forests , groves , old shelterbelts . on pskem and ugam ridges lives in gardens and mixed walnut forests on valleys , at altitudes up to 2000 m . breeds in separate pairs at distance 300 - 500 m one from another , nest is located in tree holes ( asiatic poplar , willow , apple - tree , elm , walnut or saxaul ) at height 0 . 5 - 5 m above the ground . clutch of 4 - 5 eggs is laid in mid - april to mid - may . both parents incubate clutch and fed juveniles , which fledge in end june to early july . broods with parents recorded until september . re - nesting after loss of first clutch is common .\n\u00ab\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 . \u0430 . \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 . \u0442\u043e\u043c 3 . \u0438\u0437\u0434 . \u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u0441\u0440 . \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430 - \u0430\u0442\u0430 - 1970 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .\nthe birds of kazakhstan\n. almaty , 2005 . \u044d . \u0438 . \u0433\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 .\n\u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\n. \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b , 1999 .\nall rights to materials published on site ( photos , videos , articles ) are owned by authors . to use materials please contact the author .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 572 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndata . votes [ b ] ? a : b ; } ) ; var colors = { } ; var cands = { } ; var tooltips = { } ; for ( var i = 0 ; i < data . candidates . length ; i + + ) { var chunk = 360 / data . candidates . length ; colors [ data . candidates [ i ] . id ] =\nhsla (\n+ math . round ( i * chunk ) +\n, 60 % , 70 % , 1 . 0 )\n; cands [ data . candidates [ i ] . id ] = data . candidates [ i ] } jquery ( ' div . widget . bpc _ fauxmap _ widget div . legend . header ' ) . text ( data . meta . party +\n+ data . meta . officename +\n+ data . meta . racetype ) ; jquery . each ( data . counties , function ( cname , cobj ) { var county _ total = object . values ( cobj . votes ) . reduce ( function ( acc , val ) { return acc + val ; } ) ; var county _ winner = parseint ( object . keys ( cobj . votes ) . reduce ( function ( a , b ) { return cobj . votes [ a ] > cobj . votes [ b ] ? a : b ; } ) ) ; / / create tool tip var container = jquery ( '\n' ) ; container . find ( ' . header ' ) . text ( cname . charat ( 0 ) . touppercase ( ) + cname . substr ( 1 ) +\ncounty\n) ; for ( var i = 0 ; i < data . candidates . length ; i + + ) { var item =\n; container . find ( ' ul ' ) . append ( jquery ( item ) ) ; } tooltips [ cname ] = container ; jquery ( ' # tooltip - ' + cname ) . remove ( ) ; jquery ( ' body ' ) . append ( tooltips [ cname ] ) ; / / path stuff var cpath = jquery ( ' path # ' + cname ) ; var thistooltip = jquery ( ' # tooltip - ' + cname ) ; $ ( cpath ) . hover ( function ( ) { thistooltip . addclass ( ' active ' ) ; $ ( cpath ) . addclass ( ' hovered ' ) ; } , function ( ) { thistooltip . removeclass ( ' active ' ) ; $ ( cpath ) . removeclass ( ' hovered ' ) ; } ) ; $ ( document ) . on ( ' mousemove ' , function ( e ) { thistooltip . css ( { left : e . pagex , top : e . pagey - ( thistooltip . height ( ) + 30 ) } ) ; } ) ; if ( county _ total > 0 ) { var cwinnername = cands [ total _ winner ] . fname +\n+ cands [ total _ winner ] . fname ; console . log ( cname +\nleader is\n+ county _ winner +\n+ cands [ county _ winner ] . fname +\n+ cands [ county _ winner ] . lname ) ; cpath . attr ( ' fill ' , colors [ county _ winner ] ) ; } else { cpath . attr ( ' fill ' , ' # ccc ' ) ; } cpath . attr ( ' title ' , ) } ) ; } , error : function ( data ) { console . log (\najax error\n) ; } , } ) ; } , render _ race _ result : function ( rr _ id , r , title ) { / / console . log ( r ) var op _ title = jquery ( ' article . tease - ' + rr _ id + ' . rr _ header h3 a ' ) var op _ list = jquery ( ' article . tease - ' + rr _ id + ' . rr _ content ul . race - options ' ) ; var new _ title = ( r [ ' error ' ] ) ? op _ title . text ( ) : title ; op _ title . text ( new _ title ) ; if ( r [ ' error ' ] ) { var op _ div = jquery (\n) ; op _ list . empty ( ) ; op _ list . append ( op _ div ) ; } else { var total _ votes = object . values ( r . votes ) . reduce ( function ( acc , val ) { return acc + val ; } ) ; var cands = { } ; op _ list . empty ( ) ; for ( var i = 0 ; i < r . candidates . length ; i + + ) { var op = r . candidates [ i ] ; cands [ r . candidates [ i ] . id ] = r . candidates [ i ] var vote _ percent = math . round ( parseint ( r . votes [ op . id ] ) / total _ votes * 100 ) ; vote _ percent = ( number . isnan ( vote _ percent ) ) ? 0 : vote _ percent ; var winner =\n; if ( op [ ' called ' ] ! = false ) winner =\n) . attr ( ' style ' , ' width : ' + vote _ percent + ' % ' ) ) . append ( jquery (\n) . text ( op [ ' fname ' ] +\n+ op [ ' lname ' ] +\n+ r . votes [ op . id ] +\n) ) ) . append ( jquery (\n) . text ( vote _ percent + ' % ' ) ) ; op _ div . find (\nspan . pvotes\n) . prepend ( jquery ( winner ) ) ; if ( winner ! =\n) op _ div . find (\ndiv . progress\n) . addclass ( ' winner ' ) ; else op _ div . find (\ndiv . progress\n) . removeclass ( ' winner ' ) ; op _ list . append ( op _ div ) ; } ; op _ list . parent ( ) . find ( ' div . ptr ' ) . text (\nprecincts reporting\n+ r . precincts . reporting +\nof\n+ r . precincts . total ) ; } } }\ni finally stopped procrastinating a hike on the stillwater river trail in orono . it\u2019s part of the great orono land trust trail system . i enjoyed the walk , and some critters humored me with their presence .\nthe first of year groundhog was seen in a field off college avenue . a walk on the mclaughlin road on sunkhaze meadows national wildlife refuge netted this wind - blown bee fly , although common , and a member of the fly family , this is only the second time i\u2019ve seen and photographed one .\nhave feedback ? want to know more ? send us ideas for follow - up stories .\none merchants plaza , p . o . box 1329 , bangor , me , 04402 - 1329 \u2014\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2501, "summary": [{"text": "pyrobombus is a subgenus of bumblebees , with its centres of diversity in central asia and north-western north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the subgenus contains the following species : bombus abnormis ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus ardens smith , 1879 bombus avanus ( skorikov , 1938 ) bombus beaticola ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus bifarius cresson , 1878 bombus bimaculatus cresson , 1863 bombus biroi vogt , 1911 bombus brodmannicus vogt , 1909 bombus caliginosus ( frison , 1927 ) bombus centralis cresson , 1864 bombus cingulatus wahlberg , 1854 bombus cockerelli franklin , 1913 bombus ephippiatus say , 1837 bombus flavescens smith , 1852 bombus flavifrons cresson , 1863 bombus frigidus smith , 1854 bombus haematurus kriechbaumer , 1870 bombus huntii greene , 1860 bombus hypnorum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) bombus impatiens cresson , 1863 bombus infirmus ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus infrequens ( tkalcu , 1989 ) bombus jonellus ( kirby , 1802 ) bombus kotzschi reinig , 1940 [ sic ] bombus lapponicus ( fabricius , 1793 ) bombus lemniscatus skorikov , 1912 bombus lepidus skorikov , 1912 bombus luteipes richards , 1934 bombus melanopygus nylander , 1848 bombus mirus ( tkalcu , 1968 ) bombus mixtus cresson , 1878 bombus modestus eversmann , 1852 bombus monticola smith , 1844 ? bombus oceanicus friese , 1909 bombus parthenius richards , 1934 bombus perplexus cresson , 1863 bombus picipes richards , 1934 bombus pratorum ( linnaeus , 1761 ) bombus pressus ( frison , 1935 ) bombus pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez , 1880 bombus rotundiceps friese , 1916 bombus sandersoni franklin , 1913 bombus sitkensis nylander , 1848 bombus sonani ( frison , 1934 ) bombus subtypicus ( skorikov , 1914 ) bombus sylvicola kirby , 1837 bombus ternarius say , 1837 bombus vagans smith , 1854 bombus vandykei ( frison , 1927 ) bombus vosnesenskii radoszkowski , 1862 bombus wangae williams et al. , 2009 ? bombus wilmattae cockerell , 1912", "topic": 22}], "title": "pyrobombus", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for pyrobombus yet . learn how to contribute .\ntaxonomic status : the peculiar b . pressus was first recognised to be a species of the subgenus pyrobombus by cameron et al . ( 2007 [ pdf ] ) .\nbombus ( pr . ) mirus ( tkalcu ) mirus ( tkalcu , 1968 a : 37 [ pyrobombus ] ) examined ? tibetanus friese , 1913 : 86 , examined , not of morawitz , 1887 : 202 ( = b . tibetanus ( morawitz ) ) 2 names\npart of the bumblebee phylogenetic tree including available pyrobombus species from an analysis of dna sequence data for five genes ( cameron et al . 2007 [ pdf ] ) . values above branches are bayesian posterior probabilities , values below branches are parsimony bootstrap values . alternative resolution from parsimony analysis is shown with dotted lines .\nbombus ( pr . ) infirmus ( tkalcu ) leucurus bischoff , 1936 : 8 , examined , not of bischoff & hedicke , 1931 : 391 ( = b . subtypicus ( skorikov ) ) infirmus ( tkalcu , 1968 a : 24 [ pyrobombus ] ) replacement name for leucurus bischoff , 1936 : 8 3 names\nbombus ( pr . ) subtypicus ( skorikov ) leucopygus morawitz in fedtschenko , 1875 : 3 , not of illiger , 1806 : 172 ( = b . hypnorum ( linnaeus ) ) [ leucopygos ( skorikov , 1914 b : 294 [ pratobombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] subtypicus ( skorikov , 1914 b : 294 [ pratobombus ] ) examined leucurus bischoff & hedicke , 1931 : 391 , replacement name for leucopygus morawitz in fedtschenko , 1875 : 3 kohistanensis ( tkalcu , 1989 : 49 [ pyrobombus ] ) examined 11 names\nin his original description of b . flavifrons , cresson ( 1863 ) conceded that this might be the same species as kirby ' s b . praticola , and he went on to write ( p . 106 ) that he had not yet identified b . praticola . franklin ( 1913 : 371 ) wrote that he had ' been unable to decide whether the original description of b . praticolus [ sic ] referred to this species [ b . flavifrons ] or to the colour variant of pleuralis [ intermediate colour patterns between b . flavifrons and b . pleuralis ] . ' milliron ( 1971 : 42 ) subsequently listed pyrobombus praticola flavifrons ( cr . ) as a member of his ' praticola group ' .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n/\nnumber of species in equal - area ( 611 , 000 km\u00b2 ) grid cells with an equal - interval blue scale .\nhabitat : mountain - meadow , forest , grassland , semi - desert , and tropical montane forest . this subgenus includes species of both the arctic tundra and tropical hill forests .\nfood - plants : short to medium tongue - length bumblebees visiting shallow to medium flowers . workers often have particularly small body sizes and are more likely than many other bumblebee species to visit flowers where they have to hang upside down . they also provide ' buzz ' pollination .\nnesting behaviour : nests underground or on the surface . non - pocket makers . colonies are often small with a short cycle . some species have more than one colony cycle per year .\ntaxonomic status : b . pleuralis and b . flavifrons have usually been regarded as conspecific , but they were regarded as separate species by franklin ( 1913 ) , and more recently poole ( 1996 ) lists them as separate species without explanation . in my opinion , the lectotype of b . pleuralis designated by milliron ( 1960 : 95 ) is an individual of the dark form of b . flavifrons ( see descriptions of variation by e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ) . see also the comments on b . mixtus .\nalthough b . pleuralis is the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , the name b . flavifrons has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp , 1969 , 1970 ; plowright & stephen , 1973 ; macior , 1975 ; sakagami , 1976 ; hurd , 1979 ; plowright & owen , 1980 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; laverty & harder , 1988 ) . i know of no publications using the name b . pleuralis since 1950 , apart from the list by poole ( 1996 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage should be maintained ( in prep . ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . melanopygus and b . edwardsii were shown by owen & plowright ( 1980 ) to differ by a single pair of alleles at one locus controlling the colour of the pubescence on gastral terga ii - iii . there can be little doubt that they are conspecific ( owen et al . , 2010 ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . sylvicola is morphologically closely similar to b . lapponicus , and it has been suggested repeatedly that they are conspecific ( e . g . sladen , 1919 ; skorikov , 1922 a , 1937 ; pittioni , 1942 , 1943 ; thorp , 1962 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ) .\nevidence from comparisons of dna sequences from the 16s gene is not strong but consistent with the two taxa being separate species ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as two separate species . see also the comments on b . monticola .\nbombus ( pr . ) monticola smith montanus smith , 1844 : 549 , not of lepeletier , [ 1835 ] : 463 ( = b . ruderarius ( m\u00fcller ) ) monticola smith , 1849 : lx , replacement name for montanus smith , 1844 : 549 lugubris sparre - schneider , 1909 : 155 , not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 159 ( = b . maxillosus ( klug ) ) norvegicus friese , 1911 : 571 scandinavicus friese , 1912 : 684 , replacement name for lugubris sparre - schneider , 1909 : 255 29 names\ntaxonomic status : b . scandinavicus ( = b . monticola ) and b . lapponicus are names that were applied initially to two colour forms in scandinavia .\nl\u00f8ken ( 1973 ) reported that these two taxa overlap narrowly in distribution and intergrade . however , they have been found to differ consistently ( for the samples analysed ) in the composition of cephalic secretions ( bergstr\u00f6m & svensson , 1973 ; svensson & bergstr\u00f6m , 1977 ) . svensson ( 1973 , 1979 ) also described subtle differences in morphological characters , although other morphological studies by l\u00f8ken ( 1973 ) and pekkarinen ( 1979 ) found no distinct differences . pekkarinen ( 1982 , in litt . ) now believes that they are separate species . however , from a study of sequence data from coi genes , koulianos ( 1999 ) suggests that they are likely to be conspecific .\nit remains possible that there is a hybrid zone in scandinavia where the colour forms b . monticola and b . lapponicus intergrade , with some gene flow . in this case , depending on the species concept embraced , these taxa might be considered conspecific ( see the comments on b . ruderatus ) . until further evidence is available , i shall continue to treat them as separate species .\nintroductions : until the twentieth century b . monticola was not known in ireland , where it is now established ( see references in alford , 1975 , 1980 ) ( see comments on b . pratorum ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . andamanus was described as originating from ' andaman ' ( = andaman islands , indian ocean ) , but appears to be a mislabelled queen of b . bifarius ( tkalcu , 1966 ) . i have examined this specimen and agree with this identification ( i . e . contrary to richards , 1929 b , it is not a species of the subgenus bombus s . str . ) .\nintroductions : in 1999 i was shown a photo of a specimen of this species that had been collected in queensland , australia , where it must have been introduced . see thorp ( 2003 ) .\nintroductions : this species has been introduced into mexico and california , which are outside its native range ( thorp , 2003 ) .\ntaxonomic status : b . folsomi was described as originating from ' kina bala / n . borneo ' ( = gunung kinabalu , sabah ) , but appears to be a mislabelled queen of b . ephippiatus , probably from costa rica or panama ( starr , 1989 ) . i have examined this specimen and agree with this identification .\nthe taxa wilmattae , alboniger and b . ephippiatus have been regarded both as conspecific and as separate species . b . ephippiatus and wilmattae were regarded as separate species by labougle et al . ( 1985 ) and labougle ( 1990 ) , who described diagnostic characters of colour pattern and morphology . however , d . yanega ( in litt . ) and g . chavarr\u00eda ( pers . com . ) believe that all of these nominal taxa are part of the widespread and variable b . ephippiatus .\nvery extensive studies of dna variation by duennes et al . ( 2016 ) show these taxa ( 1 ) separately not all to be monophyletic and ( 2 ) bgmyc analysis of the coi gene shows the entire mesoamerican complex to be unambiguously a single species . i shall treat them as parts of one species .\nbombus ( pr . ) hypnorum ( linnaeus ) hypnorum ( linnaeus , 1758 : 579 [ apis ] ) examined leucopygus illiger , 1806 : 172 calidus erichson in middendorff , 1851 : 65 fletcheri richards , 1934 : 90 , examined insularis sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 : 180 , not of smith , 1861 : 155 ( = b . insularis ( smith ) ) koropokkrus sakagami & ishikawa , 1972 : 610 , replacement name for insularis sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 : 180 29 names\ntaxonomic status : b . hypnorum is a broadly distributed species with a fairly easily recognised brown - black - white colour pattern ( e . g . reinig , 1939 ; williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . it is possibly a complex of similar cryptic species .\ndistribution : palaearctic , japanese , oriental regions , arctic border . the first definite record of this species from britain was in 2001 ( goulson & williams , 2001 [ pdf ] ) . it has since been recorded from several sites in southern england .\nphotograph : the first definite british specimen , in the collection of the natural history museum , london .\ntaxonomic status : although long regarded as a separate species ( but see williams , 1991 [ pdf ] : 71 ) , on the basis of dna - sequence data hines et al . ( 2006 [ pdf ] ) and cameron et al . ( 2007 [ pdf ] ) have questioned whether b . perplexus might be conspecific with b . hypnorum . however , there are consistent morphological differences in the available samples .\nbombus ( pr . ) lepidus skorikov lepidus skorikov , 1912 : 606 , examined genitalis friese , 1913 : 85 , examined tetrachromus friese , 1918 : 85 , examined , not of cockerell , 1909 : 397 ( = b . kashmirensis friese ) yuennanicola bischoff , 1936 : 7 , examined 8 names\ntaxonomic status : b . lepidus and b . yuennanicola have been considered both as separate species ( bischoff , 1936 ) and as conspecific ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from five genes is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) .\nbombus ( pr . ) picipes richards flavus friese , 1905 : 517 , examined , not of p\u00e9rez , 1884 : 265 ( = b . campestris ( panzer ) ) picipes richards , 1934 : 90 , examined klapperichi pittioni , 1949 : 266 , examined 6 names\nnomenclature : with psithyrus regarded as being a subgenus of the genus bombus ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] , 1995 [ pdf ] ) , b . pratorum subsp . flavus friese ( 1905 ) becomes a junior secondary homonym in bombus of psithyrus campestris var . flavus p\u00e9rez ( 1884 ) ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , and therefore b . flavus friese is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 ) . for this species , the oldest available name of which i am aware is b . parthenius var . picipes richards , 1934 ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , which becomes the valid name , b . picipes . the only publications using the name b . flavus friese since 1950 of which i am aware are by sakagami ( 1972 ) , ito ( 1993 ) and yao & luo ( 1997 ) , so this change of valid name is not a serious disruption of common usage .\nbombus ( pr . ) kotzschi reinig agnatus skorikov , 1933 b : 248 , examined , not of skorikov , 1912 : 97 ( = b . monticola smith ) kotzschi reinig , 1940 : 227 , examined 2 names\ntaxonomic status : several of these nominal taxa have been treated as separate species . b . rufoflavus [ peninsular malaysia ] and b . baguionensis [ philippines ] are particularly distinct in colour pattern . they may prove to be separate species , but from the material available from a few sites , they appear to be closely similar in morphology to b . flavescens ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .\nbombus ( pr . ) pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez , [ 1880 , see baker , 1996 d : 300 ] : 127 , not of lepeletier , 1832 : 375 ( = b . rupestris ( fabricius ) ) tenuifasciatus vogt , 1909 : 49 [ pyreneus pagliano , 1995 : 23 , incorrect subsequent spelling ] 16 names\nnomenclature : with psithyrus regarded as being a subgenus of the genus bombus ( williams , 1991 , 1995 ) , b . pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez ( 1880 ) becomes a junior secondary homonym in bombus of psithyrus pyrenaeus lepeletier ( 1832 ) , and therefore b . pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 ) . the next available name , tenuifasciatus , was used by vogt ( 1909 ) for individuals with particular colour patterns from both b . pyrenaeus p\u00e9rez and b . sichelii . the choice of which of these two homonyms should have precedence depends on the principle of the first reviser ( iczn , 1999 : article 24 ) . as far as i have been able to discover , tkalcu ( 1973 : 266 ) is the first author to have recognised this problem . he recognised precedence for b . pyrenaeus ssp . tenuifasciatus vogt . consequently , the oldest available name for this species , and therefore the valid name , is b . tenuifasciatus .\nalthough b . tenuifasciatus is the oldest available name for this species , the name b . pyrenaeus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . krusemen , 1958 ; tkalcu , 1969 , 1973 , 1975 ; reinig , 1972 , 1981 ; delmas , 1976 ; rasmont , 1983 ; ornosa , 1986 ; williams , 1991 ; rasmont et al . , 1995 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) . however , the consequence of this action would be that pyrenaeus ( lepeletier ) would no longer be available for a subspecies of b . rupestris .\nbombus ( pr . ) wangae williams et al . wangae williams et al . , 2009 : 159 , examined 1 name\nintroductions : this species was deliberately introduced into sydney , australia , but is not known to have persisted ( oliff , 1895 ) . until the twentieth century , b . pratorum was not known in ireland , where it is now well established ( see references in alford , 1975 , 1980 ) ( see comments on b . monticola ) .\nbombus ( pr . ) mixtus cresson praticola kirby , 1837 : 274 mixtus cresson , 1878 : 186 , not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 160 ( = b . maxillosus klug ) 3 names\ntaxonomic status : the identity of b . praticola has remained uncertain ( e . g . cresson , 1863 ; franklin , 1913 ) . recently , poole ( 1996 ) has listed b . praticola , b . mixtus and b . flavifrons as separate species without explanation .\nalthough i know of no type material , kirby provided a description of b . praticola from northern canada ( latitude 65\u00b0 north ) with a colour pattern ( including anterior half of abdomen yellow , posterior ferruginous ) that for individuals from this area is most likely to be conspecific with either b . mixtus ( some individuals have few black hairs on gastral terga ii - iii ) , or conspecific with b . flavifrons ( which has terga v - vi black , although this is not always apparent from the dorsal view ) .\nhowever , from the original description i believe that the original material was more likely to have been of the species that has come to be known as b . mixtus . see the comments on b . flavifrons .\nnomenclature : b . praticola is probably the oldest available name for this species . any remaining confusion could be resolved by the designation of an appropriate neotype ( e . g . see the comments on b . subterraneus ) .\nalthough b . praticola is probably the oldest available name for this species , the name b . mixtus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . stephen , 1957 ; thorp , 1970 ; plowright & stephen , 1973 ; k . w . richards , 1973 ; macior , 1975 ; sakagami , 1976 ; hurd , 1979 ; plowright & owen , 1980 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; laverty & harder , 1988 ; macfarlane et al . , 1994 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) . however , the consequence of this action would be that mixtus ( kriechbaumer ) would no longer be available for a subspecies of b . maxillosus .\ntaxonomic status : b . alboanalis has been regarded both as a separate species ( franklin , 1913 ; frison , 1927 ) and as conspecific with either b . frigidus ( burks , 1951 ; hurd , 1979 ; poole , 1996 ) or b . jonellus ( williams , 1991 [ pdf ] : 78 [ as b . jonellus from western canada ] ; scholl et al . , 1995 ) .\nrecently , scholl et al . ( 1995 ) concluded from studies of enzyme mobility morphs that b . alboanalis and b . frigidus have separate gene pools , but that b . alboanalis and b . jonellus show a low level of genetic differentiation . they also noted the lack of colour gradation between sympatric b . alboanalis and b . frigidus .\nfrom the limited amount of material i have examined , i believe that b . alboanalis and b . jonellus are morphologically closely similar . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .\ntaxonomic status : b . oceanicus is known only from the kurile islands . a particularly close relationship with the otherwise broadly distributed b . cingulatus ( absent from the kuriles , but present in kamchatka , reinig , 1939 ; ito & sakagami , 1980 ) has been suggested by ito & sakagami ( 1980 ) and it is possible that they are conspecific . more evidence is awaited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmidleg with rounded angle . the faces and malar space are variable in length but tend to be intermediate between the cullumanobombus ( shorter ) and the thoracobombus ( longer ) . the hair coat of many species is relatively long and shaggy but less so than in alpinobombus . eye of male normal ( not enlarged )\nspecies identification is often difficult , as their are many similar species that mimic each other .\nholarctic group ; ~ 30 spp . are in the palaearctic ; in our area , all 19 spp . occur in the us , 17 also in canada , 2 range into mexico ( there are 2 more spp . in mexico & c . america to panama )\nthe subgenus is particular common in temperate climates and less well represented in xeric or truly boreal regions .\nflight season typically long . queens of many species emerge early . some such as bimaculatus and perplexus produce reproductives in summer and end activity soon after , whereas other species such as impatien persist until very late fall .\nfloral associations diverse and variable depending on tongue length . this subgenus includes some of the most important pollinators of crops such as apples and blueberries .\nthis subgenus includes some of the most common species . most seem to be persisting or even increasing unlike species in other subgenera such as bombus ( bombus ) that have declined severely .\nmost orange - banded bumble bees belong to this subgenus ( b . ( cullumanobombus ) rufocinctus is the exception )\ncontributed by beatriz moisset on 18 november , 2008 - 9 : 15pm additional contributions by ted kropiewnicki , john s . ascher , ceiseman , v belov last updated 19 march , 2014 - 11 : 02pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nzoe foster set\nimage of bombus impatiens\nas an exemplar on\nbombus impatiens cresson , 1863\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 2505, "summary": [{"text": "chrysichthys depressus is a species of bagrid catfish endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only found near boma .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was formerly known as gnathobagrus depressus , now chrysichthys depressus . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "gnathobagrus depressus", "paragraphs": ["showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ngnathobagrus depressus\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ngnathobagrus depressus\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 180200 . tif [ 2390348 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm lateral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 180201 . tif [ 2236768 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm ventral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 187714 . tif [ 637068 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 31 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm lateral view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 180198 . tif [ 2482700 ] approved = yes submission by : stiassny , melanie on 2006 - 03 - 22 photographed by : stiassny , melanie gnathobagrus depressus amnh 6647 holotype standard length : 201 mm dorsal view copyright melanie stiassny , all rights reserved .\ngreek , chrysos = golden + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : only known from the type locality at boma ( lower congo river basin ) , democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 41594 , 58032 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3236 )\nrisch , l . m . , 1986 . bagridae . p . 2 - 35 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00369 - 0 . 01962 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\nfrickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas \u2013 fishes . \u2013mergus \u2013 publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .\nlahti , s . , malmstr\u00f6m , k . k . , koli , l . , leikola , a . , syrj\u00e4m\u00e4ki , j . & lahti , j . , 1980 : zoo , suuri el\u00e4inkirja 5 : kalat , sammakkoel\u00e4imet , matelijat . \u2013werner s\u00f6derstr\u00f6m osakeyhti\u00f6 , porvoo - helsinki - juva , 1980 . original work [ in french ] : beaut\u00e9 du monde animal : ix reptiles / amphibiens & x poissons . \u2013rizzoli editore , milano , 1968\nmurray , a . m . & stewart , k . m . , 2001 : late eocene and early oligocene teleost fishes from fay\u0171m , egypt . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 21 , # 3 , supplement to # 3 , pp . 82a\nng , h . h . , 2008 : a new species of nanobagrus ( teleostei : bagridae ) from southern borneo . \u2013copeia : vol . 2008 , # 1 , pp . 93 - 98 [ doi : 10 . 1643 / ci - 07 - 001 ]\nnelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . \u2013john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600\nng , h . h . & freyhof , j . , 2005 : a new species of pseudomystus ( teleostei : bagridae ) from central vietnam . \u2013copeia : vol . 2005 [ 105 ] , # 4 , pp . 745 - 750\nsullivan , j . p . , lundberg , j . g . & hardman , m . , 2006 : a phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) using rag 1 and rag 2 nuclear gene sequences . \u2013molecular phylogenetics and evolution : vol . 41 , # 3 , pp . 636 - 662 [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 05 . 044 ]"]}
{"id": 2507, "summary": [{"text": "fusinus vitreus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "fusinus vitreus", "paragraphs": ["subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815\nfusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) : synonym of chryseofusus graciliformis\nbuzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors\nfasciolariidae - genera 1926 \u2020 subfamily fusininae fusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 synonym of fusinus rafinesque , 1815 africolithes eames , 1957 \u2020 amiantofusus fraussen , kantor . . . microfulgur finlay marwick , 1937 genera brought into synonymy aptyxis troschel , 1868 synonym of fusinus rafinesque , 1815 barbarofusus grabau shimer , 1909 synonym of fusinus rafinesque . . . adams , 1853 synonym of fusinus rafinesque , 1815 tarantinaea monterosato , 1917 synonym of fasciolaria lamarck , 1799 . . .\ndall w . h . ( 1927 ) . small shells from dredgings off the southeast coast of the united states by the united states fisheries steamer\nalbatross\n, in 1885 and 1886 . proceedings of the united states national museum , 70 ( 18 ) : 1 - 134 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na collection , from the literature and from individual experts , of traits relating to mineralogy , growth form , lifestyle and reproduction of marine or primarily marine taxonomic groups . last indexed march 16 , 2015\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nmemorias de la real academia de ciencias exactas , f\u00edsicas y naturales de madrid , vol . 16 : \u00fabeda ; estudio sistem\u00e1tico de las bases org\u00e1nicas de origen\nthe annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany , and geology , 1903 , vol . 12 ( classic reprint )\nmalakozoologische blatter fur 1877 , vol . 24 : als fortsetzung der zeitschrift fur malakozoologie ( classic reprint )\nhistoire naturelle des insectes , vol . 7 : species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ; noctu\u00e9lites , tome iii ( classic reprint )\ntransactions and proceedings and report of the royal society of south australia , vol . 20 : for 1895 - 6 ( classic reprint )\ndictionnaire classique d ' histoire naturelle , vol . 4 : chi - coz ( classic reprint )\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - africa - expedition 1907 - 1908 , vol . 3 : unter f\u00fchrung adolf friedrichs , herzogs zu mecklenburg ; zoolog\nzeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesammten naturwissenschaft , vol . 28 : heft vii . ; jahrgang 1866 , juli ( classic reprint )\ndie europaeischen schlangen , vol . 1 : kupferdrucktafeln nach photographien der lebenden tiere ( classic reprint )\nthe proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 58 : for the year 1933 ( classic reprint )\nurltoken & reg2000 - 2018 ; | webster srl - p . iva it03556440281 - all rights reserved\nfusus brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . placed by the iczn on the official index by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . )\nthis genus is known in the fossil records from the cretaceous to the quaternary ( age range : from 94 . 3 to 0 . 0 million years ago ) . fossils are found in the marine strata all over the worls . [ 3 ]\nsnyder , m . a . ( 2003 ) catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , special publication , 21 , iii + 1\u2013431\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 2512, "summary": [{"text": "lyclene acutiseriata is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by holloway in 2001 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests , but the species has also been recorded from cultivated areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 7 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "lyclene acutiseriata", "paragraphs": ["lyclene acutiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 161 , 166 ; tl : brunei , pengkalan batu agr . stn\nlyclene cumseriata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene labyrintha bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene lineidistincta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene malayproducta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene pectena bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene pingera bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene fruhstorferi aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 ; tl : java\nlyclene undulata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene valdenigra bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene venustula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene biseriata ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 154 , 169\nlyclene circumdata ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 163 , 168\nlyclene cuneigera ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 181 , 184\nlyclene peloa ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 204 , 207\nlyclene xanthopera ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 156 , 170\nlyclene x - linea bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene cuneifera ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 4a , 188 , 209\nlyclene\nsynestramena ; [ mob7 ] : 357 , pl . 4 , f . 192 , 195\nlyclene cuneigera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .\nlyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .\nlyclene ( nudariina ) ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288\nlyclene asaphes ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ( note )\nlyclene cylletona ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ( note )\nlyclene arcuata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene congerens ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene conjunctana ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene dasara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene goaensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene hollowai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene kishidai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene lutara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene metamelas ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene nebulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene nubilalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene toxodes ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene uncalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene undulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene atrigutta walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 116 ; tl : sarawak\nlyclene classeigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 183 ; tl : sarawak , kuching , semongok\nlyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nlyclene distributa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nlyclene distributa ; [ mob18 ] , 45 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 202 , 215\nlyclene angulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 206 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene apiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 153 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene peloa swinhoe , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 84 ) : 420 ; tl : padang , sumatra\nlyclene postseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 158 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene radians moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : calcutta\nlyclene unguifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 193 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , 5500ft\nlyclene obtusilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 174 , 179 ; tl : brunei , 1670m , bukit pagon\nlyclene puncakica dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ; tl : sulawesi selat , puncak , 27km w palopo\nlyclene angulifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 187 , 210 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene excaviseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 155 , 165 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene fusciramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 194 , 197 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene multiramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 354 , pl . 4 , f . 191 , 196 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene pseudobunda holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 171 , 182 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene areolifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 189 , 211 ; tl : n . borneo , mt . kina balu\nlyclene goaensis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 117 ; tl : india , goa , keri , 90m\nlyclene hollowai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 112 ; tl : india , gurajat , saputara , 970m\nlyclene kishidai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 110 ; tl : india , kerala , chendruni , 70m\nlyclene uncalis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : india , karnataka , medikeri , 1100m\nlyclene obscurilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 173 , 176 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m\nlyclene poring holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 160 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene ashleigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 180 , 185 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene diehli dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ; tl : nort sumatra , sindar raya , 98\u00b057 ' e , 3\u00b009 ' n\nlyclene falciseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 159 , 164 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene kepica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 6 ; tl : cambodia , kep , 10 . 494\u00b0n , 104 . 296\u00b0e , 51m\nlyclene mesilaulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 175 , 177 , 270 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m\nlyclene quadrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 162 , 167 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene pudibunda ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 172 , 186 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene kosterini dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 5 ; tl : cambodia , kampot , boko hill staion , 1030m , 10\u00b037 ' 37\nn 104\u00b001 ' 33\ne\nlyclene kontumica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum prov , 14\u00b045 ' - 15\u00b015 ' n ; 107\u00b021 ' - 108\u00b020 ' e\nlyclene semifascia ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 63 , pl . 103 , f . 7 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene zinchenkoi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 4 ; tl : thailand , phisanulok , 18km n nakhon , tail vil . , 426m , 17\u00b015 , 7 ' n , ; 100\u00b051 , 4 ' e\nhampson ( 1900 ) included the more lightly marked l . assamica moore as a synonym , but this needs confirmation . the male genitalia have valves with only the saccular process strong . the aedeagus has an unusual apical comb of spines , but the vesica is typical of lyclene with some scobination and a single , blade - like cornutus at the end of a diverticulum . the female genitalia have a bursa consistent with placement in lyclene but more heavily sclerotised than average , including an appendix - like structure that presumably receives the cornutus .\nlyclene weidenhofferi cern\u00fd , 2012 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121 ; tl : n . thailand , chiang mai , fang , doi ang khang , 1425m , 29\u00b054 ' 10\nn , 99\u00b02 ' 28\ne\nlyclene humilis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 32 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene linga ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 40 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene radians ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 37 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene spilosomoides ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene strigipennis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene dharma ; [ mob7 ] : 344 ( note ) ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene calamaria ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 203 , 214 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene obsoleta ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 190 , 198 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\n, possible 7mm . the size is as in biseriata , but the forewing central fascia is present . the valves have bilateral symmetry , the costal process diagnostically straight and acute . the aedeagus vesica has the cornuti well separate , the more basal one set on a diverticulum .\n1 ( slide 5210 ) sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) ; 2 ( slide 2713 ) sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8 ( j . d . holloway et al . ) , site 20 , mar . - april , w . melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas ; 1 sarawak as previous but site 23 , 250m . 430558 , feg 4 , limestone forest ; 1 ( slide 5427 ) sarawak as previous but site 11 , camp 1 , mulu , 150m . 385470 , mixed dipt . f . / river .\nthe species has been taken in a wide range of lowland forest types and in a cultivated area .\nasura lutaroides van eecke , 1926 , zool . meded . leiden , 9 : 289 , syn . n .\nsee under l . pudibunda above for distinction of cuneigera and allies . the holotype male of lutaroides has genitalia that match those of the bornean male ( slide 5329 ) collected by a . r . wallace . the original description refers to a male , but the specimen labelled as the type of cuneigera in bmnh is female ( slide 5318 ) , following hampson ( 1900 ) . the male genitalia have the saccular process with a distinctive \u2018ball and spur\u2019 apex , and the aedeagus vesica bears two large cornutus spines . the female has sclerotised disc - like pads on either side of the seventh segment . in balinese specimens the apical part of the male saccular process is more complex , and the female has double pads on each side of the seventh segment ( slides 5351 , 5360 ) .\nthe only material seen is that originally collected by a . r . wallace in sarawak , probably in the lowlands .\nthis species is recorded from a range of lowland forest types , including heath forest , and lower montane forest as high as 1000m .\n, 8 - 9mm . the facies is as in pudibunda , but the hindwing lacks a medial band . the male genitalia have only three cornuti ( two opposite one ) in the vesica rather than a row of five or more opposite a single one ; the valve lacks a central angle to the sacculus but has a complex round flap in the centre just dorsal to the sacculus . in the female the ductus is longer , with a deep cleft in the ostium .\nsarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8\n( slide 4771 ) as holotype but site 16 , march , long pala ( base ) , 70m 324450 , alluv . / secondary for . ; 1\nthe species is infrequent in lowland forest of various types : hill dipterocarp , heath and alluvial .\nthe species resembles a lighter yellow , more heavily marked version of peloa , the zig - zag postmedial being particularly intense and extending further basad into the medial zone subdorsally .\nthe only specimen seen is the male noted by hampson ( 1900 ) from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo . further confirmation of its occurrence in borneo would be valuable .\nasura acteola swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : siam , muok - lek\nasura intermedia marumo , 1923 ; j . coll . agric . imp . univ . tokyo , 8 ( 2 ) : 138 , pl . 3 , f . 2\nindia ( manipur , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal ) , ceylon , java , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nasura asaphes hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 , pl . 31 , f . 31 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura biseriata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 27 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura strigipennis ; barlow , 1982 , intr . moths of south east asia : 71\nmiltochrisa tibeta clara daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 312 ; tl : likiang\nlarva on artocarpus incisa moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30\nindia ( sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ) , bhutan . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854\nasura creatina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 ; [ nhm card ]\nnw . himalays , sikkim , assam , nilgiris , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista gilva daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 316 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang\nindia ( punjab , sikkim , nagas , nilgiris , moulmein ) , burma , java . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista ila ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45\nlarva on solanum indicum hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 431\nnudaria ? marginata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 274 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nsetina nebulosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 35 ; tl : darjiling\nmiltochrista nubilalis hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 115 ; tl : ganjam\nasura sp . 3 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : ( part ) 3 , f . 13 , pl . 1 , f . 13\nsikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , calcutta . see [ maps ]\nceylon , burma , sikkim , assam , s . india . see [ maps ]\nsikkim , assam , china ( chekiang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\nchina ( shanghai , chekiang ) , formosa , sikkim , assam , sumatra ? , java . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855\nasura synestramena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nmiltochrista tibeta daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 311 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : tibet , batang\nasura toxodes hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 856\nasura sp . 1 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3\ntricholepis xanthopera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : singapore\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachtr\u00e4ge\nnew lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia\nstudien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\non the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i\nnew species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai\ndescriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya\ndie gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schw\u00e4rmer\nlepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten\nnatuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 2517, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia argentea is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-western china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are off-white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia argentea", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nhave a fact about eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwhat a lovely catalog of larvae . never enough larvae pics to distinguish what is on my plant . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2521, "summary": [{"text": "bullia natalensis , the pleated plough shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family nassariidae , the nassa mud snails or dog whelks . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bullia natalensis", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is bullia natalensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the bullia natalensis species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of bullia natalensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species bullia natalensis .\nhow to identify bullia natalensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species bullia natalensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species bullia natalensis are marked in green .\nwhere is bullia natalensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species bullia natalensis can be found .\nnassariidae \u00bb bullia natalensis , id : 336258 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) callosa ( wood , 1828 ) represented as bullia callosa ( w . wood , 1828 )\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) similis g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 represented as bullia similis sowerby iii , 1897\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bullia natalensis ( c . f . f . von krauss , 1848 ) - id : 1951300070\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) persica e . a . smith , 1878 represented as bullia persica e . a . smith , 1878\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904 represented as bullia trifasciata e . a . smith , 1904\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as bullia ancillaeformis e . a . smith , 1906\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) osculata g . b . sowerby iii , 1900 accepted as bullia osculata ( sowerby iii , 1900 )\nspecies bullia gracilis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\nspecies bullia kraussi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\nspecies bullia scalaris w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\nspecies bullia thetis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia pura melvill , 1885\n( of bullia ( bullia ) natalensis ( krauss , 1848 ) ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nspecies bullia albanyana w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia rietensis w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia scitula w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia soluta w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )\nspecies bullia sowerbyi w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia laevissima ( gmelin , 1791 )\nspecies bullia spectrum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia subventricosa w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\nspecies bullia zenobia w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as bullia diluta ( krauss , 1848 )\n\u00bb species bullia ( bullia ) nitida ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1895 ) represented as bullia nitida g . b . sowerby iii , 1895\nsubgenus bullia ( adinus ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as bullia gray , 1833\nspecies bullia dulcis g . b . sowerby iii , 1921 accepted as bullia digitalis ( dillwyn , 1817 )\nspecies bullia pustulosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 accepted as bullia mozambicensis e . a . smith , 1878\nbullia natalensis - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nspecies bullia pellucida w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as annulobalcis pellucida ( w . h . turton , 1932 ) ( original combination )\nbullia mozambicensis was originally discovered and described by british malacologist edgar albert smith in 1877 . smith ' s original text ( the type description ) reads as follows :\n( of bullia ( bullia ) gray , 1833 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nallmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) allmon w . d . , 1990 [ 12 december ] . review of the bullia group ( gastropoda : nassariidae ) with comments on its evolution , biogeography , and phylogeny . bulletins of american paleontology 99 ( 335 ) : 179 pp . , 15 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bullia plicata redfield , 1848 ) marais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of bullia ( leiodomus ) swainson , 1840 ) galindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]\n( of buccinum natalense krauss , 1848 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nsouth africa . transkei coast . found in sand at surfs edge . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . june 1987 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nj . e . gray in e . griffith & e . pidgeon , 1834\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nsouth africa ( country ) for clathurella verrucosa g . b . sowerby iii , 1897\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngriffith , e . & pidgeon , e . ( 1833 - 1834 ) . the mollusca and radiata . vol . 12 , in : e . griffith , [ 1824 ] \u22121835 , the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , [ . . . ] . london : whittaker and co . , viii + 601 pp . , 61 pls . [ 1\u2212138 ( date of publication according to petit & coan , 2008 : pp 1 - 192 , mollusca pls . 1\u221239 - 1833 ; pp 193 - 601 , pls . zoophytes 2\u221220 , mollusca corrected pls . 28 * , 36 * , 37 * , pls . 40 - 41 - 1834 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 37 , fig . 8 ( legend ) [ details ]\nabbott , r . t . & s . p . dance ( 1986 ) . compendium of sea shells . american malacologists , inc : melbourne , florida [ details ]\ngalindo , l . a . ; puillandre , n . ; utge , j . ; lozouet , p . ; bouchet , p . ( 2016 ) . the phylogeny and systematics of the nassariidae revisited ( gastropoda , buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 337 - 353 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of leiodomus swainson , 1840 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of pseudostrombus m\u00f6rch , 1852 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\n( of adinus h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum 14 : 1 - 356 . [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .\nbranch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .\ncernohorsky w . o . ( 1984 ) . systematics of the family nassariidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . < i > bulletin of the auckland institute and museum < / i > 14 : 1 - 356 .\nmarais j . p . & kilburn r . n . ( 2010 ) nassariidae . pp . 138 - 173 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp ."]}
{"id": 2522, "summary": [{"text": "coenagrion hastulatum , the northern damselfly or spearhead bluet , is a damselfly in the family coenagrionidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is widespread and common in northern eurasia but is restricted to elevated or bog-like sites towards the west and south .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "in britain , it is confined to a few small lochans in scotland .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "c. hastulatum is 31 \u2013 33 millimetres ( 1.2 \u2013 1.3 in ) long .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the specific part of the scientific name , hastulatum , from the latin hastula ( small spear ) is because of the distinctive markings on the second segment of the abdomen that resembles a spear . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "coenagrion hastulatum", "paragraphs": ["arne w . lehmann marked\nfile : coenagrion hastulatum female ( 5902893676 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncoenagrion hastulatum\npage .\narne w . lehmann marked\nfile : coenagrion hastulatum male ( 5902337371 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncoenagrion hastulatum\npage .\narne w . lehmann set\nfile : coenagrion hastulatum 3 ( loz ) . jpg\nas an exemplar on\ncoenagrion hastulatum charpentier 1825\n.\ncoenagrion _ hastulatum _ m , _ 6 - 10 - 12 , _ kh , _ vladimdacha _ ( krasn . ) . jpg\nabundant in many parts of northern eurasia , but coenagrion hastulatum is isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .\narne w . lehmann marked\nfile : coenagrionhastulatummale . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncoenagrion hastulatum ( charpentier , 1825 )\npage .\nboth sexes have bright green undersides to the eyes and face and a coenagrion spur .\nthe majority of ongoing threats facing coenagrion hastulatum are agriculture based , including habitat destruction through crop - farming and plantations of woodland and water pollution . in the future , global warming may contribute to the success of this species .\njustification : coenagrion hastulatum has experienced declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia . there are a number of ongoing threats that will require the species to be monitored and studies are in place to do this .\nthe preferred habitat of coenagrion hastulatum includes a wide variety of pools and lakes in the north , but it is restricted to somewhat acidic and oligotrophic or mesotrophic habitats in much of its range . it favours well - vegetated borders , e . g . with sedges .\nthis species is easily confused with the other members of the genus coenagrion and with the common blue damselfly enallagma cyathigerum . look at s2 ( on the males ) for distinguishing characters . northern damselfly is a weak flyer and has a very restricted range . the females can be particularly tricky to distinguish apart .\nmale : segment 2 has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards \u2660\nspades\nsymbol ( see right ) . segment 8 and segment 9 are blue except for 2 small black spots on s9 .\nantennae with 6 segments and prominant spotting on the head . caudal lamellae long and narrow with distinct , dark nodal constriction and dark nodal line .\nthis species is restricted in the uk to sedge - fringed lochans in the scottish highlands .\nall photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission . all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise . the british dragonfly society is a registered charity , number 1168300 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere have been declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia .\nthere are a variety of conservation measures in place however more are needed . the maintenance and restoration of its preferred habitat is underway , as is the monitoring of the population status and trends .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nm section 2 of the abdomen has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards \u2660\nspades\nsymbol .\nis isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 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{"id": 2535, "summary": [{"text": "woolly aphids ( subfamily : eriosomatinae ) are sucking insects that live on plant fluids and produce a filamentous waxy white covering which resembles cotton or wool .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the adults are winged and move to new locations where they lay egg masses .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the nymphs often form large cottony masses on twigs , for protection from predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they occur throughout the northern hemisphere .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "many of the numerous species of woolly aphids have only one host plant species , or alternating generations on two specific hosts .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the woolly apple aphid , eriosoma lanigerum is a widespread pest of fruit trees , feeding principally on apple , but also , pears , hawthorn , ash , alders , elms and oaks .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in flight they have been described as looking like \" flying mice \" , and are given nicknames like \" angel flies \" , \" fluff bugs \" , \" fairy flies \" , and \" ash bugs \" \" snow bugs \" , \" fluffer fairy \" , \" poodle fly \" , \" fluffy gnats \" . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "eriosomatinae", "paragraphs": ["morphological phylogeny of gall - forming aphids of the tribe eriosomatinae ( aphididae : eriosomatinae ) .\nanother significant difference with other species of eriosomatinae is the shape and position of rectal bladder . in\nles according to the 3 tribes of eriosomatinae and the out - groups . \ue01ee genbank accession n\nevolutionary relationships of pemphigus and allied genera ( hemiptera : aphididae : eriosomatinae ) and . . .\nlook at wing venation for further clues in distinguishing among these . below is a pemphigus ( eriosomatinae ) for comparison .\nhoneydew from root aphids ( aphidae : eriosomatinae ) is an important part of the diet of the subterranean ant lasius nearcticus . new york , usa\ntype genus : eriosoma leach , 1818 ; origin of priority for family - group names not recorded in database . first use as eriosomatinae by baker , a . c . , 1920 .\nmany woolly aphids are in subfamily eriosomatinae . however , there are several exceptions ( and according to andrew jensen ,\nthere are examples of wax - covered aphids in almost all subfamilies .\n) :\n. . . in addition , in all higher - level phylogenetic studies of aphididae that have been conducted , neither aphid data ( vondohlen & moran 2000 ; ortiz - rivas et al . 2004 ; ortizrivas & mart \u0131nez - torres 2010 ) nor buchnera data ( nov akov a et al . 2013 ) supported the eriosomatinae as a monophyletic clade . its monophyly was also not corroborated in the morphological cladistic study ( zhang & chen 1999 ) and molecular phylogenetic analyses of eriosomatinae ( zhang & qiao 2008 ; li et al . 2014 ) . the subfamily eriosomatinae has been traditionally recognized as a monophylum based on the synapomorphy of sexuales apterous , dwarfish and lacking rostrum ( heie 1980 ; zhang et al . 1999a ) . . . .\n. . . in addition , in all higher - level phylogenetic studies of aphididae that have been conducted , neither aphid data ( von dohlen & moran 2000 ; ortiz - rivas et al . 2004 ; ortizrivas & mart \u0131nez - torres 2010 ) nor buchnera data ( nov akov a et al . 2013 ) supported the eriosomatinae as a monophyletic clade . its monophyly was also not corroborated in the morphological cladistic study ( zhang & chen 1999 ) and molecular phylogenetic analyses of eriosomatinae ( zhang & qiao 2008 ; li et al . 2014 ) . the subfamily eriosomatinae has been traditionally recognized as a monophylum based on the synapomorphy of sexuales apterous , dwarfish and lacking rostrum ( heie 1980 ; zhang et al . 1999a ) . . . .\n) , except of eriosomatinae , which were not studied in this respect . the existing differences concern mainly the lengths of particular segments of the tract . due to the lack of filter chamber , the adhering of the loops of crenated intestine to the ventral wall of the stomach may play the role of osmoregulation , as hypothesized for the pea aphid ( rhodes et al .\neriosomatinae , the gall - forming aphid subfamily , traditionally consists of 3 tribes , eriosomatini , pemphigini , and fordini . however , the phylogenetic relationships among these tribes remain controversial , which has made it difficult to conduct further investigation regarding the evolution of galls and host alternations in this group . we analyzed the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily eriosomatinae , combining sequences from 2 mitochondrial genes ( coi and coii ) and 2 nuclear genes ( ef - 1 alpha and lwo ) . the reconstructions were implemented based on single - gene and multigene datasets through 3 different reconstructing algorithms , respectively ; analyses with 5 different out - groups were also conducted . results revealed a large paraphyletic clade , in which there were 4 out - groups clustering between eriosomatini and the other 2 tribes . however , the monophyly of the 3 tribes was well supported by the obtained trees , respectively .\n. . . but the relationships among genera were not well supported with the position of the north american melaphis poorly resolved . using the mitochondrial coi and coii and the nuclear ef - 1a and lwo , li et al . ( 2014 ) constructed the relationships of subfamily eriosomatinae , sampling six genera of the melaphidina aphids . their results supported the monophyly of melaphidina , but the relationships among the melaphidina genera were only well supported by the bayesian posterior probabilities ( pp ) without strong bootstrap support ( bs ) . . . .\nas a conclusion , it must be stated that the alimentary tract of apterous viviparous female of anholocyclic population of g . utricualria consists of all anatomical organs typical of aphid subfamily eriosomatinae and constitutes a continuous tube . it is unlikely that g . setulosa may have differently built alimentary tract , since existing data on its foregut and hindgut fully agree with that of presented study on g . utricularia . however , taking into account complicated life cycle and heteroecy of geoica spp , . there is essential need for further studies to confirm whether the situation of geoica spp . ( and also various morphs of species in this genus ) is similar to that of g . utricularia or to that described by ponsen .\nthe analysis of b . aphidicola genes that follow an evolutionary pattern that agrees with the molecular clock hypothesis [ 12 , 13 ] can be used to estimate the divergence time between pairs of aphids . this is possible because two aphid species , acyrthosiphon pisum and schizaphis graminum belonging to two tribes of the subfamily aphidinae , have an estimated divergence time calibrated from their fossil record of 50 to 70 my [ 14 ] . in addition , using molecular data from complete b . aphidicola genomes available , p\u00e9rez - brocal and coworkers calculated the divergence time of aphids belonging to subfamilies eriosomatinae ( baizongia pistaciae ) and lachninae ( cinara cedri ) [ 15 ] . based on morphological traits , the subfamilies eriosomatinae and lachninae have traditionally been considered very divergent . in fact , most phylogenetic hypotheses based both on morphological and molecular data consider the lachninae as a sister group of the aphidinae [ 11 , 16 ] . however , the position of this subfamily remains controversial , as recent phylogenies based on molecular sequences located the subfamily in a basal position [ 17 \u2013 19 ] . here , we follow a genomic approach to deepen the evolutionary analyses and propose a phylogeny of the three subfamilies of aphids based on the genome sequence of their primary endosymbionts b . aphidicola . in addition , in order to detect if there is any selective effect related to the specific role of the genes , we also gave a closer look to the acceleration pattern of each functional category .\nthis species is widely distributed and are quite often encountered in yards . yet details of its life history are , as far as my literature searches can tell me , mostly undescribed : when does the switch to sexual reproduction happen ? how does the foundress feed or is she fed by her kids ? how and where do they overwinter ? how many asexual generations are completed within a year ? what kinds of predators and parasites plague the colonies ? some the species\u2019 close kin ( other wooly and gall - forming insects in the subfamily eriosomatinae of the aphididae ) have ant - like life histories , forming solider castes within the colony . grylloprociphilus seems less specialized , but without detailed life history studies , we can\u2019t say more .\nsince the establishment of the symbiosis between the ancestor of modern aphids and their primary endosymbiont , buchnera aphidicola , insects and bacteria have coevolved . due to this parallel evolution , the analysis of bacterial genomic features constitutes a useful tool to understand their evolutionary history . here we report , based on data from b . aphidicola , the molecular evolutionary analysis , the phylogenetic relationships among lineages and a comparison of sequence evolutionary rates of symbionts of four aphid species from three subfamilies . our results support previous hypotheses of divergence of b . aphidicola and their host lineages during the early cretaceous and indicate a closer relationship between subfamilies eriosomatinae and lachninae than with the aphidinae . they also reveal a general evolutionary pattern among strains at the functional level . we also point out the effect of lifecycle and generation time as a possible explanation for the accelerated rate in b . aphidicola from the lachninae .\nexisting literature data report the lack of stomach and crenated intestine in the aphid species geoica setulosa ( passerini , 1860 ) , a representative of subfamily eriosomatinae . this odd anatomical feature seemed remarkable , due to the presence of fully developed intestine in closely related genera and mutualistic relationship with ants of this genus . the study aimed at repeated anatomical research of geoica utricularia ( passerini 1856 ) , in order to confirm what seemed to be a generic feature . standard histological methods were applied , with addition of oblique light microscopy , fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy . the results indicated the existence of a fully developed intestine , with broad sac - shaped stomach and loops of the crenated intestine . the general anatomy of the alimentary tract of g . utricularia resembles that of other representatives of the tribe fordini . also well - developed rectal gland is present , most probably playing a role in modifying the carbohydrate composition of excreted honeydew .\nour phylogenetic analysis supports the presence of one clade clustering b . aphidicola bbp and bcc , and another clade consisting of b . aphidicola bap and bsg . this result is consistent with a panorama of a rapid evolutionary radiation of the main subfamilies of aphids , during the early cretaceous ( 144 - 100 mya ) , which seems concordant with previous proposals [ 3 ] . in addition , our evolutionary molecular data from b . aphidicola point out that aphids belonging to subfamilies eriosomatinae and lachninae share a common ancestor more closely related than compared to the members of subfamily aphidinae . if true , our data refute the traditional phylogenetic reconstructions that placed aphidinae and lachninae as a monophyletic group [ 11 ] . however , we do not have evidence to conclude whether , within the subfamily lachninae , tribes feeding on conifers are ancestral or more recent than those living on herbaceous angiosperms , since our analysis does not resolve which strain ( and thus which host aphid ) is basal compared to the others . to solve this point , it would be necessary to sequence the genome of a greater number of b . aphidicola strains , including members of the different tribes from the subfamily lachninae ( work in progress ) . this would allow us to establish the date of divergence between those tribes and , thus , try to relate this fact to the change of vegetal host in either direction .\nregarding synonymous substitutions , when pairs of strains of b . aphidicola were compared based on the average number of synonymous substitutions per site ( ) , a greater accumulation was observed in the b . aphidicola bbp strain compared to bacteria from aphids of the subfamily aphidinae ( b . aphidicola bap and bsg ) , while the smallest value is found between the b . aphidicola bap and bsg strains [ 15 ] . however , if the temporary factor is considered , the rates of synonymous nucleotide substitutions per site and million years are greater in the endosymbionts from the aphidinae ( b . aphidicola bap and bsg strains ) , registering the b . aphidicola bcc strain the smallest values . these results demonstrate that the synonymous substitution rate in b . aphidicola is a variable character , yet the explanation for these divergent patterns is not obvious . as stated elsewhere [ 7 , 14 , 44 ] , these differences can be attributed to differences in the host\u2019s life cycle , as well as ecological factors such as host - alternation and variations in the effective population size showed by the two members of the aphidinae subfamily compared to the other two aphid lineages . additionally a differential mutation rate per generation cannot be ruled out . for example , endosymbionts from aphids with short generation times can accumulate more synonymous mutations per million years ( case of the aphidinae ) than those with longer generation times , such as the eriosomatinae and the lachninae . future studies are required to understand the evolutionary processes driving these patterns .\nin our efforts to understand the biology of soldier - producing aphids , we attempted to maintain them in the laboratory using a chemically defined artificial diet . the ability of 16 species from the subfamilies eriosomatinae and hormaphidinae , most of which are soldier - producing species , to survive on the artificial diet was examined . some species neither fed nor grew on the diet , whereas other species accepted the diet , grew to some extent , and managed to produce a small number of short - lived offspring . although they performed poorly on the diet in general , aphid performance was correlated with the stage in the life cycle and the developmental stadium in that aphids of the gall generation tended to accept the diet and survive on it , whereas aphids of the non - gall generation did not . also , old insects tended to perform better on the diet than young nymphs . notably , only one species , tuberaphis styraci , a gall - forming aphid that produces 2nd instar sterile soldier , showed good performance on the diet . insects collected from galls ( generation g0 ) survived on the diet , grew well , and produced many progeny . three successive generations ( g1 , g2 and g3 ) were produced on the diet . developmental period , adult body size , and age of first reproduction were almost constant through g0 , g1 and g2 whereas fecundity , adult longevity and daily offspring production declined as the generations proceeded . these results are comparable to previous studies in which pest aphids have been maintained on similar artificial diets for several generations . therefore , it is suggested that the artificial - diet rearing system will provide a useful tool to investigate various biological aspects of the soldier - producing eusocial aphid , t . styraci .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naphid species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nnomenclatural details : original name . with precedence over myzoxilinae amyot & audient - serville from which it takes the date of priority , 1843 ( iczn article 40 . 2 )\nb\u00f6rner . 1944 . in brohmer . fauna von deutschland : ein bestimmungsbuch unserer heimischen tierwelt . fifth edition 218\neastop & van emden . 1972 . in van emden [ ed . ] . aphid technology 13 > > note : = pemphiginae\nnieto nafr\u00eda , mier durante & g . remaudi\u00e8re . 1997 . revue fran\u00e7aise d\u2019entomologie nouvelle s\u00e9rie 19 ( 3 - 4 ) : 82 , 88 > > note : kirkaldy 1905 : 418 ( 1843 )\nzhang , guangxue , qiao & xiaolin chen . 1999 . in zhang , guangxue [ ed . ] . fauna of agricultural and forestry aphids of northwest , china : insecta homoptera aphidinea 121\nnieto nafr\u00eda , mier durante & p\u00e9rez hidalgo . 2011 . in nieto nafr\u00eda & favret [ ed . ] . registers of family - group and genus - group taxa of aphidoidea ( hemiptera sternorrhyncha ) 56 > > note : kirkaldy 1905 ( 1843 )\nli , xingyi , jiang & qiao . 2014 . turkish journal of zoology 38 : 285 - 297\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly a separate family , eriosomatidae . tree of life places many ( all ? ) of the included genera in family pemphigidae .\nmany , but by no means all , root aphids belong to this subfamily . as of 4 / 12 / 10 , the only non - eriosomatine root aphids on bugguide are these aphis ( aphidinae ) :\nsubfamily hormaphidinae includes two species that cause galls on witch hazel . the manzanita leaf gall aphid is in subfamily tamaliinae .\n( the following information is based on bugguide ' s images and may be modified based on future observations . )\nthe asian woolly hackberry aphid ( calaphidinae : shivaphis celti ) has red eyes , banded antennae , and distinctively patterned wings .\nthe woolly beech aphid ( phyllaphidinae : phyllaphis fagi ) forms woolly masses on the undersides of beech leaves ( primarily european varieties ) . we do not have adult images for this species yet .\nthe balsam twig aphid ( mindarinae : mindarus abietinus ) produces white fluff on fir twigs . adults have only a thin , light coating of this material .\nalleyne , e . h . and f . o . morrison . 1977 . some canadian poplar aphid galls . the canadian entomologist 109 ( 3 ) : 321 - 328 . [ should help sort out some of the unidentified poplar galls ]\nborror and delong ' s introduction to the study of insects norman f . johnson , charles a . triplehorn . 2004 . brooks cole .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nin all aphid species , the ectodermal part of the anterior region of the alimentary tract consists of the stylet bundle , pharynx , foregut and oesophageal valve . the pharynx consists of the pharyngeal duct , valve and pump ( ponsen\n) . the midgut is the endodermal part of the alimentary tract consisting of the stomach , crenated intestine and descending intestine . the midgut is responsible for production and excretion of enzymes and the absorption of nutritional substances . in this part of the alimentary tract , often the so - called filter chamber develops ( ponsen\n) . it is an adaptation to feeding on the phloem sap , and it takes part in regulation of the osmotic pressure due to the high concentration of sugars in the sap ( rhodes et al .\n) . in various groups of aphids , where the filter chamber is present , it is developed variously , e . g . in the subfamily lachninae , the proximal part of the midgut is coiled inside the chamber , creating loops ( klimaszewski and wojciechowski\n) . despite the high diversity of the structure of the filter chamber , it is known that foregut and hindgut are connected , so showing the continuity of the tract . in species without the filter chamber , the coiled segments of hindgut adhere the stomach , e . g .\n) . the wall of the descending intestine is internally made up of epithelium , whose cells are adapted to resorption of water , amino - acids and minerals and ends with rectum .\n) . there is no filter chamber . the very short ectodermal part of the posterior region of the alimentary tract consists of a rectum , epidermal invagination and an anal opening .\nand secondary host being the roots of various grasses . their life cycle is two years , and on their primary host , they live in galls ( heie\n) . in central europe , the anholocyclic population occurs , with parthenogenetic way of reproduction throughout the year . there are , however , data concerning\nconsists of a foregut , which is closed at its posterior end , and a blindly starting descending intestine ( fig .\n) . it seemed to be odd , taking into account the necessity for constant resorption of vast quantity of protein - poor food ( cristofoletti et al .\n) . these species have even the anal plate developed into a trophobiotic organ ( modified anal plate ) , enabling proper positioning of the honeydew droplet ( figs .\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a extracted from the body ; b schematic reconstruction ; c location within the body ; f foregut , ov oesophageal valve , st stomach , al abdominal loop , di descending intestine\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a , b longitudinal section through head and thorax ; c transverse section through salivary glands ; d location of stomach within the body ; f foregut , sg salivary glands , ov oesophageal valve , st stomach , di descending intestine\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a cleared specimen in oblique light microscopy ; b view in clsm , rhodamine - b stained ; c , d cleared specimens in fluorescent microscopy , rhodamine - b stained ; sg salivary glands , ov oesophageal valve , st stomach , al abdominal loop\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a frontal section through the body ; b longitudinal section through thorax and abdomen ; c , d longitudinal section through posterior part of the abdomen ; sg salivary gland , st stomach , al abdominal loop , di descending intestine , hg hindgut , rb rectal bladder , rg rectal gland , ei epidermal invagination , r rectum , ap anal plate\n) , to verify data on the reported lack of the stomach and crenated intestine .\nwas used because it is more common and abundant , and both species differ only slightly in their morphology and biology . in\n, where there are two rows of long setae . the purpose of these setae ( in both species ) is to keep the droplet of honeydew until it is collected by worker ant . their host plants , life mode and relations with ants are in their anholocyclic range very similar and significantly overlap .\nthe material was collected in october and november 2014 on moist meadows in the vicinity of piekary \u015bl\u0105skie , in southern poland . in total , 32 individuals , apterous viviparous females of anholocyclic population on secondary host of\nin order to analyse the anatomical structure of the digestive system of g . utricularia , the paraffin method was applied . the material was collected into eppendorf microtubes containing 70 % ethanol for keeping and preserving collected specimens . next , insects were dehydrated in increasing concentration of ethanol ( 90 , 96 , 100 % ) . in order to ensure transparency , specimens were kept in methyl benzoate for one night . then , material was consecutively transferred to benzene , benzene with paraffin ( in proportions 2 : 3 and 1 : 2 ) , paraffin i ( melting point : 56 \u00b0c ) and finally to paraffin ii ( melting point : 60 \u00b0c ) , where it was kept over night . after this process , material was immersed in paraffin ii . the bars obtained were sectioned into 5 \u00b5m strips , which were stuck on slides in a 0 . 5 % gelatine solution at temperature 50\u201352 \u00b0c . then , the slides were dried in 37 \u00b0c .\nslides were next deparaffined in xylene and treated with a series of ethanol solutions ( 100\u201360 % ) . they were rinsed in distilled water , stained with ehrlich\u2019s acid hematoxylin for about 20 min , rinsed again and differentiated with xylidine ponceau . after this process , preparations were treated with series of ethanol solutions ( 60\u2013100 % ) , rinsed twice in xylene and embedded in canadian balm or dpx .\nthis process was applied to 15 individuals of g . urticularia . histological preparations were prepared : cross - sections from six individuals and longitudinal sections from nine individuals . in total , 49 microscopic slides were made , including 26 preparations of cross - section and 23 of longitudinal section . the cross - section series were also used to reconstruct the course of alimentary duct and in some cases the number and shape of cells .\nthe specimens of g . utricularia were put into a droplet of 30 % ethanol , on the microscopic glass , and with the mounting needles , the whole alimentary tract was extracted from the body . the extracted organs were preserved in glycerol and mounted , to make all the anatomical structures visible at the stereomicroscope . a total number of 13 preparations were made using this technique .\nthe documentation was prepared using nikon eclipse e6000 , with measurements made by lucia net program . the pictures of translucent specimens were taken under stereomicroscope equipped with monochromatic camera axio cam programmed with axio vision .\nin order to investigate localization and structure of gastric tract in g . utricularia , specimens were examined with oblique light microscopy , fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy ( clsm ) . before the examination , collected specimens were fixated overnight in cold 4 % pfa ( paraformaldehyde ) and subsequently underwent dehydration in graduated ethyl alcohol series , then optical clearing in methyl salicylate .\nfor fluorescent and clsm imaging , specimens were prior to dehydration treated with 30 % hydrogen peroxide for 24 h and thereafter stained with rhodamine - b before clearing in methyl salicylate . the staining with rhodamine - b was applied for visualizing elastic tissues in clsm ( shelley\n) . all reagents used in procedures had analytical grade purity . fluorescent and oblique light imaging was performed with carl zeiss stereo lumar . v12 stereomicroscope and clsm with olympus fv1000 confocal system . acquired images were processed in fiji open source image processing package ( smolla et al .\nbegins with the external mouthparts and runs through the body cavity without any break or separately located organs . it ends at the anal orifice located above the dorsal edge of the anal plate ( figs .\na ) is a thin straight tube , about 27 \u03bcm long , with the diameter of 0 . 01\u20130 . 02 \u03bcm . in the prothorax , it runs between the two main salivary glands ( fig .\nc ) , which are built of ca . 20 cells . they are in shape of fan , bottle or other and comprise one or two nuclei located in central or in basal position in the cell , which is typical of exocrine glands ( fig .\na\u2013c ) . their diameter is 0 . 08\u20130 . 12 \u03bcm . the wall of the foregut is made up of one layer of small flat epithelial cells , without any folds into its lumen . in the thorax , the foregut joins the stomach , by invagination into the cavity of stomach ( figs .\nthe midgut is the longest part of the alimentary tract and consists of the stomach , crenated and descending intestine .\nthe stomach begins in the second segment of thorax ( mesothorax ) ( figs .\nd ) and extends towards the abdomen , slightly dorsally within the body . in longitudinal section , it has a shape of ventro - dorsally flattened bag ( figs .\nb ) , constricting gradually along its length . in its widest part , it has a diameter of 0 . 24\u20130 . 30 \u03bcm , and its length varies from 0 . 43 to 0 . 49 \u03bcm . the stomach is made up of two types of cells . the anterior part of stomach is built up of elongated , cone - shaped or finger - shaped cells , adhering to each other with lateral membranes at the cell bases ( figs .\na , b ) . their free tips , directed towards the cavity of stomach , broaden the internal surface of the stomach . the cytoplasm of these cells comprises visible granules , which altogether indicates their secretive function .\nb ) are flat and hexagonal in shape and possess oval nuclei . the stomach narrows and opens into the crenated intestine , which runs distally ; then , it loops towards the head ( figs .\na ) , adhering the ventral surface of the stomach , and again loops towards the end of abdomen and opens into the descending intestine .\nthe descending intestine is a straight tube with thin walls , running through abdomen , and its wall is made up of flattened epithelial cells throughout its length ( b , c ) . at its distal end , the descending intestine is broadened , and a well - developed rectal bladder is formed ( fig .\nc , d ) . it is positioned dorsally and has a roundish bubble shape , with a few secretive cells in its cavity . these cells are fan - shaped and secrete into the bladder ( fig .\nd ) . the rectal bladder opens into the epidermal invagination . it is a straight tube opening with the anal orifice .\n( von heyden 1837 ) , another representative of erisomatinae . the presence of doubled nuclei in some of the cells in salivary glands is not surprising , since it was proved to occur also in other aphid families ( ponsen\n) , the rectal bladder consists of a ring of cells of polygonal shape , surrounding the hindgut near the rectum . it concerns only females of\nspp . , because the presence of rectal bladder was not confirmed in males of this genus .\nthe role of rectal bladder is not sufficiently recognized . it is probably homologous with malphigian tubules ( ponsen\n) , which have disappeared during the evolution of aphids . its possible role is that it takes part in regulation of the honeydew composition ( dixon\n) , which contains carbohydrates , especially disaccharides : raffinose and melecitose , synthesized in aphid intestine , and their presence may play role in mutualistic relation of aphids and ants . in particular , the most attractive of ants is the honeydew rich in melecitose ( fisher and shingleton 2001 ) . aphids producing honeydew with 30\u201370 % of melecitose ( e . g .\nstroyan 1950 ) are more often ant attended than those not having melecitose in their honeydew ( e . g .\n( koch 1854 ) , with lower amount of melecitose in its honeydew . taking into account the high level of myrmecophily of both\nspp . , the presence of well - developed rectal bladder may serve the purpose of regulating the composition of honeydew .\nwe wish to thank m . b . ponsen ( agricultural university wageningen ) for his kind response and all valuable suggestions and corrections made on the first version of the manuscript . we also thank two anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript .\nall applicable international , national and / or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed .\nblackman rl , eastop vf ( 2006 ) aphids on world\u2019s herbaceous plants and shrubs . wiley , chichester , p 1439\ndepa \u0142 , wojciechowki w ( 2008 ) ant - root aphid relations in different plant associations . pol j entomol 77 : 151\u2013163\ndixon afg ( 1998 ) aphid ecology . chapman & hall , london , pp 8\u201323\nfischer mk , shingleton aw ( 2001 ) host plant and ants influence the honeydew sugar composition of aphids . funct ecol 15 : 544\u2013550\nponsen mb ( 1987 ) alimentary tract . in : minks ak , harrewijn p ( eds ) aphids . their biology , natural enemies and control . volume a . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 79\u201397\n, and its bearing on the evolution of filter chambers in the aphidoidea . wagening agric univ pap 91 ( 5 ) : 1\u201361\nponsen mb ( 2015 ) a histological description of the salivary gland system of some aphid species of the adelgidae and aphididae . wagening agric univ pap 06 ( 1s ) : 64\nshakesby aj , wallace is , isaacs hv , pritchard j , roberts dm , douglas ae ( 2009 ) a water - specific aquaporin involved in aphid osmoregulation . insect biochem mol 39 ( 1 ) : 1\u201310\nshelley wb ( 1969 ) fluorescent staining of elastic tissue with rhodamine b and related xanthene dyes . histochemie 20 ( 3 ) : 244\u2013249\nsmolla m , ruchty m , nagel m , kleineidam cj ( 2014 ) clearing pigmented insect cuticle to investigate small insects\u2019 organs in situ using confocal laser - scanning microscopy ( clsm ) . arthropod struct dev 43 ( 2 ) : 175\u2013181\nv\u00f6lkl w , woodring j , fischer m , lorenz mw , hoffmann kh ( 1999 ) ant - aphid mutualisms : the impact of honeydew production and honeydew sugar composition on ant preferences . oecologia 118 ( 4 ) : 483\u2013491\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nurltoken 250 thumbnails , size 75 , user ' nosha ' , sorted by date photographed .\nurltoken photos by user ' listentoreason ' , with default photo number , size , and sorting options ( can change ) .\nour privacy policy has been updated . take a look . follow @ flickrhivemind welcome to flickr hive mind . if you log into flickr you will see your private photos and larger thumbnails .\nthree distantly related arthropod groups have converged on a most remarkable social lifestyle . these are gall thrips ( thysanoptera : phlaeothripidae ) , gall aphids ( sternorrhyncha : hormaphididae , pemphigidae , and a few aphididae ) , and snapping shrimp ( decapoda : alpheidae ) , groups in which specialized soldier or defender morphs have evolved in the defense of a static and critical resource , often a nest site that doubles as food source . all three taxa exhibit a range of social structures , the most striking of which involve a morphological division of labor into soldiers and nonsoldier forms . thrips and aphid soldiers have appendages that are enlarged and thickened relative to those of nonsoldiers in the same colony ; these are often armed with spines . similarly , snapping shrimp soldiers bear enlarged chelae . these social groups do not exhibit parental care or much general social interaction ; rather , sociality centers on defense of a valuable and largely irreplaceable resource : the colony domicile . for this reason , this form of sociality is termed\nare evident . some social aphids , for example , engage in nest hygiene , expelling honeydew globules that accumulate as a result of the way these insects feed on sap and excrete excess water .\n) is produced by a foundress that induces development of a hollow gall on young stem or leaf tissue of the host plant . her brood colony will develop within the safety of the hollow gall , feeding on the plant tissue from within . if the gall is breached , however , the defender morphs will emerge and patrol the surface , aggressively attacking any intruder they encounter . these species are beset by a host of predacious insects such as syrphid fly larvae ; gall thrips also face severe pressure by usurping kleptoparasitic thrips species that kill the foundress and make the gall their own . the domicile of snapping shrimp consists of crevices in sponges , a resource that is less ephemeral than galls but also highly susceptible to usurpation . all of these domiciles represent a valuable , if not critical , commodity that is not easily replaced if lost .\nmortality stemming from predation and nest usurpation is likely the most important ecological pressure in the evolution of defender morphs , though it is important to point out that kin selection , in the case of thrips and aphids , may play a role as well . soldier - producing thrips species , which like all members of the order thysanoptera are haplodiploid , often exhibit high levels of inbreeding . aphid colony mates are clonally produced by the foundress , a mode of asexual reproduction called \u2018parthenogenesis\u2019 that is found in virtually all aphids and related groups . in social species of both thrips and aphids , there is , accordingly , a high degree of genetic relatedness between colony mates : an average of 0 . 75 in social thrips colonies , and 1 . 0 in colonies of social aphids . this may favor kin selection in these groups , in which indirect fitness \u2013 realized through the successful reproduction of relatives \u2013 more than compensates the loss of direct fitness that results from altruistic sacrifice ( soldier morphs reproduce less and have a greater chance of dying as a result of colony defense ) .\naphids with morphologically different life stages that exploit taxonomically different host plants are typically difficult to assign to the correct species .\n( elm ) species , as the primary host , to identify species and associate the different life stages , thereby using them as a diagnostic tool . using sequence data already available from adult specimens , a phylogeny was produced and the unknown morph sequences clustered with\n, confirming the species identity . the authors then described in detail the morphology of the secondary morph , allowing inclusion in future identification keys .\n) communities in order to associate adult and larval life stages from tropical lowlands of nepal . although adult taxonomy is well developed and identification is possible ( albeit by taxonomic experts ) , new species are being discovered and the relation of the root - feeding larvae , which have limited morphologically characterising features , to the adults aboveground is unknown . these authors used more in - depth phylogenetic analyses to align sequences to species since intraspecific variation can make this difficult when using absolute methods of sequence divergence and especially for unknown , large assemblages of species . combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees ( using maximum likelihood ) and statistical parsimony , whereby populations are subdivided into subgroups , and population aggregation analysis , which combines populations that are uniform for a particular character state , percentage differences (\n- distance ) and amova and species delimitation methods for estimating species boundaries from the tree were used to assign species membership . this resulted in 24 species of which 19 could be associated with adults and identified using linnaean names ( nearly 93 % of unknown larvae were identified to species ) . the\nsequences , which has implications for gene marker choice in such studies . as for the aphid study , the use of these techniques for determining species and then searching for diagnostic morphological characters of both larvae and adults is advocated . in terms of relating this to species biology , the species assemblages found above - and belowground can depend upon larval mortality , which varies both spatially and temporally ; in particular , larvae and adults were often not found in the same season , which can confound attempts to associate larvae with adults . with a sampling scheme that takes these factors into account , it may be possible to use such dna - based taxonomy to further investigate spatiotemporal patterns and geographic variation .\nhost - plant resistance is not new to agriculture , but has been applied for at least 200 years . among the earliest successes were resistance to hessian fly ,\n, and references therein ) . host - plant resistance is likely to become increasingly important given the continuing homogenization of agricultural landscapes . until the advent of the green revolution , crops were diverse and often hidden in heterogeneous landscapes that consisted of trees , woodland , or other natural and derived habitats . monocultures have eroded landscape diversity and resulted in a loss of habitat for natural enemies , which often increases the vulnerability of crops (\n) . agricultural expansion , declining agricultural diversity , and declining crop genetic diversity have demanded a greater focus on intrinsic plant protection . this has coincided with an increasing emphasis on plant molecular biology since the 1990s , largely driven by advances in the molecular tools available to science , including molecular breeding and transgenic technologies .\nindicates that for cpb , potato aphids , and tuber moths , the number and proportion of scientific publications related to hpr and insect - plant interactions have generally increased over the past 35 years . during the 2000s , research into conventional hpr and transgenic approaches to plant protection dominated all other management approaches ( cpb 31 % , tuber moths 38 % , and aphids / viruses 24 % of all papers published from 2000 to 2011 ) , including all research on pest natural enemies and biological control . for tuber moths , significant advances have been made in the use of pheromones and granulosis viruses for protection of stored potatoes (\nf ) , but for field crops hpr remains the main focus of research . interestingly ,\nsuggests that research into conventional and transgenic resistance may be mutually competitive in terms of attention or funding opportunities . in the early 2000s , research into transgenics reached its peak ; however , more recently there has been a shift to research of natural induced responses to insect attack and plant biochemical defenses .\nit is worth noting that aphids , the masters of phase polyphenism , exhibit yet another form of polyphenism . some aphid species facultatively produce a behaviorally and morphologically distinct soldier caste . since its original description (\nabbot et al . , 2001 ; carlin et al . , 1994 ; pike and foster , 2008\nfoster and rhoden , 1998 ; fukatsu et al . , 2005 ; rhoden and foster , 2002 ; schutze and maschwitz , 1991\n) . little is known about proximate mechanisms that induce soldier formation . positive correlations have been found between soldier proportion and colony size (\n) , inferring proximate cues that already act during embryonic stages and gradually separating developmental pathways in first instar nymphs .\njhas can be broadly categorized into two groups : the terpenoid compounds , such as methoprene , hydroprene and kinoprene ; and phenoxy jhas , like fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen . jhas have been found effective especially against adult stages of dipteran and homopteran insects but not against lepidopteran insect pests . as jhas are especially effective against adult stages of the insects , their poor efficacy against lepidopteran crop pests may be because most of these pests cause the damage as larvae (\nterpenoid jhas , such as methoprene and kinoprene , have been used successfully against mosquito larvae , scales , and mealybugs . phenoxy jhas cause morphogenetic effects , ovicidal action , and sterility on treated insects . fenoxycarb offers effective control against fire ants , fleas , and sucking insect pests of crops . it is highly effective against sucking pests , such as apple wooly aphid ,\n) . pyriproxyfen has been used for controlling aphids , whiteflies , and psyllids causing damage to crops . it has been used for control of locusts ,\nmost of the bpu compounds have been found very effective against lepidopteran insect pests . diflubenzuron has been found effective against a wide range of lepidopteran pests and locusts (\n) . flucycloxuron is effectively used as an acaricide against spider mites . flufenoxuron and novaluron are particularly effective against apple codling moth ,\nkanno et al . , 1981 ; yarom et al . , 1988 ; patel et al . , 2010\n) . the basis of classical biocontrol is the \u201cenemy release hypothesis . \u201d according to this hypothesis , the exotic species become pests in new environments by escaping the influence of those natural enemies that suppress their populations in their native range . thus , classical biocontrol reestablishes the top - down control by reintroducing the natural enemies of the pest into its new range (\nvan driesche and bellows , 1995 ; crawley , 1997 ; keane and crawley , 2002 ; hajek , 2004 ; naranjo et al . , 2015\nthus , classical biocontrol primarily describes the releases of insect predators , parasitoids , and pathogens to control other insect pests and insect herbivores to control weeds . this form of biocontrol is appropriate when insects that spread or are introduced ( usually accidentally ) to areas outside of their natural range become pests mainly because of the absence of their natural enemies . the same strategy has also been called \u201cimportation\u201d by\n( homoptera : mgarodidae ) in california in the late 1800s . likewise , ash whitefly (\n, which was introduced in june 1898 . although , the predator did not control soft green scale ,\n, which was its specific target , in july 1951 , it controlled various mealybugs infesting fruit crops , coffee , ornamental plants , etc . , in south india . the predator is now effective in suppressing mealybug infestations on citrus , guava , grapes , mulberry , coffee , mango , pomegranate , custard apple , ber , etc . , and green shield scale on sapota , mango , guava , brinjal , and crotons in karnataka (\n( native of eastern united states ) , was accidentally introduced to india from england . it soon spread to all of the apple - growing areas of the country and started causing severe damage . for the control of woolly aphid , exotic aphelinid parasitoid ,\n( native of north america ) , was introduced from the united kingdom to saharanpur ( uttar pradesh , india ) . however , the parasitoid failed to establish itself because of the intense activity of a ladybird beetle ,\n, a native of the caribbean region and central america , was introduced into india in 1995 . first reported from kerala , it soon spread to all of the southern states , causing serious damage to several plants . it started attacking more than 253 plant species belonging to 176 genera and 60 families . however , serious damage was caused to avocado , banana , cassava , guava , papaya , and mango in addition to several ornamental and avenue trees . as a result , exotic aphelinid parasitoids ,\ncausing a perceptible reduction in the pest population . although the parasitism levels due to both parasitoids vary from 29 % to 70 % and exceed 90 % during some parts of the year , the former is performing better than the latter and has established itself in kerala , karnataka , and several parts of andhra pradesh , where it was previously absent (\ndespite having many beneficial aspects , classical biocontrol is currently not being encouraged because negative environmental effects may arise through ill - considered introductions of exotic natural enemies . many introduced agents have failed to control pests ; for example , more than 60 predators and parasitoids have been introduced into the northeastern part of north america with little effect on the target gypsy moth ,\n( lymantriidae ) . some introductions have strengthened the pest problems whereas others have become pests themselves . exotic introductions generally are irreversible , and nontarget species can suffer worse consequences from efficient natural enemies than from chemical insecticides , which are unlikely to cause total extinctions of native insect species . there are documented cases of introduced biocontrol agents wiping out native invertebrates . several endemic hawaiian insects ( target and nontarget ) have become extinct largely as a result of biocontrol introductions (\nalthough initial classical biocontrol was predominantly focused on control of introduced pests with the goal of reestablishing host / natural enemy associations that keep pests in check in their areas of origin , the strategy has now also been applied against native pests ( e . g . , see\nis used when an exotic natural enemy is introduced against a native pest . however , the introduction ( importation , augmentation , and release ) of exotic natural enemies against exotic pests with which they did not coevolve is termed\nsuch new associations are supposed to be very effective at controlling pests because the pest has not coevolved with the introduced enemies . unfortunately , the exotic species that are most likely to be effective biocontrol agents because of their ability to utilize new hosts are also those most likely to be a threat to nontarget species . an example of the possible dangers of neoclassical control is provided by the work of jeffrey lockwood , who campaigned against the introduction of a parasitic wasp and an entomophagous fungus from australia as control agents of native rangeland grasshoppers in the western united states . the potential adverse environmental effects of such introductions include the suppression or extinction of many nontarget grasshopper species with probable concomitant losses of biodiversity and existing weed control and disruptions to food chains and plant community structure . the inability to predict the ecological outcomes of neoclassical introductions means that they are highly risky , especially in systems where the exotic agent is free to expand its range over large geographical areas ."]}
{"id": 2538, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha fusca is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by omelko in 1993 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in japan , the russian far east ( primorye ) and china ( jilin ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "thiotricha fusca", "paragraphs": ["pyla fusca ( = matilella fusca ) brown knot - horn - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nhave a fact about thiotricha synacma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha synacma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha albicephalata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha albicephalata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha tenuis subtenuis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha tenuis subtenuis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 22 ( 32 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2548, "summary": [{"text": "madecassophryne truebae is a species of frog in the microhylidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is in the monotypic genus madecassophryne .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rocky areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "madecassophryne truebae", "paragraphs": ["iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . madecassophryne truebae . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t57867a84178804 . urltoken\n- - . . . none , cophyla phyllodactyla , unknown . genus madecassophryne ( guibe , 1974 ) none ,\nmadecassophryne truebae guib\u00e9 , 1974 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 3 , zool . , 171 : 1192 . holotype : mnhnp 1973 . 1149 , by original designation . type locality :\ncha\u00eenes anosyennes\n, madagascar .\n- - . . . [ 3 ] records returned . . . institution , genus , species , cnt . ummz , madecassophryne ,\nsee brief account by glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 120 - 121 . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 452 . rakotoarison , scherz , glaw , and vences , 2017 , salamandra , 53 : 507\u2013518 , reported on molecular phylogenetics , morphology , osteology , acoustics , and natural history of a population identified as madecassophryne cf . truebae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence is 2 , 317 km 2 , it occurs in fewer than five threat - defined locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in southeastern madagascar .\nthis species is known only from extreme south - eastern madagascar in the anosyenne mountains , andohahela national park and tsitongambarika ( north of tolagnaro ) , between 700 - 1 , 900m asl . it is known from fewer than five threat - defined locations , and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 2 , 317 km 2 .\nit is apparently not common , but it is very hard to detect and probably has a patchy occurrence . due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of the habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit occurs in forests in an area of extensive , continuous rainforest , and is thought to be associated with boulders and granitic outcrops . it is not known from disturbed habitats . the breeding biology of this species is completely unknown .\nthe major threat is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , the spread of invasive eucalyptus , livestock grazing , and expanding human settlements .\nconservation actions it occurs in andohahela national park and tolagnaro fivondronana classified forest . research needed research is needed to investigate the breeding biology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na small - sized , ground dwelling microhylid with snout vent length 20 - 23 mm . colour in life is unknown . preserved specimens were dark in color . hindlimbs with bands . upper side of the limbs is yellowish while venter is whitish , with black spots on the throat . sometimes the venter is entirely dark . skin on the back is slightly granular , with large tubercles on the head . nostrils are equidistant between the eye and the tip of the snout . tympanum is rather indistinct , tympanum / eye ratio is 1 / 5 . tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye . toe 3 is longer than toe 5 . a small inner metatarsal tubercle is present while outer metatarsal tubercle is absent . males are found with a distinct single subgular vocal sac . the call is unknown .\nare normally smaller and smooth on the back . confusion is also possible with species of\nan egg clutch was found in november near a male and female . it contained 18 eggs with a diameter of 4 mm . the gelatinous egg capsule measured 6 mm in diameter . tadpoles are unknown .\nfrank glaw and miguel vences ( m . vences at tu - bs . de ) , assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nthis species is known only from extreme south - eastern madagascar in the anosyenne mountains , andohahela national park and tsitongambarika ( north of tolagnaro ) , between 700 - 1 , 900m asl . it is known from fewer than five threat - defined locations , and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 2 , 317 km\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\ntrueb ' s madagascar treefrog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 90 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n- - macrogenioglottus alipioi , no species account , photos , no range maps .\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 2558, "summary": [{"text": "strophedra weirana , the little beech piercer , is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except the iberian peninsula , part of the balkan peninsula , ukraine , the baltic region , finland and ireland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in june .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on fagus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they attach two leaves of their host plant together with silk and feed from within . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "strophedra weirana", "paragraphs": ["strophedra weirana ( little beech piercer ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nstrophedra weirana \u00a71 male ; st lawrence , isle of wight ; 30 / 05 / 2014 ; fw 5 . 1mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nthis rather obscurely - marked species occurs sparsely in suitable habitat in the southern half of england , and parts of wales . it is similar to\noccupying beech woods , the adults are on the wing during june , and fly in afternoon sunshine , as well as at sunrise .\n) , attaching two leaves together with silk and feeding within , causing a noticeable blotch on the leaf surfaces .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 04 : 17 : 04 page render time : 0 . 2899s total w / procache : 0 . 3282s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 18 ( 26 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan about 11 mm . this rather obscurely - marked species is similar to s . nitidana but is less distinctively marked than that species .\nadults are on the wing during june , and fly in afternoon sunshine , as well as at sunrise .\nthe larva feeds on beech , attaching two leaves together with silk and feeding within , causing a noticeable blotch on the leaf surfaces .\nthis species occurs sparsely in suitable habitat in the southern half of england and parts of wales . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .\nrare in leicestershire and rutland . this is only the second record for vc55 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nws : 10 - 12mm ; jun ; beech ( fagus sylvatica ) ; local in beech wood in s . england synonym : s . flexana ( pierce & metcalfe )"]}
{"id": 2566, "summary": [{"text": "a legendary , mythical , or mythological creature , traditionally called a fabulous beast or fabulous creature , is a fictitious , imaginary and often supernatural animal , often a hybrid , sometimes part human , whose existence has not or can not be proved and that is described in legends , myths , mythology , fables , folklore , poetry , fairy tales , novels , or other fiction but also in historical accounts before history became a science .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "on the other hand , many real animals from remote regions and ethnic groups from other continents were long considered legendary before more was known about them .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "for example , whales were considered as mythical or real and as frightening as dragons as recently as in the middle ages , including the belief that whales eject fire .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "similarly , people and even historians freely invented , embellished , and recounted stories about people from other continents , which played a major role in the development of racism and many of which still play a strong role at least subconsciously in how people think about other ethnic groups .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "even at the beginning of the age of discovery , europeans believed fantastic stories about people in asia that were hairy and had dog snouts and about people in africa that were beautiful with crane necks or had only one eye or had been turned dark by the heat .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "in the classical era , monstrous creatures such as the cyclops and the minotaur appear in heroic tales for the protagonist to destroy .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "other creatures , such as the unicorn , were claimed in accounts of natural history by various scholars of antiquity .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "some legendary creatures have their origin in traditional mythology and were believed to be real creatures , for example dragons , griffins , and unicorns .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "others were based on real encounters , originating in garbled accounts of travelers ' tales , such as the vegetable lamb of tartary , which supposedly grew tethered to the earth . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "legendary creature", "paragraphs": ["legendary landwalk ( this creature can ' t be blocked as long as defending player controls a legendary land . )\n205 . 4e any instant or sorcery spell with the supertype \u201clegendary\u201d is subject to a casting restriction . a player can\u2019t cast a legendary instant or sorcery spell unless that player controls a legendary creature or a legendary planeswalker .\nyou can ' t cast a legendary sorcery unless you control a legendary creature or a legendary planeswalker . once you begin to cast a legendary sorcery , losing control of your legendary creatures and planeswalkers won ' t affect that spell . * other than the casting restriction , the legendary supertype on a sorcery carries no additional rules . [ 24 ]\nwhenever brimaz blocks a creature , create a 1 / 1 white cat soldier creature token with vigilance that ' s blocking that creature .\n, sacrifice another creature : you gain life equal to the sacrificed creature ' s toughness .\nlegendary is a supertype of a card . any permanent ( artifact , creature , enchantment , planeswalker , and land ) with the legendary supertype is bound by the\nlegend rule ,\nwhich prevents multiple copies of the card from existing on the battlefield under the same player ' s control . legendary may also appear as a supertype with non - permanents ( sorceries and instants ) . the rules for these are different : you can ' t cast a legendary non - permanent spell unless you control a legendary creature or a legendary planeswalker .\n, sacrifice a creature : target creature gets - 2 / - 2 until end of turn .\nalthough covered by the rules , legendary instants haven ' t been featured yet .\ndeathtouch , lifelink other legendary creatures you control get + 2 / + 2 .\nthis name generator will give you 10 random names for species of legendary creatures .\ndominaria debuted legendary sorcery cards that capture extraordinary moments from characters ' pasts . these powerful spells can be unleashed only with the assistance of a legendary creature or planeswalker on your side of the battlefield . [ 23 ]\n205 . 4d any permanent with the supertype \u201clegendary\u201d is subject to the state - based action for legendary permanents , also called the \u201clegend rule\u201d ( see rule 704 . 5j ) .\nmark rosewater . ( march 10 , 2018 . )\nwhy introduce legendary sorceries if they fundamentally can never work the same way as legendary permanents ?\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nlegendary was first featured on the lands in the set legends . starting with champions of kamigawa it also replaced the creature type legend . [ 3 ]\nwhen this creature transforms into avacyn , the purifier , it deals 3 damage to each other creature and each opponent .\n, exile a creature card from your graveyard : target creature gets - 2 / - 2 until end of turn .\nyour opponent is incorrrect . there can only be one legendary of a particular name on the battlefield at one time . to use your example , you control mirri the cursed . if either you or an opponent casts another mirri the cursed , both would go the the graveyard due to the legendary rule . also , i don ' t believe vampire nocturnus is legendary . edit : nath ' d regarding the legendary rule , but nocturnus isn ' t legendary , so you had no worries there any way .\n, , sacrifice another creature : brion stoutarm deals damage equal to the sacrificed creature ' s power to target player or planeswalker .\nthe commander format requires that a legendary creature be selected as one ' s deck commander . this excludes legendary planeswalkers ( which are not creatures ) , except for the five appearing in commander 2014 and the battlebond planeswalker duo\nwill kenrith\nand\nrowan kenrith\n.\n4 / 27 / 2018 : because damage remains marked on a creature until it ' s removed as the turn ends , nonlethal damage dealt to a legendary creature you control may become lethal if arvad leaves the battlefield during that turn .\nmembers of a group calling themselves bigfoot 911 claim they spotted the giant , walking , bear - like , legendary creature in the woods of western north carolina friday night .\nwhenever ashling , the extinguisher deals combat damage to a player , choose target creature that player controls . the player sacrifices that creature .\n11 / 24 / 2014 : although the creature you return is attacking , it was never declared as an attacking creature ( for purposes of abilities that trigger whenever a creature attacks , for example ) .\nsacrifice an atog creature : atogatog gets + x / + x until end of turn , where x is the sacrificed creature ' s power .\nmothman is a legendary creature reportedly seen in the point pleasant area of west virginia from 15 november 1966 to 15 december 1967 . the first newspaper report was published in the point pleasant register dated 16 november 1966 , titled \u201ccouples see man - sized bird\u2026creature\u2026something\u201d . \u2013 source\n4 / 1 / 2008 : a \u201ccreature card\u201d is any card with the type creature , even if it has other types such as artifact , enchantment , or land . older cards of type summon are also creature cards .\nsam stoddard . ( may 23 , 2013 . ) \u201c legendary rule change \u201d , urltoken , wizards of the coast .\ntom lapille . ( may 13 , 2011 . ) \u201c a legendary disagreement \u201d , urltoken , wizards of the coast .\naaron forsythe . ( september 10 , 2004 . ) \u201c legendary rules changes \u201d , urltoken , wizards of the coast .\nmelee ( whenever this creature attacks , it gets + 1 / + 1 until end of turn for each opponent you attacked with a creature this combat . )\n, sacrifice a permanent : return target creature to its owner ' s hand .\n9 / 20 / 2014 : anafenza ' s first ability can target any tapped creature you control . that creature doesn ' t necessarily have to be attacking .\nrampage 1 ( whenever this creature becomes blocked , it gets + 1 / + 1 until end of turn for each creature blocking it beyond the first . )\nah , yeah , only just noticed myself that nocturnus isn ' t even a legendary creature . bit of a fail there on my part , but yeah , thanks all for clearing it up for me .\nmark rosewater . ( august 29 , 2017 . )\nnow that planeswalkers use the legendary rule\n, blogatog , tumblr .\n9 / 22 / 2011 : the triggered ability triggers only when a creature spell is cast , after costs are paid . the counter put on animar for each creature spell cast won\u2019t affect the cost of that creature spell , only future ones .\n: search your library for a legendary card , reveal that card , and put it into your hand . then shuffle your library .\nif a nontoken creature an opponent owns would die or a creature card not on the battlefield would be put into an opponent ' s graveyard , exile that card instead .\nat the beginning of your upkeep , each player sacrifices a non - vampire creature .\n, : arashi , the sky asunder deals x damage to target creature with flying .\nchannel \u2014 , discard arashi : arashi deals x damage to each creature with flying .\nwhenever a creature with defender enters the battlefield under your control , draw a card .\nshroud ( this creature can ' t be the target of spells or abilities . )\n: another target barbarian creature gets + 1 / + 0 until end of turn .\neach other creature named brothers yamazaki gets + 2 / + 2 and has haste .\nwhen a creature dealt damage by bushi tenderfoot this turn dies , flip bushi tenderfoot .\nhorsemanship ( this creature can ' t be blocked except by creatures with horsemanship . )\nmark rosewater . ( september 02 , 2017 . )\nwhy do you want the legendary rule gone ?\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nmark rosewater . ( august 28 , 2017 . )\nwhy was there a need to make planeswalkers legendary ?\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nmark rosewater . ( august 29 , 2017 . )\nso basically you wish legendary didn ' t exist .\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nthe pope lick monster is a legendary part - man , part - goat and part - sheep creature reported to live beneath a norfolk southern railway trestle over floyd\u2019s fork creek , in the fisherville area of louisville , kentucky . \u2013 source\n, : create a 1 / 1 black and red demon creature token named minor demon .\n9 / 22 / 2011 : the triggered ability will resolve before the creature spell does .\nno . the legend rule works like this : if there are more than one legendary permanent on the battlefield that share a name , each of those permanents is put into their respective owner ' s graveyard when state - based actions are performed . also , vampire nocturnus isn ' t legendary .\nmelee ( whenever this creature attacks , it gets + 1 / + 1 until end of turn for each opponent you attacked with a creature this combat . ) other creatures you control have melee . ( if a creature has multiple instances of melee , each triggers separately . )\nflavorfully , legendary cards represent the key people , places , and objects of a set ' s story . typical expansion sets contain no more than 10 to 15 legendary cards , with the exceptions of dominaria , kamigawa block , and the early expansion legends , each of which contained significantly more . except for cards found in those sets , or in compilation sets , all legendary cards carry a rarity of rare or mythic rare . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]\na mystical , mythical , or legendary creature is a creature from mythology or folklore ( often known as\nfabulous creatures\nin historical literature ) . examples of legendary creatures can be found in medieval bestiaries . many mythical creatures have supernatural powers ( some good , some evil ) , powers that even in contemporary times have no physical explanation . in these cases the creatures bear more similarity to spiritual beings , such as angels , in religious thought . often legendary creatures came to symbolize vices or virtues , or the power of good or evil . in many cases , their actual existence was secondary to the moral of the tale in which they featured .\n, , tap x untapped knights you control : destroy target creature with power x or less .\nflying ( this creature can ' t be blocked except by creatures with flying or reach . )\nmark rosewater . ( march 01 , 2018 . )\nthe printing of legendary creatures at uncommon in the masters series .\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nwhenever anafenza , the foremost attacks , put a + 1 / + 1 counter on another target tapped creature you control . if a nontoken creature an opponent owns would die or a creature card not on the battlefield would be put into an opponent ' s graveyard , exile that card instead .\nlegendary creatures have often been incorporated into heraldry and architectural decoration . this is particularly the case with those symbolizing great strength or other power . in contemporary times , many legendary creatures appear prominently in fantasy fiction . these creatures are often claimed to have supernatural powers or knowledge or to guard some object of great value .\ncreature spells you cast cost less to cast for each + 1 / + 1 counter on animar .\nwhenever another creature you own dies , return it to your hand unless target opponent pays 3 life .\nbontu the glorified can ' t attack or block unless a creature died under your control this turn .\n, sacrifice another creature : scry 1 . each opponent loses 1 life and you gain 1 life .\n: brigid , hero of kinsbaile deals 2 damage to each attacking or blocking creature target player controls .\n{ r } { r } { r } , { t } : destroy target artifact creature .\ni have been playing mtg about 2 months now so am still relatively new to the game . this question is regarding the legendary creature rule . essentially , i have just been trying out a vampire deck build on magic workstation on the online play , and i played a vampire nocturnus , then on the next turn played a mirri the cursed , both legendary vampire creatures . the guy i was playing against told me to destroy one as you are only allowed one legendary creature in play . my question is , is this this true ? as i have been under the assumption that it ' s if two legendary creatures of the same name are in play at the same time then they get destroyed , i ' ve been told nothing about not playing more than one different legendary creature in the same game and them both being in play . i don ' t know if this seems a ridiculous question and something i should have learned when i first started , but yeah , could i just get a bit of an explanation of how it works please ? thanks . please use cardtags in the future . ~ parinoid\nthe griffin is a legendary creature with the body , tail , and back legs of a lion ; the head and wings of an eagle ; and an eagle\u2019s talons as its front feet . as the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts and the eagle was the king of the birds , the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature .\nwhenever another nontoken creature enters the battlefield under your control , bolster 1 . ( choose a creature with the least toughness among creatures you control and put a + 1 / + 1 counter on it . )\neach untapped creature you control gets + 0 / + 2 as long as it ' s not attacking .\nremove a ki counter from azamuki , treachery incarnate : gain control of target creature until end of turn .\n{ t } : goka the unjust deals 4 damage to target creature that was dealt damage this turn .\n8 / 23 / 2016 : melee will trigger if the creature with melee attacks a planeswalker . however , the effect counts only opponents ( and not planeswalkers ) that you attacked with a creature when determining the bonus .\nlegendary monsters\nexist ,\nif only in legend , all over the world . the series of monsters continues with a look at a few strange stories from north america .\nwhen a non - angel creature you control dies , transform archangel avacyn at the beginning of the next upkeep .\nas long as your devotion to white and black is less than seven , athreos isn ' t a creature .\nat the beginning of each player ' s upkeep , that player sacrifices an artifact , creature , or land .\n4 / 27 / 2018 : if an effect instructs you to \u201cdouble\u201d a creature ' s power , that creature gets + x / + 0 , where x is its power . the same is true for its toughness .\nlegendary creatures are things such as\ngrumpkins and snarks\nor even krakens , which have not been proven to actually exist but which exist in the folklore and mythology of westeros ( krakens are somewhat on the fence , as some believe they exist but are rarely encountered ; thus they are treated as a\nlegendary animal\nunless the books ever confirm their existence ) .\nthe griffin is a legendary creature with the head and wings of an eagle , and the body , tail , and hind legs of a lion . as the eagle was considered the \u2018king of the birds\u2019 , and the lion the \u2018king of the beasts\u2019 , the griffin was perceived as a powerful and majestic creature . during the persian empire , the griffin was seen as a protector from evil , witchcraft , and slander .\nother creatures you control have melee . ( if a creature has multiple instances of melee , each triggers separately . )\nwhenever you cast a creature spell , put a + 1 / + 1 counter on animar , soul of elements .\nwhen breya , etherium shaper enters the battlefield , create two 1 / 1 blue thopter artifact creature tokens with flying .\nwhen you cast this spell , you may return target angel or human creature card from your graveyard to the battlefield .\nthe jersey devil is a legendary creature or cryptid said to inhabit the pine barrens of southern new jersey , united states . the creature is often described as a flying biped with hooves , but there are many different variations . the common description is that of a kangaroo - like creature with the head of a goat , leathery bat - like wings , horns , small arms with clawed hands , cloven hooves and a forked tail . it has been reported to move quickly and often is described as emitting a \u201cblood - curdling scream . \u201d \u2013 source\nstarting with duel decks : elves vs . inventors and dominaria , all legendary cards , except planeswalkers , have crown - like flourishes on the title bar of the card frame . [ 4 ]\na state - based action that causes a player who controls two or more legendary permanents with the same name to put all but one into their owners\u2019 graveyards . see rule 704 . 5j .\na widely discussed phenomenon , the famous unicorn tapestries held within the famous cloisters museum , tell stories of this fabled beast . with the museum standing as a beautiful salute to medieval art and architecture , it is fitting that these works dedicated to one of the most important legendary creature of medieval times are kept here .\nyour opponents can ' t cast spells with the chosen name ( as long as this creature is on the battlefield ) .\nwhenever anafenza , the foremost attacks , put a + 1 / + 1 counter on another target tapped creature you control .\n\u2022 prevent the next x damage that would be dealt to target creature this turn . spend only white mana on x .\n: prevent all damage that would be dealt to another target creature this turn by sources of the color of your choice .\n, exile balthor the defiled : each player returns all black and all red creature cards from their graveyard to the battlefield .\n: ben - ben , akki hermit deals damage to target attacking creature equal to the number of untapped mountains you control .\nwhenever borborygmos deals combat damage to a player , put a + 1 / + 1 counter on each creature you control .\n306 . 4 . previously , planeswalkers were subject to a \u201cplaneswalker uniqueness rule\u201d that stopped a player from controlling two planeswalkers of the same planeswalker type . this rule has been removed and planeswalker cards printed before this change have received errata in the oracle card reference to have the legendary supertype . like other legendary permanents , they are subject to the \u201clegend rule\u201d ( see rule 704 . 5j ) .\noriginally , only one creature of the same name , with the creature type legend , could be in play at the same time . for a while , they were even on the restricted list , meaning there could be only one creature of the same name in each deck . this was changed around the time of ice age . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]\nwhenever a creature dealt damage by baron sengir this turn dies , put a + 2 / + 2 counter on baron sengir .\nbushido 1 ( whenever this creature blocks or becomes blocked , it gets + 1 / + 1 until end of turn . )\n4 / 27 / 2018 : if you control baird , your opponents can choose not to pay to attack with a creature that attacks \u201cif able . \u201d if there ' s no other player or planeswalker to attack , that creature simply doesn ' t attack .\nwhenever brimaz , king of oreskos attacks , create a 1 / 1 white cat soldier creature token with vigilance that ' s attacking .\n{ b } { r } { g } , { t } : return target creature card from your graveyard to your hand .\n2 / 25 / 2015 : you determine which creature to put counters on as the spell or ability that instructs you to bolster resolves . that could be the creature with the bolster ability , if it ' s still under your control and has the least toughness .\nprotection from white and from black whenever you cast a creature spell , put a + 1 / + 1 counter on animar , soul of elements . creature spells you cast cost { 1 } less to cast for each + 1 / + 1 counter on animar .\nthe hibagon is described as a \u201cblack creature with white hands and large white feet , standing about five feet tall . \u201d \u2013 source\nnope , that guy is completely wrong . legendary creatures will only be put into their respective owner ' s graveyards if they share an english name - even if they ' re the same character ( eg . kamahl , pit fighter and kamahl , fist of krosa ) , they need to have the same name to die . not to mention that nocturnus isn ' t legendary . edit : that ' s what you call nath ' d .\nwhenever bruse tarl , boorish herder enters the battlefield or attacks , target creature you control gains double strike and lifelink until end of turn .\n2 / 25 / 2015 : bolster itself doesn ' t target any creature , though some spells and abilities that bolster may have other effects that target creatures . for example , you could put counters on a creature with protection from white with aven tactician ' s bolster ability .\n9 / 22 / 2011 : if the creature spell is countered , you\u2019ll still put a + 1 / + 1 counter on animar .\ntrample whenever a creature dealt damage by axelrod gunnarson this turn dies , you gain 1 life and axelrod deals 1 damage to target player .\nis the french word meaning\nsea .\n) a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and torso of human female and a\n704 . 5j if a player controls two or more legendary permanents with the same name , that player chooses one of them , and the rest are put into their owners\u2019 graveyards . this is called the \u201clegend rule . \u201d\nmark rosewater . ( september 02 , 2017 . )\nat any point in magic ' s history , was it ever considered to make legendary a deckbuilding restriction instead of a gameplay one ?\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nmark rosewater . ( september 02 , 2017 . )\ndo you think it ' s a flavor fail to be able to summon more than one of the same legendary character from the multiverse ?\n, blogatog , tumblr .\nthe elusive nature of this mammoth swimmer has led to tales of the kraken : a legendary sea monster off the coast of norway and greenland that lurks beneath the dark waters , dragging fishermen to their deaths in the deep seas .\nwhenever a creature dealt damage by axelrod gunnarson this turn dies , you gain 1 life and axelrod deals 1 damage to target player or planeswalker .\n( giant creature of water ) . the ziz is said to be large enough to be able to block out the sun with its wingspan .\nalthough the griffin might seem like a creature conjured from the imagination of mankind , there might actually be some truth to this creature . one theory suggests that the griffin was brought to europe by traders travelling along the silk road from the gobi desert in mongolia . in this desert , the fossils of a dinosaur called the protoceratops can be found . as these bones , especially the skull , which has a bird - like beak , were exposed on the desert floor , ancient observers may have interpreted them as proof that such a hybrid creature once lived in the desert . yet , it has been shown that stories of the griffin have been around even before the silk road was developed . perhaps it was stories about the griffin that made the traders interpret the fossils of the protoceratops as that of the legendary creature .\nnah , the legend rule is that you can ' t have two legendary creatures on the field with the same name . so you can ' t have two nocturnus or two mirri the cursed , but one of each is fine .\nthe second version of the rule checked to see if any other legendary permanent of the same name exists on the entire battlefield ( regardless of the permanents ' controllers ) and sent all of those permanents ( including the one which initiated the situation ) to their owners ' graveyards . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] in effect , each legendary permanent served two purposes : 1 ) its original purpose and 2 ) the removal of all instances of that permanent already on the battlefield .\n, sacrifice another creature : exile target nonland permanent . activate this ability only if you have at least 10 life more than your starting life total .\naccording to the book searching for ropens , it is \u201cany featherless creature that flies in the southwest pacific , and has a tail - length more than 25 % of its wingspan . \u201d on umboi island the word \u201cropen\u201d refers to a large nocturnal creature that glows briefly as it flies . \u2013 source\nissie is a legendary japanese lake monster ; said to lurk in lake ikeda , on kyushu island . it is described as being saurian in appearance . the name is formed in analogy with \u201cnessie\u201d ( the loch ness monster ) . \u2013 source\ngoat\n, literally\ngoat sucker\n) , is a legendary cryptid rumored to inhabit parts of the americas . the name comes from the animal ' s reported habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock , especially goats . it is supposedly a heavy creature , the size of a small bear , with a row of spines reaching from the neck to the base of the tail .\nmorph ( you may cast this card face down as a 2 / 2 creature for . turn it face up any time for its morph cost . )\neach creature you control with defender assigns combat damage equal to its toughness rather than its power and can attack as though it didn ' t have defender .\nat the beginning of each player ' s upkeep , that player may put an artifact , creature , or land card from their hand onto the battlefield .\n9 / 15 / 2013 : heroic abilities will trigger only once per spell , even if that spell targets the creature with the heroic ability multiple times .\n{ 2 } { b } { r } , { t } : create a 1 / 1 black and red demon creature token named minor demon .\nophiotaurus was a creature that was part bull and part serpent . it\u2019s entrails were said to grant the power to defeat the gods to whoever burned them .\nstarting with ixalan , this rule was abandonded . [ 15 ] all planeswalkers past , present , and future gained the supertype legendary and became subject to the\nlegend rule\n. thus , if a player controls more than one legendary planeswalker with the same name , that player chooses one and puts the other into their owner ' s graveyard . this means for example that if you control jace , unraveler of secrets and cast jace , cunning castaway , both jaces now can exist under your control .\nmark rosewater has stated multiple times that he considers legendary to be a mechanical downside which he would rather get rid off . [ 19 ] if he was starting over he would make legendary a supertype with no rules baggage . he would create a keyword , called something like unique , for things that needed for gameplay reasons to restricted to having only one in play . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] the rest of r & d doesn ' t concur with rosewater ' s idea . [ 22 ]\nwhat the other guy said was wrong . what you said was correct . if there are 2 + creatures on the battlefield that all have the legendary supertype and have the same name , they are all put into owners graveyard as a state based action .\nhe describes how they heard movement in the woods , three steps at a time , and the creature came into view near a glow stick about 30 yards away .\ndragons do not count as\nmagic\ncreatures because they are well - known to exist and are living , breathing animals - albeit they apparently have some sort of tie to magic in the world . basically , following rpg rules , a\nmagical creature\nis a\nsummoned creature\n, while dragons are actual animals .\nmelon heads is the name given to legendary beings and urban legends in parts of michigan , ohio , and connecticut generally described as small humanoids with bulbous heads who occasionally emerge from hiding places to attack people . different variations of the legend attribute different origins . \u2013 source\ngrandeur \u2014 discard another card named baru , fist of krosa : create an x / x green wurm creature token , where x is the number of lands you control .\nthe creature that finally emerged from the river was huge , limbless and covered in scales . it was a snake , but one so overgrown they called it a dragon .\nthe canvey island monster is the name given to an unusual creature whose carcass washed up on the shores of canvey island , england , in november , 1953 . \u2013 source\nthe bunyip , or kianpraty , is a large mythical creature from aboriginal mythology , said to lurk in swamps , billabongs , creeks , riverbeds , and waterholes . \u2013 source\n4 / 27 / 2018 : if a creature ' s power is less than 0 when it ' s doubled , instead that creature gets - x / - 0 , where x is how much less than 0 its power is . for example , if an effect has given grunn - 7 / - 0 so that it ' s a - 2 / 5 creature , doubling its power and toughness gives it - 2 / + 5 , and it ' s a - 4 / 10 until end of turn .\nbushido 1 ( whenever this creature blocks or becomes blocked , it gets + 1 / + 1 until end of turn . ) if there are exactly two permanents named brothers yamazaki on the battlefield , the\nlegend rule\ndoesn ' t apply to them . each other creature named brothers yamazaki gets + 2 / + 2 and has haste .\nthe names in this generator are based on those of famous legendary creatures , like the phoenix , minotaur , kelpie , wyvern , undine , satyr and so on . as a result the names in this generator will work great for other legendary beings , similar to the many fictional ones found in the witcher series , like the bruxa , alghoul , striga and zeugl . this generator will also randomly generate names based on beings from other cultures , so there ' s plenty of variety , but this does mean some results will likely be less useful to you .\n: target artifact creature ' s controller sacrifices it . that player may search their library for a noncreature artifact card , put it onto the battlefield , then shuffle their library .\n4 / 27 / 2018 : a creature attacks alone if it ' s the only creature declared as an attacker during the declare attackers step ( including creatures controlled by your teammates , if applicable ) . for example , grunn ' s last ability won ' t trigger if you attack with multiple creatures and all but one of them are removed from combat .\nphineus . like many other second - tier greek creatures , the harpies were more prominent in art works than in mythological literature , and while they may occasionally be used in popular culture today , they are most widely remembered for their part in the legendary adventures of jason and the argonauts .\nat the beginning of each end step , put a + 1 / + 1 counter on asmira , holy avenger for each creature put into your graveyard from the battlefield this turn .\nfurther to the east , a part - man , part - bird creature , the garuda , served as a mount for the hindu god vishnu . perhaps the fascination with such hybrid creatures is due to the fact that it allows people to combine the best characteristics of two or more creatures into one \u2019super creature\u2019 , allowing meaningful symbolism to be attached to them .\n9 / 29 / 2017 : in a two - headed giant game , an unblocked attacking creature deals its combat damage to one of the two players it ' s attacking . the attacking team chooses which player that is for each creature as combat damage is assigned . combat damage dealt by pirates your teammate controls will count when checking for admiral beckett brass ' s ability .\n10 / 1 / 2009 : the player you target with axelrod gunnarson ' s ability doesn ' t have to be the player that controlled the creature that was put into a graveyard .\n, pixies are often considered mischievous , but not overtly malevolent creatures of nature . their most commonly depicted image is a wingless and pointy - eared fairy - esque creature dressed in green .\nbanding ( any creatures with banding , and up to one without , can attack in a band . bands are blocked as a group . if any creatures with banding you control are blocking or being blocked by a creature , you divide that creature ' s combat damage , not its controller , among any of the creatures it ' s being blocked by or is blocking . )\n10 / 1 / 2009 : each time a creature is put into a graveyard from play , check whether axelrod gunnarson had dealt any damage to it at any time during that turn . ( this includes combat damage . ) if so , axelrod gunnarson ' s second ability will trigger . it doesn ' t matter who controlled the creature or whose graveyard it was put into .\nwhenever alesha , who smiles at death attacks , you may pay . if you do , return target creature card with power 2 or less from your graveyard to the battlefield tapped and attacking .\n10 / 1 / 2009 : if axelrod gunnarson and a creature it dealt damage to are both put into a graveyard at the same time , axelrod gunnarson ' s second ability will trigger .\nflash when garna , the bloodflame enters the battlefield , return to your hand all creature cards in your graveyard that were put there from anywhere this turn . other creatures you control have haste .\nthe dover demon is an alleged cryptozoological creature sighted on three separate occasions during a 25 - hour period in the town of dover , massachusetts on april 21 and april 22 , 1977 . \u2013 source\n, and at other times only to describe a specific type of more ethereal creature . many folktales are told of fairies , and they appear as characters in stories from medieval tales of chivalry , to victorian\nchupacabra means goat sucker . the legendary animal is said to roam through mexico , southwest usa , and puerto rico as well as other areas . the chupacabra is blamed for mysterious livestock deaths , and examples of chupacabras have been found and photographed , usually dead . the creature is described variously as resembling a hairless bear , sometimes with spikes on its back , or a hairless dog - like animal . some of the carcasses and photographs have been studied and turned out to be coyotes with a severe case of mange . image by deviantart member raenyras .\nhorsemanship ( this creature can ' t be blocked except by creatures with horsemanship . ) when guan yu , sainted warrior is put into your graveyard from the battlefield , you may shuffle guan yu into your library .\nwhile falconry involved careful training and deer hunting adept horsemanship , the netting of birds required more cunning than speed ( 1979 . 185 ) . animals , both real and legendary , frequently appear on works of art associated with more sedentary pastimes , including game pieces ( 16 . 106 ) and boxes for storing them ( 1976 . 327 ) .\n11 / 24 / 2014 : you choose which opponent or opposing planeswalker the creature is attacking as you put it onto the battlefield . it doesn ' t have to be the same player or planeswalker alesha is attacking .\n9 / 15 / 2013 : heroic abilities won ' t trigger when a copy of a spell is created on the stack or when a spell ' s targets are changed to include a creature with a heroic ability .\nif you ' re having creature problems i feel bad for you son you got 99 attackers but i ' m blocking with 1 . the winner is judge | 7 this winner is also judge | 6 club flamingo | lots\nin greek mythology , the chimera is a monstrous creature that was composed of several different animals . other hybrids exist as combinations of human beings with animals and / or birds , as well as a variety of humanoid creatures .\nthe beast of bray road is described by purported witnesses in several ways : as a bear - like creature , as a hairy biped resembling bigfoot , and as an unusually large ( 2\u20134 feet tall on all fours , 7 feet tall standing up ) intelligent wolf - like creature apt to walk on its hind legs and weighing 400 - 700 pounds . it also said that its fur is a brown gray color resembling a dog or bear . \u2013 source\na giant squid was recently filmed swimming next to a human diver in japan\u2019s toyama bay . it\u2019s a creature so elusive it has spawned hundreds of horror stories and legends over the centuries ( including in herman melville\u2019s novel \u2018moby dick\u2019 ) .\n9 / 20 / 2014 : anafenza ' s last ability cares only what the card would be in the zone it ' s moving from , not what it would be in the graveyard . for example , if a land card you control becomes a creature due to an effect and then dies , the land card will be exiled . but if a creature card with bestow is an aura when it would be put into the graveyard , it ends up in the graveyard .\nif a player controls two or more legendary permanents of the same name when state - based effects are checked , that player chooses one of those permanents and immediately put the others into their owners ' graveyards , without any player having an opportunity to respond . this does not destroy the other permanents , does not cause them to be sacrificed , and cannot be prevented by indestructibility or regeneration .\ninterestingly , there are various hybrid creatures that are similar to the griffin . for instance , the lamassu was an assyrian mythical creature that had the head of a man , a body of a lion or bull , and the wings of an eagle .\n8 / 23 / 2016 : creatures that enter the battlefield attacking were never declared as attackers , so they won ' t count toward melee ' s effect . similarly , if a creature with melee enters the battlefield attacking , melee won ' t trigger .\nfirst strike whenever alesha , who smiles at death attacks , you may pay { w / b } { w / b } . if you do , return target creature card with power 2 or less from your graveyard to the battlefield tapped and attacking .\na brownie is a legendary household spirit popular in folklore around scotland and northern england . they are said to inhabit houses and aid in tasks around the house . however , they do not like to be seen and will only work at night , traditionally in exchange for small gifts or food . they usually abandon the house if their gifts are called payments , or if the owners of the house misuse them .\n, described first by pliny the elder and later by claudius aelianus . its head is always pointing downwards , hence its name which means\nto look downwards\nin greek . the creature is said to have the head of a hog and the body of a\n[ \u2026 ] it was not a human in a morphsuit or an animal or anything in between . it stared , this inky black creature , and started to move towards us . now in high stress situations , i usually end up laughing to calm [ \u2026 ]\nknown for their bizarre characteristics , greek mythical creatures have been the subject of popular culture for thousands of years . these mythical monsters are some of the strangest , most bizarre and terrifying creations ever , ranging from glorified animals to humanoid mythical creatures . on today\u2019s list , we are going to take a look at these mythical creatures and learn about some of their epic stories . these are 25 most legendary creatures from greek mythology .\nworks of art dating pre - 1900 are bursting with mythical stories and representations of fabled mythical creatures , whether they be frightening dragons , majestic centaurs or , in this case , the enchanting unicorn . each legendary creature of the past has its own history and origins . unicorns in particular have always been an especially mysterious beast , as their history can be traced back to ancient greek writings of natural history . the truth of their existence therefore has long been disputed , with the debate having lasted for over two millennia . many today believe that they did indeed once walk the earth , but whatever you believe , the unicorn\u2019s existence is set forever within the delicate tapestries and illustrations from throughout the medieval period .\nin chinese mythology , the phoenix is the symbol of high virtue and grace , of power and prosperity . it represents the union of yin and yang . it was thought to be a gentle creature , alighting so gently that it crushed nothing , and eating only dewdrops .\n4 / 27 / 2018 : which creature cards to return to your hand is determined as garna ' s triggered ability resolves . if garna somehow finds its way into your graveyard before that , perhaps due to the \u201clegend rule , \u201d it will be returned to your hand .\n: put a + 1 / + 1 counter on ashling the pilgrim . if this is the third time this ability has resolved this turn , remove all + 1 / + 1 counters from ashling the pilgrim , and it deals that much damage to each creature and each player .\nflying as alhammarret , high arbiter enters the battlefield , each opponent reveals his or her hand . you choose the name of a nonland card revealed this way . your opponents can ' t cast spells with the chosen name ( as long as this creature is on the battlefield ) .\naccording to native folklore the creature has a series of unnatural characteristics related to other fantastic beings of brazilian mythology . these include the creature only having one eye , long claws , caiman skin , backward feet and a second mouth on its belly . in more recent eyewitness accounts it has consistently been described as resembling either an ape or giant ground - dwelling sloth and having long arms , powerful claws that could tear apart palm trees , a sloping back , reaching heights of 7 feet when standing on its hind legs and is covered in thick , matted fur . \u2013 source\nany tentacled creature roaming the deep ocean sounds unnerving , but imagine one that can grow up to 50 feet with hundreds of fine teeth and sharp hooks lining its long , muscly limbs and enormous eyes of up to 40cm . are you scared yet ? good , because it\u2019s totally real .\nthe daughter of poseidon and gaia ; charybdis is a huge bladder of a creature whose face is all mouth and whose arms and legs are flippers . she swallows huge amounts of water three times a day , before belching it back out again , creating large whirlpools capable of sinking large ships .\n9 / 20 / 2014 : while anafenza is on the battlefield , abilities that trigger whenever a nontoken creature your opponent owns dies won ' t trigger , as that card will never reach that player ' s graveyard . ( token creatures will still go to the graveyard briefly before ceasing to exist . )\nthe minotaur was a humanoid mythical creature with the head of a bull on the body of a man . he dwelt at the center of the cretan labyrinth , which was an elaborate maze designed by the architect daedalus and his son icarus . the bull - man was eventually slain by the athenian hero theseus .\nthe centaur is a humanoid mythical creature with the head , arms , and torso of a human and the body and legs of a horse . perhaps one of the most popular centaurs in greek mythology is chiron . he stands in contrast to the typical depiction of centaurs being indulgent and violent drinkers with his intelligence and enviable medical skills .\nthe chimera was a monstrous fire - breathing female creature of lycia in asia minor who was composed of the parts of three animals ; a lion , a snake and a goat . the term chimera has come to describe any mythical or fictional animal with parts taken from various animals , or to describe concepts perceived as wildly imaginative or implausible .\n8 / 23 / 2016 : it doesn ' t matter how many creatures you attacked a player with , only that you attacked a player with at least one creature . for example , if you attack one player with wings of the guard and another player with five creatures , wings of the guard will get + 2 / + 2 until end of turn .\nthe mono grande ( spanish for \u201clarge monkey\u201d ) , a large monkey - like creature , has been occasionally reported in south america . such creatures are reported as being much larger than the commonly accepted new world monkeys . these accounts have received rather little publicity , and typically generated little or no interest from mainstream experts , but have received some notice in cryptozoology . \u2013 source\nthe manananggal ( sometimes confused with the wak wak ) is a mythical creature of the philippines , an evil , man - eating and blood - sucking monster or witch . it is described as hideous , scary , often depicted as female , and capable of severing its upper torso and sprouting huge bat - like wings to fly into the night in search of its victims . \u2013 source\n9 / 20 / 2014 : if your opponent discards a creature card while anafenza is on the battlefield , abilities that function when a card is discarded ( such as madness ) still work , even though that card never reaches a graveyard . in addition , spells or abilities that check the characteristics of a discarded card ( such as chandra ablaze ' s first ability ) can find that card in exile .\ncryptozoology ( from greek : \u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 , krypt\u00f3s ,\nhidden\n; \u03b6\u1ff7\u03bf\u03bd , z\u00f4on ,\nanimal\n; and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 , logos ,\nknowledge\nor\nstudy\n\u2013 c . f . zoology ) is the search for animals believed to exist , but for which conclusive evidence is missing . among these are included some of the legendary creatures . the field also includes the search for known animals believed to be extinct . while cryptozoologists strive for legitimacy \u2013 some of them are respected scientists in other fields \u2013 and discoveries of previously unknown animals are often subject to great attention , however , cryptozoology has not been fully embraced by the scientific community .\ngrassman , also known as the ohio grassman and kenmore grassman , is an alleged bipedal , ape - like creature reportedly seen in the state of ohio , primarily around kenmore , near the akron , ohio area and throughout eastern ohio into western pa . and central and southern ohio into wv . it was first allegedly sighted in gallia county , ohio in 1869 . grassman\u2019s main foodsouce is wheat grass . \u2013 source\nin may 2001 , reports began to circulate in the indian capital new delhi of a strange monkey - like creature that was appearing at night and attacking people . eyewitness accounts were often inconsistent , but tended to describe the creature as about four feet ( 120 cm ) tall , covered in thick black hair , with a metal helmet , metal claws , glowing red eyes and three buttons on its chest ; others , however , described the monkey - man as having a more vulpine snout , and being up to eight feet tall , and muscular ; it would leap from building to building like a parcour enthusiast . still others have described it as a bandaged figure or as a helmeted thing . theories on the nature of the monkey man ranged from an avatar of the hindu god hanuman , to an indian version of bigfoot . \u2013 source"]}
{"id": 2567, "summary": [{"text": "the lestidae are a rather small family of cosmopolitan , large-sized , slender damselflies , known commonly as the spreadwings or spread-winged damselflies .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the two subfamilies in lestidae are lestinae and sympecmatinae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "damselflies in the lestinae rest with their wings partly open , while those in the sympecmatinae , the reedlings , ringtails , and winter damselflies , rest with their wings folded .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the exact taxonomy of the family is disputed , with some authorities including twelve genera and some eight . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "lestidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30a2\u30aa\u30a4\u30c8\u30c8\u30f3\u30dc\u79d1\nto\nlestidae\n.\nthese photos supplement pages 67 - 73 of the guide to aquatic invertebrates of the upper midwest . information on the biology of lestidae can be found on page 71 . the gills on lestidae can often be missing , so use the other characters and general body shape for identification . the main difference between lestidae and coenagrionidae is the width of the labium . lestidae have a narrow labium ( below ) . coenagrionidae have a wide labium ; click to compare with coenagrionidae .\nintroduction : damselfly nymphs of family lestidae have very slender and elongated bodies . they range in colour from green to brown , often supplemented with mottled patterns . legs are long and end with two claws . they are well camouflaged in stems or tangles of aquatic vegetation .\nlestes parvidens artobolevskij , 1929 : olias et al . ( 2007 ) [ source additionnelle ] olias , m . , weihrauch , f . , bedjani\u010d , m . , hacet , n . , marinov , m . , \u0161alamun , a . 2007 . lestes parvidens and l . viridis in southeastern europe : a chorological analysis ( odonata : lestidae ) . libellula 26 ( 3 / 4 ) : 243 - 272 .\nscientists commonly use wing venation to classify damselflies , but describing the wings can become very technical , so here is a short introduction . zygopterae have three major structures in wing venation : nodus , quadrangle , and pterostigma . when describing veins , the antenodal veins are closest to the nodus , while the postnodal veins are farthest away . wing venation is useful in distinguishing between two species . for example , the coenagrionidae family has an m3 vein just behind the nodus , but in the lestidae family , this same vein is closer to the wing base .\nchalcolestes parvidens ( artobolevskij , 1929 ) : gyulav\u00e1ri et al . ( 2012 ) [ source de l ' enregistrement ] gyulav\u00e1ri , h . a . , felf\u00f6ldi , t . , benken , t . , szab\u00f3 , l . j . , miskolczi , m . , cserh\u00e1ti , c . , horvai , v . , m\u00e1rialigeti , k . , d\u00e9vai , g . 2012 . morphometric and molecular studies on the populations of the damselflies chalcolestes viridis and c . parvidens ( odonata , lestidae ) . international journal of odonatology , 14 ( 4 ) : 329 - 339 .\ncharacteristics : * long , slender abdomen . damselflies swim by undulating their bodies . * spread - winged damselflies ( family lestidae ) have narrow , clear wings that are stalked at the base and held spread over the body when the fly is at rest . * broad - winged damselflies ( family calopterygidae ) have broader wings , black or with with blackish markings , that are narrowed at the base . when the fly is resting , the wings are held together over the body . * narrow - winged damselflies ( family coenagrionidae ) have narrow , clear , stalked wings like spread - winged damselflies , but the wings at rest are held together over the body . * body length : 1 1 / 4 - 2\n.\na set of 21 ponds was sampled three times for odonate larvae during spring 2002 . at the same time 17 environmental variables were recorded including area , wet phase duration , total nitrogen , total phosphorus , aquatic macrophytes and land use . atotal of 16 odonate species belonging to lestidae , coenagrionidae , aeshnidae and libellulidae were recorded , and the total number of species per pond varied from zero to six . the relationships between species richness , assemblages and environmental variables were studied by simple and multiple correlation and by canonical correspondence analysis ( cca ) . the results showed that permanent ponds were larger , deeper , had more macrophyte species , had more extensive macrophytes cover and lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus than temporary ponds . multiple regression analysis showed that the number of odonate species was positively affected firstly by the number of macrophyte species , and then by pond depth . however , pond depth appeared to be interchangeable with several others variables , such as pond area and water duration and negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration , variables which are all linked with the permanent or temporary status of the ponds . cca analysis indicated that odonate species presence was linked with a few environmental variables , showing a tendency of odonata to avoid ponds with higher nitrogen concentrations , with the exception of lestes barbarus , a species typical of temporary water in central italy . at the same time , the majority of species were linked with longer water phase duration and with greater macrophyte species richness . acomparison with previous studies , and in particular with those carried out in central italy , confirmed the positive influence of macrophytes , water duration , and also the negative effect of nutrient load . however , several other variables , in particular land use , shade , presence of fish , which were influential in other studies , were not significant in this study .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorth american odonata - the odonata of north america , website ( version sept . 2006 )\nslater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , occasional paper no . 56\nthis is the third printing with revisions . publication was originally printed on 15 june 1999\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nwings stalked at base . clear wings , typically held diverged above the body at rest .\nodonata of north america uses the common name\nspreadwings\nfor this family , so it has been changed .\na field guide to insects richard e . white , donald j . borror , roger tory peterson . 1998 . houghton mifflin co .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nlike most damselflies , the species in this family have long , thin bodies and long , thin wings . unlike other damselflies , the species in this family hold their wings slightly open when they are at rest . damselflies in other families hold their wings together when they are at rest .\nspread - winged damselflies have transparent wings with one black spot called the pterostigma on the tip of each of their four wings . they are 1 - 2 inches in length , and many species have have metallic green bodies , and most species have round bluish - green eyes on the sides of their heads .\nspread - winged damselflies are found around ponds and swamps , where they can be seen perching on grass and plant stems .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .\namber - winged spreadwing - lestes eurinus the amber - winged spreadwing is found from manitoba east to nova scotia and south to missouri and north carolina . it is found across new hampshire . source : biokids intended audience : students reading level : elementary school teacher section : no\namber - winged spreadwing - lestes eurinus the amber - winged spreadwing is found near ponds , bogs , and lakes without fish . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\namber - winged spreadwing - lestes eurinus the amber - winged spreadwing is 1 . 7 - 2 inches in length . source : wisconsin odonata survey intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nblack spreadwing - lestes stultus the black spreadwing is found in the western u . s . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nblue - striped spreadwing - lestes tenuatus the blue - stripped spreadwing is found in florida . in 2008 it was found in south texas . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncalifornia spreadwing - archilestes californica the california spreadwing is found from washington south to baja california , arizona , and new mexico . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncarolina spreadwing - lestes vidua the california spreadwing is found from north carolina south to florida and west to alabama . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nchalky spreadwing - lestes sigma the chalky spreadwing is found from oklahoma and texas south through mexico to costa rica . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ndark spreadwing - lestes macrostigma the dark spreadwing is found in in coastal regions of europe and asia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndune ringtail - austrolestes minjerriba the dune ringtail is found in new south wales and queensland , australia . source : atlas of living australia intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nelegant spreadwing - lestes inaequalis the elegant spreadwing is found in eastern north america from ontario south to florida and west to minnesota and texas . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nelegant spreadwing - lestes inaequalis the elegant spreadwing is a large metallic green damselfly . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nemerald damselfly - lestes sponsa the emerald damselfly is found from western europe to japan . it is also known as the common spreadwing . source : british dragonfly society intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe emerald spreadwing is found from alaska , northwest territories and nova scotia south to california , new mexico , nebraska , and virginia . it is found across new hampshire . it is also found in eurasia and northern africa .\nemerald spreadwing - lestes dryas the emerald spreadwing is metallic green . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ngreat spreadwing - archilestes grandis the great spreadwing is found in western and southern regions of the united states . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngreat spreadwing - archilestes grandis the great spreadwing has a bright yellow stripe on its thorax that makes it easy to identify . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nlyre - tipped spreadwing - lestes unguiculatus the lyre - tipped spreadwing is found in the northern u . s . and canada . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nlyre - tipped spreadwing - lestes unguiculatus the lyre - tipped spreadwing is found near pools , ponds , and slow - moving streams . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nnorthern spreadwing - lestes disjunctus the northern spreadwing is found across much of north america . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nplateau spreadwing - lestes alacer the plateau spreadwing is found in arizona , new mexico , oklahoma and texas south through mexico and costa rica . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nplateau spreadwing - lestes alacer the plateau spreadwing has a blue face . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nrainpool spreadwing - lestes forficula the rainpool spreadwing is found from texas and mexico and south through central america and west indies to argentina and brazil . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nrainpool spreadwing - lestes forficula the rainpool spreadwing is found in ponds and pools . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsiberian winter damsel - sympecma paedisca the siberian winter damsel is found in afghanistan , armenia , austria , azerbaijan , belarus , china , czech republic , estonia , finland , germany , india , italy , japan , kazakhstan , north and south korea , kyrgyzstan , latvia , lithuania , mongolia , netherlands , pakistan , poland , russia , slovakia , sweden , switzerland , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , ukraine , and uzbekistan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nslender spreadwing - lestes rectangularis the slender spreadwing is found in the eastern united states . source : biokids intended audience : students reading level : elementary school teacher section : no\nslender spreadwing - lestes rectangularis male slender spreadwings have very long abdomens . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsouthern spreadwing - lestes australis the southern spreadwing is found across the eastern and southern united states . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsouthern spreadwing - lestes australis the southern spreadwing is usually found in non - moving water habitats with emergent vegetation . source : wisconsin odonata survey intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsouthern spreadwing - lestes australis the southern spreadwing is 1 . 4 - 1 . 8 inches in length . source : bug guide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nspotted spreadwing - lestes congener the spotted spreadwing is found across much of the united states , except for some southern states . it is found in new hampshire in the fall . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nspotted spreadwing - lestes tridens the spotted spreadwing is found at the edges of ponds , marshes , and swamps . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nswamp spreadwing - lestes vigilax the swamp spreadwing is found from southeastern canada and minnesota and south to florida and oklahoma and texas . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsweetflag spreadwing - lestes forcipatus the sweetflag spreadwing is found in the eastern u . s . and southeastern canada . it is found across new hampshire . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsweetflag spreadwing - lestes forcipatus the sweetflag spreadwing is found in ponds , lakes , and slow streams . source : wisconsin odonata survey intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nregents of the university of minnesota . all rights reserved . the university of minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer .\ndistinguishing characteristics - the spreadwinged damselflies have antennae segments which are about the same length ( fig . b ) . they have a prementum which has a narrow stalk at the base and expands at the palpal lobes ( fig . c ) . lateral tracheal branches of the caudal lamellae are nearly at a right angle to the central tracheal trunk .\nnotes - spreadwing damselfly larvae are climbers that are found on submerged vegetation in a wide variety of environments including streams and almost any small standing water environment . they are predators that feed on small animals . they overwinter as eggs . the size of the spreadwinged damselflies at maturity is 20 - 29 mm excluding caudal lamellae .\nthis web site is funded by region viii epa section 319 funds administered by the north dakota department of health .\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nirmng\nas preferred for\nchalcolestes viridis\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lestes disjunctus selys , 1862 to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by type data from idigbio from lestes to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfeeding : all damselfly nymphs are predators . coenagrionid nymphs use sit and wait hunting strategy or actively stalk their prey .\nsize : size of the mature nymphs varies among the species from 15 mm to about 30 mm ( not including caudal gills ) .\nlife cycle : damselflies undergo incomplete metamorphosis . their life cycle includes three stages \u2013 egg , nymph and adult . most species produce one generation per year . some can have even two generations in one year .\nintroduction : coenagrionidae is the most diverse and abundant family of damselflies . nymphs live in wide range of freshwater ecosystems . they can be found in small ponds and streams , as well as in large lakes and rivers . the most common they are in still or slow flowing waters , where climb on aquatic plants or submerged pieces of terrestrial vegetation . species , preferring running waters , hold firmly on the stones or any other solid surface . however , all damselfly nymphs can swim by side to side movements of their long body .\ndamselfly nymphs are more slender than dragonfly nymphs . their abdomen terminates in three caudal gills . leaves resembling gills , with highly branched small veins , are held vertically and all three are about the same length . these fragile structures are sometimes broken off or lost when escaping the predators . the head is wider than thorax and the abdomen ( in contrast to the majority of dragonfly nymphs ) . all antennal segments are about the same length .\ndamselfly nymphs range in colour from black , brown , green and yellow . in combination with body shape and mottled patterns are very well camouflaged . moreover , some of the less active species are covered with algae and a layer of sediments . in some cases , green or brown nymphs of the same species can be found in the same habitat , depending on the part where they live ( among the plants by the surface or sediments at the bottom ) .\nprementum ( middle section of the lower lip bearing labial palps ) is triangular . labial palps possess raptorial setae and terminate in sharp hooks . nymphs feed on zooplankton and every smaller vanquishable invertebrates they come upon . cannibalism among the species is no exception . coenagrionid nymphs slowly stalk their prey among the vegetation . nymphs , living in fast flowing waters , move reluctantly and just wait until current brings some prey into their reach .\nnymphs of the family platycnemididae are usually dark in colour and prefer running water habitats . they have a distinctive shape of caudal gills that terminate with a thin filament at the tip of each lamella . each lamella is lined with short to long marginal hairs .\nwhite - legged damselflies ( platycnemididae ) are closely related to narrow - winged damselflies ( coenagrionidae ) , which are described above . the nymphs share almost all of their characteristics .\nfeeding : all damselfly nymphs are predators . lestid nymphs use sit and wait hunting strategy or actively stalk their prey .\nsize : mature nymphs can grow up to sizes around 40 mm ( not including gills ) .\nlife cycle : damselflies undergo incomplete metamorphosis . their life cycle includes three stages \u2013 egg , nymph and adult . most species require 1 or 2 years for one generation .\nnymphs have three long feather - like gills with small veins in perpendicular position to the larger vein in the middle . by waving the gills , nymphs create the circulation of water around the body and increase the amount of acquired oxygen . moreover , nymphs can move surprisingly swiftly by wiggling side to side their long abdomens equipped with lamellated gills .\nlong prementum ( middle section of the lower lip bearing labial palps ) is greatly narrowed . labial palps terminate in sharp thorns and one movable hook , thereby forming a scoop . large eyes and a long extendable mask enable the nymph to catch small and fast moving animals . lestid nymphs feed on zooplankton , midge larvae , mosquito larvae and other small invertebrates . when the prey is grabbed , it is enclosed within the \u201ebasket\u201c of setae and interlocking teeth , tightened back , and subsequently crushed by chewing mouthparts .\nnymphs do not feed for several days before emergence and stay in vegetation by the surface .\nfemale damselflies lay eggs in plant tissue . some species land by the surface and immerse just the tip of the abdomen , while others climb down the plant stems and totally submerge . if the male is holding the female to protect her from other males , both animals will submerge . on the way back , female just let go the stem and thin layer of air on the wings will raise them to the surface .\nwhen ensuring the continuity of the future generations , many of them perish by drowning or are eaten by fish .\nfeeding : all damselfly nymphs are predators . calopterygid nymphs wait until the prey comes into their reach .\nintroduction : nymphs of the family calopterygidae need flowing and well - oxygenated water for living and development . they occur in parts of rivers and streams , where the current is moderate . calopterygid nymphs are bad swimmers and can be washed away , when get to the stronger current ( which makes them vulnerable to predators ) .\nthey are mostly found climbing on overhanging vegetation or among the root masses . precisely roots of terrestrial vegetation , extending in tangles into the water , provide the best foothold and cover .\ncalopterygid nymphs , with very slender and elongated bodies , mostly occur in shades of brown . legs are long , thin and end with two claws . they move very slowly and do not often change their position in a habitat ( therefore are covered with a layer of sediments ) . lack of movement , colour and body shape make them perfectly camouflaged in accumulations of roots and twigs .\nlong antennae are bent to the sides . the first antennal segment ( closest to the head ) is longer than the length of all subsequent segments .\ncaudal gills , without visible veins , are triangular in cross section . gill in the middle is slightly shorter than the side gills .\nextendable labium , with large cleft in the middle , is narrowed and lacks the setae . labial palps terminate in sharp thorns and one movable hook . nymphs feed on worm - like larvae , black fly larvae and other small invertebrates inhabiting flowing waters .\nnatural history : * habitat : along streams , in swamps and ponds . * range : throughout north america and much of the world . * behavior : damselfly larvae are called nymphs , and they can be found in the spring under rocks in streams and slow - moving rivers . damselflies are carnivores .\nconnections ! * unlike many insects , damselflies cannot fold their wings to their sides when at rest ; the wings either stay spread out or are held above the body . they breathe by means of three paddle - shaped gills which protrude from the end of the abdomen .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthese insects have aliases across the world ; adults are known as sewing needles , snake doctors , horse stingers , and mosquito hawks , and the nymphs are called water lizards . these names come from fables in cultures that talk about damselflies sewing people . it no surprise that there is a wide variety of names for damselflies because there are about 2 , 838 named species worldwide ! there are close to 5 , 740 named damselfly and dragonfly species worldwide , while more than 410 damselfly species call the united states and canada home . it is important that we take care of the damselflies\u2019 habitats because scientists estimate there are 500 \u2013 1500 species that are unnamed ; scientists now recognize damselflies as indicators for environmental conditions such as water flow , pollution , and vegetation type and abundance . attention ! damselflies are harmless to humans ; contrary to some cultural beliefs , they do not bite or sting . the following characteristics can help identify damselflies in nature :\nnaiads are damselfly larva , and they are completely aquatic until they hatch into the adult form . they are easy to spot because they look similar to adult damselflies , but they do not have wings . each naiad has three feathery gills on its anterior end that help the naiad gather oxygen so it can breathe under water . the coloring for naiads is not nearly as eye catching as adult damselflies because they begin a light tan color and darken each time they molt . naiads have a slender body and long legs that they use to move slowly through their aquatic habitats . these long legs are also useful when clinging to rocks or vegetation . like their adult form , naiads are also carnivorous , and they can be quite voracious when hunting small aquatic organisms .\nfact ! damselflies and dragonflies are not related ! keep reading to find out why . . .\ndamselflies are more slender and sleeker than dragonflies . damselflies have widely separated eyes while dragonflies have eyes on the top of their heads . zygoptera ( damselflies ) means \u201cequal winged , \u201d while anisoptera ( dragonflies ) means \u201cunequal winged . \u201d when they are not flying , damselflies usually hold their wings up over their backs ( with the exception of spread - winged damsels ) , but dragonflies hold their wings open and to the sides .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\ncurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of article views ( full - text article views including html 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( 2017 ) . ancient creatures : dragonflies and damselflies of malaysia . ministry of natural resources and environment , putrajaya , malaysia . pp . 115 . \u2014 [ adobe pdf ( pdf ) | ebook ( epub ) ]\nacknowledgements : - assoc . prof . dr . choong chee yen , ms . nurfarhana hizan binti hijas , siti zubaidah binti abdul latif & mr . tan kok kiat\ncitation : - indolestes dajakanus . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nfeedback : - if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please provide us with feedback .\nget updates and an exclusive news when you sign up to our free newsletter .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) . all rights reserved . disclaimer - the malaysian government , and ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the usage of any information obtained from this website . by entering this site , you acknowledge and agree that no portion of this site , including but not limited to names , logos , trademarks , patents , sound , graphics , charts , text , audio , video , information or images are either mybis property or the property permitted by third - party and shall not be used without prior written approval from the owner ( s ) .\nbest viewed using latest mozila firefox , google chrome and internet explorer 10 with resolution 1024 x 768px or above . version 2 . 0 / 2016\nto select an area click to show the selector box . 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{"id": 2578, "summary": [{"text": "hypolimnas octocula , the eight-spot butterfly , is a species of eggfly or diadem endemic to several islands and island chains in oceania , including new caledonia , vanuatu and the mariana islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it includes the following subspecies : h. o. octocula butler , 1869 h. o. pallas grose-smith h. o. elsina butler h. o. formosa herrich-sch\u00e4ffer h. o. marianensis", "topic": 7}], "title": "hypolimnas octocula", "paragraphs": ["hypolimnas octocula marianensis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 555\n= hypolimnas octocula elsina ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 303\nhypolimnas octocula futunaensis samson , 1986 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 , 25 ; tl : s . new hebrides , futuna\nhypolimnas octocula tanna samson , 1986 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 , 27 ; tl : s . new hebrides , tanna is .\nhypolimnas octocula ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 6 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note )\ndiadema octocula butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 ; tl : tologa i . [ totoya ]\nall the hypolimnas with the orange hindwing band are nice , hypolimnas pandarus is stunning too .\nhypolimnas octocula elsina ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 303 ; [ baur ] , 224 ( text ) ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 , 29\nhypolimnas alimena catalai viette , 1950 ; fn . emp . franc . 13 : 87\nhypolimnas chapmani ab . fasciata aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 280\nla variation g\u00e9ographique du polymorphisme chez les hypolimnas du continent africain ( lep . nymphalidae )\nhypolimnas sumbawana pagenstecher , 1898 ; ent . nachr . 24 : 81 ; tl : sumbawa\nhypolimnas deceptor ; [ bow ] : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas dinarcha grandis rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 344 ; tl : uganda\nhypolimnas monteironis major rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 344 ; tl : uganda\nhypolimnas salmacis ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas salmacis magnifica rothschild , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 343 ; tl : uganda\nhypolimnas eremita butler , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 20 : 56 ; tl : dorey\nhypolimnas antilope lutescens ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 304\nhypolimnas shortlandica ribbe , 1898 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 1 ) : 119\nhypolimnas dimona fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : sula\nhypolimnas misippus misippus ; [ bmp ] : 165 , pl . 24 , f . 8 - 9\ncontributions to the lepidoptera ( 2 ) . descriptions of hypolimnas ( nymphalidae ) and charaxes ( charaxidinae )\nhypolimnas anthedon ; [ bk ] : 341 , pl . 48 , f . 591 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas dimona ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas macarthuri neidhoefer , 1972 ; occ . pap . milwaukee pub . mus . ( 3 ) : 3\nhypolimnas alimena talauta ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas nivas fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 , ( 174 )\nhypolimnas anomala stellata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas antilope phalkes ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas labuana butler , 1879 ; cistula ent . 2 ( 21 ) : 432 ; tl : labuan , borneo\nhypolimnas bolina gigas ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas diomea fraterna ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas diomea sororia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas diomea serica ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas errabunda hopkins , 1927 ; insects of samoa 3 ( fasc . 1 ) : 23 ; tl : samoa\nhypolimnas alimena var . heteromorpha r\u00f6ber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 306 ; tl : key i .\n= hypolimnas bolina bolina ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas pithoeka dampierensis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 204 ; tl : dampier island\nhypolimnas pithoeka vulcanica rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : vulcan island\nhypolimnas listeri butler , 1888 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1888 : 542 ; tl : christmas i .\nhypolimnas panopion grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 350 ; tl : humboldt bay\nhypolimnas euploeoides rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nhypolimnas salmacis platydema rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 10 ( 3 ) : 524 ; tl : scheko\nhypolimnas alimena \u2640 ab . coelia fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 74\nhypolimnas alimena manusi rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nhypolimnas alimena catalai ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 303 ; [ nhm card ]\nhypolimnas bolina pallescens ; fruhstorfer , 1902 , stettin ent . ztg 63 ( 1 ) : 355 ; [ baur ] , 222\nhypolimnas dinarcha narchadi suffert , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 110 ; tl : acera\nhypolimnas mechowi ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 4 ; [ bafr ] , 218 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas pithoeka salomona d ' abrera , 1977 ; butts . aust . region : 219 ; tl : mt . gallego , guadalcanal\nhypolimnas angustolimbata weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 87 ; tl : e . africa\nhypolimnas alimena saturnia fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 74 ; tl : waigiu\nhypolimnas alimena afra fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 ; tl : kiriwina\nhypolimnas antilope arnoldi fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 76 ; tl : sumbawa\nhypolimnas antilope mela fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 75 ; tl : kiriwina\nhypolimnas bolina enganica fruhstorfer , 1904 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( 1 / 2 ) : 193 ; tl : engano\nhypolimnas deois divina fruhstorfer , 1903 ; dt . ent . z . iris 16 ( 1 ) : 66 ; tl : new guinea\nhypolimnas arakalulk semper , 1906 ; dt . ent . z . iris 18 ( 2 ) : 253 ; tl : karolinen arch .\nhypolimnas pandarus junia fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 234 ; tl : wetter\nhypolimnas alimena lamina fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 ; tl : cape york\nhypolimnas anomala ; [ bor ] , 284 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas salmacis var . thomensis aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 510\nhypolimnas aurifascia mengel , 1903 ; ent . news 14 ( 6 ) : 167 , pl . 7 ; tl : santo , new hebrides\nhypolimnas alimena obsolescens fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 48 ( 1 / 2 ) : 73 ; tl : fergusson i .\nhypolimnas antilope wagneri clark , 1946 ; proc . biol . soc . wash . 59 : 119 ; tl : los negros , admiralty is .\nhypolimnas deceptor deceptor ; [ bafr ] , 220 ; [ bk ] : 340 , pl . 47 , f . 590 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas deois divina ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 66 ( name ) ; [ baur ] , 222\nhypolimnas diomea diomea ; [ bor ] , 284 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas pithoeka fumosus joicey & noakes , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 191 ; tl : biak\nhypolimnas alada swinhoe , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 16 ( 93 ) : 174 ; tl : hongkong\nhypolimnas antevorta ; [ bow ] : pl . 103 , f . 12 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 216 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas palladius grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 175 ; tl : fergusson i .\nhypolimnas paleutes grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 176 ; tl : kiriwini , trobriands\nhypolimnas pithoeka gretheri clark , 1946 ; proc . biol . soc . wash . 59 : 119 ; tl : lou i . , admiralty is .\nhypolimnas alimena eremitana strand , 1914 ; lepid . niepeltiana ( 1 ) : 35 , pl . 8 , f . 14 ; tl : admiralty i .\nhypolimnas limbata crowley , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 : 552 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : madagascar\nhypolimnas heteroma swinhoe , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 16 ( 93 ) : 173 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nhypolimnas curiosa swinhoe , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 16 ( 93 ) : 173 ; tl : staru , india\n870x597 ( ~ 50kb ) underside male paya , tioman , malaysia , 12 - 96 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt hypolimnas sp . det . krushnamegh kunte\nhypolimnas alimena alimena ; [ baur ] , 220 ( text ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas antilope antilope ; [ baur ] , 218 ( text ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas deois waigeuensis joicey & talbot , 1917 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 20 ( 117 ) : 218 ; tl : waigeu\nhypolimnas monteironis major ; [ bafr ] , 218 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 342 , pl . 48 , f . 594 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas salmacis magnifica ; [ bafr ] , 216 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 342 , pl . 48 , f . 595 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas inopinata waterhouse , 1920 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 45 ( 3 ) : 468 ; tl : waidoi , fiji\nhypolimnas exiguus samson , 1980 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 30 ( 3 , 4 ) : 225 , f . 7 ; tl : mapwe ( 200ft ) , santa ana\nhypolimnas dexithea ; [ bow ] : pl . 103 , f . 14 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 216 ; [ madl ] ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas discandra weymer , 1885 ; stettin ent . ztg . 46 ( 4 - 6 ) : 264 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : nias i .\nhypolimnas alimena ; [ bow ] : pl . 145 , f . 11 - 12 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nyears ago there were two or three hypolimnas species that were difficult to obtain , now it ' s one of the few genera that has become more available rather than less . johnny\nhypolimnas bolina bolina ; [ bmp ] : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nhypolimnas deois ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 2 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note )\nhypolimnas pandarus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 7 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note )\nhypolimnas dinarcha ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 1 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bk ] : 341 , pl . 48 , f . 592 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas diomea ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 5 ; [ bor ] , 284 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas usambara ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 8 ; [ bafr ] , 222 ; [ bk ] : 341 , pl . 47 , f . 593 ; [ afrl ]\nhypolimnas anomala anomala ; [ bor ] , 284 ; [ bmp ] : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 6 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas antilope ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 145 , f . 13 ; samson , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 16 ( note ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\nhypolimnas bolina ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 228 ; fruhstorfer , 1910 , ent . zs . 24 ( 28 ) : 155 , f . 9 - 10 ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 304 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 145 , f . 14 , pl . 146 , f . 1 ; [ bor ] , 284 ; [ bafr ] , 214 ; [ mrs ] , 567 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213 ; [ afrl ]\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\npapilio alimena linnaeus , 1764 ; mus . lud . ulr . : 291 ; tl : amboina\nlarva on pseuderanthemum variable [ baur ] , asystasia gangetica , graptophilum pictum , pseuderanthemum variabile k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , asystasia , graptophyllum , pseuderanthemum , sida , pipturus vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nalimena senia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 545\nalimena bandana fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : banda i .\nalimena remigia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : obi\nalimena eligia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : batjan\nalimena diadema fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 545\nalimena talauta fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : talaud\ndiadema polymena c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 414 , pl . 55 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : aru i .\nalimena curicta fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546\nalimena libisonia fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 546 ; tl : new guinea\nalimena bateia fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 746 ; tl : yule i .\ndiadema fuliginensis mathew , 1887 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1887 ( 1 ) : 44 , pl . 4 , f . 6 ; tl : ugi , solomon is .\nalimena diffusa howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 74 ; tl : bellona i .\nalimena libateia howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 73 ; tl : bellona i . [ ? ]\ndiadema antevorta distant , [ 1880 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 ( 4 ) : 703 ; tl : magila , e . africa\nmimics amauris niavius , amauris tartarea ( complex ) , amauris echeria . [ bk ]\nf . wahlbergi mimics amauris niavius , f . mima amauris echeria . [ pbsa ]\ndiadema anomala wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 285 ; tl : malacca ; java\nlarva on pipturus arboresceus [ mrs ] , claoxylon , pipturus , pouzolzia , villebrunea vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\ndiadema insterstincta butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 157 ; tl : assam\ndiadema wallaceana butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 157 ; tl :\nindia ?\nanomala euvaristos fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 ; tl : philippines\nanomala truentus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543\nanomala stellata ( fruhstorfer , 1912 ) ( hypolimnata ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 ; tl : minahassa\nlarva on pipturus argenteus [ baur ] , asystasia , graptophyllum , pseuderanthemum , oreocnide , pipturus vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\ndiadema albula wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : timor\ndiadema lutescens butler , 1874 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 : 283 , pl . 44 , f . 3 ; tl : ovalau , fiji\nantilope maglovius fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : buru\nantilope typhlis fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : key i . ?\nantilope quinctinus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : obi\nantilope sila fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 544 ; tl : cerma\ndiadema scopas godman & salvin , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 98 ; tl : solomon is .\nantilope albomela howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 71 ; tl : rennell is .\nphalkes fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 543 ; tl : talaut\nindia , ceylon , burma , au , s . arabia , madagascar . see [ maps ]\n951x624 ( ~ 60kb ) female paya , tioman , malaysia , 12 - 96 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n951x624 ( ~ 52kb ) male paya , tioman , malaysia , 12 - 96 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n769x513 ( ~ 94kb ) underside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\n748x591 ( ~ 76kb ) female thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , jomtien beach , natural park resort . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n876x1134 ( ~ 163kb ) female thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , jomtien beach , natural park resort . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n740x534 ( ~ 67kb ) female thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , jomtien beach , natural park resort . 25th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n876x915 ( ~ 119kb ) underside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n796x808 ( ~ 181kb ) male thailand , phuket , a bank of a pond at a road 1 km ne of khao sai tan kliang mt . , 18th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on polygonum prostratum , portulaca sp . , alternanthera denticulata , sida rhombifolia , richardia brasiliensis , asystasia gangetica , a . scandens , dipteracanthus spp . , pseuderanthemum variabile , ruellia spp . , synedrella nodiflora k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nlarva on asystasia , diptercanthus , justicia , pseuderanthemum , rostellularia , ruelia , systasia , alternanthera , eclipta , synedrella , commelina , ipomoea , merremia , desmodium , phaseolus , vigna , perilla , abutiliion , malvastrum , sida , ficus , polygonum , persicaria , portulaca , richardia , triumfetta , boehmeria , elatostema , fleurya , laportea , pipturus , urtica vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 213\nsumatra , java , lesser sunda is . , w . borneo , sulawesi , salayar , kabaena , galla , banggai , sula , maluku , new guinea , solomon is . , australia , new caledonia\n978x1026 ( ~ 252kb ) underside female cambodia , koh kong province , 22 . 5 km of ene koh kong , ' nepenthes ' forest brook . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1059x1215 ( ~ 314kb ) female cambodia , koh kong province , 22 . 5 km of ene koh kong , ' nepenthes ' forest brook . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1166x1157 ( ~ 380kb ) underside male cambodia , kep province , kep , kep national park , ' platystylus brook ' below the pond . 6th december 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\ntimor - kai , aru , waigeu , west irian - papua , n . australia - e . victoria , bismarck archipelago , solomon is . , new zealand\nbolina rarik ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) ; in kotzebue , entdeck . reise s\u00fcd - see 3 ( app . 5 ) : 203 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : lifu\nbolina kraimoku ( eschscholtz , 1821 ) ; in kotzebue , entdeck . reise s\u00fcd - see 3 ( app . 5 ) : 203\nbolina inconstans butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 164 ; tl : navigator is .\ndiadema constans butler , 1875 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1875 ( 1 ) : 6 ; tl : tasmania ?\nlarva on ipomoea aquatica , i . batatus , synedrella nodiflora , sida rhombifolia , ficus microcarpa [ mrs ]\nbolina holdeni butler , 1884 ; mem . nat . acad . sci . 2 : 93 ; tl : caroline i .\nhypolumnas nerina var . listeri ; butler , 1900 , mon . christmas isl . : 62\ndiadema pulchra butler , 1874 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 : 281 ; tl : new caledonia\npapilio jacintha drury , 1773 ; illust . nat . hist . exot . insects 2 : pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ( & index )\ndiadema lassinassa var . gigas oberth\u00fcr , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : sanghir i .\nlarva on fleurya capensis , f . mitis [ pbsa ] , laportea [ bk ]\nmimics amauris ochlea [ pbsa ] , amauris niavius , amauris echeria . [ bk ]\ndiadema tydea c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 415 , pl . 55 , f . 1 - 4\ndeois obianus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 555 ; tl : obi\ndiadema hewitsoni wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : k\u00e9 i .\ndiadema pandarus ; hewitson , 1858 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1858 : 464 , pl . 54 , f . 1 - 2\ndeois mysolensis talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 161\ndeois otakwensis talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 162\ndeois albosignata talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 162 ; tl : rossel i .\ndeois denticulata talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 163\ndeois woodlarkiana talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 162 ; tl : woodlark i .\ndiadema dexithea hewitson , 1863 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1863 : 65 , pl . 11 ; tl : madagascar\nlarva on elatostema lineolatum vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 212\ndiadema fraterna wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : macassar , celebes\ns . america ( north ) , florida , caribbean , africa , australasia , india , ceylon , burma . see [ maps ]\n951x624 ( ~ 55kb ) female expo park motobu , okinawa , ryukyus , japan , 8 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1224x918 ( ~ 210kb ) upperside male thailand , chon buri province , pattaya environs , ko lan island , ruderal vegeation at a roadside . 15th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x400 ( ~ 41kb ) underside male india : melghat , 5 . 10 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 kedar tokekar\nlarva on portulaca oleracea [ bir ] , portulaca , portulaca okracea , abutilon , hibiscus , plantago asiatica , p . major [ mrs ] , asystasia , justicia , blepharis , ruellia , pseuderantheum [ bk ]\nlarva on portulaca oleracea , asystasia gangetica , pseuderanthemum variabile k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 ) , asystasia , barlesia , blepharis , justicia , pseuderanthemum , ruellia , amaranthus , eleais , batatas , abelmoschus , abutilon , gossypium , hibiscus , ? ficus , plantago , portulaca , talinum , elatostema vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 214\ndiadema monteironis druce , 1874 ; cistula ent . 1 ( 10 ) : 286 ; tl : old calabar\ndiadema pandora wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 281 ; tl : buru\npandarus hewitsoni wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 282\ndiadema unicolor salvin & godman , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 : 144 , pl . 23 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : duke of york i .\npithoeka bradleyi howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 71 ; tl : rennell i .\npithoeka ferruginea howarth , 1962 ; the natural history of the rennell and bellona is . ( 4 ) : 73 ; tl : bellona i .\nsierra leone - cameroun , gabon , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba valley )\nsalmacis insularis schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 805 ; tl : fernando po\ndiadema saundersi wallace , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : timor\ne . kenya ( coastal ) , e . tanzania ( coastal ) . see [ maps ]\nusambara ( ward , 1872 ) ( diadema ) ; ent . mon . mag . 9 : 148\ndiadema ruhama hewitson , 1872 ; ent . mon . mag . 9 : 84 ; tl : angola\nhypolymnas [ sic ] poggii dewitz , 1879 ; nova acta leop . carol . ( 2 ) 41 ( 2 ) : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ; tl : guinea\ndiadema macularia capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxliv ; tl : gabon\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\ndoctoral student ( gilbert labs ) . ; university of texas at austin , ; section of integrative biology , ; 1 university station c 0930 , ; austin , texas 78712 - 0253 . ; office : ( 512 ) 471 - 4506 ; cell : ( 512 ) 577 - 1370 ; fax : ( 512 ) 471 - 3878\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nresults of dr . e . mj\u00f6berg ' s swedish scientific expeditions to australia . 1910 - 1913 . 21 . macrolepidoptera\nvoyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l ' astrolabe ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829 , sous le command\u00e9ment de m . j . dumont d ' urville . faune entomologique de l ' oc\u00e9an pacifique , avec l ' illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res in d ' urville ,\ndescriptions of some new species and a new genus of diurnal lepidoptera in the collection of herbert druce esq .\non a collection of lepidoptera obtained by the rev . s . j . whitmee from lifu ( loyalty group ) , with descriptions of new species\nthe lepidoptera collected during the recent expedition of h . m . s .\nchallenger .\nlist of lepidoptera collected by mr . h . o . forbes in the islands of timor laut\non a collection of lepidoptera made by mr . f . v . kirby chiefly portuguese e . africa\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\nreview of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\non a collection of lepidoptera made by he rev . g . brown of duke - of - york island and its neighbourhood\nnew species of butterflies collected by mr . c . m . woodford in the solomon islands\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\ndescriptions of ten new species of butterflies from the north - west coast of madagascar , captured by mr . j . t . last , in the collection of mr . h . grose smith\nfrom new guinea ( parts i - iii ) - made by mr . w . doherty at humboldt bay , dutch new guinea , and in neighbouring islands , in the museum of the honourable walter rothschild at tring , with descriptions of new species\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\ndes ritters carl von linn\u00e9 k\u00f6niglich schwedischen leib - arztes u . u . vollst\u00e4ndiges natursystem nach der zw\u00f6lften lateinischen ausgabe und nach anleitung des holl\u00e4n - dischen houttuynischen werks mit einer ausf\u00fcrlichen erkl\u00e4rung ausgefertigt\nsome formosan butterflies of new species , new race , new aberrant forms or little known species and forms . [ in japanese ]\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\nkafferlandets dag - fj\u00e4rilar , insamlade \u00e5ren 1838 - 1845 af j . a . wahlberg / lepidoptera rhopalocera in terra caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a j . a . wahlberg\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhere are links to some excellent images of the eight - spot ' s host plants taken by lauren gutirrez .\nthis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the mariana eight - spot butterfly .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nit seems these are more\navailable\nlately . but i predict it ' s just temporary and will return to being an obscure species impossible to get\nglad i got my pair when i did , i think all species from new caledonia will be hard to get in future , montrouzieri , amynthor and the like .\nurltoken , a crowd - sourced science project . contribute to science and transcribe butterfly labels while playing a fun game .\njapanese have now a permanent contact on taliabu . that ' s why dimona is now offered . with impressive recent delias discoveries ( d . kazueae , d . yagishi ' tai , d . apatela taliabu ) , a local butterfly business is now sustainable . dunc < very true , nc bans the trade of more and more species . . .\nsaundersii was for sale a few weeks ago from a guy in england on ebay without antenna but apart from that i have never seen it offered , dimona is still too expensive for me .\nsold 3 of them in january at 100 \u20ac each . . . not so expensive .\nsold 3 of them in january at 100 \u20ac each . . . not so expensive . wish i had known before i bought the teinopalpus aureus lot from greg , i would have bought a couple .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled . some features of this application will not work .\naureus butterflies & insects jens jakusch ringstra\u00dfe 12 54329 konz germany phone . de : 06501 / 8098362 internatonal : + 49 6501 8098362 business hours : mo - fr 11 . 00 - 18 . 00 e - mail : aureus - butterflies @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2580, "summary": [{"text": "chionaspidina is a subtribe of armored scale insects established by borchenius .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "but unlike many of the subtribes recognized by borchenius , this one was found to be morphologically valid by takagi .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "similarly , in molecular analysis , andersen et al. found a clade roughly corresponding to the subtribe chionaspidina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "geographical sampling and analysis indicated a number of unnamed species in the genus chionaspis and by inference in the chionaspidina . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "chionaspidina", "paragraphs": ["copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nchionaspis signoret 1868 : 871 . type species : coccus salicis linnaeus by subsequent designation cooley1899 : 3 , 9 - 10 . accepted valid name\nphenacaspis cooley & cockerell 1899a : 398 . by subsequent designation . junior synonym ( takaha1956d : 48 )\nmarchaliella bodenheimer 1951 : 331 . type species : chionaspis lepineyi balachowsky . junior synonym ( danzigpe1998 : 205 )\nchionapsis signoret ; mouillefert , 1903 in lindinger 1954 : 620 . . misspelling of genus name\ngeneral remarks : detailed treatment of north american chionaspis species by liu et al . ( 1989 ) .\nbiology : in some species of chionaspis occurring on deciduous trees , leaf - feeding individuals are remarkably different from conspecific bark - feeding ones in the shape of the median lobes and the leaf - associated forms are interpreted as seasonal manifestations of ancestral phenotypes ( takagi , 1985 ) .\nsystematics : takagi ( 1985 ) proposes the evolutionary scenario that chionaspis originated in eastern asia and invaded north america in a comparatively recent time . some species of chionaspis are phenotypically plastic for characters that have been used to define genera , specifically the shape of themedian lobes of the pygidium . individuals developing on bark can have very differently shaped lobes from those on leaves ( takagi , 1990b ) . in a phylogenetic analysis by morse and normark , 2006 , the six included species were scattered across five different places among the diaspididae .\nbalach1954e : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 170 , 171 , 317 - 318 , 3\nbodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 30 , 40 - 41\nchen1983 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 6 - 7 , 63 - 66\ndietzmo1916a : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 262 , 263 - 264 , 276\nferris1936a : illustration , taxonomy , pp . 21 , 22 , 24 , 42 , 54\nferris1937 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . si - 13 , si - 91 , si - 118\nhall1946a : distribution , taxonomy , pp . 507 , 521 , 528 , 543 ,\nliukorh1989 : description , distribution , host , taxonomy , pp . 11 - 18\nmacgil1921 : description , taxonomy , pp . 307 , 308 , 337 - 338\nschmut1959 : description , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 176 , 228 - 229\ntakagi1961 : description , taxonomy , pp . 4 , 20 , 33 , 34\nwang1982c : description , taxonomy , pp . 46 , 47 , 82 , 83 , 113\npinnaspis cockerell 1892d : 136 . type species : mytilaspis pandani comstock by subsequent designation fernal1903b : 242 . ( = aspidiotus buxi , bouch\u00e9 ) accepted valid name\nchionaspis ( hemichionaspis ) cockerell 1897p : 592 . type species : chionaspis aspidistrae signoret by original designation . junior synonym ( lindin1913 : 78 )\njaapia lindinger 1914 : 158 . type species : mytilaspis uniloba kuwana by monotypy . junior synonym ( ferris1936a : 22 ) notes : lindinger ( 1914 ) created the new genus jaapia for mytilaspis ( lepidosaphes ) uniloba because the type species differed from lepidosaphes in having only one middle lobe , the perivaginal glands on the penultimate segment , 5 ventral chitinous stripes on the anal segment and by the absence of l2 .\nlepidaspidis macgillivray 1921 : 275 . type species : mytilaspis uniloba kuwana by monotypy and original designation . junior synonym ( ferris1936a : 22 ) notes : ferris ( 1936a ) pointed out that macgillivray ( 1921 ) used the same type for his lepidaspidis as lindinger ( 1914 ) did for his jaapia .\nsystematics : the separation of pinnaspis and chionaspis is justifiable , but precise key characters are difficult to point out since chionaspis infringes somewhat on pinnaspis . however , in those species of chionaspis in which the median lobes are more or less fused or are closely appressed the submedian dorsal pore groups are present , or the elongate median sclerosis which yokes the median lobes in pinnaspis is lacking ( ferris , 1937 ) .\nbalach1954e : description , distribution , host , taxonomy , pp . 169 , 275 - 277\nbritto1923 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 361 , 366 , 370\nferris1936a : illustration , taxonomy , pp . 21 , 22 , 25 , 59 , 63\nfullaw1932 : distribution , taxonomy , pp . 97 , 98 , 101 , 104\nleonar1920 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 27 , 28 , 178 , 222\nrobins1917 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 17 , 37 - 38 , 39\nsuh2014 : description , distribution , economic importance , host , illustration , structure , taxonomy , pp . 1 - 6\ntakagi2003 : description , structure , taxonomy , pp . 79 - 80 , 107\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nchionaspis is a genus of scale insect . in 2011 geographical sampling and analysis indicated a number of unnamed species in the genus chionaspis ."]}
{"id": 2595, "summary": [{"text": "callidrepana albiceris is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sundaland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of hill dipterocarp forests , limestone forests , lower montane forests an lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are whitish buff , the wings sparsely covered with very minute orange-brown atoms and a few larger black atoms .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is a transverse brown band , composed of three lines close together from near the apex of the forewings , where there is a small brown patch with a pale centre , to the middle of the abdominal margin of the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "on the hindwings , the band is accompanied by some slight blackish suffusion , and is obsolete above vein 6 , and at the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "touching the inner margin of the band is a rather prominent black spot and on both wings , there are submarginal black dots , close to the margin at the apex of forewings , widening from the margin hindwards . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "callidrepana albiceris", "paragraphs": ["bell ( ms ) has reared the species in s . india . the larva is velvety pale grey and dark brown in a variegated pattern , resembling a bird - dropping when lying along the midrib of a leaf or curled round on itself . there are paired fleshy tentacle - like processes subdorsally on t2 , t3 , a2 and a10 , curled , and often held adpressed against the body . the suranal process is similar , pointing out and up behind , also curled towards the extremity . the processes are tinged yellow . the ventrum is blackish . the pupa has two slightly divergent cylindrical processes on the head directed anteriorly ( illustrated for another species by wang ( 1995 ) ) . pupation is in a similar mode and position on the edge of a leaf to that of callidrepana species ( see callidrepana felder ) . the host - plant was schleichera ( sapindaceae ) .\n. the bone - white ground colour with strong postmedial markings and dark forewing apex is distinctive .\nsingle specimens have been taken in hill dipterocarp forest on g . mulu ( 150m ) and on the limestone g . api ( 250m ) , and two more in lower montane forest ( 900m ) on the latter . one has been taken in lowland forest at 300m in ulu temburong in brunei .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nboth sexes are uniform rich brown , the female paler , larger . the discal spot is diagnostically narrow , faint , oblique . the male , but not the female , has the brown distal to the postmedials distinctly darker than that basal to them .\nsundanian material differs from typical sulawesi material slightly in features of the male abdomen ( longer apodemes to the eighth sternite ) and genitalia ( narrower saccus , longer socii ) .\nthe species is infrequent and found in both lowland and montane forest : kerangas at 150m ( w . melinau gorge ) ; lower montane forest ( 900m in g . api , 1000m on g . mulu ) ; upper montane forest ( 1465 - 1618m on bukit retak ) .\nhampson , 1893 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 1 : 339 .\nwarren , 1922 , gross - schmett . erde , 10 : 471 , syn . n .\nmales are dark brown , lacking strong fasciation , and are also distinguished by the large , slightly paler , bilobed discal spot on the forewing and more conspicuous , irregular , pale submarginal patches on the hindwing . the female is larger , paler , with emphatic dark brown postmedials : the discal patch of the forewing is similar to that of the male though weaker . the sexual dimorphism is seen also in the falcation of the forewing : weak only in the male but emphatic in the female , with the margin generally more convex than in other species , contrasting with the acute , narrow apical hook . the black submarginal dots of the forewing are much nearer this margin in both sexes compared to other brown congeners .\nthe sexual dimorphism of this species led to females being described separately as praeusta . the structure of the male genitalia indicates affinity with the next species .\nmoore , 1879 , desc . new indian lepid . insects colln atkinson , p . 83 .\nsspp . angusta , rotunda , celebesensis watson , 1957 : 439 - 441 .\nand t microcrocea gaede are very similar , paler yellow than fulvata and with more general rufous shading . this is more extensive medially on the forewing in albonotata : microcrocea also has a dark patch of scales at the base of the forewing cell on the underside in the male and an elongate posterior cell spot on the upperside of the hindwing in both sexes that appears conspicuously darker than in albonotata . the yellow ground colour of albonotata is more intense .\nindia , nepal , vietnam ; sri lanka ( ssp . ferrea ) ; peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo ( ssp . angusta ) ; java , bali ( ssp . rotunda ) ; sulawesi ( ssp . celebesensis ) .\nthe species is frequent to common in lowland forests , but has not been noted in heath forest types .\nwalker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 26 : 1570 .\nborneo , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra ( zsm ) , java , burma , india .\nonly three specimens have been taken in recent surveys , from 300m in ulu temburong , from 500m ( hill dipterocarp forest ) on g . mulu and from 1930m ( montane forest ) on g . kinabalu .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lepid . insects . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 68 .\nwarren , 1922 , gross - schmett . 10 : 471 , syn . n .\nthe pale ochreous brown wings of argenteola are distinguished by a very narrow discal brown streak on the forewing with fainter antemedial and postmedial bars flanking it in parallel : the veins posterior to these bars are picked out slightly paler . the postmedials are double and the forewings strongly falcate in both sexes . the female is larger than the male but similarly patterned .\nall the taxa with synonymy above share strong , black sclerotisation of the valve processes and those of the eighth segment . the aedeagus is expanded into a black ring subapically . however , there is marked variation in the form of these structures throughout the range . the nominal subspecies occurs in sundaland .\noriental tropics to taiwan , the philippines ( ssp . dialitha ) , sulawesi ( ssp . celebensis ) and timor .\nmost records are from lowland forest , but single specimens were taken at 1200m and 1760m on g . kinabalu .\nbell ( ms ) reared the species in india . the larva resembles a bird - dropping . it is anteriorly truncated , a fusiform shape , the suranal process short , triangular , acute . the head is bilobed . the skin has an oily gloss , and the setae are on tubercles on each segment that form part of a transverse tumidity . the colour is greenish black , streaked indistinctly with grey . a1 is dorsally black , and brownish yellow dorsolaterally . most dorsal tubercles are yellow - brown . white patches laterally on a7 extend up dorsally and , as a yellow band , to the anterior of a6 where there is a small , elongate , subdorsal orange red spot on each side . there are a few light yellow markings elsewhere . the larvae are found on the upperside of leaves , stretched along the midrib , but curling round tightly on themselves when alarmed . pupation is in a slight cradle at the edge of a leaf , pulled together with silk . the host - plant recorded by bell was mangifera ( anacardiaceae ) .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2600, "summary": [{"text": "oncaea venusta is a species of copepod with a cosmopolitan distribution , but lacking from the arctic ocean .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "females are 1.1 \u2013 1.3 millimetres ( 0.043 \u2013 0.051 in ) long , while males are only 0.8 \u2013 1.0 mm ( 0.031 \u2013 0.039 in ) long .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the front of the head is unusually wide , and the body is brightly coloured , usually yellow \u2013 orange , but sometimes red .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "o. venusta feeds on a variety of zooplankton and phytoplankton . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "oncaea venusta", "paragraphs": ["taxonomy note that in the database of marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls ) the two form variants of oncaea venusta , f . typica and f . . . .\ntaxonomy note that in the database of marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls ) the two form variants of oncaea venusta , f . typica and f . venella , which differ mainly in size , are presented as valid species . an intermediate size group of o . venusta has recently been described as a new species , oncaea frosti heron , 2002 . however , the morphological characterization of o . frosti is uncertain ( cf . b\u00f6ttger - schnack & huys , 2004 ) and the taxonomic status of the intermediate size group of oncaea venusta is still unresolved ( cf . elvers et al . , 2006 ) . [ details ]\n( of antaria venusta ( philippi , 1843 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsee my comments on the taxonomic status of the form variants of o . venusta given in the database\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\n.\nissued from : p . tutasi , s . palma & m . caceres in scienc . mar . , 2011 , 75 ( 4 ) . [ p . 798 , fig . 7a ] geographic distribution of oncaea venusta in september and october 2001 , associated with the weak la ni\u00f1a event of 2001 .\n( of oncaea coerulescens ( claus , 1866 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 50 , table 2 ] . body length ( mm ) of oncaea venusta f . typica and venella from the red sea . .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 37 , fig . 7 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; b , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; c , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) . oncaea venusta f . venella . male ( from red sea ) : d , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; e , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; f , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 153 , fig . 6 ] . female : pediger 2 - 4 and urosome ( lateral ) . a , oncaea venusta philippi ; b , oncaea frosti heron ; c , oncaea venella farran . nota : o . venusta is the largest of the three species . in preserved samples , it is rare to find either sex of the species where the urosome is not flexed at a 45\u00b0 angle to the prosome , and the two postgenital segments and the anal seglment telescoped . exoskeleton strongly chitinized and ornamentation conspicuous ; pediger 2 without a conspicuous mid - dorsal dilationnin lateral view ; caudal ramus length variable , slightly shorter or longer than the sum of the three preceding segments . freshly collected specimens of o . venusta from the gulf of naples and new zeland areas both showed a purple - crimson shading on the widest portion of the prosome , posterior of genital segment , anterior of caudal rami , maxillipeds , and of the legs .\n( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) humes , a . g . ( 1988 ) . oncaea praeclara n . sp . ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) from deep - sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern pacific . journal of plankton research 10 ( 3 ) : 475 - 485 , figs . 1 - 4 . [ details ]\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 125 , fig . 11 , c , h ] . as oncaea venusta forma typica . female ( fro 18\u00b0n , 25\u00b0w ) : c , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , mxp .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 51 , table 3 ] . comparison of morphological characters of oncaea venusta gisbrecht from the gulf of naples with two forms , f . typica and f . venella from the red sea .\n( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) b\u00f6ttger - schnack , r . ( 2001 ) . taxonomy of oncaeidae ( copepoda , poecilostomatoida ) from the red sea . ii . seven species of oncaea s . str . bulletin of the natural history museum , london , zoology 67 ( 1 ) : 25 - 84 . page ( s ) : 52 [ details ]\nnon antaria gracilis dana , 1849 ; 1852 ; oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ; antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ( p . 19 ) ; oncaea obtusa : brady , 1883 ( part . , p . 120 , figs . f , m ) ; thompson , 1888 d ( p . 148 ) ; kovalev & shmeleva , 1982 ( p . 85 ) ; onc\u00e4a venusta : giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 590 , 602 , 774 , figs . f , m ) ; ? razouls , 1972 ( p . 95 , annexe : p . 111 , figs . f , m ) ; 1974 b ( p . 236 , figs . f , m ) ; oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ( p . 475 , figs ; f , m ) ; suarez - morales & gasca , 1998 a ( p . 112 )\nissued from : a . a . shmeleva in bull . inst . oceanogr . , monaco , 1965 , 65 ( n\u00b01351 ) . [ table 6 : 42 ] . oncaea venusta ( from south adriatic ) . dimensions , volume and weight wet . means for 50 - 60 specimens . volume and weight calculated by geometrical method . assumed that the specific gravity of the copepod body is equal to 1 , then the volume will correspond to the weight .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 34 , fig . 4 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , p1 ( anterior ) [ a , 3rd endopod segment , showing aberrant spine number ) ; b , p2 ( anterior ) ; c , p3 ( anterior ) ; d , p4 ( anterior ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 152 , table 1 ] . length measurements ( : body length , pl : prosome length , in mm ) for adult females and males of oncaea venusta , o . frosti and o . venella . data are mean lengths ( bold ) , number of specimens measured ( parentheses ) , ranges , and standard error ( se ) at each locality ; - , no specimens .\nissued from : y . - b . go , b . - c . oh & m . terazaki in j . mar . syst . , 1998 , 15 . [ p . 480 , fig . 4 ] . attacking behaviors of oncaea spp . on the body of sagitta ( chaetognatha ) . fvl : head trunk in front fins ; vg : ventral ganglion ; cs : caudal septum nota : direct underwater observations with scuba were performed at night . the attack behavior of oncaea started mostly below the stationary sagitta in the field . the attack distance at which oncaea spp . approached sagitta from below was about 5 - 6 cm ; the attacking behavior from the upper side of sagitta was observed only occasionally , and the attack distance was about 1 - 3 cm . this behaviour suggests that oncaea is not a touch feeder . the attachment sites of oncaea on the body of sagitta spp . were for a total of 320 individuals : ventral side 56 . 3 % , lateral side 32 . 8 % and dorsal side 10 . 9 % . oncaea crept directly to the chaetognath tail or the head region using their second antennae , and pierced the body of chaetognaths with the long claw of the maxilliped , and moved maxillae and mandibles . the chaetognaths did not move at all when this copepod was crawling on the body .\ncommon in the ? samples taken in the vicinity of the vents by means of box corers and slurp guns ? ( humes 1988 ) . oncaea sp . has been found in plankton over the mid - atlantic ridge among dirivultids and subadult calanoids ( ivanenko 1998 ) . most of more than 70 species of oncaea occur in the epipelagic zone , several species have been found in the deep bathypelagic zone . go et al . ( 1998 ) recently reported that oncaea feeds on the integuments of various planktonic animals and inflicts especially heavy injuries to chaetognaths ; the copepods of this group ? must gnaw or cut out pieces of host integument with their mandibles . to do this , they adhere tightly to the host by means of their antennae and maxillipeds ? ( heptner & ivanenko 2002 ) .\nissued from : j . m . fuentes - rein\u00e9s & e . suarez - morales in check list , 2017 , 13 ( 5 ) . [ p . 515 , figs . 4 , 5 ] . oncaea venusta female ( from rodadero bay , n colombia ) : 4 , urosome ( dorsal ) ; 5 , anal somite and caudal rami ( dorsal ) . nota : genital double - somite about 1 . 8 times as long as wide . - anal somite with paired dorsal pore on posterior margin . - caudal ramus about 3 . 5 times as long as wide .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 44 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 44 , mxp .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 33 , fig . 3 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , a2 ( posterior ; lateral elements are numbered using roman numerals , distal elements indicated by capital letters ) ; b , labrum ( anterior , slit - like pores arrowed ) ; c , idem ( posterior ) ; d , md ( showing individual elements , identified using capital letters ) ; e , mx1 ; f , mx2 ; g , mxp .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 2 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . male : 2 , urosome ( ventral ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 36 , fig . 6 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; arrows indicating position of lateral raised pores ) ; b , a1 ; c , mxp ( anterior ) ; d , urosome ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( ventral ) ; f , idem ( lateral ; spermatophores fylly developed ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) ; h , a2 ( posterior ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 19 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 19 , a2 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 39 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 39 , p4 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 32 , fig . 2 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; lateral raised pore enlarged ) ; b , idem ( lateral left side ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , idem ( lateral left side ) ; e , a1 ( small sensory element arrowed ) ; f , caudal ramus ( dorsal ; setae and numbered using roman numerals ) ; g , p6 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 50 , 54 , 58 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 50 , mx2 ; 54 , mx1 ; 58 , md .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 : 1 - 831 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 5 , 13 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 5 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 13 , same ( lateral ) .\n( of oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]\n( of oncaea coerulescens ( claus , 1866 ) ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 3 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , area between mxp and p1 ( ventral ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , p1 and intercoxal plate ( anterior ) ; d , p2 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ; f , p4 ( anterior ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 2 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , urosome with egg sac ( lateral ) ; b , rostrum and labrum ( ventral ) ; c , a1 ( postero - inner ) ; d , a2 ( antero - outer ) ; e , md ( anterior view ) ; f , paragnaths , mx1 and labial area ( ventral ) ; g , mx2 ( antero - outer ) ; h , mxp ( anterior ) ; i , claw of mxp ( posterior ) .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 4 ] . as oncaea praeclara . male : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( ventral ) ; d , 3rd segment of a2 ( postero - inner ) ; e , mxp ( anterior ) ; g , spermatophore , partly extruded from male ( ventral ) . nota : p5 reduced to low ridge bearing 2 setae ( lengths 23 and 36 microm . ) , and 1 adjacent ( length 31 microm . p6 represented by posteroventral flap on genital segment bearing spiniform process but no setae\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 1 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female ( from galapagos rift ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , genital area ( lateral ) ; e , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) . nota : ratio of length of prosome to that of urosome 1 . 49 : 1 . caudal ramus with fine setules along the inner margin , elongate , 125 microm . length , 23 microm . wide proximally ( 17 medially and 20 distally , ratio 6 . 7 : 1 based on medial width\nepi - to mesopelagic , also demersal and semi - parasitic . sampling depth ( antarct . , sub - antarct . ) : 400 m . overall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) . 0 - 1236 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . this species presents 2 forms ( sub - species ? ) that are characterised by their dimensions . sewell ( 1947 ) suggests also that their spawning season is different . for this author the forma typica is characterized by : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 59 : 41 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region are as 59 to 29 . . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 46 : 7 : 7 : 9 : 18 . in the forma venella the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 60 to 40 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region as 60 to 24 . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 43 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 20 = 100 . the proportions of the caudal rami are as 23 to 6 . for tanaka ( 1960 , p . 71 ) the two forrms : large and small , are present in his material . female : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body are as 57 to 43 . the anterior region is 1 . 7 times as long as wide ( 63 : 37 ) . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( caudal rami included ) as 13 : 48 : 5 : 5 : 9 : 20 = 100 . caudal rami 4 times as long as broad . heron ( 2002 ) considers the two varieties o . venusta typica and o . venusta venella as two species ( see remarks in oncaea venella and frosti ) , position objected to by b\u00f6ttger - schnack & huys ( 2004 ) . after kazkazmi ( 2004 , p . 232 ) , although free living and pelagic , the species has been found on fish gills ( kazatchenko & adeev , 1977 ) or in a sponge ( ho , 1984 ) and now from the sand ( kazmi & naushaba , 2000 ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nphilippi , a . ( 1843 ) . fernere beobachtungen uber die copepoden des mittelmeeres . archiv fur naturgeschichte . 9 ( 1 ) : 54 - 71 , pls . 3 - 4 . [ details ]\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrevis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]\ngiesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 592 [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nsu\u00e1rez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841\u2013869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college statio [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwilson , c . b . ( 1932 ) . the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum . 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 90 , lam . xviii , figs . 148 , 157 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 148 , habitus ( lateral left side ) ; 157 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 3 ( 148 ) ; 0 . 05 ( 157 ) .\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 86 , lam . xvii , figs . 138 , 145 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 138 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 145 , urosome ( dorsal ) . scale bars in mm : 2 ( 138 ) ; 0 . 2 ( 145 ) .\nissued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 6 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female ( from off - shore chekiang province ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , p3 ; 3 , p4 . male : 4 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 5 , posterior portion of abdomen .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack & r . huys in hydrobiologia , 2004 , 513 . [ p . 3 , table 1 ] . total body length ( mm ) of size variants of female in different areas of the atlantic , indian and pacific ocean . size groups exhibiting a dorsal swelling on the p2 - bearing somite are marked in bold . * = single specimen .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 124 ] . female : armature formula of swimming legs p1 to p4 . roman numeral : spine ; arabic numeral : seta .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 126 , fig . 12 , a - d ] . male : a , urosome ( ventral ) ; b , a2 ( anterior ) ; c , mx1 ( posterior ) ; d , mxp ( anterior ) . nota : caudal rami about 1 . 8 times longer than anal somite and about 2 . 2 times longer than broad . a1 4 - segmented . mx1 bilobed ; outer lobe with 4 setae , the outermost seta is slender and unarmed ; inner lobe with 3 setae .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female ( from yellow sea , korea waters ) : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , md ( with 6 elements indicated by small letters ) ; f , mx1 ; g , mx2 ; h , mxp ; i , p5 ; j , p6 . nota : a1 6 - segmented . md : gnathobase with 5 elements ( a - e ) ; ventral element a shorter than ventral blade , with long , fine spinules along dorsal side ; ventral blade b strong and extensive spiniform , with row of setules on posterior part ; dorsal blade c strong and broad , with 3 dentiform processes along distal margin ; 2 dorsal elements setiform , of which ventral one d shorter , flat and densely setose , dorsalmost one e longer and multipinnate . mx1 single segmented , weakly bilobed : inner lobe ( = praecoxal arthrite ) with 3 elements and outer lobe with 4 elements ( outermost one long spiniform having row of spinules ) . mx2 2 - segmented : syncoxa unarmed ; allobasis produced distally into slightly curved claw bearing 2 rows of very strong spinules along medial margin ; outer margin with strong seta extending almost to tip of allobasal claw , ornamented with few minute spinules distally ; inner margin with slender pinnate seta and strong spine . mxp 4 - segmented , composed of syncoxa , basis extensive and robust , with 2 spiniform spinulose elements nearly equal in length and patches of long setules on inner margin ; 1st endopodal segment without ornamentation ; 2nd one with spinulose claw along concave margin , naked seta on outer proximal margin and unipectinate spine joined to inner margin . proportional lenths ( % ) of urosomal segments and caudal rami 9 . 52 : 47 . 6 : 6 . 7 : 9 . 52 : 20 . 0 . p5 with small plumose growing from lateral surface of somite , and small free exopod without ornamentation , exopod slightly longer than wide , bearing 2 naked setae . p6 expressed as operculum around each genital aperture with spine . caudal rami about 3 times as long as wide with 6 elements .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 186 , fig . 2 ] . female : a - d , p1 to p4 .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female : armature formula , spines ( roman numerals ) and setae ( arabic numerals ) .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 188 , fig . 3 ] . male : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , mxp ; f - i , endopods of p1 to p4 , respectively ; j , p5 . nota : a1 4 - segmented ; distal segment corresponding to fused segments 4 - 6 of female ; a2 coxobasis having naked and short seta at innerdistal corner ; distal endopodal segment with seta iii more stout than in female , seta iv spiniform and curved , both elements shorter than in female . p6 expressed as posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on either side ; covered by minute denticles .\nissued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 66 ] . female ( from banyuls , g . of lion ) : a , urosome ; b , mxp ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p4 ; f , endopodite of p3 ; g , p1 ; h , p2 .\nissued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 67 ] . male : a , urosome ; b , a2 ; c , mxp .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 34 , fig . 14 , e - l ] female : e , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; f , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; g , anterior of prosome ( ventral ) [ r ] ; h , right a2 [ s ] ; i , labrum ( ventral ) [ u ] ; j , right md [ u ] ; k , left mx1 [ u ] ; l , right mx2 [ w ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 35 , fig . 15 , a - j ] female : a , right mxp [ s ] ; b , p1 [ y ] ; c , p2 [ y ] ; d , p3 [ y ] ; e , p4 [ y ] ; f , p5 [ s ] . male : g , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; h , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; i , 3rd segment of right a2 [ s ] ; j , left mxp [ s ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : s . - h . hsiao , j . - s . hwang & t . - h . fang in crustaceana , 2010 , 83 ( 2 ) . [ p . 184 , table i ] . copepods collected from the sea around northern taiwan and from southern east china sea extending to the okinawa trough , to study possible spatial heterogeneity . the content of the same metal shows considerable variation both intra - and inter - specifically . the metal concentrations in males are higher than in females . copepod metal quota display spatial variation : coastal water > southern east china sea > kuroshio water , suggesting that the metal contents of copepods are influenced by the water quality of their marine environment .\nissued from : s . - h . hsiao , s . k\u00e2 , t . - h . fang & j . - s . hwang in hydrobiologia , 2011 , 666 . [ p . 326 , fig . 6 ] . variations in the most abundant copepod species ( mean \u00b1 se ) along the transect in the boundary waters between the northern part taiwan strait and the east china sea i march ( black bar ) and october ( grey bar ) 2005 ( mann - whitney u test , sig . * p < 0 . 05 . see drawings of hydrological conditions and superficial marine currents in calanus sinicus .\ncosmopolite ( equatorial , tropical , sub - tropical , temperate ) . from north pacific , also : bering sea , gulf of alaska ; from south : se australia , new zealand . from the north atlantic it seems with difficulty reach the latitude 45\u00b0 , although noted from east nova scotia ( in sameoto & al . , 2002 ) , from labrador and north hudson bay ( in wilson , 1936 d ) ; from the south of south africa and buenos aires , brazil ( s , off rio de janeiro , vitoria bay , ubatuba , off maca\u00e9 , paranagua estuary , camamu , off natal ) , in antarctic ( weddell sea in voronina & kolosova ( 1999 ) , sub - antarctic ( indiian , se pacif . ) , arctic . ( continent ) , also : hawaii ( kaneohe bay ) , clipperton is . , galapagos rift , e pacif . rise , baja california ( bahia magdalena ) , g . of california ( guaymas basin ) , coyuca lagoon ( guerrero ) , acapulco bay , caribbean colombia , rodadero bay , w costa rica , g . of mexico , off mississipi river mouth , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , delaware bay ( outside ) , bahia cupica ( colombi ) , peru , chile ( n , concepcion ) , australia ( north west cape ) , e korea , cheju island , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea , changjiang river estuary ) , off sw taiwan , taiwan strait , taiwan ( s , ne , e : kuroshio & oyashio currents ) , kueishan is . , korea strait , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , sagami bay , tosa bay , tokyo bay , malaysia ( sarawak : bintulu coast ) , se india ( mallipayyinam - manamelkudi , mediterranean sea ( black sea included ) , g . of guinea , off lagos , red sea\n502 ? ( probably less because inadequacy pr\u00e9cision with o . venella , if it is maintened )\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]\nauthor of the drawing is ernst haeckel . original uploader was pabouk at en . wikipedia . ( different older version was uploaded by boston at en . wikipedia . )\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : haeckel copepoda . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina darwinii\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nphilippi , a . ( 1843 ) . fernere beobachtungen uber die copepoden des mittelmeeres . < em > archiv fur naturgeschichte . < / em > 9 ( 1 ) : 54 - 71 , pls . 3 - 4 .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 252 - 268\ngiesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 )\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nrevis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 .\nsu\u00e1rez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841\u2013869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college statio\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 .\nwilson , c . b . . ( 1932 ) the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . ( 16 - viii - 1932 )\nwilson , c . b . . ( 1932 ) . the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . ( 16 - viii - 1932 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2601, "summary": [{"text": "cleora repetita is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from sundaland to australia and the solomon islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 40 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are greyish brown with a dark wavy line across each wing .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on terminalia , premna , persea ( including persea americana ) , callistemon ( including callistemon saligna ) , eucalyptus ( including eucalyptus pilularis ) , fenzlia ( including fenzlia obtusa ) and flindersia ( including flindersia australis ) species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cleora repetita", "paragraphs": ["the adult moth is greyish brown with a dark wavy lines across each wing . the moth has a wingspan of about 4 cms .\nvolume 5 , part 1 ( 2012 ) , pp . 79 - 100 , figs . 22 a , b\nthe species can be distinguished from bornean congeners by the straightness of the forewing postmedial : in all other species it is angled at least weakly distally to the discal spot . the tornal angle of the forewing is darker than the rest of the wing ; in many of the other species it tends to be paler . the underside is uniform , grading darker narrowly at the margin , with the discal spots also darker . the build is relatively slender . the facies is variable .\nthe species is most frequently encountered in the lowlands , with some preference for disturbed or open habitats .\nbigger ( 1988 ) described the larva as khaki - coloured with a conspicuous white - edged black spot dorsally on a2 . in the solomons it was recorded from terminalia ( combretaceae ) and premna ( verbenaceae ) . host plants recorded in australia ( common , 1990 ) are : persea ( lauraceae ) ; callistemon , eucalyptus , fenzlia ( myrtaceae ) ; flindersia ( rutaceae ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwhen i first discovered this macro world of amazing color and design i never expected that 22 months later i would still be posting so many different types of moths and bugs . . . . many of these creatures are only fingernail size which with the aid of an 18mp sony hx20v camera and photoshop it has been possible to present them to the world . to the naked eye they appear as dark shapes which most people would not notice . . . all these pictures are taken at night on our upper balcony and none of them have been harmed . we live next to a rainforest which may account for the amazing variety . . . . . i hope you enjoy them , and thanks in advance for any views & comments . .\nyou have indicated that this image may be a violation of the terms of service . please indicate your reason below ( required ) and include a brief explanation if desired , then click\nsubmit\nto confirm your report .\nmembers remain the original copyright holder in all their materials here at renderosity . use of any of their material inconsistent with the terms and conditions set forth is prohibited and is considered an infringement of the copyrights of the respective holders unless specially stated otherwise .\nthis site uses cookies to deliver the best experience . our own cookies make user accounts and other features possible . third - party cookies are used to display relevant ads and to analyze how renderosity is used . by using our site , you acknowledge that you have read and understood our terms of service , including our cookie policy and our privacy policy .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nbutler , a . g . 1886 ,\ndescriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10\nguen\u00e9e , a . in boisduval , j . - a . & guen\u00e9e , a . ( eds ) 1857 , vol . 10 , no . 2 , pp . 584 pp . , librarie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris\nwarren , w . 1896 ,\nnew species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epilemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 3 , pp . 335 - 419\nmoore , f . 1887 , vol . 3 , pp . 393 - 578 & i - xv , l . reeve & co . , london\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 08c2576a - 616c - 47a4 - ab2c - c571e0841a81\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ea0bf813 - 0afb - 4102 - 810a - dcaef4e8622d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ee50ef75 - 2920 - 49b2 - 8d95 - 0539fa5db6d3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ce814c9b - 5ecb - 4020 - a900 - 657e7da5d74d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 505513\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2606, "summary": [{"text": "oliva reticularis , common name the netted olive , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "oliva reticularis", "paragraphs": ["( of oliva reticularis reticularis lamarck , 1811 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\n( of oliva reticularis ernesti petuch , 1990 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\n1934 _ - _ clench _ - _ a _ new _ subspecies _ of _ oliva _ reticularis _ from _ southern _ florida . pdf\n( of oliva reticularis ernesti petuch , 1990 ) hunon c . , hoarau a . & robin a . ( 2009 ) olividae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) revue exhaustive des esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9centes du genre oliva / a complete survey of recent species of the genus oliva\noliva ( oliva ) vermiculata gray , j . e . , 1858 : aruba ; cura\u00e7ao\n( of oliva reticularis reticularis lamarck , 1811 ) lamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 314 , species 16 . [ details ]\noliva sayana ravenel , 1834 lettered olive oliva sayana ravenel , 1834 corded form . large specimen . corded specimen . . . oliva sayana ravenel , 1834 - orange form . gold [ form citrina johnson , 1911 ]\n( of oliva reticularis ernesti petuch , 1990 ) petuch e . j . ( 1990 ) . a new molluscan faunule from the caribbean coast of panama . the nautilus . 104 ( 2 ) : 57 - 71 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\noliva sayana citrina oliva sayana citrina . johnson , 1911 , citrine olive . taxonomic information . class , gastropoda . order , caenogastropoda . superfamily , volutacea\noliva sayana oliva sayana . ravenel , 1834 , lettered olive , se usa . taxonomic information . class , gastropoda . order , caenogastropoda . superfamily , volutacea\nthe paleobiology database family , olividae , latreille 1825 . genus , oliva , brugui\u00e8re 1789 . species , sayana taxonomic history . no taxonomic history is available for oliva sayana .\nsanibel shells : bailey - matthews shell museum video clip of live oliva sayana taken from mollusks in action video . return to oliva sayana . \u00a9 the bailey - matthews shell museum .\nlettered olive : oliva sayana kingdom : animal phylum : molluscs class : gastropoda order : family : genus : oliva species : sayana . description : . lettered olive , photo by david byres\nlettered olive seashells oliva sayana oliva sayana commonly found along the west coast florida . if found live or fresh dead the shell can have a great shiny luster . this often fades as the shell\noliva ( strephona ) finlayi petuch , e . j . & d . m . sargent , 1986 : cuba\noliva ( strephona ) antillensis petuch , e . j . & d . m . sargent , 1986 : haiti ; virgins\n( of oliva formosa marrat , 1870 ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\nstate shell - lettered olive urltoken lettered olive shell , the lettered olive , oliva sayana , was designated the official shell of the state by act no . 360 , 1984 .\nsouth carolina symbols , shell : lettered olive the lettered olive , oliva sayana , was designated the official shell of the state by act no . 360 , 1984 . dr . edmund ravenel of charleston , south carolina\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 314 , species 16 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nf + + + , extremely nice specimen found by p . williams ! rare !\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nphotos of the lettered olive , scientific classification and general information on habitat and range . .\nthese are photographs of my lettered olive collection . to date , i do not own any of the brown olive species ( it is not noted to commonly wash onshore ) . it ' s beautiful marble - like appearance makes it one of my favorite shells .\nunusually dark variety found on the beach . enlarge images to 320 pixels by clicking thumbnails\nif you want to start over , go to the homepage . if you ' re stuck , let us help you .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . < em > annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . < / em > 16 : 300 - 328 ."]}
{"id": 2618, "summary": [{"text": "the square-tailed drongo-cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) is a species of cuckoo that resembles a black drongo .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka and southeast asia and is a summer visitor to the himalayas from kashmir to eastern bangladesh .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the calls are series of piercing sharp whistles rising in pitch but shrill and choppily delivered . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "square - tailed drongo - cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["square - tailed drongo - cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .\nthese square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species have moderate forest dependence . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 2100 meters . the artificial ecosystems of these square - tailed cuckoo species include rural gardens and urban parks .\n( a square - tailed drongo - cuckoo chick being fed by an olive - winged bulbul . photographed by johnny chew at panti , malaysia in july 2010 )\nfrom the above photos , the differences are quite easy to pick out . first look , the square - tailed drongo cuckoo has a slimmer look giving it a longish appearance . the crow - billed drongo looks broader .\n( a young square - tailed drongo - cuckoo ready to be fed by a yellow - vented bulbul . photographed by alan ng at dairy farm nature park in august 2011 )\nit was a rainy day . asian drongo - cuckoo calling constantly from early morning . we also heard distant answering call from another asian drongo - cuckoo . later other birders informs us , pair of asian drongo - cuckoo did mating there .\nthese square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species are distributed in india , bhutan , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , singapore , brunei , indonesia and philippines . unconfirmed reports of their sightings were recorded from nepal .\nthe square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species are distributed in india , bhutan , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , singapore , brunei , indonesia and philippines . these cuckoo species resemble black drongos . there are two recognized subspecies of these cuckoos .\nsome recent work suggested that the species was conspecific with the fork - tailed drongo - cuckoo and together known as the asian drongo - cuckoo , but should be split based on call and morphological differences : . that treatment is taken here .\nthe overall plumage of these square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species is glossy blue - black in adult birds . the wing - coverts , inner secondaries and tertials are black with greenish tinge . the underparts are blackish with brownish tinge .\nthe breeding season of these square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species is from april to july in northeast india . the laying season is from may to july in malay peninsula . the breeding season is during april and may in indonesia .\nthe vent region and undertail have slight white barring . the tail is long and square . there are white specks on the tip of tail feathers . the bill is black and straight . the irises are black . the feet are dark gray . the square - tailed drongo cuckoo call is a loud , piercing sharp whistling sound .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the cuckoo species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018not evaluated\u2019 for the square - tailed drongo - cuckoo (\n( a young square - tailed drongo - cuckoo being fed by a pin - striped tit - babbler . this record is from hulu langat , malaysia and was photographed by christopher lee in may 2010 . we have other records of this host species at macritchie reservoir previously )\nthe diet of these square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species is mostly insects . caterpillars , beetles , swarming termites and ants , spiders , grasshoppers , cicadas , and locust are their primary food . they are mostly arboreal . they glean the prey from foliage or the ground .\nthe last feature is the shape of the tail . the cuckoo has more or less a square tail sharing the characteristics of all cuckoos while the drongo has a forked tail flaring outwards quite a bit .\nonly the underside of the tail of the cuckoo has scattered white barrings on it like most cuckoo species while the tail of the drongo i s unmarked .\nit is not often that two species from different families can be confusing . more so when they share the same common name as in the case of the crow - billed drongo dicrurus annectans and the squared - tailed drongo cuckoo surniculus lugubris . both are black and have more or less the same structure as each other . but look closer and you will find distinctive features in each species to tell them apart . the crow - billed drongo is a winter visitor and passage migrant to singapore while the st drongo cuckoo is a breeding resident with a few visiting during the winter months . if you see one during the summer months , it will be the squared - tailed drongo cuckoo . they are very vocal all over our forests in may during breeding .\nthese square - tailed cuckoos are brood parasites , laying eggs in the nest of other birds and rely on the host to raise their young . the breeding season coincides with breeding season of the local host species .\nsummer breeding populations of these drongo cuckoo species are found in bhutan , northeast india , bangladesh and east myanmar . they migrate to southeast asian countries for wintering .\nthe bill of the cuckoo is thinner and slightly decurved , typical of all cuckoos , while the drongo has an unmistakable broad bill from whence its name is derived .\nrusty - breasted cuckoo the rusty - breasted cuckoo ( cacomantis sepulcralis ) is another uncommon resident in singapore . the female and young of the species is often confused with the plaintive cuckoo and the quickest way to sepoarate this two species is to look for the yellow eye - ring that is present in this species , but not the plaintive cuckoo . the local host for this species is the malaysian pied fantail .\nviolet cuckoo the last cuckoo in the roundup is the violet cuckoo ( chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus ) , probably the rarest resident cuckoo in singapore . it\u2019s host species include the brown - throated sunbird , van hasselt\u2019s sunbird and the olive - backed sunbird . unfortunately we could not obtain any local photos of these although we had sightings records in the past . perhaps the cuckoo\u2019s rarity does not permit an easier encounter . looking through the internet we do have a photograph of a brown - throated sunbird feeding a chick from sabah that can be found here : urltoken\nlittle bronze cuckoo the little bronze cuckoo ( chrysococcyx minutillus ) a common resident cuckoo species that is easily found in the various nature parks and gardens . interestingly before 1964 , they were not recorded in singapore . there are two host species historically recorded , the golden - bellied gerygone and the olive - backed sunbird ( 2008 ) .\na first winter crow - billed drongo on passage was photographed at bidadari on the 19th of september by lim ser chai . this is the first arrival for this season but stayed for less than 2 days .\nin india , these cuckoo species are distributed in the states of assam , arunachal pradesh , meghalaya , tripura and mizoram .\n) is a small cuckoo , measuring 25 cm in length and weighing 25 to 45 grams . both the sexes look alike .\n( a plaintive cuckoo chick being fed by a ashy tailorbird . photographed at pasir ris park by johnson sia in september 2014 )\n( a banded bay cuckoo chick being fed by a common iora . photographed by francis yap at lorong halus in may 2011 )\nthe populations of these cuckoo species in southern myanmar , eastern and southern thailand , malaysia , singapore , indonesia and philippines are resident birds .\n( a golden - bellied gerygone passing food to a recently fledged little bronze cuckoo . photographed by francis yap at pasir ris park in august 2011 )\nbanded bay cuckoo rounding up the resident cacomantis cuckoos is the locally uncommon banded bay cuckoo ( cacomantis sonneratii ) . unlike the other two species where the appearance of the male and the female differ ( sexual dimorphism ) , both the sexes of this species are alike . the host of this species is the common iora .\n( a rusty - breasted cuckoo chick post - feeding with its surrogate parent , the malaysian pied fantail . photographed by francis yap at lorong halus in august 2012 )\nplaintive cuckoo the plaintive cuckoo ( cacomantis merulinus ) is a more uncommon resident cuckoo species . it is named for the plaintive call of the male in mating season . in the past , the british colonial birders referred to it as the malayan brain fever bird due to its call and the malay called it burung mati anak ( bird whose child died ) , such is the emotional intensity that it elicits . this species local host is reported to be the common iora but recent photographic report was with the ashy tailorbird .\nnormally one egg is laid in the nests of host species . in india , the hosts are small babblers . the cuckoo hatchling may heave out other eggs and nestlings of the host .\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion , or under the population size criterion . the ongoing habitat destruction is the main threat that may endanger the survival of these cuckoo species .\n( the video shows the behaviour of the chick in the presence of the the host parent , where the combination of call , wing flapping position and opened mouth with prominent gape all direct the iora with food to the cuckoo . this was taken at lorong halus in june 2011 )\nthe cuckoos are well known examples of brood parasites , birds that lay their eggs in the nest of of another bird species and relying on their host to raise the young . not all species of cuckoos do that however . in the local context , we have the malkohas and coucals that raise their young on their own , yet are part of the cuckoo family .\nthe most famous resident cuckoo is the asian koel , that is the source of most number of complaint from the public due to its noisy nature . it is known to use the crows and mynas as surrogate parents elsewhere . the house crow is listed as the most common surrogate host for the koel in singapore . however , less work and documentation exist for this host - brood parasite interaction even though these two species are a common sight . this is because crow nests are normally destroyed on sight as they are considered a pest species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nsurniculus lugubris , s . dicruroides , s . musschenbroeki and s . velutinus ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as s . lugubris following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population size has not been quantified owing to recent taxonomic splits . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwas doing a short morning walk at this wonderful campsite and heard this very loud and consistent bird call .\ncould not see the bird due to bad light or hidden in the trees as it is a forested area .\nsame bird as xc180196 . taxon does not have consensus . this recording assumes s . l . lugubris .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 997 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : surniculus lugubris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\n) belongs to the family of cuckoos , roadrunners , koels and malkohas , cuculidae .\nthe natural ecosystems of these species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests , semi - evergreen forests , tropical and subtropical dry shrublands , swamp forests , riparian forests and tropical and subtropical mangrove forests .\npost breeding , the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\n) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these species is reported to be decreasing . throughout its range it is reported to be uncommon to common . the generation length is 4 . 2 years . its distribution size is about 7 , 750 , 000 sq . km .\n( ne india , n myanmar , n thailand , n indochina , and yunnan , hainan . off se china . . )\n( s thailand , malaysia , sumatra , bangka i . , borneo and sw philippines )\nthis article will therefore deal with the other resident cuckoos that we have more documentation on .\nthat about cover the resident cuckoos in singapore and their host species . the sight of a small parent feeding a much larger bird often surprise the birder , even experienced ones . most of the time , this size imbalance occur due to brood parasitism by the cuckoos . do document it so that we have a much better understanding of this behaviour .\nnotice : all photographs and videos are copyrighted by the respective photographers who contributed to this article : alan ng , christopher lee , johnny chew , johnson sia and francis yap . all rights reserved .\nwell written and definitely a good source of reference for ornithology . keep it up .\nthe bird was opening its wings when making this call , there was another bird in vicinity , may be it was a couple ."]}
{"id": 2619, "summary": [{"text": "trigoniulus corallinus , sometimes called the rusty millipede , is a species of millipede widely distributed in the indo-malayan region including india , sri lanka , china , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , malaysia , singapore , and much of indonesia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is also reported from fiji and tanzania and found in south asia and the caribbean as an introduced species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these millipedes inhabit moist areas , rotten wood and compost .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the genome of t. corallinus was sequenced in 2015 , the first time this has been done for a millipede . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "trigoniulus corallinus", "paragraphs": ["genome of the rusty millipede , trigoniulus corallinus , illuminates diplopod , myriapod , and arthropod evolution .\ngenome of the rusty millipede , trigoniulus corallinus , illuminates diplopod , myriapod , and arthropod evolution . - pubmed - ncbi\ntrigoniulus corallinus biology . ( a ) phylogenetic relationships of diplopods and related clades . phylogeny based on regier et al . ( 2010 ) ( not all clades shown ) . ( b ) trigoniulus corallinus distribution . native range indicated broadly ( blue ) , with known introduced populations indicated in yellow . note that introduced t . corallinus may well be found elsewhere . ( c ) adult t . corallinus , approximately 5 cm in length . ( d ) egg capsules gathered in captivity as described in materials and methods . ( e ) egg case dissected to show single egg . in both ( d ) and ( e ) , white scale bar represents 1 mm in length . ( f ) overview of genomic dna sequencing , genome assembly procedures , and final data figures from this study .\nrowland m . shelley , robert m . carmany & joseph burgess ( 2006 ) .\nintroduction of the milliped , trigoniulus corallinus ( gervais , 1847 ) ( spirobolida : trigonuilidae ) , in florida , u . s . a .\n. entomological news 117 ( 2 ) : 239\u2013241 .\ntrigoniulus corallinus has much potential as a model species . although the centipede s . maritima has an already well - developed community and history as a scientific model , we suggest that t . corallinus may be of broader utility as a myriapod model organism . it is a cosmopolitan species available commercially when not collectible in the wild . unlike s . maritima it can be kept in the laboratory and will breed in controllable conditions . although protocols for its use in a variety of developmental contexts remain to be established , there is no reason why this species could not become an important system for developmental biology research .\ninformation from a diplopod outgroup is of wide utility for the discernment of ancestral arthropod characters when compared with better known insect model organisms and new crustacean models , such as the water flea daphnia and shrimp neocaridina ( colbourne et al . 2011 ; kenny et al . 2014 ) . furthermore , the cosmopolitanly distributed diplopod t . corallinus is easily cultivable and will breed in captivity , providing a ready resource for embryological study . trigoniulus corallinus therefore represents a potentially intriguing model for future work in developmental , ecological and evolutionary spheres of scientific investigation , and the initial genomic resources presented here will be of great interest to a variety of fields .\nmyriapod mtdna interrelationships : tree recovered by bayesian and maximum - likelihood inference of myriapod and panartropod interrelationships , on the basis of concatenated coding nucleotide sequences of 13 protein - coding genes , performed as described in materials and methods . trigoniulus corallinus boxed in red for ease of identification . familial , order , and class level classifications shown at right . note : symphalans are positioned as sister taxa to all other myriapods , in marked contrast to established phylogenies . bootstrap proportions ( as percentage , 1 , 000 replicates ) and bayesian posterior probabilities ( maximum 1 . 00 ) shown at base of nodes . scale bar represents sequence changes per site at unit distance .\nmitochondrial genome gene order across the myriapoda , as compared with panarthropod and hexapod ground patterns , with that of t . corallinus boxed in red . note similarities to n . annularus , also a member of the spirobollidae . genes colored for ease of recognition .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) gerst\u00e4cker , a . ( 1873 ) . die gliederthier - fauna des sansibar - gebietes . 1 - 542 . leipzig , heidelberg page ( s ) : 516 ; note : spirobolus lumbricinus , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) gervais , p . ( 1847 ) . myriapodes . in : walckenaer , hist . natur . des insectes . apt\u00e8res iv , 4 : 1 - 623 . paris , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 171 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 103 [ details ]\nnovel mycin sequences : alignment of known mycin ( antifungal ) genes from d . melanogaster , caenhorhabditis remanei , and novel mycins from t . corallinus . alignment visualized in jalview , colored with clustalx identity . note regions of high conservation around shared cysteine residues , with more divergence elsewhere , particularly at the n terminus of these sequences .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) pocock , r . i . ( 1888 ) . contribution to our knowledge of the myriapoda of dominica . annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 , 2 page ( s ) : 481 ; note : spirobolus dominicae , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) porat , c . o . von ( 1876 ) . om n\u00e5gra exotiska myriopoder . kongl . svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar , bihang , 4 ( 7 ) : 3 - 48 . stockholm page ( s ) : 136 ; note : spirobolus g\u00f6esi , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) enghoff , h . ; golovatch , s . i . ; nguyen duc , a . ( 2004 ) . a review of the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . arthropoda selecta , 13 ( 1 - 2 ) : 29 - 43 . moscow page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]\nthe organization of the t . corallinus ( myriapoda : trigoniulidae ) mitochondrial genome . orientation of genes ( transcription clockwise or anticlockwise represented outside or inside the form , respectively ) is represented by the outside circle . local gc content , ( gc dark blue , at light blue ) represented on the inner ring . image displayed in organellargenomedraw ( ) . photograph by the authors .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) bollman , c . h . ( 1888 ) . description of a new species of insect , fontaria pulchella , from strawberry plains , jefferson county , tenn . proceedings of the united states national museum , 11 : 316 page ( s ) : 214 ; note : spirobolus sanctae - luciae , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\nthe organization of the t . corallinus ( myriapoda : trigoniulidae ) mitochondrial genome . orientation of genes ( transcription clockwise or anticlockwise represented outside or inside the form , respectively ) is represented by the outside circle . local gc content , ( gc dark blue , at light blue ) represented on the inner ring . image displayed in organellargenomedraw ( lohse et al . 2007 ) . photograph by the authors .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) koch , c . l . ( 1847 ) . system der myriapoden mit den verzeichnissen und berichtigungen zu deutschlands crustaceen , myriapoden und arachniden . in : panzer & herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , a . : kritische revision der insectenfaune deutschlands , iii . b\u00e4ndchen , regensburg , 1 - 196 . regensburg , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 202 [ details ]\nmyriapods have been previously noted as displaying diversity in mtdna sequence and gene structure ( e . g . , gai et al . 2008 ; lavrov et al . 2002 ) , and the sequencing of the t . corallinus genome provided an ideal opportunity to add to our presently poor sampling of myriapod mtdna sequences\u2014as of october 28 , 2014 , 14 myriapod mtdna sequences were available in public sources , a fraction of the 13 , 000 extant species of this clade .\nin some ways the terrestrial lifestyle of t . corallinus suggests that it may possess more ancestrally shared characters than s . maritima , given the subterranean , marine lifestyle of the latter species . this is borne out by investigation of known gene families , whose absence in s . maritima could not previously be discerned to have resulted from selective pressure in the geophilomorph centipedes or ancestral loss . perhaps unsurprisingly , given the presence of classical ocelli in this species , canonical opsin genes are found in this genome . classical circadian clock - driving proteins , such as period ( per ) , clock ( clk ) and cycle ( cyc ) , are all found in the t . corallinus genome ( supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , further reinforcing the lineage - specific nature of loss in the s . maritima resource ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . the presence of such genes robustly underlines the utility of a diplopod genomic resource .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) hoffman , r . l . ; golovatch , s . i . ; adis , j . ; demorais , j . w . ( 2002 ) . 5 . 2 diplopoda . adis , joachim [ ed . ] . amazonian arachnida and myriapoda : identification keys to all classes , orders , families , some genera , and lists of known terrestrial species . pensoft : 505 - 533 , 505 - 533 . sofia , moscow page ( s ) : 533 [ details ]\ncegma ( parra et al . 2007 , 2009 ) results showing coverage of the expected metazoan gene complement are excellent\u2014171 / 248 ultraconserved core eukaryotic genes ( cegs ) are recovered as present in our data ( 68 . 95 % ) . from blast results ( tblastn , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) , 432 / 458 kog groups ( 94 . 3 % ) were shown to be present as noted in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online , with 349 / 458 ( 76 . 2 % ) supported by all six species used by cegma . the missing 26 eukaryotic orthologous groups ( kog ) s groups are listed in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online . as the genome of s . maritima contained 95 . 1 % ( cf . t . corallinus 94 . 3 % ) of this data set , we suggest that we have recovered the majority of coding sequence in our assembly , albeit at low contiguity . furthermore , taken together with the results of our targeted investigations into specific gene families , detailed below , we find no evidence for large - scale gene loss in the t . corallinus genome .\nthe utility of myriapod mitochondrial genomes for the reconstruction of arthropod phylogenetics has been the subject of some recent debate , due to the extensive rearrangement seen in the myriapod taxa ( brewer et al . 2013 ) . the t . corallinus mitochondrial genome appears similar in general arrangement to that of other related millipedes , and particularly that of the only other spirobolid mitochondrial genome yet sequenced , that of n . annularis . by other metrics however , such as at % , the t . corallinus genome is quite different to even that of its closest sequenced relative . these differences have obfuscated phylogenetic inference using mtdna sequences in the myriapoda in the past ( e . g . , brewer et al . 2013 ) and this was also found to an extent in our data , with symphalans posited as the sister group of all other myriapods , a likely artifact , perhaps caused by high rates of change in this clade . further sampling of myriapod mtdna is necessary to unravel the complex and intriguing patterns of evolution seen in these organelles in this clade ( lavrov et al . 2000 , 2002 ; brewer et al . 2013 ) , and our data will be a vital addition to this effort .\nother than the hoxl class , our data set also offers interesting insights . as in the centipede genome , a clear dmbx ortholog is identified in the genome of t . corallinus , whose sequence can be found in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online . its presence in myriapods and thus representatives of all bilaterian superphyla confirms further the presence of this gene at the base of the bilaterian radiation , and , along with its presence in annelids ( takahashi and holland 2004 ; kenny and shimeld 2012 ) suggests a means by which the origin of its role in demarcating the midbrain / hindbrain boundary may be tested .\nit was noted in investigations of the s . maritima genome that duplication / paralogs were used to generate coding sequence diversity , where insects use alternate splicing ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . to investigate whether this trait is observed more broadly in the myriapoda , we have assayed cases noted from that species in the t . corallinus genome . the most pronounced example of duplication observed in the centipede was the down syndrome cell adhesion molecule ( dscam ) gene family , where over 100 unique loci were noted ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . using blast to compare s . maritima dscam homologs to our data set ( tblastn , cutoff 10 \u2212 9 ; supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , we recover 43 contigs containing the dscam ig7 domain .\nhowever , care should be taken before assuming duplicates to be present ancestrally on the basis of duplicate loci in s . maritima , as duplications observed in that species are not necessarily shared across all myriapods . for instance , a single copy of gene cap\u2019n\u2019collar ( cnc ) has also been noted as exhibiting paralogy rather than splice variation in s . maritima ( nucleotide and amino acid sequence ; supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , but only a single example is found in t . corallinus . although proving absence is difficult , the clear homology of this gene to its orthologs and our generally high recovery of coding regions of the genome gives us confidence that a second paralog would be spotted if present . the duplication of cnc in s . maritima therefore seems to be specific to that species , rather than a myriapod symplesiomorphy .\nthe recently published s . maritima genome data set was distinguished by its high levels of conservation across the majority of characterized gene families ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . to further test whether this \u201cprototypical arthropod cassette\u201d was also found in the millipede genome , we compared the complete annotated s . maritima proteome to the t . corallinus genome . of the 26 , 950 peptides in the drosophila melanogaster genome ( bdgp5 . 23 release ) , 15 , 995 ( 59 . 4 % ) possess a putative ortholog in the millipede genome ( tblastn , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) . this is comparable to the number of s . maritima genes possessing a hit in the d . melanogaster proteome . of 15 , 008 s . maritima peptides ( release 23 , downloaded from ensembl , september 18 , 2014 ) , 9 , 168 ( 61 . 1 % ) possess a putative ortholog in d . melanogaster ( blastp , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) .\nintroduction the rusty millipede ( trignoiulus corallinus ) is a medium to large - sized millipede commonly found in central taiwan ( and in other areas as well ) . the body is brick red in color with pale black bands on the sides . the adult grows up to 5cm in length and can often be found in dead leaves and low rock walls around the botanical garden at dawn or in the evening . individuals are also frequently sighted crossing paved paths . their relatively large size means they are easy to see so squashed rusty millipedes are a common sight in the morning . the rusty millipede however is quite harmless and is in fact a beneficial insect that helps break down dead leaves into organic soil for plants . the rusty millipede usually breeds in summer around july and august . during this time , they can often be found mating in shady areas near rocks or stone walls at dawn or in the evening . though not rare , the species was only formally recorded and classified in taiwan by dr . zoltan korsos in 2004 .\nthe exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of the polysaccharide chitin , along with a range of cuticular proteins . many kinds of cuticular protein are known , but the cpr family is the most common , with up to 150 genes found in some species of arthropod ( willis 2010 ) . these proteins can be recognized by a conserved , approximately 64 amino acid sequence ( rebers and willis 2001 ) . searches using sequences of known orthology of our data set identified 26 instances of this sequence in the t . corallinus genome . this is slightly fewer than the 39 members identified in the s . maritima genome ( chipman et al . 2014 ) , and as in that data set , both rr - 1 ( flexible cuticle ) and rr - 2 ( rigid cuticle ) associated forms of these genes can be identified , entirely consistent with the mandibulate origin of the rr - 1 family as proposed in chipman et al . ( 2014 ) . the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of these putatively identified domains can be found in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online .\nagain similarly to observations in s . maritima , no odorant receptor ( or ) genes could be identified in our data set using a variety of sequences of known orthology at lenient blast settings ( tblastn , e cutoff 1 ) . this is consistent with the findings of robertson et al . ( 2003 ) , who suggested the or family represents an insect novelty . surprisingly we were unable to identify many gustatory receptor ( gr ) genes in our data set , finding only two sequences with clear homology to this family ( sequences , supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , a marked contrast with s . maritima , which possesses 77 of these genes . gr genes are known to have existed in the arthropod common ancestor , and have been observed in arachnids and crustaceans as well as in the centipede , but the marked diversification seen in s . maritima seems limited to that species . a relatively large number of ionotropic receptor ( ir ) genes can be found in the t . corallinus genome , although not as many as the 69 observed in s . maritima . a total of 23 ir sequences ( listed in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) were found in our data set , of all ir classes . this restricted complement relative to the centipede may reflect the use of duplication to build diversity in s . maritima , as noted earlier in this article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nkenny nj 1 , shen x 2 , chan tt 1 , wong nw 1 , chan tf 2 , chu kh 3 , lam hm 2 , hui jh 4 .\nsimon f . s . li marine science laboratory of school of life sciences and center of soybean research of state key laboratory of agrobiotechnology , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong .\ncenter of soybean research of state key laboratory of agrobiotechnology , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong .\nsimon f . s . li marine science laboratory of school of life sciences , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong .\nsimon f . s . li marine science laboratory of school of life sciences and center of soybean research of state key laboratory of agrobiotechnology , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong jeromehui @ cuhk . edu . hk .\npmid : 25900922 pmcid : pmc4453065 doi : 10 . 1093 / gbe / evv070\nnathan j . kenny , 1 xin shen , 2 thomas t . h . chan , 1 nicola w . y . wong , 1 ting fung chan , 2 ka hou chu , 3 hon - ming lam , 2 and jerome h . l . hui 1 , *\n* corresponding author : e - mail : kh . ude . khuc @ iuhemorej .\ndata deposition : data has been deposited in ncbi databases ( bioproject prjna260872 , biosample samn03048671 , experiment srx700727 ) and made available for download as noted in text .\ncopyright \u00a9 the author ( s ) 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the society for molecular biology and evolution .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\nthe myriapoda contains greater than 13 , 000 described species and is one of the most speciose metazoan subphyla . recent molecular analysis suggests that the myriapoda is the sister group to the pancrustacea (\n) , limiting our ability to draw inferences into myriapod biology , as well as providing only a single outgroup from this clade for comparison to the pancrustacea .\nmillipedes can be found worldwide performing vital ecological roles as detritovores ( snyder et al . 2009 ; shelley and golovatch 2011 ) , and can be easily distinguished from other myriapods\u2014segments posterior to the fourth from the head have two pairs of limb per segment ( diplosegments ) ( barnes 1982 ) . the oldest terrestrial metazoan fossil is that of a millipede ( pneumodesmus newmani ) dated at approximately 428 myr of age ( wilson and anderson 2004 ) . millipedes have the ability to synthesize a range of defensive chemical components to ward off predators ( shear et al . 2007 , 2010 ) , and a genomic resource will be useful to understand the metabolism of these organisms for a range of research into these novel pathways , which could represent a source for fungicides and other novel bioproducts ( roncadori et al . 1985 ) .\ngenomic dna was extracted from the organism after starvation using a dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) following the manufacturer\u2019s protocol , and sequenced on the illumina hiseq2000 platform by beijing genomics institute ( bgi ) hong kong .\nfor all analyses , the more complete ( 100 bp + ) data set was utilized . to determine coverage of the core eukaryotic gene cassette , cegma ( parra et al . 2007 ) was run with all default settings . for identification of other genes , ncbi - blast - 2 . 2 . 23 + ( altschul et al . 1990 ) tblastn searches were run using genes of known homology from the ncbi nr database as query sequences . the sequence of the contigs putatively identified was then reciprocally blasted ( blastx ) to the ncbi nr database for confirmation of identity .\ngdna sample was sequenced on the illumina hiseq2000 platform by bgi hong kong . reads were provided from an external server , and a summary of these data can be seen in\n. the data have been uploaded to ncbi\u2019s short read archive ( bioproject prjna260872 , biosample samn03048671 , experiment srx700727 ) . read quality as assayed using fastqc was found to be good ( lower quartile phred score greater than 31 through to the 100th base for both read data sets ) , as can be observed in\n) was selected for further optimization . initial assemblies were used to find expected coverage and average sequenced fragment size , and a final optimized assembly with settings as described in the materials and methods section was performed , resulting in 1 , 305 , 238 contigs with a size of 100 bp or above , before the removal of contaminating sequence .\ninitial analysis of our read data detected ribosomal gene sequence from non - millipede species . myriapods in general and\n) . we therefore assayed our genomic resource for evidence of these species , using known ribosomal rna sequences . although we did not recover any evidence of\n) , fragmentary ribosomal rna sequences with blast identity to a number of ciliophoran protist species were recovered in our data set before contamination removal . to ensure our data were not more broadly contaminated with protist sequence , all protist and bacterial genomic data present in ncbi databases as of september 16 , 2014 were used as the basis for comparison and removal using deconseq standalone 0 . 4 . 3 (\n) . a total of 71 , 302 contigs were removed from our initial assembly ( 5 . 46 % ) . contigs removed will include shared repetitive elements , and as a result our data set should not be used for making conclusions about such regions of the genome . statistics for the final assembly after the removal of contamination , given for contigs 200 and 100 bp in size and greater , are presented in\nof 15 , 008 proteins in the s . maritima genome , 8 , 459 ( 56 . 4 % ) possessed a putative ortholog in our data set ( tblastn , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) . surprisingly , this was fractionally lower than d . melanogaster complement recovery . previous estimates have suggested that 32 % of genes present in the strigamia genome are the result of gene duplication events unique to the myriapoda lineage ( chipman et al . 2014 , phylomedb analysis ) , but the low percentage of centipede proteins recovered in our genome may mean that these genes are largely strigamia - or centipede - specific , rather than shared across the myriapoda .\nwe therefore suggest that myriapods share duplication at some loci , rather than utilizing splice variation to generate gene - level diversity , as suggested in chipman et al . ( 2014 ) . as duplication rather than splice variation has also been recently noted in the chelicerate ixodes scapularis ( brites et al . 2013 ) , it is likely that the alternative splicing of dscam , and perhaps other genes , has evolved independently in the pancrustacea ( chipman et al . 2014 ) .\n) . these are distributed with 22 genes on the majority - strand ( \u03b1 ) , and 15 on the minority - strand ( \u03b2 ) . full details , along with start / stop codon and positional information can be found in\nonline , along with full mtdna sequence and primers used . of the 13 protein - coding genes , the typical metazoan start codon , \u201catn , \u201d is used by 12 , whereas\nemploys \u201cacg . \u201d six genes , however , use an atypical incomplete stop codon . twelve genes overlap in coding sequence with another , and a total of 510 noncoding base pairs were noted , with 360 of these between the\n) , followed by differential patterns of loss or mutation . this species\u2019 mtdna gene arrangement generally closely resembles the unusual arrangement seen in its sister taxa and that of the spirostreptid\ntherefore seems generally conserved in spirobolid millipedes , and likely predates the divergence of the spirobolid and spirostreptid lineages .\nas sister groups with maximal support . most local interrelationships are recovered as expected given previous knowledge ( e . g . ,\n) and with firm bootstrap support . however , the location of the symphyla in particular in our analysis , as sister taxa to all other myriapoda , runs counter to many lines of evidence , which generally place symphyla as seen in\n) using a range of models supports this topology . the placement of the pauropoda within the diplopoda is also interesting , given the extensive character loss which must be inferred if this is correct . difficulties in resolving deep phylogenetic relationships with mtdna data , both generally in the arthropoda (\n) have been noted previously , and we suggest that deeper sampling in the myriapoda is a necessity if mtdna is to be used as a character for phylogenetic inference with confidence , given the high rates of change and reorganization seen in this clade .\ninsects have been the workhorses of genetics and developmental biology since that field began . we therefore know far more about how genes control development in insects than in any other clade in the arthropoda . with the publication of data from noninsect arthropods , our knowledge of the underpinnings of many developmental processes is maturing greatly ( e . g . ,\ngenome can also help this process . the sequences of many other key developmental genes and transcription factors are also found in the\ngenomic data set . high levels of recovery of several well - categorized gene families allow us to both confirm deep sequence recovery in our data set and clarify previously opaque areas of diplopod and arthropod molecular evolution .\n) . after removal of all columns containing one or more gaps , a final , 57 amino acid alignment spanning the homeodomain was used as the basis of phylogenetic inference . bayesian phylogeny using the same sequences can be found in\nonline . numbers at base of nodes represent bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) . scale bar at top center represents substitutions per site at given unit distance . colored boxes denote individual hoxl gene families . note :\ngenes differ in sequence markedly from similar genes , and fall outside their known orthologs . tree rooted using\n( underlined , red ) with those of known homology from other species , inferred by maximum - likelihood reconstruction . sequences downloaded from ncbi\u2019s nr database have accession numbers as noted in next to taxa names , whereas others were sourced from the ensembl metazoa web resource (\n) . after removal of all columns containing one or more gaps , a final , 68 amino acid alignment spanning the forkhead domain was used to infer phylogeny . bayesian phylogeny using the same sequences can be found in\nonline . numbers at base of nodes represent bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) . scale bar represents substitutions per site at given unit distance . tree rooted using\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - protein\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\nedv12322 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n190409057\n,\nterm _ text\n:\nedv12322 . 1\n} }\n) amino acid sequence . all sequences and the alignment used can be found in\nthe forkhead box ( fox ) gene class of transcription factors is responsible for mediating a broad range of cellular activity . known for its \u201cwinged helix\u201d forkhead motif , derived from the helix - turn - helix class of genes to which they belong , these genes are easily recognizable and play key roles in metazoan growth and development (\n) . however , how they have evolved is often difficult to discern . the\n) , confirming further the sequencing depth of our genome . the identity of these was proven by phylogenetic inference , as can be seen in\n) , confirming that losses in insects are specific to that clade . the only absentee from our data set is\nthe sox family of transcription factors was also targeted for detailed investigation . these hmg class genes play diverse roles in sex determination , growth , and development (\ngene , confirming that this loss is specific to the centipede\u2019s lineage rather than shared myriapod - wide . the only exception to the strong orthology with well - categorized sox clades comes in the form of a divergent hmg - box like sequence , found in both\nthis sequence diverges greatly from known sox clades , and is therefore pulled toward to base of the tree by long branch attraction . the sequence for the\n( underlined , red ) as inferred by maximum - likelihood reconstruction in mega . sequences of known homology were downloaded from ncbi\u2019s nr database with accession numbers given on taxa labels or downloaded from the ensembl metazoa web resource (\n) . all columns containing one or more gaps were removed and the resulting 80 amino acid alignment spanning the hmg domain was used to reconstruct phylogeny . bayesian phylogeny reconstructed with the same alignment can be found in the\nonline . bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) are given at base of nodes . substitutions per unit distance given by scale bar at base of figure . colored boxes indicate generally inferred sox gene clades , with the enigmatic interrelationships of soxb genes noted .\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - protein\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\ncab63213 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n6580588\n,\nterm _ text\n:\ncab63213 . 1\n} }\n) amino acid sequence has been used to root the tree . all sequences and the alignment used can be found in\n( underlined , red ) as inferred by maximum - likelihood reconstruction in mega . sequences were downloaded from ncbi\u2019s nr database with accession numbers as noted in figure or sourced from the ensembl metazoa web resource (\n) . after removal of all columns containing one or more gaps , a final , 88 amino acid alignment spanning the t - box domain was used to infer phylogeny . a bayesian phylogeny using this alignment is presented in\nonline . numbers at base of nodes represent bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) . scale bar represents substitutions per site at given unit distance . colored boxes demarcate commonly inferred t - box clades . tree rooted using\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - protein\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\ncae45764 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n38602647\n,\nterm _ text\n:\ncae45764 . 1\n} }\ntbx1 / 15 / 20 amino acid sequence . all sequences and alignments used can be found in\nsuggests that these genes could have duplicated early in the arthropod radiation and undergone extensive gene conversion in the interim , but the lack of evidence of paralogy could also mean that these loci are prone to independent duplication , for reasons unknown .\nthe recovery of developmentally important transcription factor genes in our data set is near - total . we show evidence of presence of in excess of 80 % of the expected transcription factor complements of a variety of key families , a considerable advance on presently extant data sets , and a figure which compares positively with that found in other genomes . these data will be vital for inferring the ancestral complements and functions of a variety of key genes across the arthropoda .\ngiven the lifestyle of diplopods , the ability to sense and respond to a variety of environmental cues , and particularly the ability to assay the chemical composition of their habitat , is key to allowing them to find food and one another while avoiding predators and the worst environmental effects . the colonization of land by insects and myriapods occurred independently ( regier et al . 2010 ) , and thus it is interesting to consider whether chemosensory genes evolved before or after their diversification .\nin s . maritima , no representatives of the odorant binding protein ( pelosi 1994 ) or chea / b families ( starostina et al . 2009 ) could be identified , leading to the conclusion that these genes are possible insect novelties ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . this is collaborated by our data set , where we were unable to note even putative homology to any sequence in our genome when we searched our data set using a number of genes from these families ( tblastn , e cutoff 1 ) . the chemosensory protein ( csp ) family ( pelosi et al . 2006 ) possesses two orthologs in our data set , as seen in s . maritima . these differ markedly in amino acid sequence from the centipede orthologs , however , which may reflect the differences in environments inhabited by these species .\nour data set therefore corroborates the hypothesis that the odorant binding protein , chea / b , and or gene families are insect novelties . the csp , gr , and ir families are present in the rusty millipede , but differ greatly in sequence identity and complement number to that found in the centipede . this likely reflects the differences in environment and behavior exhibited by these species , but may also be a consequence of an increased tendency to duplicate genes for the creation of genetic diversity in s . maritima . increased sequencing efforts in the myriapoda will allow testing of these hypotheses further .\nmyriapods also represent possible sources of antifungal and antibacterial agents . these can be recognized by similarity to known genes in key domains . for instance ,\nas with the known mycin sequences , these novel proteins possess clear similarity to the gamma - thionin ( pf00304 ) antifungal domains found in plants , but the differences in sequence outside the core domain mean that they may have novel characteristics . these and other novel bioagents may be of use and interest to a range of biochemical industries , given the often compromising niche inhabited by the millipede .\nthe resource detailed here represents a vital data set for beginning investigation into the evolution of a variety of traits in the diplopoda , myriapoda , and the arthropoda more generally . it is a draft genomic data set with deep coverage of the coding complement and high recovery of the total expected genome size . with a broader sampling of genomic diversity , our ability to infer the true origin of genes and phenotypes will allow us greater biological insight , and allow firm conclusions to be drawn as to the reasons for the success and diversity of the arthropod lineage . this data set also contains a variety of intriguing findings . millipedes were the first arthropods to emerge onto land , and possess a variety of unique adaptations which have contributed to their success over their 400 - myr old history . this genomic resource will allow us to investigate the diversity of millipede novelties , such as their defensive chemicals and fungicides , with much more vigor than previous studies have been able to accomplish .\nwe can also be more confident of assertions regarding myriapod genomics with the advent of this resource . for example , the extensive gene duplication seen in s . maritima is far less prevalent in this resource . although some duplication as a means to build genomic diversity seems to occur in this clade , it is of much more limited scope , and the scale of gene duplication seen in the centipede should therefore not necessarily be expected in other members of the myriapoda . our recovery of transcriptomic cassettes also allows a different angle to examine origin and loss of traits in arthropods from a molecular perspective\u2014we can confirm , for instance , the presence of dmbx , foxj2 / 3 , and foxl1 in the arthropod common ancestor , and show firm evidence for the existence of tbx 4 / 5 and soxf in this lineage .\nthe advent of myriapod data sets will also allow a comprehensive revisiting of how extant gene complements were co - opted into the formation of new organs , particularly oxygen exchange systems , after terrestrialization in insects and myriapods ( e . g . , grillo et al . 2014 ; s\u00e1nchez - higueras et al . 2014 ) . although genes involved in the development of respiratory organs , such as apterous ( e . g . , damen et al . 2002 , sequence ; supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , are present in our data set , evidence remains to be gathered on any potential role of these genes in respiration in the myriapoda . this is because terrestrialization occurred independently in insects and myriapods , and we are cautious about inferring functional homology between genes in these species without expression data . further research using this genome as a resource will however offer a unique insight into how terrestrialization was accomplished independently in these speciose and successful metazoan clades .\nas a developmental and genetic model , there is much that could be learnt from a millipede model species . segmentation , a subject of much interest in the insect developmental community , is presently still to be completely understood in the myriapoda , with janssen et al . ( 2004 ) suggesting that it may even be separately programmed dorsally and ventrally , at least in glomeris marginalia . millipedes may also be of developmental utility for understanding the original opening position of the genitalia in arthropods , given the peculiar cephalic location of this opening in this clade , and for understanding neurogenesis across the arthropoda ( e . g . , dove and stollewerk 2003 ) . millipedes also undergo periodomorphosis\u2014adult to adult molts , with sexually mature and intercalary instars ( verhoeff 1923 ; sahli 1990 ) . understanding how this is regulated , in contrast with the final adult molts seen in other arthropods , is likely to benefit greatly from a genomic resource .\nsupplementary files s1\u2013s4 are available at genome biology and evolution online ( urltoken ) .\nthe authors thank the afcd of the hk government for confirming identity of the millipede species . they also thank bgi for their help in sequencing . this work was supported by the lo kwee - seong biomedical research fund and lee hysan foundation to h - m . l . and j . h . l . h .\naltschul sf , gish w , miller w , myers ew , lipman dj . basic local alignment search tool .\nphiladelphia ( pa ) : holt - saunders international ; 1982 . pp . 817\u2013818 .\nbrewer ms , bond je . ordinal - level phylogenomics of the arthropod class diplopoda ( millipedes ) based on an analysis of 221 nuclear protein - coding loci generated using next - generation sequence analyses .\nbrewer ms , swafford l , spruill cl , bond je . arthropod phylogenetics in light of three novel millipede ( myriapoda : diplopoda ) mitochondrial genomes with comments on the appropriateness of mitochondrial genome sequence data for inferring deep level relationships .\nbrites d , brena c , ebert d , du pasquier l . more than one way to produce protein diversity : duplication and limited alternative splicing of an adhesion molecule gene in basal arthropods .\ncameron sl , miller kb , d\u2019haese ca , whiting mf , barker sc . mitochondrial genome data alone are not enough to unambiguously resolve the relationships of entognatha , insecta and crustacea\nchang wl , yang cy , huang yc , chao d , chen tw . prevalence and observation of intestine - dwelling gregarines in the millipede\ncanberra ( act ) : department of the environment and heritage ; 2005 . p . 23 .\nchipman ad , et al . the first myriapod genome sequence reveals conservative arthropod gene content and genome organisation in the centipede\ndamen wg , saridaki t , averof m . diverse adaptations of an ancestral gill : a common evolutionary origin for wings , breathing organs , and spinnerets .\ndarriba d , taboada gl , doallo r , posada d . jmodeltest 2 : more models , new heuristics and parallel computing .\ngai y , song d , sun h , yang q , zhou k . the complete mitochondrial genome of\nsp . ( myriapoda : symphyla ) : extensive gene order rearrangement and evidence in favor of progoneata .\ngrillo m , casanova j , averof m . development : a deep breath for endocrine organ evolution .\nguindon s , et al . new algorithms and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies : assessing the performance of phyml 3 . 0 .\nhui jh , et al . extensive chordate and annelid macrosynteny reveals ancestral homeobox gene organization .\nhui jh , holland pw , ferrier de . do cnidarians have a parahox cluster ? analysis of synteny around a\njanssen r , prpic nm , damen wg . gene expression suggests decoupled dorsal and ventral segmentation in the millipede\nkatoh k , standley dm . mafft multiple sequence alignment software version 7 : improvements in performance and usability .\nkenny nj , et al . genomic sequence and experimental tractability of a new decapod shrimp model ,\nkenny nj , shimeld sm . additive multiple k - mer transcriptome of the keelworm\nkoopman p , schepers g , brenner s , venkatesh b . origin and diversity of the sox transcription factor gene family : genome - wide analysis in\nlangmead b , salzberg sl . fast gapped - read alignment with bowtie 2 .\nlarkin ma , et al . clustal w and clustal x version 2 . 0 .\nlavrov dv , boore jl , brown wm . complete mtdna sequences of two millipedes suggest a new model for mitochondrial gene rearrangements : duplication and nonrandom loss .\nlavrov dv , brown wm , boore jl . a novel type of rna editing occurs in the mitochondrial trnas of the centipede\nli j , et al . odoriferous defensive stink gland transcriptome to identify novel genes necessary for quinone synthesis in the red flour beetle ,\nliu b , et al . estimation of genomic characteristics by analyzing k - mer frequency in de novo genome projects .\nlohse m , drechsel o , bock r . organellargenomedraw ( ogdraw ) : a tool for the easy generation of high - quality custom graphical maps of plastid and mitochondrial genomes .\nlowe tm , eddy sr . trnascan - se : a program for improved detection of transfer rna genes in genomic sequence .\nluo r , et al . soapdenovo2 : an empirically improved memory - efficient short - read de novo assembler .\nmendivil ramos o , barker d , ferrier de . ghost loci imply hox and parahox existence in the last common ancestor of animals .\nparra g , bradnam k , korf i . cegma : a pipeline to accurately annotate core genes in eukaryotic genomes .\nparra g , bradnam k , ning z , keane t , korf i . assessing the gene space in draft genomes .\npelosi p , zhou jj , ban lp , calvello m . soluble proteins in insect chemical communication .\nvol . 1 . victoria county history , london ; 1902 . pp . 176\u2013178 .\npocock ri . antennata : myriapoda . the wild fauna and flora of the royal botanic gardens , kew .\nrebers je , willis jh . a conserved domain in arthropod cuticular proteins binds chitin .\nrehm p , meusemann k , borner j , misof b , burmester t . phylogenetic position of myriapoda revealed by 454 transcriptome sequencing .\nregier jc , et al . arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein - coding sequences .\nrobertson hm , warr cg , carlson jr . molecular evolution of the insect chemoreceptor gene superfamily in\nroncadori rw , duffey ss , blum ms . antifungal activity of defensive secretions of certain millipedes .\nronquist f , huelsenbeck jp . mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models .\nsahli f . 1990 . on post - adult moults in julida ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) . why periodomorphosis and intercalaries occur in males . in : proceedings of the 7th international congress of myriapodology 1987 . ( minelli , a , ed . ) . pp . 135\u2013156 . e . j . brill , leiden .\ns\u00e1nchez - higueras c , sotillos s , hombr\u00eda jcg . common origin of insect trachea and endocrine organs from a segmentally repeated precursor .\nschmieder r , edwards r . fast identification and removal of sequence contamination from genomic and metagenomic datasets .\nshear w , jones t , miras h . a possible phylogenetic signal in millipede chemical defenses : the polydesmidan millipede\nshear wa , mcpherson is , jones th , loria sf , zigler ks . chemical defense of a troglobiont millipede ,\n( gervais , 1847 ) ( spirobolida : trigoniulidae ) , in florida , usa .\nshelley rm , golovatch si . atlas of myriapod biogeography . i . indigenous ordinal and supra - ordinal distributions in the diplopoda : perspectives on taxon origins and ages , and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class .\nshelley rm , lehtinen pt . diagnoses , synonymies and occurrences of the pantropical millipedes ,\nshimeld sm , boyle mj , brunet t , luke gn , seaver ec . clustered fox genes in lophotrochozoans and the evolution of the bilaterian fox gene cluster .\nshimeld sm , degnan b , luke gn . evolutionary genomics of the fox genes : origin of gene families and the ancestry of gene clusters .\nsimpson jt , et al . abyss : a parallel assembler for short read sequence data .\nsin yw , et al . identification of putative ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone pathway genes in the shrimp\nprotein family implicated in pheromone perception is related to tay - sachs gm2 - activator protein .\ntamura k , stecher g , peterson d , filipski a , kumar s . mega6 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis .\nundheim ea , et al . clawing through evolution : toxin diversification and convergence in the ancient lineage chilopoda ( centipedes )\nweldon pj , aldrich jr , klun ja , oliver je , debboun m . benzoquinones from millipedes deter mosquitoes and elicit self - anointing in capuchin monkeys (\nwillis jh . structural cuticular proteins from arthropods : annotation , nomenclature , and sequence characteristics in the genomics era .\nwilson hm , anderson li . morphology and taxonomy of paleozoic millipedes ( diplopoda : chilognatha : archipolypoda ) from scotland .\nwyman sk , jansen rk , boore jl . automatic annotation of organellar genomes with dogma .\nyu x , ng cp , habacher h , roy s . foxj1 transcription factors are master regulators of the motile ciliogenic program .\nzerbino dr , birney e . velvet : algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de bruijn graphs .\nzhong yf , butts t , holland pwh . homeodb : a database of homeobox gene diversity .\nzhong yf , holland pwh . homeodb2 : functional expansion of a comparative homeobox gene database for evolutionary developmental biology .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2623, "summary": [{"text": "myrmecia ferruginea is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species is native to australia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the myrmecia ferrguinea has been notably distributed in queensland .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "being described in 1876 by mayr , the myrmecia ferruginea has a similar identity to the m. nigriceps .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the appearance of the myrmecia ferruginea is mostly a reddish like colour .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it was once assumed to be a colour variant of the m. nigriceps as well . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "myrmecia ferruginea", "paragraphs": ["myrmecia ferruginea - urdu meaning and translation of myrmecia ferruginea , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of myrmecia ferruginea and more .\nmyrmecia ferruginea is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus . this species is native to australia .\nrichness of myrmecia species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of myrmecia species or for valid names only see myrmecia species .\nthe following myrmecia species groups are based on ogata & taylor ( 1991 [ 1 ] ) .\ndie gattung myrmecia ist unterteilt in 9 artengruppen damit sich die vielen arten dieser gattung leichter klassifizieren lassen .\nthe genus myrmecia is sub - divided in 9 species groups for an easier classification of the many species .\nogata , k . , taylor , r . w . ( 1991 ) ants of the genus myrmecia fabricius : a preliminary review and key to the named species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . journal of natural history , 25 , 1623\u20131673 .\nthis page was last modified on 14 march 2013 , at 01 : 49 .\nthis page was last modified on 25 january 2015 , at 11 : 14 .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2626, "summary": [{"text": "the rock martin ( ptyonoprogne fuligula ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family that is resident in central and southern africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it breeds mainly in the mountains , but also at lower altitudes , especially in rocky areas and around towns , and , unlike most swallows , it is often found far from water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is 12 \u2013 15 cm ( 4.7 \u2013 5.9 in ) long , with mainly brown plumage , paler-toned on the upper breast and underwing coverts , and with white \" windows \" on the spread tail in flight .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the sexes are similar in appearance , but juveniles have pale fringes to the upperparts and flight feathers .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the former northern subspecies are smaller , paler , and whiter-throated than southern african forms , and are now usually split as a separate species , the pale crag martin .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the rock martin hunts along cliff faces for flying insects using a slow flight with much gliding .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "its call is a soft twitter .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "this martin builds a deep bowl nest on a sheltered horizontal surface , or a neat quarter-sphere against a vertical rock face or wall .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the nest is constructed with mud pellets and lined with grass or feathers , and may be built on natural sites under cliff overhangs or on man-made structures such as buildings , dam walls , culverts and bridges .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is often reused for subsequent broods or in later years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this species is a solitary breeder , and is not gregarious , but small groups may breed close together in suitable locations .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the two or three eggs of a typical clutch are white with brown and grey blotches , and are incubated by both adults for 16 \u2013 19 days prior to hatching .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "both parents then feed the chicks .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "fledging takes another 22 \u2013 24 days , but the young birds will return to the nest to roost for a few days after the first flight .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this small martin is caught in flight by several fast , agile falcon species , such as hobbies , and it sometimes carries parasites , but it faces no major threats .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "because of its range of nearly 10 million km \u00b2 ( 4 million sq mi ) and large , apparently stable , population , it is not seen as vulnerable and is assessed as least concern on the iucn red list . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "rock martin", "paragraphs": ["round rock express placed cf leonys martin on the 7 - day disabled list .\nrock martin ( ptyonoprogne fuligula ) is a species of bird in the hirundinidae family .\nmartin said jay ford will ride rock song if cassidy does not make the trip .\nrock martin at nest with chicks , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg \u00a9 ]\nlittle rock school desegregation | the martin luther king , jr . , research and education institute\nmany roads in south texas were built with martin marietta rock , delivered by union pacific .\nmartin ' s study of progressive rock is really ambitous and is a must for all fans of that genre .\nthe only consistent difference we found was the pattern of the throat , with the least marked crag martin still more dark / dusky streaked than the most marked rock martin . indeed , this is the single best character that leaded us to identify the birds observed in tunisia as rock martin\nlane j , martin ta , watkins g , mansel re , jiang wg . the expression and prognostic value of rock i and rock ii and their role in human breast cancer .\nrock martin juveniles , west coast fossil park , western cape , south africa . [ photo h . robertson , iziko \u00a9 ]\nlistening to the future : the time of progressive rock , 1968 - 1978 : bill martin jr . : 9780812693683 : urltoken books\nmartin ' s second book on progressive rock suffers from comparison with his first ( yes ) and his competition - macan and stump .\ni found this book enjoyable and infuriating at the same time . martin ' s take on prog rock is well informed and thorough .\nthe rock martin also has etymology for the genus name , missing here . ucucha 07 : 57 , 22 may 2010 ( utc )\nrock martin chick in nest , west coast fossil park , western cape , south africa . [ photo h . robertson , iziko \u00a9 ]\nhere ' s how casterly rock is described in george r . r . martin ' s\na world of ice and fire\n:\ntake a quick look at the path martin marietta rock takes before it ' s used to construct the roads you drive on every day .\nartist designer anderson hunt client peet ltd . greenvale estate fabrication rock martin photograph ( 1 - 3 sharon walker ) ( 4 rockmartin ) date 2011\nwe have an extensive background in all aspects jewelry . our family has been running rock martin custom jewelry in laguna beach for over 44 years .\nat the end of every competition , owchar and martin exchange glances . martin always says , \u201chow many more of these can we do ? \u201d\nmy wife and i are always excited to drop by rock martin and see what ' s new since they have such a unique vision with their brand . personally\npredators and parasites\nshouldn ' t be under\nbehavior\n( i think i said the same in the review for the rock martin ; i now notice that the article on the eurasian crag martin has the same problem ) .\nmartin marietta\u2019s trusted relationship with union pacific dates back decades . while martin marietta is one of union pacific\u2019s largest volume customers , martin marietta also is union pacific\u2019s largest supplier of ballast , which is used to form the bed of railroad tracks .\non vacation we visited laguna beach and happened to wander in to rock martin . fabulous jewelry and michael was so helpful and patient ! michael was very good , absolutely\nmartin , r . l . 1971 . the natural history and taxonomy of the rock vole , microtus chrotorrhinus . ph . d . thesis , university of connecticut .\nmartin idolized ed lukowich , a champion curler out of calgary , alberta . martin loved the smooth delivery , the flawless mechanics . lukowich wrapped math into curling\u2019s motions .\npredators : the bobcat and timber rattlesnake are predators known to prey upon rock voles .\nmartin , r . l . 1972 . parasites and diseases of the rock vole . occasional papers of the university of connecticut 2 ( 8 ) : 107 - 113 .\nchris martin and bruce springsteen had to stand in for a stricken bono in new york , but rock has a rich history of temporary stand - ins . test your knowledge \u2026\nmartin has decided to go after his first win in the albury cup on friday week with rock song in preference to group and listed races at rosehill in the next 10 days .\n( scopoli , 1769 ) ( holotype and paratype at mczr ) . studying birds from skins and photos , we found that but for different dimension ( rock martin being visibly smaller ) the plumage is often quite similar , tail pattern its extremely variable with the white \u201cblobs\u201d on average smaller and squarer in rock martin but often wider , therefore often same as in crag .\n, is the first beach on french saint martin when travelling north from the dutch side .\nk . martin , leslie a . robb , scott wilson , and clait e . braun\neorge martin was the greatest music producer who ever lived . and perhaps the least likely .\ndetroit tigers placed cf leonys martin on the 10 - day disabled list . left hamstring strain\n) . these results indicate that in the cell lines tested , inhibiting rock does not increase microtubule stability , suggesting that increased mctns observed upon rock inhibition do not arise from increased microtubule stabilization .\nmartin makes me want to argue with him ! i love that . martin has an opinion and a bias , doesn ' t pretend otherwise , and the book is stronger for it .\nmartin , r . l . 1971 . the natural history and taxonomy of the rock vole , microtus chrotorrhinus . ph . d . thesis . univ . conn . , storrs , ct .\nst . martin\u2019s 37 beaches are such pearls that they rank among the finest in the caribbean .\nlies just off the east coast of saint martin , at the heart of the nature reserve .\nits beaches are the last on the dutch side before the northern border with french saint martin .\ndetroit tigers placed cf leonys martin on the 10 - day disabled list . left hamstring strain .\nfrisco roughriders placed cf leonys martin on the 7 - day disabled list . lower back injury .\nclark , t . , 2001 , routledge critical thinkers : martin heidegger , london : routledge .\nlry guy but i always seem to find something here that intrigues me . i ' m very impressed by their sparkly items as well as their amazing customer service . i highly recommend rock martin .\ndescribed as a \u201chalf - century opportunity , \u201d medina rock and rail is equipped to support the southern texas region for the foreseeable future , placing union pacific and martin marietta in an important position .\nfigure 2 . total rock shrimp dollar vale and percentage by county for the years 1987 - 2001 .\nrock pipit / littoralis subspecies ( ? ) thornham harbour , norfolk . 27 / 02 / 17 .\nmalolotja information : widespread resident of cliffs and mountains . rocky hillsides with scattered trees rock / cliff faces\n. a delicate and beautiful piece for my delicate and beautiful partner of 30 years . i cannot recommend rock martin jewelry highly enough .\nart in metal and stones . . . passion in execution .\nrosehill trainer tim martin has decided to bypass sydney autumn carnival options with his rising star rock song in favour of a tilt at next week ' s $ 125 , 000 commercial club albury gold cup .\nmartin marietta is one of the country\u2019s leading suppliers of rock . learn how the aggregate supplier works with union pacific to transport the resources used to build the highways and driveways we rely on every day .\nspandau ballet bassist martin kemp tweeted :\nrip you lovely man rick parfitt ! you rocked all around the world and back again ! one of rock ' s great characters you will be missed .\nott , h . , 1993 , martin heidegger : a political life , london : harper collins .\na drawing of casterly rock in\na world of ice and fire\ncompared to the hbo version .\nmartin ' s albury cup choice may bring a bonus as he has offered champion jockey jim cassidy the ride on rock song , who will be having only his ninth start and will be seeking his fifth win .\n] , rock - regulated markers of tubulin stability were analyzed to investigate the role of microtubule stabilization in mctn formation in the y - 27632 treated cells . rock has been reported to destabilize microtubules by decreasing tubulin acetylation [\nwhipple ra , cheung am , martin ss . detyrosinated microtubule protrusions in suspended mammary epithelial cells promote reattachment .\nseattle mariners traded cf leonys martin and cash to chicago cubs for player to be named later and cash .\ntable 1 . total dollar value to irl counties of rock shrimp , sicyonia brevirostris , between 1987 - 2001 .\ncassidy has ridden rock song in his last two starts for wins at rosehill and randwick over 1500m and 1600m .\nthe book ' s idea of punk rock bill martin ' s argument is that punk rock appeared as a new wave of music . he completely shatters the myth of it being a type of music against progressive rock by stating that it was a great part of the rock era . the line ,\nby the mideighties , punk was either a ' hard - core ' taste for a few people with leather jackets , and mohawks or it had merged into a larger new wave scene\nis an example of biased word choise . this is not historically accurate . this resource , however , is scholarly because of the many noted historians in its bibliography . it also goes into a hardcore generation and bands that have shaped punk music . it does not recognize punk rock as an entirely new music , but views it as one large part of progressive rock history . the historical question being persued is what has punk rock provided for progressive rock ? this is answered and then the book moves on to other music genres .\nthe purple martin ' s popularity as a backyard bird has spawned a flood of literature on the species , a profitable industry in birdhouse manufacturing , and two national organizations in which martin enthusiasts regularly communicate their observations via newsletters .\nrock song , who has won his last two starts in restricted company in sydney , was entered for the $ 100 , 000 sky high stakes ( 1900m ) at rosehill on saturday before martin decided to target the albury cup .\ntable 2 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the rock shrimp harvest for the years 1987 - 2001 .\nst . martin features some of the world\u2019s finest seascapes . from unspoiled , quiet shores to lively hubs of activity , every single one of st . martin\u2019s beaches is fantastically unique and reflects the rich diversity of the island itself .\nwhile a short line railroad manages the train\u2019s movement inside medina rock and rail , union pacific employees get back on the train when it\u2019s fully loaded , handling transportation to one of martin marietta\u2019s rail distribution yards in south texas or houston .\nrock martin started making jewelry in high school . after serving his country in the navy his family settled into the artist colony of laguna beach . rock began doing some local jewelry shows and selling out his product every show . eventually he was accepted to the famous sawdust festival and then the prestigious festival of the arts in laguna beach . after opening his first store on coast highway rock moved to downtown laguna beach where the store stands today . rock has since retired but his family is still running the business and making the great jewelry people have come to know and love over the years .\nby far the best customer service in town ! the entire rock martin staff is very friendly and able to accommodate any request . my wife and i often have our jewelry cleaned and maintained here . we have also purchased custom designer items and appreciate the service and fair pricing . rock martin focuses on quality and a premium experience . if you want jewelry that ' s timeliness , yet out of the box and unique to your personality , this is store is for you !\nchris martin : \u2018i don\u2019t want to change places with any person in history . \u2019 photograph : marcelo sayao / epa\ngwyneth paltrow and chris martin at gala function in beverly hills . photograph : colin young - wolff / invision / ap\nask allen or his martin marietta colleagues , and they\u2019ll tell you their job is making big rocks into little rocks .\nmath came naturally to martin , and he sought sports with similar elements , anything with angles , geometry , calculations .\nmartin ( music of yes , lj 11 / 15 / 96 ) argues convincingly that the progressive rock movement of the early 1970s , whose pillars are the bands king crimson and yes , deserves consideration as important avant - garde art . while the first three chapters offer an academic , philosophical , and sociological analysis of the genre , casual fans will appreciate chapter 4 : a lengthy annotated discography of important progressive rock albums . unfortunately , martin ' s biases sometimes undercut his thoughtful arguments . he dismisses with contempt valid criticism of\nprog rock\nfrom the mainstream rock press , for example , and he fails to recognize the influence progressive rock had on the onstage excesses of 1980s\narena rock\nhe considers\nawful .\nstill , martin ' s book nicely complements two other recent works on the genre , musicologist edward macan ' s rocking the classics ( lj 10 / 15 / 96 ) and paul stump ' s the music ' s all that matters : a history of progressive rock ( quartet , 1997 ) . recommended for most popular music collections . ? lloyd jansen , stockton - san joaquin cty . p . l . , cal . copyright 1997 reed business information , inc .\nbefore the 1970s , rock shrimp were primarily captured incidentally by trawlers seeking out commercially valuable penaeid shrimps . the fishery first emerged as viable with the first recorded rock shrimp landings in 1970 . in that year , 1200 pounds of rock shrimp were harvested , with an estimated value of $ 642 . in 1972 , landings totaled 443 , 035 pounds and were valued at $ 258 , 528 . by 1977 , the fishery was being studied for sustainability , and substantial rock shrimp populations offshore of\n3 ) the real identity of the tunisian birds and then the taxonomic status of these : are they rock martin ? are they belonging to the so called ssp . presaharica ( which would be a better candidate on geographical biasis ) or spatzi ? or they are a pale population of crag martin \u2013 simply a plumage variability or a yet non described taxon ?\nif you live in the area , or planning a visit to laguna beach , please stop by and visit heather , michael , and the rest the laguna beach custom jewelry designers at rock martin . we promise you\u2019ll be happy you did .\nwatson a , moss r , rae s ( 1998 ) population dynamics of scottish rock ptarmigan cycles . ecology 79 : 1174\u20131192\nopening on april 16th is director neil labute\u2019s death at a funeral , which stars chris rock , martin lawrence , tracy morgan , zo\u00eb salda\u00f1a , columbus short , luke wilson , peter dinklage , danny glover , regina hall , and keith david .\ni have never had a starter at albury and i am looking forward to attending the carnival ,\nmartin said .\nseattle mariners placed cf leonys martin on the 15 - day disabled list retroactive to may 26 , 2016 . strained left hamstring\ncobb et al . ( 1973 ) reported that brown rock shrimp are nocturnally active , likely burrowing into substrata during daylight hours .\nahead of the episode , fans knew casterly rock would make an appearance . everyone was getting hyped up on twitter and reddit .\nwith his flowing blond locks , denim gear and fender telecaster , rick parfitt was one of rock ' s most recognisable guitarists .\nmatrone ma , whipple ra , balzer em , martin ss . microtentacles tip the balance of cytoskeletal forces in circulating tumor cells .\nwhen was the genus first described ? when were the species discovered ? also , the article on the rock martin actually has more information on the taxonomic status of the genus ( saying that various other genera should be subsumed into hirundo if this one is ) .\nfigure 1 . annual dollar value of the commercial catch of rock shrimp to the 5 - county area of the indian river lagoon .\ntable 3 . by - county cumulative dollar value and percentage of the total for the irl rock shrimp harvest from 1987 - 2001 .\ntheberge jb , west gc ( 1973 ) significance of brooding to the energy demands of alaskan rock ptarmigan chicks . arctic 26 : 138\u2013148\n\u201cit would be difficult for trucks to deliver the massive rock quantities needed for sustaining growth , \u201d said steve mcgill , business director at union pacific . \u201cthe only way to feed that is establishing a logistics system , like union pacific and martin marietta have done . \u201d\nholger teichmann , loutjie , martin flack , laurent demongin , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , ken havard , jmdebruyn , guy poisson , fran trabalon .\nmartin , k . , l . a . robb , s . wilson , and c . e . braun ( 2015 ) .\nmartin\u2019s popularity spans all ages , genders and ethnicities . but he remains especially popular with older women . much , much older women .\ncitation : drake a , rock ca , quinlan sp , martin m , green dj ( 2014 ) wind speed during migration influences the survival , timing of breeding , and productivity of a neotropical migrant , setophaga petechia . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e97152 . urltoken\nrock doves are exempt from the migratory bird treaty act ( mbta ) of 1918 , which was passed for the protection of migratory birds . rock doves are classed as predatory birds under state rules ( wac 232 - 12 - 004 ) . under another state rule ( wac 232 - 12 - 005 ) , it is unlawful to hunt for or take rock doves without a hunting license , except as allowed under rcw 77 . 36 . 030 . rcw 77 . 36 . 030 allows rock doves causing property damage to be trapped or killed without a hunting license .\nenglish explorer martin frobisher is best known for his attempts to discover a northwest passage and his voyages to labrador and frobisher bay in canada .\nraffel tr , martin lb , rohr jr ( 2008 ) parasites as predators : unifying natural enemy ecology . trends ecol evol 23 : 610\u2013618\nwhy is the article not titled\ncrag martin\n? ( presumably because that is also a common name for p . rupestris ? )\nomg ! precious cover from @ coldplay ' s leader chris martin graceland . . . definitely one of the best albums of all time !\nlook , someone can always join in on backing vocals to cover your errors , but you ' ll do . consider yourself chris martin .\nbut sand often is a byproduct . a series of crushers , conveyor belts and screens allow martin marietta to customize rock size according to customers\u2019 needs . much like a recipe , rocks are fed into a blend tunnel that runs more than 1 , 000 - feet underground . stackers reach over the tunnel , roughly 150 - feet in the air , and create massive piles of rock , ready to be loaded into rail cars .\ni think this is a scandinavian rock pipit and not what i expected to find feeding around the tidal creek at thornham harbour in late winter .\nparfitt ' s musical partnership with francis rossi , which spanned five decades , made status quo one of british rock ' s most enduring acts .\ntheir brand of boogie - woogie rock survived changes in musical fashion and made them one of the best - loved live acts of their generation .\nwe failed to find a crag martin in the field or in skins / photos we ever seen in europe ( in italy is a rather common and widespread bird for ex . ) closely matching ( but see further ) these birds from tunisia while we found rock martin of the subspecies presaharica ( vaurie , 1953 ) and even more of the ssp . spatzi ( geyr von schweppenburg , 1916 ) to be a much better match .\nbalzer em , whipple ra , cho eh , matrone ma , martin ss . antimitotic chemotherapeutics promote adhesive responses in detached and circulating tumor cells .\nthe most accessible bay ,\nbaie blanche\n, is situated on the west coast facing saint martin and has a delightful beach for swimming .\nwolin , r . , 1990 , the politics of being : the political thought of martin heidegger , cambridge , mass . : mit press .\ncell migration and invasion are steps that are critical for metastasis and rely on rho / rock - mediated cytoskeletal modifications and actomyosin contraction [ 41 ] . the ability of rock inhibitors to reduce the migratory and invasive properties of adherent tumor cells has led to suggestions that they could possibly be used to reduce metastasis in cancer patients and combined with the clinical success of rock inhibitors in other pathological conditions with deregulated actomyosin contraction such as cardiovascular diseases [ 42 ] , hypertension [ 43 ] and atherosclerosis [ 44 ] , rock inhibitors are gaining popularity as safe compounds that could be easily transitioned to cancer therapy .\nin 1992 , 10 , 000 maniacs drummer jerry augustyniak was injured just before a five - week tour . which legendary stadium rock drummer replaced him ?\n2 ) the plumage , morphometric measurements and genetic of the sardinian population , or at least of the types of c . o . sarda arrigoni degli oddi , 1902 ; ie , the two specimens used as types are indeed simply pale crag martin or they were two real rock martin collected in sardinia , therefore the first record of this species in europe ( as for other north african species , most notably 2 records of twany eagle ) .\nmartin marietta is a leading supplier of aggregates - sand or crushed stone that when mixed with cement and water make concrete . after more than a decade in the works , the company opened its newest quarry 40 miles west of san antonio in january , dubbing the massive facility medina rock and rail .\ntwo breathtaking beaches await visitors here : the first , facing saint martin , is a very sheltered sandy strip with shallow waters . ideal for children ,\ntexas rangers traded cf leonys martin and rhp anthony bass to seattle mariners for rhp tom wilhelmsen , cf james jones and player to be named later .\necided on a beautiful white gold ring set with a single large diamond . michael suggested dipping my wedding band in white gold to match , what a fantastic idea , they look perfect together . i could not be happier . i would highly recommend rock martin jewelry , all the rings i tried were individual\nas you can tell from the illustration , done by ted nasmith , the rock is supposed to be colossally tall \u2014 three times higher than the wall .\nmartin is obviously a passionate , committed , and highly knowledgeable fan of progressive rock . he is fully entitled to his opinions . unfortunately , martin ties himself up in philosophical knots - - and envelops himself in the political correctness of tenured academia - - to justify the inconsistent categorization / taxonomy of progressive rock that ultimately derives from his tastes . this is too bad , because a more consistent and fair - minded treatise would have been more valuable . it also would have most likely not been book - length , because the tedious\ntoward a theory\nchapter could have been condensed into 10 pages or less . martin would also have known to avoid this tedium if he had read ben watson ' s\nnegative dialectics of poodle play\n. . . but then martin has no use for frank zappa , so of course he didn ' t read it . martin may be a philosopher , but he is evidentially not up on his aristotlean logic . if he were , he would understand the following : ! jt jt - > pf hc - > fz\nin the early seventies , king crimson , yes , jethro tull , emerson , lake and palmer , and many others brought forth a series of adventurous and visionary works , often of epic length . responding both to the new possibilities in rock music opened up by\nsergeant pepper ' s lonely hearts club band\n, as well as to the countercultural politics and aesthetics of the late sixties , these musicians applied consummate instrumental and compositional skill to transgressing boundaries . since the late seventies , histories of rock music have either ignored or marginalized the progressive rock era . in part , this has occurred because rock music criticism has taken an almost completely sociological turn , with little or no interest in musical form itself . in\nlistening to the future\n, bill martin argues that it is a musical and political mistake to ignore this period of tremendous creativity , a period which still finds resonance in rock music today . he sets the scene for the emergence of progressive rock ( showing that , in fact , there has always been a progressive trend in rock music , a trend that took a quantum leap in the late sixties ) , and develops a terminology for understanding how an avant - garde could arise out of the sonic and social materials of\nas curling has grown , so has martin\u2019s place within it . recent crowds featured the retired track star carl lewis and vernon davis , the san francisco 49ers tight end . martin said he heard that stephen harper , the prime minister of canada , would attend . even \u201cthe simpsons\u201d showed marge and homer curling .\n\u201cdig a hole in houston , and you\u2019ll hit sand and some rock that\u2019s not as high quality construction material , \u201d said chance allen , regional vice president and general manager of aggregates at martin marietta\u2019s central texas aggregates district . \u201cbut dig in san antonio and you\u2019ll only go about 4 inches before hitting limestone . \u201d\npatel ra , liu y , wang b , li r , sebti sm . identification of novel rock inhibitors with anti - migratory and anti - invasive activities .\nchris martin was born on march 2 , 1977 , in exeter , devon , england . he attended university college london , where he met will champion , guy berryman and jonny buckland , who would go on to form the band coldplay . with martin as lead singer , rhythm guitarist and pianist , coldplay & apos ; s debut album , parachutes , sold 5 million copies and won a grammy . martin married gwyneth paltrow in 2003 . the couple separated in 2014 .\nother synonyms afrikaans : kransswael arabic : \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 , \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a catalan : roquerol isabel\u00ed czech : brehule hned\u00e1 , vla\u0161tovka hn\u011bd\u00e1 danish : bleg klippesvale german : felsenschwalbe , steinschwalbe english : african rock martin , african rock swallow , african rock - martin , crag martin , pale crag martin , rock martin , rock martin ( rock ) spanish : avi\u00f3n isabel meridional , avi\u00f3n isabelino , avi\u00f3n isabelino [ grupo fuligula ] , av\u00edon roquero , avi\u00f3n roquero africano spanish ( spain ) : avi\u00f3n isabelino [ grupo fuligula ] estonian : aafrika kivip\u00e4\u00e4suke finnish : afrikankalliop\u00e4\u00e4sky french : hirondelle \u00e0 gorge rousse , hirondelle de rochrs , hirondelle du d\u00e9sert , hirondelle isabelline , hirondelle isabelline ( nominal ) , hirondelle isabelline [ fuligula ] hebrew : \u05e1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 hungarian : sivatagi szirtifecske , sivatagi szirtifescke [ fuligula csoport ] icelandic : steinsvala italian : rondine montana , rondine montana rupicola , rondine rupestre africana japanese : afurikachairotsubame , afurikachairotsubame ( fuligula guru - pu ) japanese : \u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u30c1\u30e3\u30a4\u30ed\u30c4\u30d0\u30e1 , \u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u30c1\u30e3\u30a4\u30ed\u30c4\u30d0\u30e1 ( fuligula \u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7 ) kwangali : sisampamema latin : hirundo fuligula , hirundo fuligula fuligula , hirundo fusciventer , ptyonoprocne fuligula , ptyonoprogne fuligula , ptyonoprogne fuligula [ fuligula group ] , ptyonoprogne fuligula fuligula , ptyonoprogne rufigula lithuanian : afrikin\u0117 uolin\u0117 kreg\u017ed\u0117 , rudoji kreg\u017ed\u0117 latvian : akme\u0146u \u010durkste dutch : kaapse rotszwaluw , rotszwaluw , vale rotszwaluw , vale rotszwaluw ( fuligula groep ) norwegian : ravinesvale , ravinesvale ( fuligula gr . ) polish : jask\u00f3lka blada , jask\u00f3\u0142ka blada portuguese : andorinha de uropigio cinzento , andorinha - das - rochas - africana , andorinha - de - uropigio - cinzento portuguese ( portugal ) : andorinha - das - rochas - africana [ grupo fuligula ] russian : \u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 slovak : lastovi\u010dka previsov\u00e1 slovenian : afri\u0161ka skalna lastovka shona : nyenganyenga sotho , southern : lekabelane swedish : afrikansk klippsvala swahili : kinegwa miwamba , mbayuwayu koo - jeusi tswana : p\u00eaolwane turkish : k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kaya k\u0131rlang\u0131c\u0131 tsonga : mbawulwana xhosa : inkonjane chinese : \u975e\u6d32\u5ca9\u71d5 chinese ( traditional ) : \u975e\u6d32\u5ca9\u71d5 zulu : inhlolamvula\nin contrast to other titans of rock , martin\u2019s childhood seems to have had little visible angst . after prep school in exeter , he boarded at sherborne . he was president of a sting fan club and featured in school bands that played pet shop boys - esque pop and billy joel - style honky - tonk piano .\nbut martin almost gave up curling to play hockey , a decision that ranks among the most difficult of his life . eventually , he chose rocks over pucks , because he wanted to play for owchar , a coach with 30 years\u2019 experience at the northern alberta institute of technology , a coach martin labeled canada\u2019s very best .\nmartin turned professional in 1987 and took four years\u2019 worth of beatings . he won a canadian national championship in 1991 and made his first olympics a year later .\nhowever , we feel that still the plumage variability of both the cited species ( rock and crag martins ) need to be investigated and that the \u201coverlapping area\u201d is not well clear . in particular , colour of both underparts and chiefly upperparts in crag martin , contrariwise to what illustrated in most ( if not all ! ) modern field guide , is far more variable and birds of some populations or in some age / state of sun - bleaching and abrasion could appear as pale as rock martin from morocco to sinai ; similarly , underwing and undertail coverts vary a lot for both colour intensity and pattern of the feathers , not only due to light incidence and sun exposure , but individually and during the different seasons ( stage of moult and ageing ) . we found for ex . some birds in sardinia showing a pretty pale plumage all over , including the mentioned plumage areas . in fact , arrigoni degli oddi ( 1902 ) described a subspecies of rock martin from sardinia as \u201c\nas the name implies , medina rock and rail was built to be served by rail only . the highest quality limestone dictated its exact location 11 miles from union pacific\u2019s mainline . martin marietta installed 57 , 300 track feet of rail , enough to make it one of the largest privately funded rail projects in the united states .\ntorka r , thuma f , herzog v , kirfel g . rock signaling mediates the adoption of different modes of migration and invasion in human mammary epithelial tumor cells .\ni really wanted to like this book . i like a lot of progressive rock . i like a lot of philosophy . unfortunately , professor martin writes with a meandering obscurity that resembles yes lyrics at their most impenetrable , or like reading hegel after not having slept for sixteen hours . simply put , martin is an appallingly bad writer . it ' s too bad that as writing models , martin bypassed schopenhauer , hume & nietzsche . he seems to prefer hegel , fichte and heidegger . i agree with several of martin ' s opinions , though . i love king crimson , jethro tull and gentle giant , and all of these bands are given thoughtful analysis by prof . martin . martin has little time for rush ; considering that rush is the most overrated prog band ever , i heartily concur . frank zappa isn ' t included among the giants of progressive music ( martin takes something like eight pages to explain why zappa isn ' t covered , but he never gets much beyond the\ni don ' t like his lyrics\nstage ) . zappa ' s music is , truly , more\nprogressive\nthan most of the bands covered here . personally , i think i detect a political bias on martin ' s part : one gets the feeling that had zappa wrote utopian lyrics that involved gnomes and fairies , or had embraced the left as had his contemporaries , he would take up a major part of this book . some more curious omissions are captain beefheart & pink floyd . as far as martin ' s philosophy is concerned , he is apparently of the hegelian - marxist school of thought . perhaps that is why his theory of a progressive - rock\nzeitgeist\nnever really gets going . the main flaw , in my opinion , is that this\nlogic of history\napproach is biased from the get - go . for his theory to work , martin had to leave out inconvenient accessories . that explains the absence of zappa .\ncharacteristics two different subspecies of rock pipit occur at flamborough . in bridlington harbour , the local \u2018rockits\u2019 can feed at your feet all year , while the south cliffs of the great white cape supports a small breeding population . each autumn and winter a migrant wave of \u2018scandinavian rock pipits\u2019 subspecies littoralis arrives from near and far parts of scandinavia .\nthis article was amended on 16 december 2015 to correct the sum that the martin family\u2019s caravan business fetched in 1999 and to remove an incorrect reference to winston churchill .\n\u201cthere\u2019s a club in every town in canada , \u201d martin said . \u201ceverybody curls . everybody plays hockey . and that\u2019s canada , that\u2019s how we grew up . \u201d\ncanadian teams that advance to the olympics have already beaten an elite field . martin estimated that 20 of them would have a legitimate chance to win a medal here .\nbut the world of music , and , indeed , the world at large , knows what martin did , and will listen to the music he helped make forever .\n) . this decrease in the assembly competent form of myosin indicates decreased actin binding and bundling activity . additionally rock can stabilize the actin cortex by phosphorylating and inactivating cofilin [\nrock shrimp resemble penaeid shrimp in general size and body form , but they can be easily separated from other penaeoid shrimp species by their thick , rigid , stony exoskeleton .\ni weighed up the options for rock song and the albury cup looks a better choice as he will be racing for more prizemoney than the carnival races in sydney .\nmartin k , wiebe lk ( 2004 ) coping mechanisms of alpine and arctic breeding birds : extreme weather conditions and limitations to reproductive resilience . integr comp biol 44 : 177\u2013185\nin south asia , migrant eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings .\n\u2014do they hybridize ?\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 , 2010 , \u201cthe turn\u2019 , in b . w . davis ( ed . ) , martin heidegger : key concepts , durham : acumen , pp . 82\u2013101 .\n- y - 27632 ) . since rock regulates the actin cytoskeleton through phosphorylation of its downstream substrates , to determine the efficacy of rock inhibition we analyzed protein phosphorylation levels in the y - 27632 treated cells . myosin ii is a motor protein that forms a closed compact molecule due to head to tail interactions ( known as the assembly incompetent form ) [\nschofield av , steel r , bernard o . rho - associated coiled - coil kinase ( rock ) protein controls microtubule dynamics in a novel signaling pathway that regulates cell migration .\nworst of times mocked for making \u201cmusic for bedwetters\u201d by former oasis label boss , alan mcgee . the band has struggled to shrug off complaints that it\u2019s too boring to rock .\ni was greeted by a wonderful lady named july about a year ago when i was desperate to get several knots out of my necklace . she was amazing ! quick , personable and full of great referrals . upon returning to thank her for a referral she offered , i met michael , owner of rock martin . he had several people lined up to talk to him and it was quickly apparent that this wasn ' t only a great jewelry store where people bought and brought their finest jewels but a meeting place where locals came to\npay homage\nto this man ! michael is honest , funny , creatively talented , straight forward and most importantly , he brought life into several pieces of mine that haven ' t been ever worn because i didn ' t like them ! i love them now , wear them all the time and get heaps of compliments ! go to rock martin jewelry ! can ' t miss them , they are located dead center of forrest avenue in laguna beach ! ! thank you michael , july and rock martin jewelers !\nenglish musician chris martin was born christopher anthony john martin on march 2 , 1977 , in exeter , devon , england , the eldest of five children to a teacher and an accountant . his interests in music developed at a young age and he formed his first band , the rocking honkies , while he was attending the prepatory exeter cathedral school .\nmore than a decade on , the description from that interview still fits . chris martin believes in himself and the world , it seems , apart from a few remaining sarcastic commentators , believes in him . the tunes are melodic and expansive . there goes the 21st - century british rock star : wildly ambitious , monstrously successful , square as a chessboard .\nin due course we are going again in the gorge north - east of tozeur , tunisia to obtain a better photographic documentation and feathers sample for genetic study . if confirmed , our observations will confirm the presence of rock martin in tunisia and thus being the first acceptable and proven records , closest known range being some hundreds kilometres away . isenmann , et al . ( 2005 ) mention only crag martin as confirmed for tunisia , reporting that in the saharan part of tunisia rock martin could occur but its presence has never been proved . we checked all the main historical reference of the birds of tunisia , which have a special part in ac\u2019s library : whitaker ( 1905 ) do not give mention of any record , not even possible , of rock martin in tunisia , while report \u201c i have one c . obsoleta , cab . , which mr . dodson obtained at the small town of sebha , in the interior of the vilayet , in the month of june \u201d . so , at least for south - west libya the species was reported at that time . later , lavauden ( 1924 ) , corti ( 1926 ) and bannerman ( 1927 ) give no mention as well as blanchet ( 1951 , 1955 , 1957 ) .\nother great producers have been louder , brasher , more notorious and more obviously brilliant , with signature sounds that remain immediately recognisable today . whereas martin was a quintessential english gentleman : a former grammar school boy and navy pilot , who carried himself with the quiet gravitas of a british officer . he dressed with the modest conservatism of a university academic and spoke with the gentle tones and sophisticated eloquence of a royal equerry . martin was eminently respectable . in rock and roll terms , he is just about the most improbable revolutionary ever .\nmartin gore is best known as the keyboardist and primary songwriter for depeche mode . gore wrote many hit tracks , including\npolicy of truth\nand\npersonal jesus .\nsandercock bk , martin k , hannon sj ( 2005 ) demographic consequences of age - structure in extreme environments : population models for arctic and alpine ptarmigan . oecologia 146 : 13\u201324\nsmall - scale traps are available from the purple martin conservation association and other enterprises over the internet . check the trap at least twice a day for non - targeted birds .\nneske , g . and kettering , e . , 1990 , martin heidegger and national socialism : questions and answers , translated by lisa harries , new york : paragon house .\nthe beach is lively and has a pleasant atmosphere . competent swimmers will enjoy swimming through the small rock arch , where a small secluded beach awaits at the base of the cliffs .\nby day , visitors relax by the calm waters of the caribbean sea , but when the sun goes down friar ' s bay beach moves to the sounds of rock and reggae .\npernollet ca , korner - nievergelt f , jenni l ( 2015 ) regional changes in the elevational distribution of the alpine rock ptarmigan lagopus muta helvetica in switzerland . ibis 157 : 823\u2013836\nroads help drive growth , create jobs and fuel local economies . the medina rock and rail stone facility can handle the demand needed to sustain growth for at least a half century .\na man could not believe his eyes when a giant bobbit worm akin to a sea monster emerged from behind a rock in his fish tank - after hiding there for two years .\nas the name suggests , this species usually lives among the rocks suck as talus slopes , rocky outcrops , and boulder strewn floors of coniferous , deciduous , and mixed deciduous - coniferous forests in cool areas near flowing or subsurface water , mosses , ferns , and forbs . rock voles build nests of plant fibers and sphagnum in rock crevices , under rocks or logs .\ndistribution of rock martin in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nkilpatrick , c . w . and k . l . crowell . 1985 . genetic variation of the rock vole , microtus chrotorrhinus . journal of mammalogy , 66 : 94 - 101 .\nn a 2002 interview , chris martin was asked whether he believed in himself . at the time , his band , coldplay , were accelerating to escape velocity . he had just met\nchris martin is lead singer , rhythm guitarist and pianist for the alternative band coldplay . the group has won multiple grammy awards over the years , one being for their debut album .\nwilson s , martin k ( 2010 ) variable reproductive effort for two sympatric ptarmigan lagopus in response to spring weather conditions in a northern alpine ecosystem . j avian biol 41 : 1\u20138\nshouldn ' t the ' m ' be capitalized ? i . e . ,\ncrag martin\n? jrw1234 ( talk ) 18 : 06 , 1 september 2012 ( utc )\n] . rock - mediated phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin ( mlc ) at serine - 19 unfolds myosin into an assembly - competent conformation that is capable of binding actin . rock further regulates myosin phosphorylation by inactivating myosin phosphatase ( mlcp ) through phosphorylation of its myosin - binding subunit ( mypt1 ) at threonine - 853 , which prevents mlcp from binding to myosin [\nkamai t , tsujii t , arai k , takagi k , asami h , ito y , oshima h . significant association of rho / rock pathway with invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer .\nthis is definitely the jewelry store to go to for beautiful selection , quality , and gracious staff . i stopped in to drop off a watch for repair and oogle over the cases of scrumptious pearls ( and more ) and they offered to make the repair right on the spot . it will be the place i take my husband to pick out my birthday gift ! ! thanks rock martin\nat 36 years old , with an incredible array of unusual skills , he was not just ready for the beatles when they turned up in his studio \u2013 he was the only a & r man in the music business to recognise their potential . martin signed this powerhouse northern combo when everyone else was turning them down . decca records had the absurdity to tell them guitar groups were on the way out . martin , significantly , was not of the rock and roll generation . perhaps this is what allowed him to detect something bigger in the talents and personalities of lennon and mccartney .\nmitchell , a . j . , 2010 , \u201cthe fourfold\u201d , in b . w . davis ( ed . ) , martin heidegger : key concepts , durham : acumen , pp . 208\u201318\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 , 2010 , \u201c ereignis : the event of appropriation\u201d , in b . w . davis ( ed . ) , martin heidegger : key concepts , durham : acumen , pp . 140\u201354\n] . stress fibers are actin filament bundles cross - linked by myosin that require active rock for their formation and thus serve as a downstream indicator of rock activity . to visualize stress fibers , the cells were stained with phalloidin , a filamentous actin binding dye . immunofluorescence analysis showed that vehicle - treated bt549 cells displayed thick actin stress fibers in the cell center as well as the cell periphery ( figure\nwhile not abundant within the indian river lagoon , brown rock shrimp populations can be large in nearshore and offshore waters . in a 3 - region area of florida which spanned from amelia island near jacksonville , florida south to st . lucie inlet , florida , rock shrimp were found in all regions when water depth was between 18 - 73 m ( 60 - 240 feet ) ( anderson 1956 ) . highest densities of sicyonia brevirostris occurred between 34 - 55 m ( 110 - 180 feet ) , with density decreasing both inshore and offshore of this range . the deep water limit to rock shrimp occurrence is likely habitat related , as suitable bottom type decreases beyond 55m depths . the shallow water limit of rock shrimp occurrence is largely unknown , but the species is known to be scarce on muddy substrata .\nmany thanks to all the person whom accompanied us during the trips in tunisia , in particular for the rock martin roberta corsi ( and for her photos ! ) , dante dalla , claudia calvano , giovanni soldato , paolo faifer , arianna passarotto , andrea tarozzi , mauro grano , cristina cattaneo , verena penna . all my tunisian researches started long years ag\u00f2 thanks to hichem azafzaf , thanks hichem !\nvancouver , british columbia \u2014 the line stretched out the door of the vancouver curling club on monday afternoon , the entrance blocked by a bouncer , befitting the rock - star status of the man inside .\nafter martin finally gets off his political / philosophical soap box ( hard to get through even if you agree with most of it ) , he presents a very good analysis of the music itself .\nin martin\u2019s grade there were seven students , five boys . they had to play every sport because they needed bodies , for badminton , volleyball , soccer , baseball , hockey , curling , golf .\nmartin earned a silver medal in salt lake city , missing gold by a half - inch . that defeat still burns , eight years later . he holds his fingers a sliver apart for emphasis .\ni have acquired several pieces from rock martin including rings , necklaces , earrings and watches . the owner , michael mcfadden is very knowledgeable and friendly and helped my wife and i recreate a custom family heirloom ring that turned out beautiful . their custom designs are truly one of a kind . if you are looking for a piece of jewelry , large or small , i highly recommend checking with them first .\nla r\u00e9serve naturelle de saint - martin est une aire marine prot\u00e9g\u00e9e de 30km2 situ\u00e9e au nord - est de l\u2019\u00eele de saint - martin . cr\u00e9\u00e9 en 1998 , cet espace pr\u00e9serve les cinq principaux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes de l\u2019\u00eele : r\u00e9cifs coralliens , mangroves , herbiers de phan\u00e9rogames , \u00e9tangs et for\u00eat s\u00e8che littorale . la r\u00e9serve g\u00e8re \u00e9galement les 14 \u00e9tangs du conservatoire du littoral et ses 11 km de rivages terrestres naturels .\nthe presence of circulating tumor cells ( ctcs ) in blood predicts poor patient outcome and ctc frequency is correlated with higher risk of metastasis . recently discovered , novel microtubule - based structures , microtentacles , can enhance reattachment of ctcs to the vasculature . microtentacles are highly dynamic membrane protrusions formed in detached cells and occur when physical forces generated by the outwardly expanding microtubules overcome the contractile force of the actin cortex . rho - associated kinase ( rock ) is a major regulator of actomyosin contractility and rho / rock over - activation is implicated in tumor metastasis . rock inhibitors are gaining popularity as potential cancer therapeutics based on their success in reducing adherent tumor cell migration and invasion . however , the effect of rock inhibition on detached cells in circulation is largely unknown . in this study , we use breast tumor cells in suspension to mimic detached ctcs and show that destabilizing the actin cortex through rock inhibition in suspended cells promotes the formation of microtentacles and enhances reattachment of cells from suspension . conversely , increasing actomyosin contraction by rho over - activation reduces microtentacle frequency and reattachment . although rock inhibitors may be effective in reducing adherent tumor cell behavior , our results indicate that they could inadvertently increase metastatic potential of non - adherent ctcs by increasing their reattachment efficacy ."]}
{"id": 2628, "summary": [{"text": "diurnea lipsiella is a moth of the subfamily chimabachinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moth flies in one generation from october to december depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs , such as rubus , apple , prunus , vaccinium and oak . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "diurnea lipsiella", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsyystynk\u00e4koi\nto\ndiurnea lipsiella\n.\ndiurnea lipsiella ( november tubic ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthe wingspan of diurnea lipsiella is up to 23 mm for the male and 17 mm for the female .\ndiurnea lipsiella is an overall buff colour with no particularly distinguishing colours or markings . the wings of the females are smaller and less developed than those of the males .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nwingspan c . 23 mm ( male ) ; c . 17 mm ( female ) .\n, this species is locally but widely distributed over much of the british isles .\nthe adult moths are at large in october and november , when the males can be attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 08 05 : 27 : 03 page render time : 0 . 2762s total w / procache : 0 . 3276s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfemales much smaller , similar to d . fagella , and have under - developed wings .\nmales fly at night and often for several hours in the afternoon on warm windless days .\nrecorded in 17 ( 25 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan about 23 mm ( male ) and 17 mm ( female ) . in common with d . fagella , the females have under - developed wings ( brachypterous ) .\noak ( quercus ) and bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus ) are the preferred larval foodplants in this country .\nlocally but widely distributed over much of the british isles . in the butterfly conservation ' s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .\nit appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland , where there are few records . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local in oak woodland throughout much of the british isles , but not in the highlands or islands of scotland . in hampshire occurs in similar habitat to that of d . fagella , however it is far less common and seems to have decreased in recent years . not recorded from the isle of wight since 1929 . wingspan male 22 - 25 mm , female 15 - 18 mm . males fly at night and also for several hours from midday to early afternoon on warm windless days ; small swarms of males have been seen occasionally at such times , fluttering amongst low plants on the woodland floor while assembling to the barely flightless females ( mbgbi vol 4 part 1 ) . larva feeds on oak , living between leaves spun together with silk , over - wintering as an egg .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 32 records from 27 sites . first recorded in 1859 .\n: although quite widespread this moth has seldom been recorded in recent years , probably as a consequence of its late flight period .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na widespread but local species throughout belgium , probably overlooked because of the late flight period .\nthe larva lives in a folded or rolled leaf on quercus . it has also been observed on vaccinium myrtillus . pupation amongst leaf - litter on the ground .\nthe adults fly in october and november . the males are active during the day in open woodland and later on comes to light .\nbelgium , namur , lavaux ste . - anne , 01 november 2007 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nthe adult moths are nocturnal and are on the wing during october and november .\nif you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2640, "summary": [{"text": "the rook ( corvus frugilegus ) is a member of the family corvidae in the passerine order of birds .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was given its binomial name by carl linnaeus in 1758 , the binomial is from latin ; corvus is for \" raven \" , and frugilegus is latin for \" food-gathering \" , from frux , frugis , \" fruit \" , and legere , \" to pick \" .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the english name is ultimately derived from the bird 's harsh call . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "rook ( bird )", "paragraphs": ["a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nthis bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .\ndespite widely beliefs that rooks and magpies are extensive raiders of other bird species nests it far more likely that domestic cats do far more damage to irish song bird populations .\nthat research is something for the members of the corvid bird family to \u2018crow about\u2019 .\ntelegraph view : a rook with a hook is something to be reckoned with .\nthe rook ' s diet , like most crows , is diverse and includes insects , worms , carrion and seeds . they will visit bird tables for scraps and fruit .\nthe rook ' s bill is longer and more pointed than that of the carrion crow .\nthe clever bird then uses the jar edge to bend the wire into a hook shape . . .\nrook pair on a fence , waiting for humans to drop food at an adjacent picnic area . note shaggy belly feathers blowing to the right on the bird at the back . image by heinrich mallison .\nthis photo - one of a long sequence - shows a mating rook pair on the ground ( in this case , the mating was probably consensual ) . part - way through , a third bird intervened and a fight errupted . eventually , the third bird flew off . photo by naughty voyeur heinrich mallison .\nthe aptly named dr . chris bird discovers the remarkable problem - solving abilities of birds like crows and rooks\nthe rook is about the same size as the carrion crow but is more untidy in its appearance .\nthe rook is a member of the corvid or crow family , which is famed for its intelligence .\nrooks do particularly well within the pastoral landscapes of ireland , as this map from bird atlas 2007 - 11 shows . relative abundance of rook during the breeding season , 2007 - 11 . ( click to enlarge )\nmr bird told bbc news :\nit was a big surprise to find out that rooks could use tools .\nboth rooks and new caledonian crows belong to the corvids , a bird group that is renowned for intelligent behaviour .\nrook . adult semi - domesticated . akatarawa forest , february 2011 . image \u00a9 duncan watson by duncan watson\nlockie , j . 1956 . the food and feeding behaviour of the jackdaw , rook and carrion crow .\npeter theobald considers our feathered friend the rook ; from tasty pies to their remarkable problem - solving skills .\nkrivolutsky , d . , n . lebedeva . 2004 . oribatid mites ( oribatei ) in bird feathers : passeriformes .\n( baughman , 2003 ; bird and emery , 2008 ; feare , et al . , 1974 ; harrison , 1978 )\nthe british trust for ornithology ( bto ) is asking the public to take part in a national survey of bird intelligence .\nthe range of the rook extends throughout europe and asia ; in britain it is very widespread ( 6 ) .\nbuddle , g . a . 1947 . note on birds of mokohinau . new zealand bird notes 2 : 69 - 70 .\nturbott , e . g . 1947 . birds of little barrier island . new zealand bird notes 2 : 93 - 108 .\nthe only member of the crow family found in new zealand in modern times , rooks were introduced by acclimatisation societies in 1862 - 74 . liberations in the nelson and auckland areas and failed , but after a slow start , populations in hawke\u2019s bay and canterbury flourished and spread . the rook\u2019s diet is a mixture of invertebrates and vegetable and the rook is often vilified by farmers for its crop destruction . others have accepted this intelligent bird as a welcome addition to our sparse large bird fauna .\nsoftware v . 5 . 0 , noldus information technology , wageningen , the netherlands ) without information on which stimulus was being viewed by which bird . we recorded how often the bird looked through the hole at the stimuli , and for how long . the bird ' s first look was noted in real time , but the duration of this look and all subsequent looks were coded from video .\na year ago , helen motteram from cheltenham found an injured rook by the side of a road and took him home .\nthe average lifespan for a rook is six years however a single individual has been recorded at 22 years and 11 months .\n\u2192 distribution map ( finnish breeding bird atlas , finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki . licence : cc 3 . 0 )\nthe rook occupies agricultural land below 300 metres , and seems to prefer farms with both pasture and arable areas ( 6 ) .\nthe garden rook survey looked at six categories of behaviour : feeding , caching , tolerance , object play , social and vocalization .\nin 2009 , they used this test to prove that rooks tend to be smarter than other bird species and than many non - human primates .\nthe rook is a bird embedded within our rural landscape and its presence can be seen in the literature and oral traditions of generations of rural inhabitants . the colonial , tree - top nests , so active at the very start of spring , stand testament to a species that has adapted to changing times . while not necessarily an easy bedfellow , the rook quite rightly acts as a totem for our agricultural heritage .\nrook observed trying to fish something out of the water ( photo taken at marwell wildlife , uk ) . photo by darren naish .\nspotting the worms in the bucket , but realising they are out of reach , the rook finds a piece of straight wire . . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rook ( corvus frugilegus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rook ( corvus frugilegus )\ntitle =\narkive species - rook ( corvus frugilegus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncoombs , c . j . f . 1959 . observations of the rook corvus frugilegus in southwest cornwall . ibis 102 : 394 - 419 .\ncheck out the naked , gnarly face and very slender upper jaw tip in this rook ( the unworn bill tip shows that this bird indulges in relatively little - or no - probing behaviour ) . this individual had a damaged leg and was unable to walk or perch properly . photo by darren naish .\ncoleman , j . d . 1972 . the breeding biology of the rook corvus frugilegus in canterbury new zealand . notornis 19 : 118 - 139 .\nspecies , the rook is expected to live 15 to 20 years in the wild . according to the euring european longevity records , the oldest rook found in the wild lived to be 22 years old . as is the trend , rooks in captivity may live for much longer . in a similar species ,\n, commonly known as the oriental rook , extends from eastern asia west into northern mongolia . the two subspecies are generally geographically separated by the altai mountains .\nthe following habitats are found across the rook distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\njust a fable ? apparently not . footage shows a rook - a relation of the crow - performing the feat to reach a worm floating on the water\u2019s surface .\nmr bird said :\ntool use is probably very important for these crows because of their ecology - they may get a large proportion of the protein they need from these grubs .\nmullarney , k . , svensson , l . , zetterstrom , d . , & grant , p . j . ( 1999 ) collins bird guide . harpercollins publishers ltd , london .\nno specific conservation action is targeted at the rook , but it should benefit from work for farmland birds in general , such as agri - environment schemes ( 8 ) .\nauditory communication is vital to the rook . they have a sense of hearing which helps them distinguish amongst other populations and species . the rook is able to recognize the call of a mate or its young . in addition to vocalizations , rooks also rely on visual communication , which becomes increasingly more important once young are able to open their eyes . pecking is another form of communication , when an intruder rook comes too close to a territory ; pecking attacks can occur usually resulting in the retreat of the intruder .\nfew birds divide opinion like the rook . on the one hand we have farmers , who often endure massive damage to crops at certain times of the year , and on the other , the people who love to hear the most quintessentially english bird going about its business . certainly , no episode of midsomer murders would be complete without the background cawing of rooks .\nporter , r . e . r . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . rook . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\n) lay two to seven ( average four ) blue - green eggs that are covered with brown and grey mottling . rook eggs are very similar in appearance to those of ravens (\nrooks are highly social , living and interacting in large groups , although mating tends to monogamous . this bird species is largely arboreal and actively defends its territory . rooks are active primarily during the day .\nmr bird and colleagues from queen mary , university of london , conducted the study with five - year - old rooks cook , connelly , fry and monroe , which were hand - reared from fledglings .\nfootage of the experiments shows the rook first assessing the water level by peering at the tube from above and from the side , before picking up and dropping the stones into the water .\nfor those whose acquaintance with the rook is merely a passing one , there is a tendency to lump the species in with carrion crow and raven ; all are large and black and lack obvious features by which the casual eye can secure an identification . while there is something in the country saying , which infers that a single black bird will be a carrion crow , and a group of black birds will be rooks , identification is less challenging than it might at first appear . the steep forehead and peaked crown of a rook , together with the blue , purple and green iridescence to the body and wings feathers , provide useful pointers , as su gough explains on the bto bird id video on crows . that country saying does , however , hint at the more colonial nature of rook society , the birds typically nesting , feeding and roosting together . crows are territorial during the breeding season and so are far less likely to be seen in large gatherings at that time of the year .\nporter , r . e . r . 1979 . food of the rook ( corvus frugilegus ) in hawke\u2019s bay , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 329 - 337 .\nlead author christopher bird , from cambridge university , said :\nwe have found that they can select the appropriate tools out of a choice of tools and they show flexibility in the types of tools they use .\nlike all corvids , rooks are renowned for their intelligence , quite able to use tools to solve problems . in one experiment , a rook was placed next to a test tube half full of water . on the water floated an earthworm , but the water level was too low for the bird to reach it . some pebbles were made available , and it did not take very long for the rook to work out that if it dropped the pebbles into the test tube , thus raising the water level , the worm would float to the top . i know some humans who wouldn\u2019t be able to solve that problem !\nthe rook can be found in a number of locations including : asia , china , europe , mediterranean , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nto knock this myth on the head , the british trust for ornithology has called on the british public to take part in a national survey on bird intelligence ; people\u2019s task is to observe and video rooks engaged in intelligent behaviour .\na black crow flies over - but is it a crow , a rook or even a raven ? let this video help you to separate these confusing species , along with their smaller cousins : jackdaw and chough .\nthe rook seems to be doing well with the population increasing slightly year - on - year and so seems to have adapted to the various changes in agricultural practices that many other species have been adversely affected by .\nthe finding is remarkable because rooks do not appear to use tools in the wild , yet they rival habitual tools users such as chimpanzees and new caledonian crows ,\nsaid chris bird , a cambridge zoologist who led the study .\nrooks , compared to other corvids , are tolerant of other species feeding with them , especially jackdaws . however , rooks are large birds that can dominate smaller birds and sometimes displace ( take the place ) other birds at a bird table .\nornithologists dislike the use of \u2018birdbrain\u2019 as shorthand for stupid , because our feathered friends are very intelligent , says rita de brun . the british trust for ornithology has called on the british public to take part in a national survey on bird intelligence\nexpectancy violation has not been used as a paradigm with birds , partly owing to the difficulty in identifying where a bird is looking ( martin 2007 ) , and their capability to switch from lateral to frontal vision depending on their distance from the observed object ( dawkins 2002 ) . we therefore used the natural tendency of rooks to look through small holes ( bird & emery 2008 ) to record the frequency and duration of their looking behaviour when viewing static images of possible and impossible support relations .\nthe first trial in which the rook connelly is required to raise the water level by a varying amount . in this trial , seven stones are needed to raise the water level and worm to the reachable height . connelly flies to the testing platform and investigates the apparatus before the stones are added . connelly adds seven stones before successfully acquiring the worm . he then leaves the testing platform . see the paper by bird and emery in current biology 19 ( 16 ) : urltoken\ncorvids are among the most social of bird species , and it is thought their intelligence helps them to recognise each other . the birds do not appear to have evolved tool skills , but are simply intelligent enough to work out how they can help .\nand although rooks are farmland birds , and tend to keep away from the middle of big towns and cities , they are increasingly being tempted into our gardens by bird feeders , so researchers hope this will provide the ideal setting to study their natural behaviour .\nhere is a rook i have been feeding for the last two years on a daily basis . he arrived this particular day and often does this . he sits on the railing as seen and chats away , here in youghal ireland .\npleasing rook illustration , photographed at horn tavern , lyme regis ( while i and colleagues were there for the duration of a conference ) . apologies for not knowing the name of the artist : they didn ' t sign the piece !\na rook ' s plumage is completely black with slightly purplish gloss . around the base of the beak is bare skin . the bill and legs are black . juvenile rooks do not have the bare skin around the base of the bill .\ntiming was crucial ; a few days too soon , and the birds would still be in the nest , a few days too late , and the whole lot would disappear after the first shot . may 12th was the chosen day , and the meat from the slain was to be made into traditional rook pie , enjoyed by the entire village . i\u2019m not sure if this tradition continues in any part of the country , still less , if many people fancy eating young rook .\nthe aptly - named christopher bird , a phd student and lead author of the study , said it has long been known that rooks are intelligent but it had not been proven as they have no need to make tools in the wild , unlike their new caledonian cousins .\ntend to be the primary predators of rooks . raptorial bird species prey on fledglings from nests more often than attacking adults . humans may also pose as a threat to some species due to increasing tolerance of human presence . humans are a threat due to shootings and habitat destruction of rooks .\nthe rook is a black crow ( that is , a member of the genus corvus ) , so unusual compared to the other corvus species that goodwin ( 1986 ) wrote that \u201cits relationships within the genus cannot be deduced on present evidence\u201d ( p . 71 ) : his phylogram depicts the rook as the sister - taxon to the remainder of corvus . however , genetic data indicates that the species is deeply nested within corvus , closely related to the eurasian raven c . corax and its kin ( ericson et al . 2005 ) .\nthe rook is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . receives general protection under the wildlife and countryside act 1981 ( 3 ) . included in the birds of conservation concern green list ( low conservation concern ) ( 4 ) .\nexplanations for the variation in the number of nests at bird colonies have focused on competitive or habitat effects without considering potential interactions between the two . for the rook , a colonial corvid which breeds seasonally but forages around the colony throughout the year , both the amount of foraging habitat and its interaction with the number of competitors from surrounding colonies are important predictors of colony size . the distance over which these effects are strongest indicates that , for rooks , colony size may be limited outside of the breeding season when colony foraging ranges are larger and overlap to a greater extent .\nin the most impressive display of avian intelligence , the rooks were faced with a juicy worm in a tiny bucket at the bottom of a glass tube . each bird looked at the worm and then bent a length of wire left nearby into a hook and used it to haul the bucket up .\nthe rook is a crow and is one of ireland ' s top 20 most widespread garden birds . rooks are very sociable birds , and you ' re not likely to see one on its own . they feed and roost in flocks in winter , often together with jackdaws .\nmr bird said :\nrooks don ' t have the same pressures [ as new caledonian crows ] . in the wild they don ' t need tools - they have lots of access to other sources of food , like carrion , human rubbish , and seeds from agriculture , things like that .\nthere seems to be some sort of relationship between rooks and falcons , with common kestrels falco tinnunculus and lesser kestrels f . naumanni both being well - known for their habit of sometimes nesting right within a rookery . even better , breeding in red - footed falcons f . vespertinus and amur falcons f . amurensis is ( sometimes ) seemingly dependent on the presence of rookeries and these species \u2013 which are colonial nesters themselves \u2013 don\u2019t start their nesting activities until the rook nesting season is underway . they then move in and either take over disused rook nests , or else evict rook adults , nestlings and eggs from their nests before claiming them as their own ( madge & burn 1994 ) . long - eared owls asio otus and ospreys pandion haliaetus have also nested within active rookeries on occasion , and rookeries are sometimes mixed with active nests belonging to herons , cormorants and ibises .\nadult ( at top ) and juvenile rook of the nominate form . illustration by peter hayman , from 1976 book the illustrated book of nature : a seasonal guide to the habitats of the british isles . adults of c . f . pastinator resemble the juvenile condition typical of c . f . frugilegus .\nsimilar species : there are no other crow species confirmed to occur in new zealand , although a possible australian raven was reported from mokohinau and little barrier islands in october 1945 , and other australian crow species could occur as vagrants . the australian raven is larger than a rook , has a feathered face and long pointed \u2018hackle\u2019 feathers under the chin . all five australian crow species are larger than the rook , have feathered faces , white eyes , and lack the \u2018baggy - trouser\u2019 look , and are mainly distinguished from each other by their calls . single , silent , vagrant birds would be very difficult to identify to species .\nthis is one of the most common agricultural birds , yet , like many of its relatives , the rook has suffered persecution at the hands of farmers , gamekeepers and landowners for many hundreds of years , as it is perceived as a pest . organochloride chemicals are also known to affect this species ( 5 ) .\nit is obvious that the present picture is confusing , and a complete census of the occupied nests at the county\u2019s rookeries is required . \u2018the relative conspicuousness of rook nests makes this one of the simplest breeding bird species to census . however , the extremely clumped , colonial distribution and the turnover in colony location from year to year make it especially important that , to be representative and adequately precise , censuses should cover large geographical areas and be either complete or drawn from a carefully constructed sample\u2019 ( marchant & gregory 1999 ) . unfortunately , the coverage in cheshire and wirral for the last national sample survey in 1996 was so patchy that no useful figures can be obtained .\nporter , r . e . r . ; clapperton , b . k . ; coleman , j . d . 2008 . distribution abundance and control of the rook ( corvus frugilegus ) in hawke\u2019s bay , new zealand , 1969 - 2006 . journal of the royal society of new zealand 38 : 25 - 36 .\nlike many members of the crow family , the rook figures heavily in folklore . the sudden desertion of a rookery was said to be a bad omen for the landowner . rooks are believed to indicate rain by certain behaviour ( 7 ) , and are also believed to be able to smell approaching death ( 5 ) .\nthere is no doubt that rooks , like many other members of the crow family , are bright birds , quick to recognise opportunities and to take advantage of them . the bto\u2019s garden ecology team are attempting to find out how clever rooks are by asking the public to take part in the garden rook survey . this resourceful nature can see rooks exploit feeding opportunities within gardens that may not be available to other birds . rooks have even been observed to hauling up bird feeders hanging from a branch on a bit of string . by pulling with its bill on the string to lift the feeder a few inches and then standing on it , a rook may gain access to food that was otherwise out of reach . rooks are not always welcome at garden feeding stations because they can arrive in numbers and make short work of food put out for other species . they can also damage crops and this brings them into conflict with landowners , who may use a range of measures to scare or control the birds .\nrooks like to play with different objects , including sticks and stones . they will often play tug - of - war with another rook . although they don\u2019t use sticks as tools , they do play with them , as well as use them to build nests . we asked if rooks were using objects , especially in unusual ways .\nv . 10 , using a generalized linear mixed model ( glmm ) assessing the effect of stimulus type ( possible / impossible ) and trial number ( and the interaction between the two ) on looking behaviour . the experimental design meant that there were two levels of block structure : subject and sub - bird ( a subdivision of subject indicating trials nested within subject ) .\ncook selectively drops stones into the tube containing water rather than the tube containing sawdust . cook flies to the testing platform and investigates both tubes before the stones are added . cook adds four large stones to the water before successfully acquiring the worm . he then leaves the testing platform . see the paper by bird and emery , current biology 19 ( 16 ) : urltoken\nrooks exhibit a number of different display and signalling behaviours , no doubt because they live in close proximity to one another . many are used to communicate the status of an individual or to advertise ownership of a particular nest . bowing and tail fanning , typically accompanied with much calling , are a feature of the breeding season , when quarrels become more commonplace . display is an important behaviour because it helps to resolve conflict and support social status without the need for conflict which could prove physically damaging . other behaviours are used to reinforce the \u2018pair bond\u2019 that exists between a female and her mate , a bond that can last for many years \u2013 bird ringing has revealed that a rook may live for 20 years or more .\nas an encore , these clever birds fashioned straight pieces of wire into hooks , with which to winkle food from a tube . this , say the experts , indicates a level of intelligence not normally associated with birds , but more akin to that of primates . in other words , a rook with a hook is something to be reckoned with .\nduring trials , each stimulus was presented consecutively in a pseudo - randomized order , remaining on - screen for 60 s ( following the bird ' s first look ) , separated by 30 s of black screen . subjects received four trials per experiment , such that each stimulus appeared in one of the four positions only once , so avoiding pseudo - replication and controlling for any effects of stimulus position .\nrooks have numerous roles in the ecosystem . they serve as hosts for numerous protozoan organisms such as trypanosomes and leucocytozoans . such organisms are generally not pathogenic and merely occupy rooks as vectors . while rook hosting of these organisms does not directly cause it any harm , it makes infection of other species possible . in this way , rooks sustain the lifecycle of these organisms .\nwe thank n . clayton and t . dickinson for useful discussion . we also thank c . donovan for bird care and b . mccabe for statistical advice . the work was funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council , the royal society and the university of cambridge . n . j . e . was supported by a royal society university research fellowship . there are no conflicts of interest to report .\nthey are also steeped in folklore , many people believing rook even bring good luck . it is said that if rooks abandon their communal nest site , a death is imminent . also , if they build their nests high in the trees , you can look forward to a fine summer , but built low in the branches and you can expect a summer of wind and rain .\nany adventures about the more rural parts of the uk typically involve ( for me , anyway ) a lot of looking at the rook corvus frugilegus , a remarkable old world corvid that occurs from the far western shores of the uk and france all the way east to japan ( it\u2019s generally absent from the cold northern parts of eurasia , only visits the iberian peninsula and most of southern europe during the winter , and is absent from much of tropical asia ) . the east asian birds represent the distinctive subspecies c . f . pastinator ( sadly , not the more awesome sounding dastinator * , as it says in one particularly famous book on crows ) . i\u2019ve been loosely \u2018collecting\u2019 rook images over the years and thought it high time to put a bunch of them together .\neven farmers have a grudging respect for the rook when it is doing them no harm , and one gets the feeling that while rooks will certainly take eggs and young birds , they do not actively look for them , unlike other members of the corvid family , such as crows and magpies . few countrymen have any regard for the latter , while secretly admiring the antics of the former .\nso how do you tell the difference between a rook and a crow ? an old country saying sums it up nicely , \u201cif you see a rook on its own , it is a crow , but if you see a flock of crows , they are rooks . \u201d this certainly applies at distance , but in the hand , they are easy to tell apart , rooks have a distinctive area of skin round the base of the beak , and crows do not . however , young rooks do not get the area of skin round their beaks until they are around six months old , leading to some confusion , fooling some shooters into believing they are killing crows , when in fact , they are immature rooks . in any case , rooks have a blue sheen to their feathers , quite unlike the black colouring of crows .\nfor testing , subjects were individually isolated in testing areas separate from the main aviary . these areas each consisted of an indoor testing room connected to an outdoor \u201crun . \u201d subjects were free to move between the room and the run . when in the run , subjects could see the rest of the group , whilst when in the room they were visually isolated . experiments followed the same general procedure . the apparatus was baited with a waxworm ( wax moth larvae , achroia grisella ) and placed into the testing room ; the bird performed the behavior or was timed out after 5 min if not successful , and the apparatus was removed . in experiments where subjects were given a choice of tools , the tools were placed next to the apparatus and the position of the tools was pseudorandomized so that no one tool was consistently closest to the apparatus . each test consisted of between 10\u201360 trials per bird ( see methods ) .\nwe thank n . clayton and j . hinde for critical discussion and useful ideas . we also thank i . miller for making the apparatus , c . donovan for bird care , b . mccabe for statistical advice , c . margerison for interobserver reliability coding . the work was funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council , royal society , and the university of cambridge . n . j . e . was supported by a royal society university research fellowship .\na rookery survey should also obtain information about the species of tree used \u2013 only beech and pine being mentioned in data submitted for this atlas \u2013 and a habitat assessment of the surrounding habitat . the atlas habitat codes for rook show 46 % of records in farmland and 46 % in woodland , with 7 % in human sites . these figures are probably of little value because many fieldworkers recorded the nest site rather than the feeding habitat .\nrooks are one of the most social crows , forming very large flocks . but rooks also form life - long partnerships , called pairbonds . rook pairs spend a lot of time close together , feeding one another , displaying and vocalising together and preening . they also act at the same time , one copying the other\u2019s movements . we wanted to know if rooks were interacting in pairs and groups , and whether they were aggressive to each other .\nrook feeding habits often vary due to the location of their nest . unlike those occurring in natural areas as above , those that live near urban sites also act as scavengers and take advantage of trashcans as well as abandoned food . most rooks spend much of their time foraging at dawn and dusk . primarily searching at dawn , rooks will pick through garbage bags to obtain food . however , they have been seen foraging during the day . like all\nhowever , the breeding bird survey is not a good way to census rooks or any colonial species , and a coordinated count of nests is required . the last census in cheshire and wirral , in 1975 , found 346 rookeries containing 8 , 824 nests within the present recording boundaries , a substantial reduction from the previous count in 1944 - 45 which recorded 439 rookeries with a total of 15 , 866 nests . if the figure from the bbs were taken at face value , which is not advisable , the present total of around 5 , 000 pairs would represent a further major decline . some observers count nests annually , with figures included in the county bird reports , and figures from the largest rookeries appear to be relatively stable for the last decade . currently the county\u2019s largest known colonies , with regular three - figure counts , are at alderley park ( sj87m ) , inner marsh farm ( sj37b ) , kelsall ( sj56p ) , foden\u2019s flash ( sj75j ) and the crewe / alsager area .\nrooks are almost entirely black with a purplish gloss . the face is bare light grey skin , the beak is long , pointed and black , and the eye is dark brown . when walking on the ground they have the appearance of baggy - trouser like feathers on the upper leg . juvenile rooks have feathered faces . with steady wing beat in the air , the rook creates a short - necked silhouette , like a black cloth being towed through the sky .\nnumerous anecdotes describe unusual bits of behaviour in this species , most of which can be interpreted as sensible ( and plausible ) responses to stimuli . burton ( 1978 ) described an instance in which a flying rook dove at a sparrowhawk , forcing the hawk to release a live starling it had captured , and another in which a breeding pair seemingly enlisted helpers to quickly re - build a nest a few hours after the original one had been destroyed by a person .\nsubjects were seven adult rooks ( corvus frugilegus ) , 4 years of age at the time of testing ( one male and six females ) . these were part of a hand - raised group colony of 12 rooks , kept in large outdoor aviaries ( 20 \u00d7 8 \u00d7 3 m ) at the university of cambridge ' s subdepartment of animal behaviour at madingley , uk . all subjects had previous experience with image presentation on an lcd screen ( bird & emery 2008 ) and all took part in four consecutive experiments .\nrooks used to feed in gregarious flocks . they would roost in large winter roosts containing birds from a number of breeding colonies . they would visit the breeding rookery first thing in the morning and again in the evening before returning to the roost site . nowadays they are seen roosting only in small numbers . they usually travel up to 10 km from their night - time roost to feeding sites , while in the breeding season they forage within a few kilometres of the rookery . they are an extremely wary bird now and little is known of their habits .\na noisy customer is the rook , as anyone living close by a rookery will testify . but this particular corvid is also , it seems , extremely smart . a study reveals that it is blessed with a high degree of innate intelligence , not just a well - honed ability to adapt to its environment . researchers found that rooks raised in captivity \u2013 and therefore unschooled in the skills of survival \u2013 were still able to choose the right size of stone to pop into tubes of varying diameters to release a nutritious reward .\na colony of rooks recorded at culver , near exeter in devon . rooks are highly sociable birds that form rookeries among tree tops surrounding open fields and suburban areas . from nesting to feeding , almost everything is done together , which makes a lone rook a very unusual sight . with their black plumage , heavy grey - white beak and \u2018kaah\u2019 calls , rooks could share the same dark reputation as crows and ravens . however , their friendly disposition seems to have shone through and rooks are considered one of the \u2018nicest\u2019 members of the crow family .\n) . it resembles the carrion crow in size ( 45 cm [ 18 inches ] ) and in black coloration , but the adult rook usually has shaggy thigh feathers and has bare white skin at the base of its sharp bill . the species ranges discontinuously from england to iran and manchuria and is migratory . rooks nest in large colonies ( rookeries ) in tall trees , sometimes within towns . their nests are solidly constructed of twigs and soil and are used year after year . the birds lay three to five light greenish , heavily speckled eggs , and the young are able to fly about a month after birth . rooks dig for\nthe apparatus was initially placed on a platform inside the main aviary ( fig . s1 , configuration 1 ) . connelly , cook , and monroe initially solved the task by nudging the stone into the tube . after 5 trials of nudging the stone , it was placed at the base of the apparatus and all 3 birds immediately picked up the stone , dropping it into the tube . fry picked up the stone from the base of the tube and dropped it in without the nudging phase . once each bird had solved the task 15 times ( 5 \u00d7 nudging , 5 \u00d7 stone at apparatus base , 5 \u00d7 stone on aviary floor ) , they were moved into the testing compartment to allow the rest of the group access to the apparatus .\nrooks are famous for their bare , pale faces and bill - bases ( the east asian subspecies c . f . pastinator differs in having a feathered face and bill - base ) . the vernacular name bare - faced crow was apparently used for the species in the past ( coombs 1978 ) . claims that the bare face only occurs due to the soil - probing behaviour practised by this species are not correct : you can read more about this issue in the tet zoo ver 2 article linked to below . a tall forehead and shaggy , loose flank feathers that give the bird a so - called \u2018baggy trousered\u2019 look are also distinctive . males and females look the same ( though males are slightly larger ) and there are no seasonal changes in plumage .\nfor the 16 to 18 day incubation period the female rook covers the eggs unless she has to briefly leave the nest , in which case the male takes over this duty . after hatching , the female tends to the young exclusively while the male delivers food . this continues for approximately the first ten days until the young become more self - sufficient , at which point the female joins the male in food gathering . at around 32 to 33 days old the young rooks fledge and leave the nest , but roost in nearby trees to remain close to the parents . the young continue their relationship with the parents for several weeks until they become fully independent . even after reaching full maturity and independence , rooks generally remain members of their original rookery .\nrooks are familiar birds and ubiquitous . they are a bird of farmland , mainly feeding on soil invertebrates , especially earthworms , but they will scavenge on urban scraps and flock to landfill sites . rooks nest colonially in the tops of trees , the largest rookeries holding more than one hundred pairs , and are a veritable cacophony of noise during the breeding season . as was said in our first atlas , there is probably no tetrad in the county where rooks do not appear at some stage during the breeding season , often miles away from a rookery . some of these are one - year - old birds , too young to breed ; family parties similarly can be found far away from breeding sites . therefore , we follow the same convention as in our first atlas and map only the categories of breeding status code referring to nesting sites : confirmed ( ny , ne , on and un ) and probable ( b ) . this atlas shows a significant reduction in the number of tetrads occupied , from 266 confirmed and 12 probable twenty years ago to 205 confirmed and 4 probable now .\nthis bird is very sociable , and nests communally in groups of trees known as ' rookeries ' ( 5 ) . communal roosts form in winter , consisting of birds from a number of breeding rookeries ( 6 ) . these roosts can be huge ; one in northwest scotland contained 65 , 000 rooks ( 6 ) . by february , the rooks return to their own rookery in order to start breeding ( 6 ) ; pairs defend a small area around their nests . during courtship , the male struts around , bowing , posturing and cawing ; he may then empty the contents of his food pouch into the female ' s mouth before mating takes place ( 5 ) . the nest is constructed of twigs , and three to five blue or grey - green eggs are laid towards the end of march . these are incubated by the female for up to 18 days ; whilst the female incubates the eggs and broods the chicks she is fed by the male ( 5 ) . after 40 days , the chicks are fully grown , but they remain dependent on their parents for food until they reach 60 days of age , and only become truly independent after around five months ( 5 ) .\nin the final set of experiments , we tested our subjects on a different tool use task , similar to the type of tool use used by new caledonian crows ( 10 , 11 ) . the task required the rooks to use a hook tool to retrieve an out of reach bucket containing a waxworm , located in a vertical clear tube ( fig . s9 ) . in the initial task , we provided a hook tool next to the apparatus . this consisted of a 16 cm long stick with an arrow shaped hook on one end ( fig . s9 a ) . subjects were required to insert the tool the correct way round ( hook end down ) , hook the tool onto the bucket handle and pull up ( rather than push down as previous experiments had required ) . all 4 subjects successfully solved this task ( success rate was 90 . 8 \u00b1 4 . 4 % of trials ) , with 3 of the 4 birds solving the task on trial 1 and the fourth bird solving the task from trial 2 ( movie s8 and fig . s10 a ) . all subjects inserted the hooked end into the tube significantly more often than the straight end ( glm ; tool end f 1 , 17 = 4 . 54 , p = 0 . 048 ; subject f 3 , 17 = 1 . 60 , p = 0 . 226 ) ; however , this required some learning ( block f 2 , 17 = 10 . 93 , p = 0 . 001 ) .\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\nas the 2000 - year - old story goes , the crow filled the bucket of water with stones until the level became high enough for him to quench his thirst .\nthe study , published by current biology , says that crows are innovative tool users , even though they are not known to use tools in the wild .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : biology letters publisher : london : royal soc . , 2003 - isbn / issn : 0962 - 8452 oclc : 265429584\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsome corvids have demonstrated cognitive abilities that rival or exceed those of the great apes ; for example , tool use in new caledonian crows , and social cognition , episodic - like memory and future planning in western scrub - jays . rooks appear to be able to solve novel tasks through causal reasoning rather than simple trial - and - error learning . animals with certain expectations about how objects interact would be able to narrow the field of candidate causes substantially , because some causes are simply \u2018impossible\u2019 . here we present evidence that rooks hold such expectations and appear to possess perceptual understanding of support relations similar to that demonstrated by human babies , which is more comprehensive than that of chimpanzees .\nthe physical world is governed by unobservable forces such as gravity . these forces govern how objects interact and impose causal regularities . there is debate about whether any non - human animals appreciate unobservable forces ( povinelli 2000 ; emery & clayton 2009 ) ; however , there is evidence to suggest that some animals , including some species of corvid such as rooks and new caledonian crows , are able to appreciate causal regularities when solving technical problems ( seed et al . 2006 ; taylor et al . 2009 ) .\nthe causal structure of the world may be represented by formulating expectations about what is possible and what is not , and so may be used to build more general rules about physical concepts , such as support . certain conditions are required for support , such as contact between an object and its supporting platform . only certain types of contact are appropriate for support and there must be a sufficient amount of contact between the surfaces . solving support - related problems may involve an understanding of means\u2013end relations or may be based on the specific perceptual features related to the spatial arrangement of object and support ( povinelli 2000 ) . the causal structure of the world cannot be perceived directly ( one cannot \u2018see\u2019 gravity ) and must be inferred from the spatio - temporal relationships between objects ( chappell 2006 ) ."]}
{"id": 2641, "summary": [{"text": "isacia conceptionis , the cabinza grunt , is a species of grunt native to the pacific coast of south america and nicaragua .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it can be found at depths of 0 to 50 m ( 0 to 164 ft ) in areas with rocky or sandy substrates .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to 60 cm ( 24 in ) in tl , with a maximum known weight of 1.83 kg ( 4.0 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is important to local commercial fisheries .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "i. conceptionis is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "isacia conceptionis", "paragraphs": ["olfactory transduction in ciliated receptor neurons of the cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis ( teleostei : haemulidae ) .\nolfactory transduction in ciliated receptor neurons of the cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis ( teleostei : haemulidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis , is found from peru to chile . it has also been reported from nicaragua ( s\u00e1nchez 1997 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for isacia conceptionis , however its distribution coincides with a number of marine protected areas . monitoring of the harvest levels of this species is needed .\nmoraga , f . a . and urriola - urriola , n . , 2015 . acetylcholine produces contraction mediated by cyclooxigenase pathway in arterial vessels in the marine fish ( . isacia conceptionis ) brazilian journal of biology = revista brasileira de biologia , vol . 75 , no . 2 , pp . 362 - 367 . urltoken . pmid : 26132019 . [ links ]\njustification : the cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis , has been assessed as least concern . despite this species been commercially fished , it apparently remains abundant throughout its range and there is no indication it is undergoing severe population declines at present . monitoring of the harvest levels of this species is needed to ensure harvesting and climatic events such as el nino do not cause future declines . .\nratio response in g . laevifrons ( black ) and i . conceptionis ( open ) from afferent branchial artery ( aba ) ; efferent branchial artery ( eba ) ; mesenteric artery ( ma ) and dorsal artery ( da ) . each symbol represents the mean \u00b1 s . e . m . * p < 0 . 05 g . laevifrons vs i . conceptionis .\n( of pristipoma conceptionis cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsix juvenile girella laevifrons and six juvenile isacia conceptionis were extracted during low tide in the totoralillo bay ( 30\u00ba 17\u2019 s , 71\u00ba 31\u2019 w ) south of coquimbo , chile . all specimens were carried to our laboratory in the universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte and maintained for 3 - 5 days in filtered recirculation containers of fresh marine water at 15 \u00b0c . prior to experimentation , g . laevifrons or i . conceptionis were anaesthetized with benzocaine ( 1 : 1000 ) and sacrificed by decapitation . afterward , corporal mass ( 115\u00b112 and 140\u00b18 g ) and longitude oral - tail ( 18\u00b10 . 6 and 21\u00b10 . 8 cm ) were measured for each specimen , respectively . all animal care , maintenance , procedures , and experimentation were reviewed and approved by the faculty of medicine ethics committee of the universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte .\nestudos anteriores , realizados no peixe intertidal ( girellalaevifrons ) no peixe marinho ( isacia conceptionis ) , mostram que a acetilcolina ( ach ) provoca contra\u00e7\u00f5es mediadas por ciclooxigenases que eram dependentes da \u00e1rea e potencia da contra\u00e7\u00e3o em v\u00e1rios vasos arteriais . tendo em conta que o papel do \u00f3xido n\u00edtrico \u00e9 mal compreendido em peixes , o objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar o papel do \u00f3xido n\u00edtrico em vasos arteriais de ambos os peixes girella laevifrons e isacia conceptionis . n\u00f3s estudamos os vasos aferente , branquial ( aba ) , eferente branquial ( abe ) , dorsal ( da ) e mesent\u00e9rica ( ma ) , que foram dissecadas de seis esp\u00e9cimes juvenis . estudos de tens\u00e3o isom\u00e9trica foram realizados utilizando as curvas de dose - resposta ( drc ) para ach ( 10 \u201313 a 10 \u20133 m ) e bloqueio com l - name ( 10 \u20135 m ) , e na drc para o nitroprussiato de s\u00f3dio ( snp , doador do no ) . l - name produziu uma atenua\u00e7\u00e3o da resposta contr\u00e1til nas art\u00e9rias dorsais , aferentes e eferentes branquial e uma potencia\u00e7\u00e3o da contra\u00e7\u00e3o no ma . snp causaram 70 % da dilata\u00e7\u00e3o da art\u00e9ria mesent\u00e9rica e 40 % na art\u00e9ria dorsal . nossos resultados sugerem que ach promove dilata\u00e7\u00e3o prec\u00e1ria em ma mediada por no ; dados que \u00e9 suportada pela utliliza\u00e7\u00e3o de nitroprussiato de s\u00f3dio . em contraste , nos vasos de da , aba e eba nossos resultados suportam que a via de ach - no - relaxamento est\u00e1 ausente em ambas as esp\u00e9cies .\nprevious studies performed in intertidal fish ( girella laevifrons ) , as well as marine fish ( isacia conceptionis ) , showed that acetylcholine ( ach ) produced contractions mediated by cyclooxygenases that were dependent on the area and potency of contraction in several arterial vessels . given that the role of nitric oxide is poorly understood in fish , the objective of our study was to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in branchial afferent ( aba ) , branchial efferent ( abe ) , dorsal ( da ) and mesenteric ( ma ) arterial vessels from both girella laevifrons and isacia conceptionis . we studied afferent and efferent branchial , dorsal and mesenteric arteries that were dissected from 6 juvenile specimens . isometric tension studies were done using dose response curves ( drc ) for ach ( 10 \u201313 to 10 \u20133 m ) and blockade with l - name ( 10 \u20135 m ) , and drc for sodium nitroprusside ( snp , a donor of no ) . l - name produced an attenuation of the contractile response in the dorsal , afferent and efferent branchial arteries and a potentiation of the contraction in the ma . snp caused 70 % dilation in the mesenteric artery and 40 % in the dorsal artery . our results suggest that ach promotes precarious dilatation in ma mediated by no ; data that is supported by the use of sodium nitroprusside . in contrast , in the vessels da , aba and eba our results support that the pathway ach - no - relaxation is absent in both species .\nsodium nitroprusside concentration - response curves in : ( a ) g . laevifrons ( black ) and ( b ) i . conceptionis ( open ) of isolated rings of arteries from afferent branchial artery ( aba , squares ) ; efferent branchial artery ( eba , triangles ) ; mesenteric artery ( ma , rhombus ) and dorsal artery ( da , circles ) each symbol represents the mean \u00b1 s . e . m .\nthe ciliated receptor neurons of fish olfactory organs are thought to transduce amino acids through a camp - dependent transduction pathway , but direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis remains scarce and is confined to catfish and trout . we investigated olfactory transduction in a marine fish , the cabinza grunt isacia conceptionis ( perciformes , teleostei ) . the olfactory epithelium was characterized using light and electron microscopy , and isolated ciliated receptor neurons were recorded with the perforated patch - clamp technique . cells were stimulated with puffer pipettes containing amino acid odourants , ibmx plus forskolin or 8 bromo - camp . all three stimuli triggered transient inward currents at a holding potential of - 70 mv and responses with outward - rectifying current - voltage relationships . the characteristics of the transduction currents induced by each stimulus were similar across cells and indistinguishable within the same cell , supporting the hypothesis of a camp pathway mediating transduction of amino acids in ciliated olfactory receptor neurons .\nin order to corroborate the role of no , we studied the effect of snp , a no donor , in all the vessels . we found that aba and abe in g . laevifrons were insensitive to stimulation with snp , and a poor response in the same vessel was observed in i . conceptionis . the lack or poor response to snp in these areas suggests a different mechanism of activation for vessel dilation , independent of no . this lack of dilation in the fish vessels studied was also described in the isolated ventral aorta of o . mykiss ( miller and vanhoutte , 1992 ) . in addition , an eel contraction response in the presence of snp was described by pellegrino et al . ( 2002 ) suggesting that no could be mediated via reaction with superoxide ions to produce the very reactive peroxynitrite that promotes vasoconstriction ( beckman and koppenol , 1996 ) by a reduction in the bioavailability of no and a stimulation of cox that promotes the production of vasoconstrictors . in contrast , our results show dilatators response of 70 % in girella laevifrons and 60 % were observed in isacia conceptionis , in ma , and dilation close to 40 % in da in both species . this evidence supports a coupled mechanism of dilation in these vessels mediated by the no - gmpc - relaxation pathway . furthermore , our results are in agreement with the presence of snp - mediated dilation described in arteries of the trout ( o . mykiss ) : coronary , celiacomesenteric and efferent branchial ( olson and villa , 1991 ; small et al . 1990 ; olson et al . , 1991 , olson et al . , 1997 ) .\nour study compared vascular function of two fish with completely different habitats : g . laevifrons that lives and develops in an environment with extreme variation ( intertide ) , and i . conceptionis that lives in an environment with little variation ( open coast ) . previously , we demonstrated that both species possess a vasoconstrictor mechanism mediated by acetylcholine supporting the presence of two muscarinic receptors : one having high sensitivity and a second one of lower sensitivity coupled to different mechanisms of activation ( moraga and urriola - urriola , 2014 , 2015 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 0 - 50 m . subtropical ; 5\u00b0s - 55\u00b0s , 81\u00b0w - 70\u00b0w\nsoutheast pacific : peru to chile . also reported in nicaragua ( ref . 13613 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 17 - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . ) ; max . published weight : 183 . 00 g ( ref . 53696 )\nover rocky and sandy bottoms . maximum size assumed to be the same as for the family . feeds on small crustaceans such as isopods and amphipods but also on polychaetes and algae .\nchirichigno , n . f . , 1974 . clave para identificar los peces marinos del peru . inf . inst . mar per\u00fa ( 44 ) : 1 - 387 . ( ref . 5530 )\n) : 11 . 3 - 27 . 7 , mean 20 . 5 ( based on 12 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01288 ( 0 . 00716 - 0 . 02316 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 39 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 2 - 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .\nto be the most abundant fish species along the northern chilean coast . it is thought that , like other species in the region , it suffered population declines during el nino events ( sielfeld\nthe cabinza grunt occurs over rocky and sandy bottoms and has a depth range of 0 - 50 m . this species is dominant in shallow rocky subtidal areas ( angel and ojeda 2001 ) . its diet consists of small crustaceans , polychaetes and algae .\nthe cabinza grunt is harvested commercially as a food source . landings in the humboldt current have ranged from between 1 , 000 to near 7 , 000 tonnes over the last ten years : 1995 - 3 , 282 . 34 tonnes , 1996 - 2 , 362 . 11 tonnes , 1997 - 1 , 701 . 67 tonnes , 1998 - 2 , 545 . 16 tonnes , 1999 - 6 , 119 . 10 tonnes , 2000 - 3 , 361 . 92 tonnes , 2001 - 3 , 244 . 06 tonnes , 2002 - 3 , 842 . 05 tonnes , 2003 - 2 , 882 . 75 tonnes , 2004 - 3 , 158 . 12 tonnes . while there are annual fluctuations in the landings of this species , there is no obvious decline assuming the catch per unit effort has remained relatively constant . fluctuations in the landings of this species might be attributed to el nino events .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t155309a115299279 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncentro de neurociencias de valparaiso , facultad de ciencias , universidad de valparaiso , avda . gran bretania 1111 , playa ancha , valparaiso , chile . oliver @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na laboratorio de fisiolog\u00eda , hipoxia y funci\u00f3n vascular , departamento de ciencias biom\u00e9dicas , facultad de medicina , universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte \u2013 ucn , larrondo 1281 , guayac\u00e1n , p . o . box 117 , coquimbo , chile\nafter decapitation , arterial vessels were carefully dissected from the following areas : branchial afferent ( aba ) , branchial efferent ( abe ) , dorsal ( da ) and mesenteric ( ma ) and placed in cold ( 4 \u00b0c ) physiological saline solution ( pss ) . individual arterial ring segments having 2 mm length were mounted in a four channel small vessel wire myograph ( model 510m danish myotech , aarus , denmark ) . the vessels were threaded onto two tungsten wires of 40 \u03bcm in diameter and attached to a force transducer and a micrometer for isometric measurements . all signals were acquired by a system acquisition ( powerlab 8sp , adinstrument , australia ) and the data collected on a personal computer for further analysis . after mounting the rings , the arterial segments were incubated in pss at 15\u00b0c and gassed with air for 30 min . each vessel segment was stretched to its optimal diameter , i . e . the diameter at which it developed a contraction response to pss - k + , using a diameter\u2013tension protocol as previously described for mammalian small arteries ( stassen et al . , 1997 ) . in this way , the myograph permitted direct measurement of vessel wall tension while the internal diameter was controlled .\nfollowing an equilibration period of at least 30 min , doses response curves ( drc ) were performed for kcl ( 5 . 6 - 125 mm ) and the cholinergic agonist acetylcholine ( ach ) at concentrations ranging from 10 \u201313 to 10 \u20133 mol / l . afterward , drc for ach were performed in vessels pre - incubated for 30 min with n g - nitro - l - arginine methyl ester ( l - name , 10 \u20135 m ) , a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor . furthermore , drc for sodium nitroprusside ( a donor of no ) were obtained at concentrations ranging from 10 \u201313 to 10 \u20133 mol / l in arteries previously contracted with potassium chloride at 60 mm ( maximum potassium contraction ) . the curve is expressed as dilation of maximum contraction to potassium and represents maximum dilation ( dmax ) . between experiments , the arterial preparations were allowed to recover for at least 30 - 60 min to return to resting basal tension .\nthe pss contained ( in g / l ) : nacl 7 . 37 , kcl 0 . 31 , kh 2 po 4 0 . 46 , na 2 hpo 4 2 . 02 , mgso 4 0 . 14 , cacl 2 0 . 1 , glucose 0 . 9 with ph adjusted to 7 . 8 ( olson and villa . 1991 ) . for the pss - k + solution ( 125 mm kcl ) , nacl was replaced by an equimolar amount of kcl . all chemicals were reagent grade and purchased from sigma chemical ( st louis , mo , usa ) . the following drugs used in the study : acetylcholine ( ach ) , n g - nitro - l - arginine methyl ester ( l - name ) , and sodium nitroprusside ( snp ) were purchased from sigma chemical ( st louis , mo , usa ) .\ndrc were analyzed in terms of maximal response ( rmax ) , sensitivity ( ec 50 or pec 50 ) and maximum dilation ( dmax ) to different contractile agents by fitting the individual data with a nonlinear sigmoid regression curve ( prism 4 . 0 , graphpad , san diego , ca , usa ) . rmax was expressed as ( n / m ) and dmax was expressed as ( % k + max ) . sensitivity was expressed as ec 50 ( the concentration of agonist at which 50 % of rmax was obtained ) or as pec 50 ( - logec 50 ) .\nin order to evaluate the role of the ach - nos - no - relaxation pathway , data were expressed as ratio response ( rr ) of rmax ach plus lname divided by rmax of ach , the evaluation of the ratio response ( rr ) should give values of rr > 1 if there is an increase in wall tension due to decreased production of no mediated by ach , and values of rr = 1 ach - nos - no - relaxation is uncoupled and rr < 1 , ach promote dilation don\u2019t mediated by no .\nall results were expressed as mean \u00b1 sem . a two way anova for repeated measurements was used for statistical analysis of physiological variables . differences were considered significant when p < 0 . 05 ( primer of biostatistical v 3 . 0 , mc graw hill ) .\nthe calculated internal diameter for all arteries is given in table 1 . the data show that not differences were observed in the optimal diameter determined for each of the arterial segments from the different territories studied in both species .\ntable 2 provides a summary for rmax parameters obtained from analysis of the arterial response curves in both species . these data reveal that rmax was significantly greater in the aba and abe in i . conceptions as compared to g . laevifrons . no differences were observed between da and ma in both species . in addition , no differences were observed in the ec 50 in any of the arteries evaluated in both species .\n\u2020\u2020 eba vs da , aba and ma ( p < 0 . 05 ) .\nin figure 1 we can observe an increase in the contractile response to ach , only in ma in comparison with da , aba and eba . on the other hand , in da was observed such as maintenance . however , a dilation response was observed in aba and eba to ach . on other hand , significant differences were observed between species in aba , eba and ma , but not in da . table 2 summarizes the rmax values obtained from analysis of the arterial curves . no differences were observed in the pec 50 in any of the arteries evaluated .\nin order to evaluate the role of no , arteries were pre - contracted by ach , and drc for snp ( 10 \u201313 \u201310 \u201310 m ) were evaluated . figure 2 reveals that the mesenteric artery exhibited dilation close to 70 % , whereas the dorsal artery only had dilation close to 40 % . no effect in dilation was found in aba and abe in the presence of snp . table 2 summarizes the pec 50 and rmax values obtained from analysis of the arterial curves . no differences were observed in the pec 50 in any of the arteries evaluated .\nour results show that all vessels studied ( aba , eba , ma and da ) exhibited a similar pattern of vasoconstriction mediated by ach as previously described by moraga and urriola - urriola ( 2014 , 2015 ) , in the same species . in addition , the same authors describe that this vasoconstriction was abolished by the use of atropine ( 10 \u20135 m ) . this evidence has been corroborated by other studies in trout , shark and eel ( nilsson and grove , 1974 ; pellegrino et al . , 2003 ; pellegrino et al . , 2002 ; small et al . , 1990 ) , supporting the presence of muscarinic receptors in fish vasculature .\nin mammalian vascular endothelium , several extracellular signals can stimulate nos , increasing the production of no , including ach , shear stress , etc . ( furchgott and zawadzki , 1980 ) . the nitric oxide produced by endothelium rapidly diffuses into the smooth muscle cell where it activates a soluble guanylyl cyclase ( sgc ) , which generates cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cgmp ) that mediates vasodilation ( mondaca et al . , 1991 ) . a traditional approach to evaluate coupled ach - dilation is by the use of blocking agents that inhibit nos , decreasing no production , such as l - name or others ( buxton et al . , 1993 ) . the expected effect of blocking no production would be an increase in the basal tension , or an increase in the ach - mediated tension . therefore , evaluation of the ratio response ( rr ) should give values of rr > 1 if there is an increase in wall tension due to decreased production of no mediated by ach , and values of rr = 1 or rr < 1 if ach - nos - no - relaxation is uncoupled . indeed , studies show that there is an absence of muscarinic receptors coupled to the nos - no dilation pathway in fish ( donald and broughton , 2005 ) . in contrast , our results revealed a different effect when blocking with l - name in the arterial vessel . for example , in aba and abe there was a reduction in the ach - mediated vasoconstriction suggesting activation of other mediators that promote vasodilation , such as prostacyclin , h 2 s or co ( olson and villa , 1991 ; miller and vanhoutte , 1986 ; evans and gunderson , 1998b ; feng et al . , 2007 ; dombkowski et al . , 2008 ; jennings and donald . , 2010 ) . on the other hand , da did not modify arterial tension in the presence or absence of l - name , supporting the lack of ach - nos - no - relaxation coupling . in ma , we described an increase in ach - mediated vasoconstriction indicating the presence of a coupled ach - nos - no dilation . this evidence suggests that there is ach - nos - no - relaxation coupling in ma in both species , such as that shown in danio rerio in the same vascular area ( fritsche et al . , 2000 ; holmberg et al . , 2006 ) .\nin conclusion , our results suggest differences in the vascular function between i . conceptions and . g . laevifrons , could be explained by ontogenic , habitat and / or phylogenetic components furthermore , our results suggest that the ma expresses a vascular response when the ach - nos - no relaxation pathway is coupled , whereas the results in da , aba and eba suggest the presence of another mechanism . future studies are needed to further evaluate the vascular response in these species .\nwe are grateful for the technical assistance of mr . hervis galleguillos and medical students carolina norero , daniela gonzalez , natalia soto and marietta nu\u00f1ez who collaborated in the experiments . this research was partially supported by project dgip 10301272 , universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte .\nbeckman , j . s . and koppenol , w . h . , 1996 . nitric oxide , superoxide , and peroxynitrite : the good , the bad , and ugly . the american journal of physiology , vol . 271 , no . 5 pt 1 , pp . c1424 - c1437 . pmid : 8944624 . 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[ links ]\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nr . bento carlos , 750 13560 - 660 s\u00e3o carlos sp - brasil tel . e fax : ( 55 16 ) 3362 - 5400 bjb @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2643, "summary": [{"text": "the tarry hogfish , bodianus bilunulatus , is a species of wrasse native to the indian ocean from the african coast to the western pacific ocean to japan , new caledonia , and the philippines .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species occurs on reef slopes at depths of from 3 to 160 m ( 9.8 to 524.9 ft ) with the adults being found in deeper waters than the juveniles .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach 55 cm ( 22 in ) in total length with a maximum recorded weight of 1.8 kg ( 4.0 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and is also popular as a game fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "other common names include : blackspot wrasse , crescent-banded hogfish , hawaiian hogfish , saddle-back hogfish , table boss , and tuxedo hogfish . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "bodianus bilunulatus", "paragraphs": ["( of bodianus bilunulatus bilunulatus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na saddleback pigfish , bodianus bilunulatus , in the murion islands , western australia , april 2009 . source : eschlogl / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nbodianus after bodiano or pudiano , from the portuguese pudor , meaning modesty ( jordan & evermann , 1896 ) .\nfor taxonomic treatment see gomon ( 2006 ) . bodianus bilunulatus has long been confused with three other closely related species with which it is broadly sympatric : b . loxozonus , b . macrourus and b . perditio ( gomon 2006 ) .\ngomon , m . f . 2006 . a revision of the labrid fish genus bodianus with descriptions of eight new species . records of the australian museum , supplement 30 : 1 - 133\nlabrus bilunulatus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de , 1801 , histoire naturelle des poissons : 454 , 526 , pl . 31 ( 2 ) . type locality : indo - pacific ( as great equatorial ocean ) .\n( of labrus bilunulatus lacep\u00e8de , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lepidaplois bilunulatus ( lacep\u00e8de , 1801 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : little is known about population and life history characteristics . it is very widespread throughout the indo - west pacific and is fairly common in deeper areas . this species is moderately small and sought by aquarium fish collectors , but there is no catch data . it is probably occasionally caught by hook and line and spear fishing . this species is listed as least concern .\nthis species is found in the indo - pacific from somalia to durban , south africa to the abrolhos islands , western australia . in the western pacific , it is found from wakayama , japan to bali , indonesia and new caledonia . it is evidently absent from the red sea , northwestern indian ocean and the east coast of australia . the relatively poor representation of this species in collections , especially from indonesia and southeast asia , may be due to its occurrence on deep offshore reefs . this habitat is poorly collected at many localities ( b . russell pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthere is no population information available for this species . this is fairly common in some areas and in deeper waters .\nthis is a large species , to about 310 mm sl . it occurs on deep reef slopes rich with invertebrates such as sponges and seawhips , but young adults are occasionally seen much shallower . specimens have been taken at depths of 8 - 160 m . it is usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . it feeds mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans . it is protogynous ( demartini et al . 2005 ) . size at sex change : 38 . 6 - 40 . 5 cm l .\nthis species is collected for the aquarium trade . it is probably occasionally caught by hook and line or speared , and eaten .\nthere are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nname formed from the latin adverb bis , for twice and latin diminutive noun lunula ( luna + ulus ) for ' somewhat like the moon ' ; apparently referring to the lunate caudal fin ( double emarginate with filamentous lobes ) of the type specimen ( ref . 75973 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 160 m ( ref . 9823 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s\nindo - west pacific : east coast of africa to japan , the philippines and new caledonia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 55 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4392 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 8 kg ( ref . 4887 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 12 . young easily identified by the unusual coloration . adults normally have an oval shaped black saddle near the tail , but it may become indistinct in large males ( ref . 48636 ) .\nadults occur on deep reef slopes rich with invertebrates such as sponges and seawhips , but young adults are occasionally seen much shallower ( ref . 48636 ) . usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feed mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans . protogynous ( ref . 55080 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . size at sex change : 38 . 6 - 40 . 5 cm l ( ref . 55080 ) .\nwestneat , m . w . , 2001 . labridae . wrasses , hogfishes , razorfishes , corises , tuskfishes . p . 3381 - 3467 . in k . e . carpenter and v . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . vol . 6 . bony fishes part 4 ( labridae to latimeriidae ) , estuarine crocodiles . fao , rome . ( ref . 9823 )\n) : 23 . 6 - 28 . 8 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 932 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 49 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 53 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsaddleback hogfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5\n, hawaii\nsaddleback hogfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5\n, hawaii\ndue to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .\nsaddleback hogfish - juv , small : over . 75 - 1\n, hawaii\na large species with fine reddish stripes along the upper head and back , sides with reddish scale margins , a large black saddle the rear of the dorsal fin ( indistinct in large males ) , and a yellow tail . juveniles are bright yellow above , with fine red stripes along the sides , and a broad black bar on the rear of the body .\nrecorded in australia from the houtman abrolhos , wa ( 28\u00b031 ' s ) to the cobourg peninsula , nt ( 132\u00b0e ) , including offshore wa reefs , and ene of cape moreton , qld ( 26\u00b058 ' s ) . found elsewhere in the tropical indo - west - central pacific . inhabits corals and rocky reefs , often on deep outer reef slopes rich with corals , sponges and seawhips .\nallen , g . r . 1985 . fishes of western australia . book 9 . 2207 - 2534 526 pls in burgess , w . e . & axelrod , h . r . ( eds ) . pacific marine fishes . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . perth : western australian museum 292 pp . 106 pls .\nallen , g . r . & erdmann , m . v . 2012 . reef fishes of the east indies . perth : tropical reef research 3 vols , 1260 pp .\nallen , g . r . & swainston , r . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\ngloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 . trawled fishes of southern indonesia and northwest australia . jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .\ngrant , e . m . 1991 . fishes of australia . brisbane : em grant pty ltd 480 pp .\nhobbs , j . - p . a . , ayling , a . m . , choat , j . h . , gilligan , j . j . , mcdonald , c . a . , neilson , j . & newman , s . j . 2010 . new records of marine fishes illustrate the biogeographic importance of christmas island , indian ocean . zootaxa 2422 : 63\u201368\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen . sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\nlac\u00e9p\u00e8de , b . g . 1801 . histoire naturelle des poissons . paris : chez plassan vol . 3 558 pp . 34 pls .\nrandall , j . e . 1986 . family no . 220 : labridae . pp . 683 - 706 in smith , m . m . & heemstra , p . c . ( eds ) . smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa xx + 1047 pp . 144 pls .\nwestneat , m . w . 2001 . labridae . pp . 3381 - 3467 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 6 pp . 3381 - 4218 .\nadults occur on deep reef slopes rich with invertebrates such as sponges and seawhips , but young adults are occasionally seen much shallower ( ref . 48636 ) . usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feed mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans . protogynous ( ref . 55080 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndescription usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feeds mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as molluscs and . . .\ndescription usually solitary in coral and rocky reefs . feeds mainly on benthic , hard - shelled , invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na saddleback pigfish at a depth of 15 m , ' nix lumps ' , ningaloo reef , western australia , 27 april 2009 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2646, "summary": [{"text": "poet prince ( foaled 1932 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1941 cheltenham gold cup .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he had earlier won the stanley chase at aintree and went on to contest two more gold cups .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was unplaced when well-fancied in 1942 and finished fourth in 1945 at the age of thirteen . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "poet prince", "paragraphs": ["the poet prince was sired by our poetic prince out of the dam princess moira the poet prince was foaled on 01 of august in 1993 .\nthe poet prince has a 21 % win percentage and 43 % place percentage . the poet prince ' s last race event was at nyngan .\nthe poet prince is a 23 year old bay gelding . the poet prince is trained by r c robb , at nyngan and owned by a j cook .\nwe\u2019d love your help . let us know what\u2019s wrong with this preview of the poet prince by kathleen mcgowan .\nlucy terry prince was a renowned 18th - century orator who is also the first known african - american poet .\nthe poet prince ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 5 .\nthe poet prince\u2019s last race event was at 25 / 04 / 2001 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nthe poet prince : 3 ( magdalene line trilogy 3 ) and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nthe poet prince career form is 3 wins , 1 seconds , 2 thirds from 14 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nthe author outlines the destiny of the poet prince as having been handed through some of history\u2019s most notable characters . which characters did you recognize and can you imagine their story as a poet prince ? discuss the meaning of this destiny as described through the various poet princes in the book . can you identify other historical figures who may have fulfilled this prophecy ?\nspoken word performer george the poet has written an exclusive poem inspired by the key themes explored in the prince\u2019s trust macquarie youth index 2015 report .\nkeep up to date with what the prince ' s trust is up to .\ntazz du poet nf m\u00e2le 2007 coi = 3 . 22266 % famille maternelle descendance\nsusan cheever on e . e . cummings , america\u2019s most celebrated poet | vanity fair\nprince ea | filmmaker , speaker , activist \u2013 love , the answer to every problem .\nprince michael\nblanket\njackson ii is the third child of pop legend michael jackson .\nfuture poet lucy terry prince was born in west africa . the exact date of her birth is unknown , though it is thought she might have been born as early as the mid - 1720s . historical records on prince\u2019s life are highly limited and thus details of her history have been deduced from scholarly research and conjecture .\nsire ) , poet ' s voice ( a leading first crop sire in 2015 ) , prince bishop , monterosso ( sire ) , akeed mofeed , hunter ' s light , lucky nine , postponed , etc .\nbath : 2 . 15 compton prince , 2 . 50 poet ' s society , 3 . 25 secretfact ( nap ) , 4 . 00 ghepardo , 4 . 35 mornington , 5 . 10 hallingham , 5 . 40 elusive olivia .\nthe mark johnston - trained poet\u2019s prince became the 56th winner of a \u00a325 , 000 october book 1 bonus when taking out the western house novice auction stakes at ayr and collecting a total of \u00a329 , 269 when prize money of \u00a34 , 269 is added . poet\u2019s prince was purchased at book 1 of the tattersalls october yearling sale for just 28 , 000 guineas by mark johnston racing from the draft of houghton bloodstock . he is the second \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus winner for trainer johnston this year following on from nyaleti , who was subsequently second in the group 2 duchess of cambridge stakes . johnston has now won four \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus races since the scheme\u2019s inception last year . poet\u2019s prince is a son of poet\u2019s voice out of the multiple listed winning sprinter palace affair who remarkably has had two \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus winners , with poet\u2019s voice\u2019s own - sister poet\u2019s princess winning one last year . the tattersalls october \u00a325 , 000 book 1 bonus is only for horses bought at book 1 of the tattersalls october yearling sale , that takes place from october 3 - 5 .\na book inspired by the poet\u2019s life was released in 1973\u2014 black woman : a fictionalized biography of lucy terry prince , by bernard and jonathan katz . decades later , another title on her and her husband\u2019s journey was published\u2014 mr . and mrs . prince : how an extraordinary eighteenth century family moved out of slavery and into legend ( 2008 ) , by gretchen holbrook gerzina .\npoet lucy terry prince was born in west africa in the early half of the 18th century . captured by slave traders when she was a young girl , she was brought to america and eventually became a part of the wells household in deerfield , massachusetts . in 1746 , prince composed the poem\nbars fight ,\nthe earliest known piece of literature created by an african american . upon marrying , prince achieved her freedom and had six children . renowned for her oration , she died in vermont in 1821 .\nin her new life , lucy terry prince settled with her husband in guilford , vermont , eventually having six children . two of the prince progeny , cesar and festus , are believed to have fought in the revolutionary war . prince had also unsuccessfully petitioned for at least one of her children to attend williams college , giving a speech to representatives that was said to have lasted for three hours .\ngwendolyn brooks was a postwar poet best known as the first african american to win a pulitzer prize , for her 1949 book annie allen .\njada pinkett smith , 44 , also honored prince on her facebook page thursday , paying tribute to the man she deemed a \u201cgenius artist . \u201d\nin addition , some sources allege that prince argued before the u . s . supreme court in her family & apos ; s case against the false land claims of colonel eli bronson in sunderland , vermont . the prince family was said to have emerged victorious , but hundreds of years later a judicial library representative stated that there\u2019s no legal record of prince ever arguing a case before the land\u2019s highest bench . instead , in the mid - 1790s she might have been involved in a lower court ruling officiated by samuel chase , a judge who reportedly stated that prince\u2019s eloquence surpassed that of lawyers .\nbroadus , edmund kemper . the laureateship : a study of the office of poet laureate in england . oxford : clarendon press , 1921 . print .\n\u201cthe poet - laureateship . \u201d temple bar 106 ( december 1895 ) : 498 - 516 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nmaureen is joined by her lover , berenger , who discovers that he shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo the magnificent : both were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline , the prophecy of the poet prince . while berenger explores the daunting task of filling lorenzo\u2019s place in the 21st century , he will come face to face with other characters from history who have shared the title of poet prince , and who had very deadly enemies . those enemies have equally dangerous descendants who carry a 500 - year - old vendetta against any who support lorenzo\u2019s form of heresy .\n2 . learn more about the life of lorenzo de medici , the godfather of the renaissance , in miles j . unger\u2019s biography magnifico : the brilliant life and violent times of lorenzo de ' medici . compare the biography with the depiction of lorenzo de medici in the poet prince at your next book club meeting .\nprince poet ( ven ) b . c , 2010 { 8 - g } dp = 5 - 2 - 14 - 5 - 0 ( 26 ) di = 1 . 17 cd = 0 . 27 - 9 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : bs . 270 . 605\nlucy and abijah eventually returned to guilford . following her husband & apos ; s death in 1794 , prince moved back to sunderland , where she died in 1821 .\nroy bates used his swashbuckling sense of adventure to found a micro - nation off the coast of england , the principality of sealand , and declare himself the reigning prince .\n\u2018an unemployed poet . \u2019 \u201cthe laureateship - a suggestion . \u201d fun 59 ( 2 january 1894 ) : 10 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nwitt , marion . \u201cyeats on the poet laureateship . \u201d modern language notes 66 ( june 1961 ) : 385 - 388 . jstor . web . 28 april 2012 .\non tuesday 6th march we celebrated our national prince ' s trust and tk maxx & homesense awards at the london palladium to honour the achievements of young people supported by the trust .\nhannigan , d . f . \u201cthe new poet laureate . \u201d westminster review 145 ( january 1896 ) : 251 - 54 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nkahan , jeffrey . \u201cpoet laureate . \u201d the oxford encyclopedia of british literature . ed . david scott kastan . oxford : oxford up , 2006 . 241 - 245 . print .\non tuesday 6th march 25 bloggers and youtubers joined us at the photographers\u2019 gallery for our pre - event reception ahead of our national prince ' s trust and tk maxx & homesense awards .\neven before tennyson died in october 1892 ( see fig . 1 ) , speculation had begun about the next poet laureate and the future of the office . as early as may 1890 the\naustin served as poet laureate from 1 january 1896 until his death on 2 june 1913 . he was succeeded by robert bridges , the commentator in the bookman who had begun his letter : \u201cin answer to the first of your two questions , i beg to say that the continuance or cessation of the poet laureateship is to me a matter of complete indifference\u201d ( 54 ) .\nbrightcove . createexperiences ( ) ; a \u201cstunned and heartbroken\u201d will smith is mourning his friend prince , writing on facebook that he spoke to the legendary musician just one day before his shocking death .\nran an engraved portrait of the poet and his country house , swinford old manor in kent . ( see figs . 3 and 4 . ) periodicals for non - specialist readers , such as\nthe son of man shall choose when the time returns for the poet prince . he will inspire the hearts and minds of the people so as to illuminate the path of service and show them the way . this is his legacy , this , and to know a very great love . worldwide controversy surrounds author maureen paschal as she promotes her new bestseller\u2014the explosive account of her discovery of a gospel\nin this supersoul short , spoken - word artist and visionary filmmaker prince ea challenges the judgments attached to the color of our skin , and imagines the freedom to be seen for who we really are .\nhodgson , w . earl . \u201cmr . alfred austin , poet laureate . \u201d english illustrated magazine 150 ( march 1896 ) : 610 - 13 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\nstarting his channel in 2003 , prince ea has reach billions of people across the internet inspiring them with his message of love . to check out his videos , click the button below to jump to the blog .\n\u201cwho is to be the next poet laureate ? : aut swinburne , aut nullus . \u201d review of reviews 1 : 5 ( may 1890 ) : 398 . periodicals archive online . web . 28 april 2012 .\non 6 october 1892 alfred , lord tennyson , died at aldworth , his home in surrey ; six days later , the poet laureate was buried in westminster abbey . this essay explores the controversy in the periodical press that ensued over the appointment of his successor , the debate over whether the office should represent a royal or national appointment , and the aftermath of the choice of alfred austin as \u201cpoet laureate to her majesty\u201d in january 1896 .\nthis book never really took off for me . the author switched back and forth between renaissance florence and modern times . the plot did not have much substance , and she doesn ' t seem to have come to any point with the poet prince . this book was supposed to be the last in a trilogy , but she is apparently planning another installment around anne boleyn and henry viii , who were thrown in as an epilogue to this book .\nhas maureen pascal found love at last ? the beautiful heroine of the bestselling the expected one ( 2006 ) and the book of love ( 2009 ) is in love with berenger sinclair , the current poet prince of the ancient bloodline prophecy . while promoting her newest bestseller about the discovery of a gospel written by jesus , maureen is shocked to hear that sinclair has fathered a child out of wedlock . is this the end of their love story ?\nmaureen and her fellow disciples of the order of the holy sepulcher ( sinclair , tammy , roland and peter ) travel to florence to study the teachings of the libro rosso with the mysterious spiritual master destino . is he really longinus gaius , the roman centurion who pierced the crucified jesus with his sword ? is his sword , called the spear of destiny , the key to sinclair\u2019s salvation ? as the group studies ancient prophecies and artistic masterpieces of the renaissance , they learn more and more about the life and times of lorenzo de medici , the poet prince of the renaissance , and his true love , lucrezia donati . lorenzo and lucrezia were doomed to be apart . does this mean that the poet prince and the expected one will always be separated ? can sinclair and maureen break this cycle of doomed love ? will the golden age be restored , or will another religious group try to destroy the magdalene disciples and their heresy ?\nrichard hannon had another option in the urltoken novice median auction stakes but has plumped for newcomer ghepardo , who might give likely favourite rock of estonia something to think about , while compton prince is worth a look in the sprint that opens the card .\npublished an anonymous assessment , \u201ctennyson : and after ? , \u201d which praised the high achievement of the nineteenth - century laureates , robert southey , william wordsworth , and alfred tennyson , and wondered whether any modern poet had comparable merit ( 624 ) . the\nholly prince rupert 3 - 4 peveril pipette 4 - 5 - 6 burton starlight 5 priory starlight vii 5 - 6 oakley jonathan iii 5 - 6 merrie mercury 6 brookside spitfire 6 goodenough 6 brookside david 6 merrie mistral 6 inbred d\u00e9taill\u00e9 ( 12 gen . )\nconcludes , \u201cscarcely another english poet can be named who has written so few faulty or unmelodious lines , and surely none who has more enriched and enlarged our resources of lyrical metre , or more nobly maintained the dignity of our dramatic blank verse\u201d ( 628 ) .\nwas right about the man , though wrong about the date of the appointment . \u201cwith the new year\u2019s honours comes the official announcement that \u2018her majesty has been pleased to appoint alfred austin , esq . , to be poet laureate to her majesty\u2019\u201d\u2014so reads the announcement in the\n[ 2 ] only one poet signed his contribution , r [ obert ] b [ ridges ] , in letter iii . but we know from a letter yeats wrote to john o\u2019leary that he is the author of letter ii ; see witt , 385 - 86 .\nthe poet prince took me on a tour of italy starting with the renaissance era and bringing me back to present day . it was filled with historical references as relates to places and actual events . the part that i really liked is how she gave artists of the renaissance era such as botticelli and michelangelo character . yea , we read about them in history and to tell the truth most times we don ' t pay attention . for instance , when she made references botticelli ' s painting ,\nthe birth of venus ,\ni went\nprince was captured at a very young age by slave traders and brought to rhode island . there she was believed to have been initially purchased by samuel terry , who lived in enfield , connecticut . when terry died in 1730 , she was eventually sent to live with ebenezer wells of deerfield , massachusetts . with the wells family , the intelligent and popular prince became a devout christian . she was baptized and became a full - time church member by her teen years . history also points to her learning how to read during her time with the wells .\n\u201cprince was one of the first artists to put me on game in regard to the industry . he was not only a genius artist , he was kind , funny , beautifully eccentric , curious , imaginative , magical , spiritual , rebellious and extremely intelligent , \u201d she wrote .\nobviously , lord salisbury thought otherwise because , in november 1895 , the bookman opened its \u201cnews notes\u201d column with this tidbit : \u201cwe are informed , on what appears to be reliable authority , that mr . alfred austin has been appointed poet laureate , and that the formal announcement may be expected about the middle of this month\u201d ( 45 ) . austin , known as a poet for his idyllic english lyrics , was better known for his journalistic work as a leader writer for the national review and pro - conservative editor of the standard ( broadus 203 ) .\naustin had his supporters\u2014or , at least , his well - wishers\u2014who sighed with relief that the laureateship was finally in the hands of a poet who would \u201cfulfil its duties admirably\u201d ( \u201cliterary looker - on\u201d 268 ) . no doubt , they saw queen victoria\u2019s diamond jubilee on the horizon and realized that an official poet was needed to commemorate the event . some of austin\u2019s admirers praised his \u201cspontaneous\u201d lyrics that \u201cbreathe the air of english rural life\u201d ( hannigan 252 ) ; others his character and love of his country \u201cwith an unsophisticated and exuberant pride\u201d ( hodgson 613 ) . the\nlucy remained with the household until 1756 , when she married abijah prince , a free black man . lucy was promptly emancipated as well , though it & apos ; s not certain if her new husband purchased her freedom from the wells or if the family simply relinquished her from servitude .\nworldwide controversy surrounds author maureen paschal as she promotes her new bestseller\u2014the explosive account of her discovery of a gospel written in jesus\u2019 own hand . but a scandalous headline about her lover , b\u00e9renger sinclair , shatters maureen\u2019s plans and sends her to florence . in tuscany , maureen and b\u00e9renger seek out their spiritual teacher destino , who insists the besieged couple study one of history\u2019s great poet princes : lorenzo de\u2019 medici , the godfather of the italian renaissance . b\u00e9renger is a poet prince of the ancient bloodline prophecy , and even across the centuries , his fate is intertwined with lorenzo de\u2019 medici\u2019s . b\u00e9renger must uncover the heretical secrets of the medici family\u2014and the shocking truth behind the birth of the renaissance\u2014if he is to fulfill his own destiny . these heretical secrets were hidden for a reason , and there are those who would stop at nothing to prevent b\u00e9renger\u2019s assumption of his rightful role .\nbbc sound of 2015 finalist , brit award nominee and london and south east celebrate success performer , george the poet is , quite simply , a rising star . that\u2019s why , we asked him to pen an exclusive poem , inspired by the findings for our youth index 2015 ( pdf , 2mb ) report .\nkathleen mcgowan\u2019s first two novels in the magdalene line series have been bestsellers . the expected one ( 2006 ) began the story of journalist maureen pascal as she searched for secret scrolls written by mary magdalene describing her life with her husband , jesus . in the book of love ( 2010 ) , maureen explored the world of the mysterious countess matilda of tuscany as she hunted for a secret gospel written by jesus . the poet prince continues maureen\u2019s story with a renaissance background . fans of mcgowan\u2019s successful magdalene line books will be happy to hear that the series will continue . will shakespearean england be the next stop on maureen pascal\u2019s spiritual journey ?\n\u201ci am stunned and heartbroken . i just spoke with him last night . today , jada & i mourn with all of you the loss of a beautiful poet , a true inspiration , and one of the most magnificent artists to ever grace this earth , \u201d smith , 47 , wrote in a facebook post thursday .\npeterson , linda . \u201con the appointment of the \u2018poet laureate to her majesty , \u2019 1892 - 1896 . \u201d branch : britain , representation and nineteenth - century history . ed . dino franco felluga . extension of romanticism and victorianism on the net . web . [ here , add your last date of access to branch ] .\nthe unofficial , often amusing critiques of alfred austin as poet laureate came later in the year . owen seaman , in the battle of the bays ( 1896 ) , parodied the verse styles of the leading contenders , from swinburne at the head to austin in the rear . the austin parody mocks the journalistic pandering that won \u201calfred\u201d the laureateship :\nzabeel prince ( 4 . 30 ) can complete quick - fire doubles for atzeni and varian in the feature handicap over the extended mile . the gelding bolted - up in a nottingham maiden three weeks ago and looks to have been let in lightly from an opening mark of 86 . he is a confident selection to make a winning handicap debut .\nde facto , the marcus and ward calendar gives its own ranking of the great poets and tweaks austin , the laureate , with a low ranking . swinburne and william morris had been the leading candidates in 1892 when tennyson died , and they get pride of place . other contenders in the interim years were alice meynell , margaret woods ( an academic poet , then wife of the president of trinity college , oxford ) , lewis morris , william watson , and jean ingelow . although the calendar includes alfred austin with the label \u201cpoet laureate\u201d beneath his name , by virtue of its monthly assignment , it \u201cranks\u201d him at the bottom , putting swinburne , meynell , and william morris at the forefront of the \u201cmodern poets . \u201d [ 4 ]\n86 . mogha corb ( or mogha of the chariots ) , who was b . a . d . 167 , and attained a very old age . this prince , who became king of munster , which he governed for the space of twenty years , fought the memorable battle of gabhra or garristown , near dublin , against the monarch cairbre liffechar , a . d . 284 .\nmy passion for botticelli was one of the things that fueled my passion for this book . now , choosing a favorite was difficult to begin with , but it became even more challenging as i began to dig into the hidden symbols , stories and mysteries behind the art . if forced to choose one , it would have to be primavera . but there is an extraordinary series of frescoes in the private chapel of the medici palace , commissioned by cosimo and painted by benozzo gozzoli , that are some of the most magnificent works of art i have ever seen . a ten - year - old lorenzo is painted as the poet prince in a stunning reproduction of the parade he makes his debut in on the feast of the magi . as for poetry , i fell in love with lorenzo\u2019s poetry and if space had allowed would have included it within the book . few know that lorenzo was considered a poet of extraordinary talents , and had he not been burdened by politics , we would likely be studying his literary works alongside dante . his poem written after the death of simonetta is hauntingly beautiful , and his poetry for lucrezia donati is bittersweet to say the least .\nnow remembered largely for his funky punctuation , e . e . cummings was for decades one of america\u2019s most celebrated , controversial , and popular poets\u2014the dashing , impecunious prince of greenwich village . in an adaptation from her new biography of cummings , susan cheever recalls one winter night in 1958 when the harris tweed - clad modernist , a longtime friend and mentor to her novelist father , rocked her teenage world .\nlord salisbury has added a new terror to life . here is the poet laureate earning his butt of sherry by writing verses on dr . jameson and his raiders [ a south african misadventure ] and publishing them in the times . are we to expect for the future that every interesting event in the national life\u2014a royal christening or a battle\u2014is to be honoured in this way ? ( \u2018mere outsider\u2019 63 )\nthree years after tennyson\u2019s death , the laureateship remained unfilled . in june 1895 , however , soon after the conservative electoral victory , lord salisbury as prime minister moved to fill the vacancy . clement scott in the idler took up the pro - swinburne cause : \u201ci care not if he be a persona grata or not at court ; it does not matter to me one fig if he has underwritten his fierce democratic and republican elegies with baby drivels and sonnets to pettitoes . this has nothing to do with it . . . . i should vote for the poet greatest in england after tennyson and browning\u201d ( 413 ) . but lord salisbury let it be known that he was considering the appointment of a journalist\u2014as a compliment to that modern literary profession . some poets were outraged , but coventry patmore used the rumor to nominate a woman writer who had excelled as both journalist and poet , alice meynell :\nthis reading group guide for the poet prince includes an introduction , discussion questions , ideas for enhancing your book club , and a q & a with author kathleen mcgowan . the suggested questions are intended to help your reading group find new and interesting angles and topics for your discussion . we hope that these ideas will enrich your conversation and increase your enjoyment of the book . description maureen follows her new teacher , destino , to florence where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulcher , just as matilda did before her 1000 years ago . with destino , maureen discovers the story of lorenzo , the man who would be known to history as the magnificent . but maureen will learn that lorenzo\u2019s driving obsession was not one of simple culture ; rather , he was creating a body of work to preserve a series of ancient secrets , secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . lorenzo is aided by his mistress , the forbidden lover who obsesses him until he dies \u2013 and who acted as muse for some of the most famous and breathtaking paintings in the world . maureen is joined by her lover , berenger , who discovers that he shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo the magnificent : both were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline , the prophecy of the poet see more\na gifted wordsmith and captivating storyteller , prince used her skills to achieve a major milestone . her work\nbars fight\n( 1746 ) , which tells the story of a white settlers killed in an attack by native americans in deerfield , is the earliest known poem ever created by an african american . after being shared orally for more than a century , the work was published for the first time in 1855 in josiah g . holland\u2019s history of western massachusetts .\nin bestseller mcgowan ' s breathless , at times overly melodramatic third magdalene line novel ( after the book of love ) , researcher maureen paschal , who ' s been feverishly investigating the \u201cconfraternity of saint mary magdalen , \u201d uncovers juicy information about the gospel known as the libro rosso and the order of the holy sepulcher . she heads for florence , where her preternaturally ancient mentor , destino , reveals the arcane past of lorenzo de ' medici , \u201cthe great poet prince\u201d and father of the renaissance . apparently , lorenzo secretly married lucrezia donati , the \u201ccolombina\u201d or \u201clittle dove\u201d featured in a number of botticelli paintings . maureen must also confront problems with her soul mate , scottish oil mogul b\u00e9renger sinclair , after a glamorous ex claims he ' s fathered her son . this quasi - christian historical fantasy confection slips back and forth in time with seamless ease . mary magdalene fans who enjoy wildly romantic conspiracy theories will be thrilled . ( june )\nthese labels were made up to divide us . i am not black , you are not white . drop the labels . don ' t forget to like , comment , and subscribe : urltoken more inspirational videos : i quit urltoken why most people die before age 25 urltoken everybody dies but not everybody lives urltoken download this spoken word piece here : urltoken or urltoken audio only version here : urltoken sign up for my motivational mailing list and newsletter urltoken artist / writer - prince ea urltoken urltoken / / @ princeea urltoken urltoken get an \u201ci am not a label\u201d shirt ! urltoken directed by - spencer sharp & prince ea urltoken urltoken shot , edited and colored by joseph lombardi urltoken vfx by hodja berlev urltoken urltoken urltoken music by raul ,\nkoba\nvega and spencer sharp urltoken music by @ phantomape urltoken download the instrumental here : urltoken special thanks to travis blakely , djs neverendingstory , will engle , luke , subtractive inc and brainbox cameras . and a hugee thank you to all of the souls who were kind enough to be in and support this project . much love !\nmaureen paschal goes to florence , where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulchre . under the guidance of her new teacher , destino , she discovers the fascinating story of lorenzo de medici - the godfather of the renaissance and the greatest patron of the arts in history . but lorenzo ' s obsession was not with culture alone . instead , he worked carefully to create a body of work which would preserve a series of ancient secrets - secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . but maureen ' s most explosive discovery affects the person closest to her , as she realizes that her lover , berenger , shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo de medici . both men were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline - the prophecy of the poet prince . but as berenger and maureen explore the daunting task of filling lorenzo ' s place in the 21st century , they find themselves the subject of an ancient vendetta hell - bent on destroying the heresy and ending maureen ' s life in the process .\nmaureen paschal goes to florence , where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulchre . under the guidance of her new teacher , destino , she discovers the fascinating story of lorenzo de medici - the godfather of the renaissance and the greatest patron of the arts in history . but lorenzo ' s obsession was not with culture alone . instead , he worked carefully to create a body of work which would preserve a series of ancient secrets - secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . but maureen ' s most explosive discovery affects the person closest to her , as she realizes that her lover , berenger , shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo de medici . both men were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline - the prophecy of the poet prince . but as berenger and maureen explore the daunting task of filling lorenzo ' s place in the 21st century , they find themselves the subject of an ancient vendetta hell - bent on destroying the heresy and ending maureen ' s life in the process . show more\nthe third book in the magdalene line trilogy takes maureen to florence , where she begins training in the secret teachings of the order of the holy sepulcher . under the guidance of her new teacher , destino , she discovers the fascinating story of lorenzo de medici - the godfather of the renaissance and the greatest patron of the arts in history . but lorenzo ' s obsession was not with culture alone . instead , he worked carefully to create a body of work which would preserve a series of ancient secrets - secrets too powerful and dangerous to be committed to writing . but maureen ' s most explosive discovery affects the person closest to her , as she realizes that her lover , berenger , shares an extraordinary legacy with lorenzo de medici . both men were born under the auspices of a prophecy found in the early writing of the bloodline - the prophecy of the poet prince . but as berenger and maureen explore the daunting task of filling lorenzo ' s place in the 21st century , they find themselves the subject of an ancient vendetta hell - bent on destroying the heresy and ending maureen ' s life in the process .\nthey are all different experiences , because i become so personally and emotionally involved with the characters . with the expected one , i wrote that book over a ten year period as i was immersed in all of that research and the story kept changing as new details were revealed and confirmed . the book of love was the most arduous process \u2013 that was a very hard book to write because i felt a deep sense of responsibility to present the information contained within the libro rosso in a way that would be easy to accept \u2013 some of those concepts are earth shattering for those who have never heard them before . and i had to cut an awful lot of that book because it was very complex . further , i have a muse for each book , and those women set the tone for the process . mary madalene was wise yet powerful while matilda of tuscany was pure warrior queen who would not let me sleep until her story was told to her liking . colombina was a lovely muse , as was the tragic simonetta . poet prince was the most \u201cfun\u201d book i have ever written . i am now under the spell of anne boleyn , and this one is going to be quite a wild ride .\nmagazine\u2019s \u201cnews and notes\u201d ( 11 ) . it was clear that the choice of austin depended on his friendship with lord salisbury , his past work as a pro - conservative journalist , and his willingness to use poetry to support the government ( broadus 203 ; scheuerle ) . the deeply political nature of his appointment produced a chorus of complaints : that austin was a literary mediocrity ; that he had written disrespectfully of tennyson as a \u201cnamby - pamby\u201d ( austin 9 ) , a poet who lacked manly power and failed to present models of grandeur and greatness to his readership ; and , perhaps worst of all , that the nation would now be subjected to endless political versifying :\ndods\u2019 hernandoshideaway ( 3 . 30 ) has paul mulrennan back in the plate after a disappointing effort last week at pontefract but is chanced once more for the mile and a quarter handicap . the selection was slowly away last monday in west yorkshire and ruined his chance by pulling too hard in the early stages . nevertheless , he ran well to finish third and boasts obvious claims from an unrevised mark . andrea atzeni makes the long journey up north and should make the trip worthwhile aboard jumira prince ( 4 . 00 ) for boss roger varian . the well - bred colt opened his account two starts ago and despite disappointing last time out at haydock is taken to bounce back in first - time headgear .\nmy father and i drove him home to patchin place . \u201che was the most brilliant monologuist i have known , \u201d wrote malcolm cowley , the novelist and critic , and that night , leaning forward from the backseat of our secondhand dodge , i was treated to one of cummings\u2019s \u201cvirtuoso performances , \u201d as the poet archibald macleish called them . cummings was an unabashed and very funny rebel ; he also had an astonishingly mobile face and a flexible dancer\u2019s body . he wasn\u2019t just an inspired mimic ; he seemed to become the people he was imitating . to this day my 94 - year - old mother fondly remembers his imitations , his collapsible top hat , and his willingness to stand on his head for a laugh .\nbien qu\u2019ayant pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00ab le livre de l\u2019amour \u00bb , ce troisi\u00e8me tome est tr\u00e8s bien document\u00e9 sur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019art et des personnes qui ont permis \u00e0 celui - ci de s\u2019\u00e9tendre bien au - del\u00e0 de l\u2019italie . au fil de ses livres , kathleen mcgowan nous fait d\u00e9couvrir l\u2019histoire d\u2019une autre fa\u00e7on que celle apprise \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole , elle nous donne envie d\u2019aller plus loin , de faire nos propres recherches\u2026 mention sp\u00e9ciale pour la fin du livre qui nous d\u00e9voile le personnage du prochain tome qui ne devrait plus tarder et qui sera traduit en fran\u00e7ais . rome , an 61 de notre \u00e8re . les chr\u00e9tiens sont de plus en plus menac\u00e9s , antonin le pieux , empereur de rome les classe en deux cat\u00e9gories : les fanatiques pr\u00eats \u00e0 mourir et les croyants compatissants qui utilisent leur foie pour aider les mis\u00e9reux . f\u00e9licita , m\u00e8re de sept enfants fait partie des fanatiques , men\u00e9s au tribunal car jug\u00e9e coupable des victimes de la peste d\u00fb \u00e0 sa croyance fanatique ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 mourir elle et ses enfants pour rejoindre son d\u00e9funt mari . malgr\u00e9 les supplications de petronella , l\u2019\u00e9pouse du s\u00e9nateur , \u00e0 lui faire entendre raison pour \u00e9pargner la vie de ses plus jeunes enfants , f\u00e9licita et tous ses enfants furent tu\u00e9s . une nouvelle \u00e8re commen\u00e7ait mais pas sous le meilleur hospice pour les chr\u00e9tiens . congr\u00e9gation de la sainte - apparition . le vatican , de nos jours . felicity , petite - ni\u00e8ce du p\u00e8re girolamo dipazzi a elle aussi des visions qui lui marque son corps de stigmates . son but : \u00e9liminer maureen qu\u2019elle consid\u00e8re comme une usurpatrice . ch\u00e2teau des pommes - bleues , arques . tammy , en pleine folie cr\u00e9atrice d\u00e9couvre un indice sur son oeuvre pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00ab le printemps \u00bb de botticelli . la proph\u00e9tie du prince po\u00e8te va mettre en p\u00e9ril la relation de b\u00e9renger et de maureen . tandis que l\u2019on d\u00e9couvre l\u2019histoire des peintres les plus illustres de la renaissance italienne , celle de lorenzo , il magnifico nous est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e . alors que l\u2019on apprend plus sur la proph\u00e9tie du prince po\u00e8te , maureen et b\u00e9renger vont recevoir une nouvelle des plus inattendue bouleversant tout sur son passage . un nouvel ennemi se profile et avance avec pour seul but tuer l\u2019elue . c\u2019est avec plaisir que l\u2019on retrouve tammy et roland entraper\u00e7us \u00e9pisodiquement dans le tome pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent mais aussi de d\u00e9couvrir ce qui s\u2019est pass\u00e9 pour une autre personne tr\u00e8s proche de maureen durant ces deux derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es . le prince po\u00e8te et l\u2019\u00e9lue doivent plus que jamais \u00eatre unis pour affronter ce qui pourrait causer leurs pertes . la proph\u00e9tie va s\u2019accomplir mais sont - ils pr\u00eats \u00e0 assumer leurs destin\u00e9es ?\n108 . dermod : son of turlogh m\u00f3r ; in 1116 succeeded his brother , murtogh , as king of north munster ; m . sadhbh , dau . of teige maccarthy m\u00f3r , prince of desmond ( see\nmaccarthy m\u00f3r\npedigree , no . 108 ) , by whom he had issue\u2014two sons , 1 . connor - na - catharach , and 2 . turlogh . the princess sadhbh , on the death of dermod , m . her cousin cormac magh - tamnagh maccarthy m\u00f3r . dermod , in 1116 , was defeated by the hy - niall and their conacht relatives at ruadh - bheithach , near dunkellin , co . galway ; he d . in a . d . 1120 , was interred in killaloe , and was succeeded by his son connor , who , dying in 1142 , was succeeded by his brother , turloch .\n120 . turlogh donn , who d . 1528 : son of teige - an - chomhaid ; married twice : first , to joan , dau . of thomas , eighth lord fitzmaurice ( see no . 13 on the\nfitzmaurice\npedigree ) ; and , secondly , to raghnait , dau . of john macnamara , of clan coilcain , and by her had : i . connor ; ii . donogh ; iii . murrough , first earl of thomond and baron of inchiquin ; iv . teige , slain by pierce , earl of ormond ; v . dermod ; vi . margaret , m . to owen o ' rourke , of the county leitrim ; vii . slaine , m . to henry oge o ' neill , son of henry , prince of ulster ; viii . fionala , who m . manus o ' donnell , chief of tirconnell .\n85 . cormac cas : second son of olioll olum , king of munster , by his wife sabh or sabina , daughter of conn of the hundred battles , and relict of macniadh ; he was one of the most distinguished champions of his time , and\nremarkable for strength of body , dexterity , and courage .\nhe defeated the lagenians ( or leinster men ) in the battle of iorras damhsa , carmen ( or wexford ) , liamhan ( or dunlaven ) , tara , teltown , and samhna hill ; and the conacians in the famous battle of cruachan , in the county roscommon . cormac d . at dun - tri - liag , ( or the fort of the stone slabs ) , now\nduntrileague ,\nin the county limerick , of wounds received in the battle of samhna hill , from the spear of eochy of the red eyebrows , king of leinster . he was m . to samer , dau . of fionn maccumhal ( fionn maccoole ) , and sister of the poet oisin , by whom he left , with other children :\nandrews , brian william , bem , superintendent , state apartments , st . james ' s palace . birbeck , eric clifford , for serv the queen . brown , insp peter anthony , met pol . for serv rty protection . burch , st , john alexander . for serv the r collection . clark , david george , locksmith / fitter , r household . curtis , mrs patricia , investiture clerk , central chancery of the orders of knighthood . fisher , david george william , lieutenancy offr , lord lieutenancy of south yorkshire . brandling - harris , sgt piers godwin , met pol . for serv rty protection . henderson , miss penelope jane , sec , r windsor horse show . kidner , james hippisley , formerly dep private sec to the prince of wales and the duchess of cornwall . marshall , stephen henry ronald , rvm , yeoman of the glass and china pantry , r household . pepper , ian john , formerly sen assurance offr , hm revenue and customs . potts , john , maintenance mgr , ascot racecourse . read , david john , dep superintendent , palace of holyroodhouse . taylor , michael john , assistant to the master of the household , finance , r household . thwaites , ms josephine elizabeth , project mgr , kew palace . wheaton , raymond , rvm , page of the chambers , r household .\n110 . donal m\u00f3r ( d . 1194 ) : son of turlogh ; the last king of north munster ; was m . to orlacan , dau . of dermod na gall macmorough ( by his wife , the dau . of o ' moore , prince of leix ) , and had m\u00f3r , who married cathal craobh dearg o ' connor ( d . 1224 ) , the 51st christian king of conacht , with nine sons : 1 . donogh cairbreach ; 2 . murtogh dall , ancestor of the clan murtogh dall o ' brien , of hy - bloid , in the northeast of the co . clare ; 3 . connor ruadh ; 4 . murtogh fionn , ancestor of the clan turlogh fionn of the same territory ; 6 . donal conachtach , ancestor of clan donal conaghtaigh , of echtge , and subsequently of ara , in the county tipperary ; 7 . brian ( surnamed\nof burren\n) , ancestor of clan bhriain boirnigh ; 8 . connor , ancestor of clan connor guasanaigh ; 9 . dermod fiodhnuich , ancestor of the clan dermod fiodhniagh . in 1169 , this donal m\u00f3r founded a religious house , afterwards the cathedral church on the site of the existing edifice in cashel ; in 1171 , he founded a nunnery in the city of limerick , but not a vestige of it remains . in 1172 , following the example of dermod maccarthy m\u00f3r , king of south munster , he made henry ii . , king of england , a tender of his submission on the banks of the suir : \u2014\npiping peg ' s dam hobby mare ( lister ' s turk ) brocklesby betty ( curwen ' s bay barb ) brocklesby ( greyhound ) bay brocklesby ( partner [ crofts ] ) dairymaid ( bloody buttocks ) starling mare ( starling [ bolton ] ) allworthy mare ( allworthy ) a - la - grecque ( regulus ) . . . . . 23 - a cub mare ( cub ) turk mare ( turk ) . . . . . 23 - b\nsampling of contemporary members of family 23 has found three mitochondrial dna haplotypes representative of three separate founder mares in family 23 . one of these is found in the trunk and both branches and is most plausibly representative of the family founder . another haplotype is found only in branch 23 - a , and the third only in branch 23 - b . both are most likely indicative of error at some point in the stud book record for those branches .\n( gsb ) , appears on page 11 of the 5th , revised edition , of 1891 , in the first part . the introductory paragraph of this section says :\nthe following list of the earliest known mares , very few of which have been printed before as brood mares ( though the substance has been given in the miscellaneous pedigrees at the end of earlier editions ) , are combined with the imported eastern stallions , the source , with hardly any exception , of the whole of the so - called thorough - bred stock now existant . . .\nthe hobby mare , got by lister ' s turk , out of the duke of kingston ' s * piping peg . 1709 b c brocklesby , by the curwen bay barb . . . mr curwen 1711 ch f brocklesby betty , by ditto . . . mr curwen * piping peg had also a sister to the hobby mare , which was the dam in 1716 of mr pelham ' s hip , by the curwen bay barb . a sister to piping peg had a filly by hip , which was the dam of sir a hazlerigg ' s ringtail galloway , by the curwen bay barb , which was dam in 1737 of mr e o ' brien ' s patch or miss patch , by lord halifax ' s justice . miss patch was the dam in ireland of brutus , by old england , and patty , by tim ( son of squirt ) .\nbrocklesby betty , bred by mr pelham , in 1711 , got by the curwen bay barb , out of mr leedes ' s hobby mare , by the lister turk . 1721 gr f brocklesby , by greyhound . . . mr crofts 1723 ch c brocklesby , by woodcock . . . lord godolphin in 1722 missed to woodcock .\nrecords from the 18th century , however , call this construction into question , and , in fact , suggest that considerable revision should be made .\nthe first record is an entry in cuthbert routh ' s stud - book , as published by c m prior in early records of the thoroughbred horse , 1924 . this particular pedigree is undated but is included in a section with pedigrees dated from 1725 to 1734 .\nhipp was gott by mr pellham ' s bay barb , his dam by lister ' s turk , and was full sistr to piping pegg ; and hipp was full brothr to long megg . - per mr pellham .\nthis pedigree may be interpreted as saying that hip and long meg were both got by mr pelham ' s bay barb , and out of a full sister to piping peg , got by lister ' s turk .\nthe next record is an advertisement appearing on page 10 of the newcastle courant , for march 20 & 27 , 1724 - 5 . this reads :\nthese are to give notice , that the famous stallion call ' d , hip , late belonging to sir wm blacket , bar . is now in the possession of mr fenwick bowman of elfhils in northumberland , where any gentleman may have mares served , paying each mare one guinea : this stallion is full brother to long meg , and brockelsby ' s betty , got with pelham ' s barb , and out of hobby ' s mare , which was bred by mr leeds , and is now reckon ' d one of the most valued stud mares in all england , he challeng ' d all the 5 years old in england , which challenge was accepted , and run by a horse of mr pullien , being reckon ' d the best of that age ; but he was beat by hip , with a great deal of ease ; he was soon after , by a misfortune in one of his sweats , rendered uncapable of being any longer a training one ."]}
{"id": 2647, "summary": [{"text": "oliva tessellata , common name the tessellate olive , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olividae , the olives . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "oliva tessellata", "paragraphs": ["oliva ( neocylindrus ) guttata fischer von waldheim , g . , 1807 : taiwan ; e australia\n( of oliva tesselata ) vervaet f . & recourt p . pers . com . , january 2010 [ details ]\nthis oliva tessellata species distribution map has been generated with the aquamaps methodology by exploiting the technology and the computational resources provided by imarine . in particular , this map has been produced using the hspec 2050 native range dataset , generated using aquamaps nativerange2050 algorithm .\n. baru\u0161 v , oliva o ( eds ) u\u017eovka podplamata , fauna \u010dsfr . plazi - reptilia svazek 26 , academia , praha ; 1992 .\nthe dice snake ( natrix tessellata laurenti , 1768 ) is generally considered to be a fully or partially piscivorous freshwater snake species . the aim of the study was to make the first global overview on the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the species based on own observations , available databases and the special literature .\nnumber and frequency of prey species in the diet of natrix tessellata in different habitats . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . code of categories : h - 1 : marine , h - 2 : freshwater , h - 3 : terrestrial , f - 1 : no quantitative data , f - 2 : rare , f - 3 : frequent , f - 5 : common .\nrelative abundance of prey items in the diet of natrix tessellata in seven eurasian studies . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . country codes : aut : austria , cro : croatia , c - ita 1 : central italy , c - ita 2 : northern italy , c - tur : central turkey , n tur : northern turkey , rou : romania , rus : russia .\nsimilarity of the feeding spectrum of natrix tessellata in 18 countries . shading in the map indicates the species ' range . country codes : ita : italy , cro : croatia , tur : turkey , aut : austria , sui : switzerland , slo : slovenia , cze : czech republic , pol : poland , hun : hungary , ger : germany , rus : russia , rou : romania , bul : bulgaria , gru : georgia , aze : azerbaijan , irn : iran , syr : syria , jor : jordan .\ngeographical distribution of prey in the diet of natrix tessellata . invertebrates were united into one group due to their low number and similar distribution . country codes : ita : italy , cro : croatia , tur : turkey , aut : austria , sui : switzerland , slo : slovenia , cze : czech republic , pol : poland , hun : hungary , ger : germany , rus : russia , rou : romania , bul : bulgaria , gru : georgia , aze : azerbaijan , irn : iran , syr : syria , jor : jordan .\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s . annales du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . 16 : 300 - 328 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 320 , species 38 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions . vous pouvez demander la cr\u00e9ation d ' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oubli\u00e9 ? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous . si vous ne retrouvez pas l ' adresse email correspondant \u00e0 votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list . show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells . click here to log in or create an account .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nmit der nutzung unseres shops erkl\u00e4ren sie sich damit einverstanden , dass wir cookies verwenden .\njavascript ist deaktiviert ! es stehen ihnen nicht alle shopfunktionen zur verf\u00fcgung . bitte \u00fcberpr\u00fcfen sie ihre browsereinstellungen .\ninkl . 19 % mwst . zzgl . versandkosten versandgewicht : 0 . 010 kg lieferzeit : max . 12 werktage ( deutschland ) lagermenge : 37 st\u00fcck\ninkl . 19 % mwst . zzgl . versandkosten versandgewicht : 0 . 010 kg lieferzeit : max . 12 werktage ( deutschland )\ninkl . 19 % mwst . zzgl . versandkosten versandgewicht : 0 . 020 kg lieferzeit : max . 12 werktage ( deutschland )\n* preis jeweils pro st\u00fcck , sofern nicht anders gekennzeichnet durch zahl in klammern hinter dem produktnamen , z . b . ( x2 ) f\u00fcr 2 st\u00fcck oder ( 10g ) f\u00fcr eine portion von 10 gramm .\nwenn sie diesen artikel kaufen , erhalten sie nur bei entsprechend ausgewiesenen einzelst\u00fccken ( * unikat * ) das abgebildete exemplar . ansonsten dienen abbildungen als repr\u00e4sentative beispiele und der artikel , den sie erhalten , ist dem foto mindestens sehr \u00e4hnlich .\nlamarck [ j . b . m . de ] . ( 1811 ) . suite de la d\u00e9termination des esp\u00e8ces de mollusques testac\u00e9s .\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nf + + + , very nice specimen found by p . williams ( labeled as o . bewleyi )\nf + + + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\nf + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\ngem , very nice form - we only have had two specimen until today - the name may not be correct , but certainly is a form or even full species , dark first whorls and few patterns . from berry island\nf + + + , very nice patterns ! found by p . williams in 1999\nf + + , nice shinny specimen , collected in st . petersburg in 1982 ! ex - coll . bunnie cook\nf + + + , elongated and cylindric specimen ! found by p . williams\nf + + , unusual light colored shell found by p . williams off cairns !\ngem , beautiful species ! usually sold as polpasta , but this is easily identified by the shape and dark mark inside the siphon . rare mexican specimen found by p . williams !\nurltoken - & nbspthis ; website is for sale ! - & nbspbroadwaykidstar ; resources and information .\nthe resource : ' wms link to resource ' is not accessible as guest user . you must login to access it !\nthe resource : ' wfs link to resource ' is not accessible as guest user . you must login to access it !\nthe resource : ' gis viewer link ' is not accessible as guest user . you must login to access it !\n[ {\ntype\n:\ncreation\n,\nvalue\n:\n2012 - 12 - 22t01 : 44 : 27 . 940 + 01 : 00\n} ]\n{\ntype\n:\npolygon\n,\ncoordinates\n: [ [ [ - 180 . 0 , - 90 . 0 ] , [ 180 . 0 , - 90 . 0 ] , [ 180 . 0 , 90 . 0 ] , [ - 180 . 0 , 90 . 0 ] , [ - 180 . 0 , - 90 . 0 ] ] ] }\nimarine is an access point to a number of virtual research environments deployed and operated in the context of the imarine project to support the ecosystem approach to . . . read more\nthe global analysis of the diet of the dice snake revealed a feeding spectrum characteristically changing over the broad distribution area including non - fish prey as well as taxa from marine and terrestrial habitats . the analysis of the feeding spectrum separated four large geographical units with further distinctions in central and eastern europe . such diversity helps explain why this species was able to colonise a large and diverse eurasian range .\nlaurenti , 1768 ) is a eurasian snake species ranging from germany and switzerland to china , pakistan and egypt ( gasc et al . [\n] ) . it occurs in aquatic or marshy habitats , including brackish water ( gruschwitz et al . [\n] ) occasionally even inhabiting cities such as rome and prague ( velensk\u00fd et al . [\n) lives in eurasian habitats , often inhabiting similar areas with the dice snake ( gasc et al . [\n) has sympatric populations in switzerland and italy with the dice snake ( metzger et al . [\n] ) . however , it is considered to be threatened in a number of western and central european states , with low genetic variation in some populations ( gautschi et al . [\n] ) . as such , conservation measures should still be undertaken for this species as habitat destruction , pollution , road traffic , collection and persecution are listed as possible threats .\nthe dice snake has a large distribution and it occurs in different habitats , which would imply the species can adapt well to local conditions presumably by adopting a wide feeding spectrum . however , it is generally considered to be a diurnal piscivorous snake ( gasc et al . [\n] ) despite information that shows the species also eats non - fish prey items such as amphibians and reptiles ( see e . g . beshkov and dushkov [\n] ) . a number of publications contain information on the food of the dice snake , with several focusing on local areas ( e . g . luiselli et al . [\n] on central italy ) , but no global overview of the species ' dietary preferences has been published .\nthe aim of this paper is to review the feeding spectrum of the dice snake over its global distribution by comparing the species ' prey items in different countries and offer reasons for potential differences in prey item preference based on geography and habitat conditions .\ninformation was gathered from literature sources and personal observations on the diet of the dice snake from its whole range , i . e . from switzerland in the west to pakistan and china in the east , and from germany in the north to iran in the south . information from papers only mentioning large , collective groups such as \u2018insects\u2019 , \u2018fish\u2019 or \u2018frogs\u2019 as food items without giving species ( or genus ) level information is discussed in the article ( e . g . brecko et al . [\n] ) but was not included in the database , even if their addition would have added new items to the list such as mice ( wang et al . [\n] ) . no time limit was applied ; reports available from the first half of the twentieth century were also used . besides published records and our observations , citizen science data were also collected by approaching internet databases for photographic evidence of dice snake predation on a given taxa ( e . g .\n] ) to elucidate geographical differences among 18 countries , where appropriate information could be collected . statistical analysis was made using syn - tax 2000 ( podani [\ncontains the number of species from the different classes in different habitats and their frequency distribution . it shows that in marine habitats , only fish were predated ; in freshwater and terrestrial habitats , the most frequently eaten prey items were fishes and amphibians , respectively . the quantitative data shows that fish and amphibians overall were the most frequently eaten prey items , with invertebrates , reptiles and mammals eaten only rarely .\ndetailed quantitative data on the diet of the dice snake were found in eight articles ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) including 2 , 375 prey items from the investigation of more than 2 , 730 snakes . the relative abundance of the different fauna groups at six european and two asian sites is summarised in figure\n, which shows a relatively uniform pattern , fishes comprised the highest abundance of prey items in seven out of the eight studies ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) . in four surveys ( austria , croatia , northern turkey , romania ) , they were the only food items described , while in italy , amphibians were also eaten in both cases . unlike these studies , fishes did not have an absolute dominance among the prey items in central turkey ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) and , to a moderate extent , reptiles ( bakiev et al . [\nspecies ( and , in some cases , genus ) level data on the feeding spectrum of the dice snake was collected from 18 countries . their similarity can be seen in figure\n) . in the middle east , the number of species eaten was relatively low ( under eight species in any country ) with only fish and amphibians eaten . the same taxa characterise countries in the ponto - caspian group but different species are fed on and the number of species was also higher . the remaining two groups ( central and eastern european , mediterranean ) are characterised by a wide feeding spectrum , characteristic differences among the countries and further division in the central and eastern european group e . g . according to altitude .\ndata from 18 countries proved that the dice snake feeds on at least 113 prey taxa from six classes . fish were the most important prey items ; the importance of non - fish species in the diet was pronounced in deserts , high mountains and in dry mediterranean areas . in spite of the wide feeding spectrum , only fish and amphibians were found to be predominant food items over the whole species ' range .\ndue to its excellent swimming and diving abilities and fidelity to freshwater habitats , the dice snake is generally considered to be a piscivorous fish species ( gasc et al . [\n) , both fast - and slow - moving animals . for example , reptiles , especially lizards , have been found in the diet of the dice snake for more than 60 years ( g\u00f6\u00e7men et al . [\n] ) . a key factor determining the actual species composition is that according to current understanding of the species ' habitat requirements over much of its range , the dice snake remains in the immediate vicinity of surface waters at a distance of less than 20 metres to the water edge during the active season ( conelli et al . [\nsp . , ) fish species as it has been observed in the caspian sea ( tuniyev et al . [\n] ) , lake balaton ( own unpublished data ) , lake prespa ( sterijovski et al . [\n] ) . in fishponds , the main prey species of the dice snake were juvenile fish from aquaculture and allochthonous fish species ( acipinar et al . [\n) . populations in high mountains ( over 1 , 000 m a . s . l . ) may specialise on eating larval and adult amphibians ( cafuta and krofel 2007 ; frotzler et al . [\n] ) as predominant food . it can also be considerable in arid regions , where the dice snake often lives along temporary water bodies or fish ponds , where only a limited number of fish species are present ( amr and disi [\n] ) . as young fish produced in fish farms can become an important element in the diet of the dice snake besides natural conditions , human activity may also influence the spread and survival of this snake ( acipinar et al . [\nseveral publications include estimates on the frequency of different prey organisms of the dice snake , including estimates for various habitats . wang et al . ( [\n] ) , for example , investigated 200 individuals and listed fish as the main food item in large , reed covered water bodies , insects , tadpoles and adult amphibians in temporarily water - covered rice paddies and connecting canals among them , and fish , tadpoles , insects and rodents ( primarily mice ) along streams in other agricultural areas in north - eastern china .\n) ; this result is characteristic for the species inhabiting permanent streams and large water bodies or rivers in austria , croatia , romania and northern turkey ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) . contradictory results were found on prey selection . for example , in styrean waters , there was no complete overlap between the abundance of the different species in fish communities and in the diet of the dice snake ( zimmerman and fachbach [\n] ) , while in the danube delta , the number of snake - caught gobiid species was reflective of the abundance of the respective species in bottom habitats ( sloboda et al . [\n] ) . though the feeding spectrum of the studies was wide , fish were also the most abundant prey species at the other sites including the mediterranean ( bakiev et al . [\n] ) . in one case , however , other food items ( insects , amphibians , reptiles and mammals ) in total were more numerous than fish ( g\u00f6\u00e7men et al . [\n] ) . though the number of these studies is limited , they support the general conclusion that over much of its range , the dice snake primarily feeds on fish , while in arid areas ( see also frotzler et al . [\n] ) and , according to cafuta and krofel ( 2007 ) , also in high mountains , its diet may shift towards amphibians and other prey items .\n) . the group separated most from other branches includes asian countries with dice snake populations in highly arid regions ( iran , syria , jordan ) . the list of prey species in these countries is short , with snakes predominantly feeding on fish and amphibians from permanent rivers and alien fish species kept in fish farms ( amr and disi [\nthe second group in the cluster includes countries with the highest number of ponto - caspian gobiid species ( e . g .\ncentral and eastern european countries formed a common group with russia . there are several fish with very large distribution areas among the prey species there such as\n] ) , while high mountain populations ( austria , switzerland , slovenia ) feeding on locally characteristic fish species and also on amphibians are on another sub - branch .\ncountries with mediterranean climate ( croatia , italy , turkey ) form the final group with freshwater tolerating marine fish species and cosmopolitan fish species in the diet of the dice snake . this area is characterised with the most diverse feeding spectrum including snails , insects , reptiles and mammals ( additional file\n) related to the drying out of many water bodies during summer . during extremely hot summers , the dice snake was also observed to hunt at night , also far away from surface waters , which furthers the potential feeding spectrum of this snake ( see e . g . moller [\n] , who observed over a period of several weeks a large dice snake which \u2018unusually\u2019 hunted geckos at night ) .\nsnakes have strikingly different feeding spectra ranging from strictly egg - eating species with limited distribution ( see e . g . dandge [\n] ) . the dice snake is present in over 20 countries on three continents , which is , unlike what has been suggested earlier on the basis of observations from the western - central part of its distribution area , partly the result of its generalist feeding strategy leading to a good adaptive ability if the potential prey spectrum changes ( acipinar et al . [\n] ) . it is also supported by its anatomy enabling this snake to hunt effectively in both aquatic and terrestrial environments ( bilcke et al . [\nspecies inhabiting the palearctic . in a comparative study with the closely related grass snake (\n] ) found the dice snake to have a narrower feeding spectrum than the grass snake , which also has a broader distribution ( gasc et al . [\n] ) . the latter species more plastically changing its diet and populations near to each other within relatively short distances may specialise on different food ( luiselli et al . [\n, shows a considerable overlap with that of the dice snake but with some exceptions ( see e . g . the observations of scali , [\n] ) , and due to other factors as fertility and size , the dice snake is able to outcompete the viperine snake ( metzger et al . [\nthe authors thank andrew hamer and the anonymous reviewers for improving an earlier version of the manuscript .\n, and pm finalized the manuscript with wa . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\n, countries they were recorded , their frequency , the habitat type they were found and the source of the information ( ahmadzadeh et al . [\nand their reptilian prey during the breeding season in dadia forest ( north - eastern greece ) .\nbern convention ( 1999 ) law on ratification of convention of conservation of free living european flora and fauna and their natural habitats ( ur . l . rs 17 / 99 ) . \u115f , \u115f\ncorrelated evolution of aquatic prey - capture strategies in european and american natricine snakes .\neffect of prey - and predator size on the capture success of an aquatic snake .\nerpetofauna delle foci del fiume isonzo , e note eco - etologiche sull\u2019erpetofauna dell\u2019 isola della cona ( friuli - venezia giulia , italia nord - orientale ) .\ncafuta v , krofel m , ( 2007 ) report on field work of the group for reptiles . in : stankovi\u0107 , et al . ( ed ) biology student research camp lovrenc na pohorju , ( 2005 ) biology student society . ljubljana , pp \u115f : 81\u201388\nmonitoring a large population of dice snakes at lake sinoe in dobrogea , romania .\n. may 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora ( the habitats directive ) , \u115f ; 1992 .\nstays hidden in safe areas in a diverse floodplain along the danube at g\u00f6d , hungary .\natlas of amphibians and reptiles in europe . collection patrimoines naturels 29 . societas europaea herpetologica , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle & service du patrimoine naturel\nobjective methods for the classification of vegetation i . the use of positive interspecific correlation .\n. bd . 3 / schlangen ii , aula - verlag , wiesbaden , germany ; 1999 : 581\u2013644 .\neffects of rehabilitation of the polluted river system mur in styria , austria , and construction of hydroelectric power plants on fish fauna and distribution of the dice snake .\n. spornik nauchnykh soobscheniy kaf . zool . dgu \u0441\u0431 , makhachkala ; 1969 .\n. izv . 1 i 2 severo kavkazskogo ped , instituta . bd . 2 / p , ordzhonikidze ; 221 .\n) along the mainland and an island in italy : the effect of habitat type and interference with potential competitors .\nadder bite in the water , complicated by rapid shock . a case history .\nmonitoring and assessment of the distribution of the dice snake in ticino , southern switzerland .\n( serpentes : colubridae ) in pakistan : analysis of its range limited to few valleys in the western karakoram .\n. die neue brehm bucherei . a , ziemens verlag , wittenberg , lutherstadt , germany ; 1987 .\non golem grad , fyr of macedonia : a natural fortress shelters a prosperous snake population .\n. zoologie , praha , czech republic , m . s . kat ; 2003 .\ncan a large metropolis sustain complex herpetofauna communities ? an analysis of the suitability of green space fragments in rome .\nlaurenti , 1768 ) ( reptilia : columbridae ) in the danube river catchment area .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly credited ."]}